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Entrepreneurial Managerialism The London School of Economics and Political Science Entrepreneurial Managerialism: Mobilisation of redistributive mechanisms for entrepreneurial redevelopment of Penghuqu in a Chinese Third-Front city Yi Jin A thesis submitted to the Department of Geography and Environment of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, October 2018 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 68,576 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Dr Eve Richards. 2 Abstract This thesis aims to investigate the change of urban governance in post-socialist China, as illustrated by the redevelopment of a shantytown or penghuqu neighbourhood established during the Third Front Construction (1964-1981) in Luzhou, a city in Western China. In the literature on Western cities, the change of urban governance in the neoliberal era has been described as a shift from managerialism towards entrepreneurialism. While this is often depicted as to entail a qualitative transformation of the state, we cannot regard such a change as a fundamental shift. As argued in this thesis, the state, however entrepreneurial it is, would still maintain some redistributive functions, rendering the mode of urban governance nowadays bearing the characteristics of managerialism and entrepreneurialism simultaneously. This would be evident in China. On the one hand, the local state in China, which depends heavily on a land-based accumulation system, is becoming more entrepreneurial. On the other hand, as China remains a “socialist state”, the legitimacy of the state is still founded partly upon accountability to its people, especially those disadvantaged ones. Drawing upon a series of ethnographic data collected from fieldwork between 2015 and 2017, this thesis will argue that entrepreneurialism and managerialism not only co-exist in the contemporary mode of urban governance in China, but intertwine in an integrated way, which may be termed “entrepreneurial managerialism”. The redevelopment of penghuqu, a national project aiming at improving the living conditions of disadvantaged urban residents with some degree of managerial features, has been strategically appropriated by the local state to serve its entrepreneurial vision. Furthermore, within the course of housing expropriation, the redistributive mechanism that could be dated back to the Maoist era with some modifications, have been mobilised to differentiate residents, and legitimise expropriation. The mode of urban governance that combines managerialism with entrepreneurialism also has significant implications for residents, shaping their minds and responses that bear such dual features. 3 Acknowledgements This thesis, like any other PhD thesis, is the fruit of years of effort, endeavour, and sometimes frustration. At this moment, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Hyun Bang Shin, who has always been by my side, until the final day, final hour. His academic guidance and kind encouragement will definitely be my lifelong treasure. I would also like to thank the London School of Economics and Political Science that provided me with studentship to accomplish this entire journey, in London, one of the greatest cities. I am also deeply beholden to Dr Austin Zeiderman, my review supervisor, who gave me many suggestions at various moments of my PhD journey. I would also thank Dr Murray Low, Professor Gareth Jones, Dr Ryan Centner, Professor Sylvia Chant, Dr Claire Mercer, Dr Alan Mace, and Dr Nancy Holman. Being together with you in this fascinating research cluster make me feel encouragement. I want to thank two special friends at LSE, Dr Zhao Yimin and He Chao. We share the same identity as the student of Yuanpei College, Peking University and LSE, and so many impressive moments together in London. I am more than grateful for those insightful suggestions, comments and notices from Yimin, who is also an expert of space and urban China. The support from my colleagues is of importance for this long journey. All 505- human-geographyers: our encountering here in this small space turn it to one with significant meanings for all of us. I’m more than happy to be with you here: Meredith, Jordana, Paroj, Laura, Muna, Kate, and Carwyn. Do Young, Mara, and Didi, who do not work in this room, are definitely members of this group that support me a lot. I also want to thank Chen Ying, CK as members of my cohort. I owe many thanks to Professor Li Kang, my undergraduate mentor, master supervisor and long-time supporter, and Professor Tang Xiaofeng, whose visit to London brings me new understanding of (the) city. I am also grateful to Professor You- 4 tien Hsing and Professor Chien Shiuh-shen, who supplied me valuable encouragements. I would also like to thank all my interviewees, the name of whom I could not mention here, and those who helped me get in touch with those interviewees, Li Chunyan, Deng Xuemei, Wang Chunhong, Li Wenming, Mei Laoshi, Ma Qun, Wu Huiling, Mayor Cao Xisen, and my classmates or schoolmates Guo Xiaoshu, Shui Jie, Hu Jie, Zhang Shiyun and Ye Yutong. Thanks are due to my friends, who intimately or remotely accompany me along this four-year lonely journey. Thank Dr. Xu Meng, Pang Liang, Cheng Wenhuan, Fan Fuwei, Jiangcheng Yiqing, Zhang Bolun, Ma Yumin, Qiao Tianyu, Zhang Baohua, Liu Chuncheng, Zhou Rui, Chen Haoxi, Zhao Xi, Ji Yanru and Mao Zidan. It is a surprising coincidence that the day I submit this thesis is my 30th birthday. Oceans apart, I cannot share this particular moment with my parents, whose love has been with me for thirty full years. I hope you can feel my gratitude, for everything you bring to me, for all you support at every stage of my life, forever. 5 Table of Content Declaration .................................................................................................................. 2 Statement of use of third party for editorial help ................................................... 2 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 4 Table of Content ......................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 9 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 10 List of Figures and Tables ....................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 16 1.1 Entry to the thesis ....................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Research Context ........................................................................................................ 18 1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 24 1.4 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................................... 26 1.5 Potential Contributions .............................................................................................. 29 Chapter 2 Entrepreneurial Managerialism: Revisiting the role of redistribution in the entrepreneurial era ........................................................................................ 32 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 32 2.2 The instrumental dimension of redistribution ......................................................... 33 Instrumental use of redistribution in the capitalist societies ........................................... 33 Instrumental use of redistribution in the (former-)socialist societies ............................. 37 Instrumental use of redistribution in the Chinese Context .............................................. 38 2.3 The managerial and entrepreneurial modes of urban governance ........................ 44 The managerial urban governance .................................................................................. 44 The entrepreneurial urban governance ............................................................................ 47 The driving forces of the transformation ........................................................................ 51 The rise of entrepreneurial governance in China ............................................................ 52 The
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