New Media in Popuworld: Tools, Threats and Social Phenomena
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Introduction New media in popuworld: tools, threats and social phenomena 1 New media in popuworld: tools, threats and social phenomena 2 Introduction Agnieszka Węglińska, Bogusław Węgliński New media in popuworld: tools, threats and social phenomena Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe Wrocław 2016 3 New media in popuworld: tools, threats and social phenomena Edited by Agnieszka Węglińska, Bogusław Węgliński Reviewers: dr hab. Marcin Brocki (Jagiellonian University in Kraków) dr hab. prof. DSW Jan Stasieńko Text editor: Maria Zebrany Cover design: Bartosz Harlender Foto: Bogusław Węgliński DTP: Alicja Rulewicz ISBN 978-83-7977-253-7 Praca dofinansowana ze środków Wydziału Nauk Społecznych i Dziennikarstwa DSW w roku 2016 jako projekt badawczy Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe ul. Kościuszki 51a, 50-011 Wrocław, tel. (48 71) 342 20 56 www.atut.ig.pl, [email protected] 4 Introduction Contents Introduction .............................................. 7 New Media Theory Social Media at the Service of Fandoms – the process of users involvement in the prosumtion culture Jacek Nożewski, Julia Trzcińska ......................... 15 Internet memes in a modern political campaign – communication, language, recipient Agnieszka Węglińska .................................. 35 Education Student media in Poland – origin, evolution, the present Anna Zięty ........................................... 55 Diversification of the immersion effect on the example of games designed for mobile devices Marta Majorek ........................................ 75 New media in classroom of new humanistic school: from Sillicon Valey to Trzebnica. Project of Polish – American Academy of Modern Education Agnieszka Janiak ...................................... 89 Web 2.0 in the classroom. Blogging as a tool for education and learning Justyna Wojniak ...................................... 107 5 New media in popuworld: tools, threats and social phenomena New Media and Communication Types of Misunderstandings in Selected Digitally Archived Interviews: Relevance-based Classification Maciej Sedlaczek ..................................... 129 Film Adaptations of Literary Works as Compressed Multimedia Messages Wanda Krzemińska ................................... 157 Politics Phenomena of “Hromadske TV” – internet television – Ukrainian revolution-public service media Agnieszka Węglińska, Regina Bogucka-Lebiedź .......... 175 A case study of Syrian refugees in social media – political actors journalists and NGOs in Poland Anna Zięty, Agnieszka Węglińska, Maciej Sedlaczek ...... 197 Terrorism in a mediated world Bogusław Węgliński .................................. 213 Communicating about the asymmetrical threats. The coverage of the terrorist attacks in Belgium by the online media in Poland Róża Smolak, Waldemar Sobera ........................ 249 References ............................................ 269 6 Introduction Introduction In this collection of articles, we are focused on New Media in con- temporary world. In modern society, populism seems to be one of the main distinctive features. People live in a very unstable, changeable, hybrid and uncertain environment. Technology is developing faster and faster, social media has given us mirage of close relationships between users, however, they are still lonely and atomized. They are forced to consume large number of news that cause information over- load. The new logged human has problems to communicate with old generation. Very often, more traditional, older people are digitally ex- cluded due to the lack of competence and skills. Thanks new media, everyday life is, in certain aspects, more easier and interesting. Art gains new presentation platforms and a numerous new tools. Social groups, events and even movements has been initiated in the net. The political landscape is also complicated. The politics of idea to- day have been replaced by pragmatic real politics. Citizens don’t feel any connection with political elites. Political elites seems to be lost in the networked world of various tensions. What we mean here are terror- istic threats, immigrants, war in Syria, unpredictable Russia and China ect. We listed only some of the contemporary problems. Over the past decades, radical right-wing populist parties have entered national parlia- ments in: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland and Poland.1Yet, we cannot forget about left-wing populist parties, which have gained representation in Germany and The Netherlands, or about Donald Trump election in the USA. Voters are tired of a political correctness and a constant economical crisis. Mainstream politicians demand continuous self-denial from their citizens. Populist candidates promise simple solutions and almost imme- diate panacea for everything.2 There is a need to explain the contribution of non-democratic states in shaping national and international order. 