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Proletarians and Dictatorships

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Proletarians and Dictatorships STAGING THE PEOPLE THE PROLETARIAN AND HIS DOUBLE Jacques Rancière Translated by David Fernbach First published in English by Verso 2011 © Verso 2011 Compiled from articles originally appearing in Les Révoltes logiques © Les Révoltes logiques 1975 to 1981 Translation © David Fernbach 2011 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 www.versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books Epub ISBN-13: 978-1-84467-805-1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Printed in the US by Maple Vail - 1 - Contents Preface to the English Edition ................................................................................................................ 3 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 The Proletarian and His Double, Or, The Unknown Philosopher ......................................................... 8 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 Heretical Knowledge and the Emancipation of the Poor ..................................................................... 14 The name ‘canut’ .......................................................................................................................... 14 The sign of intelligence ................................................................................................................. 16 On translation: Analysis and analogies ....................................................................................... 17 The science of individuals............................................................................................................. 19 Emancipation in the family ........................................................................................................... 20 Fraternal society........................................................................................................................... 22 The rights of fellow creatures ....................................................................................................... 23 3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 The Gold of Sacramento: Capital and Labour’s Californian Adventures ........................................... 25 4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 29 Off to the Exhibition: The Worker, His Wife and the Machines ........................................................... 29 I. The ambivalent machine............................................................................................................ 30 II. The mirror of man .................................................................................................................... 35 5 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 A Troublesome Woman1 ....................................................................................................................... 41 6 ............................................................................................................................................................ 46 The Links of the Chain: Proletarians and Dictatorships ..................................................................... 46 The triumph of the wage system ................................................................................................... 48 Socialism with French colours ..................................................................................................... 49 Revolution through collaboration ................................................................................................ 51 Dictatorship for what?.................................................................................................................. 53 7 ............................................................................................................................................................ 57 From Pelloutier to Hitler: Trade Unionism and Collaboration1 ......................................................... 57 ‘In a single word: Revolution . .’ ................................................................................................ 61 ‘The Charte is a continuous creation’26 ....................................................................................... 65 ‘A little known aspect of Pelloutier’s thought’ ............................................................................. 69 ‘Beyond trade unionism’ .............................................................................................................. 70 ‘Germany as I’ve seen it’.............................................................................................................. 72 ‘A fine dream of yesteryear’ ......................................................................................................... 74 It is better to disobey .................................................................................................................... 78 8 ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 Good Times, Or, Pleasure at the Barrière ........................................................................................... 84 Work and goguette: the intoxication of hearts ............................................................................. 84 The ambiguous theatre ................................................................................................................. 87 The prefect and the philosopher ................................................................................................... 90 Puritans at the barrière ................................................................................................................ 94 The Belleville battalion ................................................................................................................. 97 A Seat at the Châtelet ................................................................................................................. 100 ‘Le Temps de cerises’ ................................................................................................................. 103 In the Desert ............................................................................................................................... 106 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 113 Index ................................................................................................................................................... 113 - 2 - Preface to the English Edition Collected in this book and its companion volume, The Intellectual and His People, are almost all the articles I wrote between 1975 and 1985 for the journal Les Révoltes logiques, and for the books later published by the collective of the same name. It is doubtless today necessary to explain the nature of this publication and the intellectual and political dynamic in which it was located. Its starting-point was the desire to draw conclusions from the time around 1968. The May explosion, in which student action acted as the detonator for a mass strike, had overturned Marxist schemas of class consciousness and action. The great Althusserian project of a struggle of science against ideology clearly turned out to be a struggle against the potential strength of mass revolt. The inability of the far-left groups to build a new revolutionary workers’ movement in the wake of the May revolt forced us to measure the gap between the actual history of social movements and the conceptual system inherited from Marx. It was on the basis of this twin situation that I embarked in 1972 on a research project that aimed to retrace the history of working-class thought and the workers’ movement in France, in order to grasp the forms and contradictions that had characterized its encounter with the Marxist ideas of class struggle and revolutionary organization. This was the basis on which I set up in 1973, along with Jean Borreil and Geneviève Fraisse, a ‘Centre de Recherches sur les Idéologies de la Révolte’, which two years later gave birth to the periodical which we initially conceived as a place for publishing our work. But the intellectual and political landscape was changing rapidly at this time. And our critical stance towards Marxist dogmatism found itself confronting in 1975 two forms of struggle against the same dogmatism that were each far more influential but also equally removed from our own perspective. On the one hand, distancing oneself from the great beliefs and enthusiasms of Marxist activists found expression in the rediscovery
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