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Energy Policies of IEA Countries the Netherlands Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/ termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ Energy Policies of IEA Countries The Netherlands 2014 Review 2014 OECD/IEA, © 2014 OECD/IEA, © Energy Policies of IEA Countries The Netherlands 2014 Review 2014 OECD/IEA, © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2014 Spain 2014 International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey OECD/IEA, www.iea.org United Kingdom © Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA. Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Shaping progress ........................................................................................................................11 Key recommendations ...............................................................................................................14 PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................15 2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY......................................................................................................................17 Country overview .......................................................................................................................17 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................19 Institutions .................................................................................................................................22 Key policies .................................................................................................................................23 Assessment ................................................................................................................................28 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................30 3. CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................................................................31 Overview ....................................................................................................................................31 GHG emissions, targets and projections ....................................................................................32 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion .........................................................................................33 Institutions .................................................................................................................................35 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................36 Assessment ................................................................................................................................48 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................50 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ...........................................................................................................................51 Overview ....................................................................................................................................51 Institutions .................................................................................................................................53 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................54 Assessment ................................................................................................................................62 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................65 PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................67 5. ELECTRICITY ...........................................................................................................................................69 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................69 Institutions .................................................................................................................................74 2014 3 OECD/IEA, © Table of contents Market design and regulation ....................................................................................................75 Market structure ........................................................................................................................80 Networks ....................................................................................................................................81 Network expansion and investment ..........................................................................................86 Retail market and prices ............................................................................................................89 Electricity security ......................................................................................................................92 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................100 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................102 6. RENEWABLE ENERGY ...........................................................................................................................105 Overview ..................................................................................................................................105 Renewable energy supply ........................................................................................................105 Institutions ...............................................................................................................................107 Policies and support schemes ..................................................................................................108 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................114 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................116 7. NUCLEAR ENERGY ................................................................................................................................119 Overview ..................................................................................................................................119 Nuclear policy...........................................................................................................................120 Institutions ...............................................................................................................................121 Nuclear safety ..........................................................................................................................122
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