1 M. Rooduijn, S.L. de Lange, W. van der Brug, A populist Zeitgeist? Pro- grammatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe, “Party Poli- tics” Vol. 20/4/2014, pp. 563–575. 2 Ibid., p. 265. 7 New media in popuworld: tools, threats and social phenomena Cas Mudde defines populism “as an ideology that considers socie- ty to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, ‘the pure people ’versus ‘the corrupt elite’, and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people. Populism, so defined, has two opposites: elitism and pluralism. Elitism is populism’s mirror-image: it shares its Mani- chean worldview, but wants politics to be an expression of the views of the moral elite, instead of the amoral people.”3 The populism isn’t just right wing politicians’ characteristic – left orientated parties have been infected with populism virus. We can observe a huge transformation occurred in political programs.4 Var- ious formations seek for new voters and they offer promises which are hardly possible to fulfill. Therefore, we can agree with Benjamin Moffitt and Simon Tormey statement: “that populism does not exist in any pure form, but rather is always present in mixed iterations with other ideologies”.5 In our investigation, we are focused on the social and even edu- cational factors of modern communities. Alongside the populism, New Media factor is of the key importance. New technologies, in particular social media enhance populistic tendencies. Moreover New Media has triggered profound changes in contemporary society – changes that we cannot evaluate unambiguously. In this book, populism is rather a premise for presentation of tools, threats and contemporary social phenomena. It is also a useful con- cept that might be applied to modern society and its characteristic processes. The other distinctive feature is the connection with New Media, which are in the process of the constant transformation. An article of Jacek Nożewski and Julia Trzcińska focuses on the theoretical aspects of fandoms. They picture fandoms as a perfect example of Maffesoli’s neo-tribes that are the transnational and class- less groups of people who are interested in a specific topic or share 3 C. Mudde, The populist Zeitgeist., “Government and Opposition”, Vol. 39/2004, p. 543. 4 M. Rooduijn, T. Akkerman, Flank attacks: Populism and left-rightradical- ism in Western Europe, “Party Politics”, Vol. 2015, pp. 1–12. 5 B. Moffitt, S. Tormey, Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style, “Politcal Studies” Vol. 62/2014, pp. 381–397. 8 Introduction the same passion.6 In this chapter authors present the process of fans engagement in the context of social media. Nożewski and Trzcińska created a theoretical model of process of fan community involvement in the prosumtion culture. Agnieszka Węglińska’s paper concentrates on Internet memes in political communication. Memes are treated as an element of poli- tical infotainment. Infotainment and politicaltainment are key fac- tors in the modern political campaign, particularly in social media. The grassroots of Internet memes as a genre are commonly stressed in media by journalists and PR professionals. The question is, how many professional PR specialists are involved in the process of crea- tion of political memes, especially during election? Anna Zięty’s article concerns an evolution of students media in Poland. The author pictures the student media landscape of Poland but also analyzes it from historical and empirical perspective. In her investigation, Zięty focused upon three key aspects: technology, con- tent and reception. In the research she used three methods: web con- tent analysis, eye tracking and diagnostic poll. She concludes that students media under the influence of new technologies has evolved from a small, single, traditional means of communication to interac- tive and multimedia platforms. The subject of a study by Marta Majorek seems particularly in- teresting. She interprets mobile computer games and gamers both from the perspective of the flow theory and the cognitive absorp- tion theory. Majorek is concerned essentially with understanding the connection between mobile games and immersion theory. The author examined a group of 30 gamers and presented her conclusions in the context of immersion effect. The next two articles by Agnieszka Janiak and Justyna Wojaniak are focused on educational aspects of New Media. Agnieszka Janiak provides an analysis of a school project using blended