Neurological Manifestations of Achondroplasia
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Genu Varum and Genu Valgum Genu Varum and Genu Valgum
Common Pediatric Lower Limb Disorders Dr.Kholoud Al-Zain Assistant Professor Consultant, Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon Nov- 2018 Acknowledgement: Dr.Abdalmonem Alsiddiky Dr.Khalid Bakarman Prof. M. Zamzam Topics to Cover 1. In-toeing 2. Genu (varus & valgus), & proximal tibia vara 3. Club foot 4. L.L deformities in C.P patients 5. Limping & leg length inequality 6. Leg aches 1) Intoeing Intoeing- Evaluation • Detailed history – Onset, who noticed it, progression – Fall a lot – How sits on the ground • Screening examination (head to toe) • Pathology at the level of: – Femoral anteversion – Tibial torsion – Forefoot adduction – Wandering big toe Intoeing- Asses rotational profile Pathology Level Special Test • Femoral anteversion • Hips rotational profile: – Supine – Prone • Tibial torsion • Inter-malleolus axis: – Supine – Prone • Foot thigh axis • Forefoot adduction • Heel bisector line • Wandering big toe Intoeing- Special Test Foot Propagation Angle → normal is (-10°) to (+15°) Intoeing- Femoral Anteversion Hips rotational profile, supine → IR/ER normal = 40-45/45-50° Intoeing- Tibial Torsion Inter-malleolus axis Supine position Sitting position Intoeing- Tibial Torsion Foot Thigh Axis → normal (0°) to (-10°) Intoeing- Forefoot Adduction Heel bisector line → normal along 2 toe Intoeing- Adducted Big Toe Intoeing- Treatment • Establish correct diagnosis • Parents education • Annual clinic F/U → asses degree of deformity • Femoral anti-version → sit cross legged • Tibial torsion → spontaneous improvement • Forefoot adduction → anti-version -
Intractable Vomiting and Hiccups As the Presenting Symptom of Neuromyelitis Optica
Case Report Intractable vomiting and hiccups as the presenting symptom of neuromyelitis optica Girish Baburao Kulkarni, Pradeep Kallollimath, R. Subasree, M. Veerendrakumar Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract Vomiting and hiccups can be due to peripheral or central causes. Neurological diseases causing vomiting and hiccups are due to lesions of medulla involving area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is one such disease which involves these structures. However refractory vomiting and hiccups as the presenting symptom of NMO is unusual. Here we report a patient with NMO in whom refractory vomiting and hiccups were the sole manifestation of the first attack. Diagnosis can be missed at this stage leading to delay in treatment and further complications. This case demonstrates the importance of considering NMO in any patient presenting with refractory vomiting and hiccups and with local and metabolic causes ruled out and linear medullary lesion on magnetic resonance imaging may indicate the diagnosis even when the classical clinical criteria are not met. Anti NMO antibody testing should be done and if positive appropriate treatment should be initiated to prevent further neurological damage. Key Words Aquaporin antibody, hiccups, intractable vomiting, neuromyelitis optica For correspondence: Dr. Girish Baburao Kulkarni, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore ‑ 560 029, Karnataka, -
Central Pain in the Face and Head
P1: KWW/KKL P2: KWW/HCN QC: KWW/FLX T1: KWW GRBT050-128 Olesen- 2057G GRBT050-Olesen-v6.cls August 17, 2005 2:10 ••Chapter 128 ◗ Central Pain in the Face and Head J¨orgen Boivie and Kenneth L. Casey CENTRAL PAIN IN THE FACE AND HEAD Anesthesia dolorosa denotes pain in a region with de- creased sensibility after lesions in the CNS or peripheral International Headache Society (IHS) code and diag- nervous system (PNS). The term deafferentation pain is nosis: used for similar conditions, but it is more commonly used in patients with lesions of spinal nerves. 13.18.1 Central causes of facial pain 13.18.1 Anesthesia dolorosa (+ code to specify cause) 13.18.2 Central poststroke pain EPIDEMIOLOGY 13.18.3 Facial pain attributed to multiple sclerosis 13.18.4 Persistent idiopathic facial pain The prevalence of central pain varies depending on the un- 13.18.5 Burning mouth syndrome derlying disorder (Tables 128-1 and 128-2) (7,29). In the ab- 13.19 Other centrally mediated facial pain (+ code to sence of large scale epidemiologic studies, only estimates specify etiology) of central pain prevalence can be quoted. In the only prospective epidemiologic study of central Note that diagnosis with IHS codes 13.18.1, 13.18.4, and pain, 191 patients with central poststroke pain (CPSP) 13.18.5 may have peripheral causes. were followed for 12 months after stroke onset (1). Sixteen World Health Organization (WHO) code and diagnosis: (8.4%) developed central pain, an unexpectedly high inci- G 44.810 or G44.847. -
Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES tations of ambulatory cassette recordings, computer application edge may lead to the rapid productive careers of young clinical for data reduction and seizure and spike recognition, and the investigators and scientists being replaced sooner by the next power and pitfalls of monitoring techniques in differentiating group of young Turks. "fits from faints". Broad applications including the pre-surgical The clinical reviews of cases by Jonesco-Sisesti are painstaking, evaluation are well-covered. Although some chapters give good and it's salutary to again see the careful clinical observation descriptions of subcategories of primary generalized and com that formed the basis of modern neurology. How long has it plex partial seizures, this material is available in other more been since we saw someone recording Oppenheim's, Gordon's, general texts on epilepsy. Schaeffer's reflexes as part of the clinical examination. One Unfortunately, I feel the weaknesses outweigh the qualities must pause when reading that the "mediopublic reflex pro of the book. There should be a more clear definition of research duced a definite inferior response and a weak superior response", versus routine clinical application of the technology. Through but the pause is enjoyable as it recalls the impeccable respect out the book the value of such monitoring is repeatedly stressed, for the neurological examination prior to the age of technology. yet there are no controlled studies to support its superiority Dr. Ross was given the idea for this project may years ago by over conventional clinical and EEG evaluations. The case for the late Dr. -
Thoracic Syringomyelia in a Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 3(4): 136-140, 2015; Article no.INDJ.2015.019 ISSN: 2321-7235 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Thoracic Syringomyelia in a Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Daniele Lo Coco1,2, Rossella Spataro2, Alfonsa Claudia Taiello2 and Vincenzo La Bella2* 1Neurology Unit, Civico General Hospital ARNAS, 90127, Palermo, Italy. 2Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, ALS Clinical Research Center, University of Palermo, Via G. La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Authors DLC and VLB made the diagnosis and outlined the case report. Authors DLC, RS, and ACT managed the literature search and wrote the first draft of the manuscript with assistance from author VLB. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/INDJ/2015/17176 Editor(s): (1) Zhefeng Guo, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Reviewers: (1) Mario Ciampolini, Università di Firenze, Department of Peiatrics, Università di Firenze, Italy. (2) Raghvendra Vijay Ramdasi, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=840&id=29&aid=8665 Received 1st March 2015 th Short Communication Accepted 20 March 2015 Published 2nd April 2015 ABSTRACT We report a patient with bulbar-onset, clinically defined, sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis bearing an isolated syringomyelia of the lower thoracic portion of the spinal cord. This is a very unusual association between two rare and progressive disorders, both affecting the spinal motoneurons. Syringomyelia might have acted as a phenotypic modifier in this ALS patient. -
Outcomes in Children Undergoing Posterior Fossa Decompression And
CLINICAL ARTICLE J Neurosurg Pediatr 25:21–29, 2020 Outcomes in children undergoing posterior fossa decompression and duraplasty with and without tonsillar reduction for Chiari malformation type I and syringomyelia: a pilot prospective multicenter cohort study *Joyce Koueik, MD, MS,1 Carolina Sandoval-Garcia, MD,1 John R. W. Kestle, MD,2 Brandon G. Rocque, MD, MS,3 David M. Frim, MD, PhD,4 Gerald A. Grant, MD,5 Robert F. Keating, MD,6 Carrie R. Muh, MD,7 W. Jerry Oakes, MD,3 Ian F. Pollack, MD,8 Nathan R. Selden, MD, PhD,9 R. Shane Tubbs, PhD, PA-C,3 Gerald F. Tuite, MD,10 Benjamin Warf, MD,11 Victoria Rajamanickam, MS,12 Aimee Teo Broman, MA,12 Victor Haughton, MD,13 Susan Rebsamen, MD,13 Timothy M. George, MD,14 and Bermans J. Iskandar, MD1 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; 3Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; 4Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; 5Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California; 6Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC; 7Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; 8Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 9Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; 10Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Tampa, Florida; 11Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of 12Biostatistics and Medical Informatics and 13Radiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin; and 14Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas OBJECTIVE Despite significant advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques, the surgical management of Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) with associated syringomyelia remains controversial, and the type of surgery performed is surgeon dependent. -
Syringomyelia in Cervical Spondylosis: a Rare Sequel H
