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Forging the Progressive Path: Literary Assemblies and Enlightenment Societies in Azerbaijan, 1850-1928

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Forging the Progressive Path: Literary Assemblies and Enlightenment Societies in Azerbaijan, 1850-1928 University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Forging The Progressive Path: Literary Assemblies And Enlightenment Societies In Azerbaijan, 1850-1928 Kelsey Rice University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Rice, Kelsey, "Forging The Progressive Path: Literary Assemblies And Enlightenment Societies In Azerbaijan, 1850-1928" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2913. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2913 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2913 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Forging The Progressive Path: Literary Assemblies And Enlightenment Societies In Azerbaijan, 1850-1928 Abstract This dissertation examines the role ethnic Azeri enlightenment societies in the Southeastern Caucasus played in the broader movement of secular modernist reform throughout the Muslim world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century. These societies, which published literature and periodicals, founded schools, built reading rooms, and sponsored musical and dramatic performances, were the primary means through which intellectuals in Azerbaijan mobilized projects of cultural reform. Starting in the mid-nineteenth-century almost every significant Azeri artist and intellectual was involved in these societies to some degree, either as active members or through benefiting from society patronage. Azeri reformist intellectuals were ambitious in their scope, and through the circulation of their periodicals, touring theater troupes, and the involvement of several leading Azeri figures in the constitutional movements in both Iran and the Ottoman Empire, they enjoyed influence well beyond the Turkic south Caucasus, reaching throughout the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and Central Asia. Analyzing a unique body of sources that include literary works, handwritten manuscripts, unpublished memoirs, periodicals, society account books, and correspondences, I illustrate the value of looking to so-called peripheries for more acute insights into the nineteenth and early twentieth-century logics of modernist reform and transformation in the Middle East. I also consider Azeri cultural reform movements in a global context of urbanization and cosmopolitanization, which lead to the creation of ethnic cultural spaces and aided in the rise of national identities. This dissertation also reconsiders the relationship between religious and secular intellectuals in Muslim societies, arguing that it was characterized not only by contention, but also negotiation, compromise, and intellectual exchange. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet Keywords Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Iran, Russian Empire, Theater Subject Categories History | Islamic World and Near East History This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2913 FORGING THE PROGRESSIVE PATH: LITERARY ASSEMBLIES AND ENLIGHTENMENT SOCIETIES IN AZERBAIJAN, 1850-1928 Kelsey Rice A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Supervisor of Dissertation ___________ Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History Graduate Group Chairperson _________________ Peter Holquist Ronald S. Lauder Endowed Term Associate Professor of History Dissertation Committee Peter Holquist Ronald S. Lauder Endowed Term Associate Professor of History Eve Troutt Powell Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of History Bruce Grant Professor of Anthropology, New York University FORGING THE PROGRESSIVE PATH: LITERARY ASSEMBLIES AND ENLIGHTENMENT SOCIETIES IN AZERBAIJAN, 1850-1928 COPYRIGHT 2018 Kelsey Richelle Rice This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ For LeRoi and Eleanor Rice iii Acknowledgements This project has benefitted from the generous support of a number of individuals and organizations over the years. Above all I thank my advisor Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet for her encouragement of this project, incisive readings of my work, and mentorship as I developed as a scholar. Her kindness and support paired with her unflagging intellectual energy inspired me to be more ambitious in my own endeavors, and I will carry the lessons she has taught me for the rest of my career. Peter Holquist has been invaluable in pushing me to place this project in a broader Russian and European context and has been a seemingly limitless source of suggestions of secondary literature, new and old, that I have incorporated into this project. I also thank Eve Troutt Powell for helping shape me as a cultural historian, encouraging me to think creatively about sources, and for the compassion and empathy with which she treats all her students, myself included. Finally, I want to thank Bruce Grant, who joined this project in its later stages, but who was an early supporter and has been a valued source of advice and expertise over the years. Early research for this project was conducted with the support of the American Research Institute of the South Caucasus’ Graduate Student, Postdoctoral, and Junior Faculty Research Grant and the Faye Rattner Research Grant for Dissertation Research Travel. I was able to conduct fourteen months of archival research in Azerbaijan and Turkey with the generous support of the Social Science Research Council and American Councils. I have also been supported by the Annenberg Fellowship and the Department of Education’s Foreign Language and Area Studies grants over the years. In Baku, the wonderful staff of the local American Councils office helped me with many of the logistics necessary to conduct my research. In particular I thank Jodi Blankenship, the Country Director for Azerbaijan. Dr. Alla Bayramova was also an early source of support and shared her expertise on Azeri musical culture and her academic networks with me. Ian Peart and Saadat Ibrahimova have helped me in countless ways in my years in Azerbaijan, and I owe them a debt of gratitude. The staff of the Azerbaijan State History Archive, the Azerbaijan State Literature and Art Archive, the Institute of Manuscripts, and the Akhundov National Library helped me access countless sources that made this project possible. I also thank the Hasanov family, who opened their home to me and taught me so much about Azerbaijani language, culture, and society. I first became interested in pursuing a career in history as an undergraduate at Hamilton College. I remain indebted to my mentor Shoshana Keller, who first opened my eyes to the rich world of Central Eurasian history, and to my undergraduate advisor Thomas Wilson, who introduced me to the theoretical side of history. Anna Oldfield, at the time a postdoc at Hamilton, first pointed me in the direction of Azerbaijan, setting me on what has thus far been an eight-year journey. The University of Pennsylvania provided a vibrant community of graduate students whose insights, gleaned both in and out of the classroom, have helped shape this project, and whose friendship has carried me through the years. In particular I thank my Penn and Penn-adjacent colleagues Iuliia Skubytska, Beeta Baghoolizadeh, Ali Karjoo- Ravary, Jim Ryan, Sam Casper, Yakov Feygin, Holly Stephens, Ciruce Movahedi- Lankarani, Jawan Shir Rasikh, Robert Hegwood, and Alex Balistreri. For helping keep me connected to the wide world outside of academia, I thank my sister and brother-in-law, Kristin and Ryan Sullivan, and Dominic, Isaac, and Monica iv Sullivan for letting me serenade them with Azeri songs during their respective babyhoods. Thomas Ferguson has never failed to be a source of optimism and encouragement in the face of times of stress. I have dedicated this dissertation to my grandparents, LeRoi and Eleanor Rice, who have delighted in my travels over the years, always lighting a candle for my safety. Barely blinking when I first declared my intention to move to Azerbaijan upon graduating from college, my parents, Dan and Tracey Rice, have been a constant source of support. They have fostered my curiosity and intellectual development my entire life, taught me to be a responsible and giving person, and never once doubted that I could succeed in this endeavor, even when I did. Thank you. v ABSTRACT FORGING THE PROGRESSIVE PATH: LITERARY ASSEMBLIES AND ENLIGHTENMENT SOCIETIES IN AZERBAIJAN, 1850-1928 Kelsey Rice Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet This dissertation examines the role ethnic Azeri enlightenment societies in the Southeastern Caucasus played in the broader movement of secular modernist reform throughout the Muslim world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century. These societies, which published literature and periodicals, founded schools, built reading rooms, and sponsored musical and dramatic performances, were the primary means through which intellectuals in Azerbaijan mobilized projects of cultural reform. Starting in the mid-nineteenth-century almost every significant Azeri artist and intellectual was involved in these societies to some degree, either as active members or through benefiting from society patronage. Azeri reformist intellectuals
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