THIEME Editorial 1 Editorial Syringomyelia in Cervical Spondylosis: A Rare Sequel H. S. Bhatoe1 1 Department of Neurosciences, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Patparganj, New Delhi, India Indian J Neurosurg 2016;5:1–2. Neurological involvement in cervical spondylosis usually the buckled hypertrophic ligament flavum compresses the implies radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cervical spondylotic cord. Ischemia due to compromise of microcirculation and myelopathy is the commonest cause of myelopathy in the venous congestion, leading to focal demyelination.3 geriatric age group,1 and often an accompaniment in adult Syringomyelia is an extremely rare sequel of chronic cervical patients manifesting central cord syndrome and spinal cord cord compression due to spondylotic process, and manifests as injury without radiographic abnormality. Myelopathy is the accelerated myelopathy (►Fig. 1). Pathogenesis of result of three factors that often overlap: mechanical factors, syringomyelia is uncertain. Al-Mefty et al4 postulated dynamic-repeated microtrauma, and ischemia of spinal cord occurrence of myelomalacia due to chronic compression of microcirculation.2 Age-related mechanical changes include the cord, followed by phagocytosis, leading to a formation of hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, formation of the cavity that extends further. However, Kimura et al5 osteophytic bars, degenerative disc prolapse, all of them disagreed with this hypothesis, and postulated that following contributing to a narrowing of the spinal canal. Degenerative compression of the cord, there is slosh effect cranially and kyphosis and subluxation often aggravates the existing caudally, leading to an extension of the syrinx. It is thus likely compressiononthespinalcord.Flexion–extension that focal cord cavitation due to compression and ischemia movements of the spinal cord places additional, dynamic occurs due to periventricular fluid egress into the cord, the stretch on the cord that is compressed. -
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome Authors: Professor L. Clauser1 and Doctor M. Galié Creation Date: June 2002 Update: July 2004 Scientific Editor: Professor Raoul CM. Hennekam 1Department of craniomaxillofacial surgery, St. Anna Hospital and University, Corso Giovecca, 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. [email protected] Abstract Keywords Disease name and synonyms Excluded diseases Definition Prevalence Management including treatment Etiology Diagnostic methods Genetic counseling Antenatal diagnosis Unresolved questions References Abstract Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome (SCS) is an inherited craniosynostotic condition, with both premature fusion of cranial sutures (craniostenosis) and limb abnormalities. The most common clinical features, present in more than a third of patients, consist of coronal synostosis, brachycephaly, low frontal hairline, facial asymmetry, hypertelorism, broad halluces, and clinodactyly. The estimated birth incidence is 1/25,000 to 1/50,000 but because the phenotype can be very mild, the entity is likely to be underdiagnosed. SCS is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a high penetrance and variable expression. The TWIST gene located at chromosome 7p21-p22, is responsible for SCS and encodes a transcription factor regulating head mesenchyme cell development during cranial tube formation. Some patients with an overlapping SCS phenotype have mutations in the FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) gene; especially the Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3 (Muenke syndrome) can resemble SCS to a great extent. Significant intrafamilial -
Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Clinical Presentation, Assessment, and Natural History
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Clinical Presentation, Assessment, and Natural History Melissa Lannon and Edward Kachur * Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of spinal cord injury and a major contributor to morbidity resulting from narrowing of the spinal canal due to osteoarthritic changes. This narrowing produces chronic spinal cord compression and neurologic disability with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild numbness in the upper extremities to quadriparesis and incontinence. Clinicians from all specialties should be familiar with the early signs and symptoms of this prevalent condition to prevent gradual neurologic compromise through surgical consultation, where appropriate. The purpose of this review is to familiarize medical practitioners with the pathophysiology, common presentations, diagnosis, and management (conservative and surgical) for DCM to develop informed discussions with patients and recognize those in need of early surgical referral to prevent severe neurologic deterioration. Keywords: degenerative cervical myelopathy; cervical spondylotic myelopathy; cervical decompres- sion Citation: Lannon, M.; Kachur, E. Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Clinical Presentation, Assessment, 1. Introduction and Natural History. J. Clin. Med. Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is now the leading cause of spinal cord in- 2021, 10, 3626. https://doi.org/ jury [1,2], resulting in major disability and reduced quality of life. While precise prevalence 10.3390/jcm10163626 is not well described, a 2017 Canadian study estimated a prevalence of 1120 per million [3]. DCM results from narrowing of the spinal canal due to osteoarthritic changes. This Academic Editors: Allan R. -
A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Acute and Chronic Human Compressive Myelopathy
Cellular Pathology and Apoptosis in Experimental and Human Acute and Chronic Compressive Myelopathy ROWENA ELIZABETH ANNE NEWCOMBE M.B.B.S. B.Med Sci. (Hons.) Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences University of Adelaide June 2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The term “compressive myelopathy” describes a spectrum of spinal cord injury secondary to compressive forces of varying magnitude and duration. The compressive forces may act over a short period of time, continuously, intermittently or in varied combination and depending on their magnitude may produce a spectrum varying from mild to severe injury. In humans, spinal cord compression may be due to various causes including sudden fracture/dislocation and subluxation of the vertebral column, chronic spondylosis, disc herniation and various neoplasms involving the vertebral column and spinal canal. Neoplasms may impinge on the spinal cord and arise from extramedullary or intramedullary sites. Intramedullary expansion producing a type of internal compression can be due to masses created by neoplasms or fluid such as the cystic cavitation seen in syringomyelia. Acute compression involves an immediate compression of the spinal cord from lesions such as direct trauma. Chronic compression may develop over weeks to months or years from conditions such as cervical spondylosis which may involve osteophytosis or hypertrophy of the adjacent ligamentum flavum. Compressive myelopathies include the pathological changes from direct mechanical compression at one or multiple levels and changes in the cord extending multiple segments above and below the site of compression. Evidence over the past decade suggests that apoptotic cell death in neurons and glia, in particular of oligodendrocytes, may play an important role in the pathophysiology and functional outcome of human chronic compressive myelopathy. -
Oral Surgery Procedures in a Patient with Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome Treated with Denosumab—A Rare Case Report
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Oral Surgery Procedures in a Patient with Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome Treated with Denosumab—A Rare Case Report Magdalena Kaczoruk-Wieremczuk 1,†, Paulina Adamska 1,† , Łukasz Jan Adamski 1, Piotr Wychowa ´nski 2 , Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa 3,4 and Anna Starzy ´nska 1,* 1 Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gda´nsk,7 D˛ebinkiStreet, 80-211 Gda´nsk,Poland; [email protected] (M.K.-W.); [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (Ł.J.A.) 2 Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 6 St. Binieckiego Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 7 Festa del Perdono Street, 20-112 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 4 Division of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 435 Ripamonti Street, 20-141 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] † Co-first author, these authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Background: Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a very rare autosomal-dominant congenital disease associated with mutations in the NOTCH2 gene. This disorder affects the connective tissue and is characterized by severe bone resorption. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome most frequently affects Citation: Kaczoruk-Wieremczuk, M.; the head and feet bones (acroosteolysis). Case report: We present an extremely rare case of a 34- Adamska, P.; Adamski, Ł.J.; Wychowa´nski,P.; Jereczek-Fossa, year-old male with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. The patient was admitted to the Department of Oral B.A.; Starzy´nska,A. Oral Surgery Surgery, Medical University of Gda´nsk,in order to perform the extraction of three teeth. -
Peds Ortho: What Is Normal, What Is Not, and When to Refer
Peds Ortho: What is normal, what is not, and when to refer Future of Pedatrics June 10, 2015 Matthew E. Oetgen Benjamin D. Martin Division of Orthopaedic Surgery AGENDA • Definitions • Lower Extremity Deformity • Spinal Alignment • Back Pain LOWER EXTREMITY ALIGNMENT DEFINITIONS coxa = hip genu = knee cubitus = elbow pes = foot varus valgus “bow-legged” “knock-knee” apex away from midline apex toward midline normal varus hip (coxa vara) varus humerus valgus ankle valgus hip (coxa valga) Genu varum (bow-legged) Genu valgum (knock knee) bow legs and in toeing often together Normal Limb alignment NORMAL < 2 yo physiologic = reassurance, reevaluate @ 2 yo Bow legged 7° knock knee normal Knock knee physiologic = reassurance, reevaluate in future 4 yo abnormal 10 13 yo abnormal + pain 11 Follow-up is essential! 12 Intoeing 1. Femoral anteversion 2. Tibial torsion 3. Metatarsus adductus MOST LIKELY PHYSIOLOGIC AND WILL RESOLVE! BRACES ARE HISTORY! Femoral Anteversion “W” sitters Internal rotation >> External rotation knee caps point in MOST LIKELY PHYSIOLOGIC AND MAY RESOLVE! Internal Tibial Torsion Thigh foot angle MOST LIKELY PHYSIOLOGIC AND WILL RESOLVE BY SCHOOL AGE Foot is rotated inward Internal Tibial Torsion (Fuchs 1996) Metatarsus Adductus • Flexible = correctible • Observe vs. casting CURVED LATERAL BORDER toes point in NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH… Clubfoot talipes equinovarus adductus internal varus rotation equinus CAN’T DORSIFLEX cavus Clubfoot START19 CASTING JUST AFTER BIRTH Calcaneovalgus Foot • Intrauterine positioning • Resolve