MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION

Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Water Conveyance System

Main Report – Part C: Project Specific Environmental & Social Assessment

Volume 1 of 2

June 2004

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

MAIN REPORT – PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF ANNEXES iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF DRAWINGS viii

1 INTRODUCTION C-1

1.1 Background C-1 1.2 Project Objectives C-2 1.3 Organization of the ESA Study C-2 1.4 Description of Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study C-4 1.5 Relationship between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study C-6 1.6 Consultations during the ESA Study C-6 1.6.1 First Phase of Public Consultation C-8 1.6.2 Second Phase of Public Consultation C-10 1.7 ESA Disclosure C-11 1.8 Maps to Support Environmental and Social Management Plan C-12

2 PROPOSED PROJECT C-14

2.1 Origin and Scope C-14 2.2 Location C-15 2.3 Major Elements C-17 2.4 Project Segmentation C-20 2.5 Construction and Operational Phases C-21 2.5.1 Project Implementing Organization C-21 2.5.2 Operation of the Project and Its Benefits C-21

3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS C-22

3.1 Environmental Baseline Conditions C-22 3.1.1 Physical Environment C-22 3.1.2 Biological Environment C-45 3.2 Agricultural Baseline Conditions C-59 3.2.2 Description of the Current Agricultural Settings along the Alignment C-61 3.2.3 The Sustainability of Large-Scale Agriculture in the Disi Area C-67 3.2.4 A Comparison of Water Consumption (Disi vs. the rest of the Country) C-68 3.3 Social Assessment C-70 3.3.1 Social and Economic Baseline Conditions C-70 3.3.2 Social and Cultural Characteristics of the Indigenous Peoples C-85

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3.3.3 Land Acquisition Framework and Policy C-89 3.4 Archaeological Baseline Conditions C-92

4 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC (“TECHNICAL”) ALTERNATIVES C-104

4.1 No Action/Without Project C-105 4.2 Development of the Well Field C-107 4.3 Alignment of the Pipeline C-107

5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS C-109

5.1 Impacts on the Physical Environment C-109 5.1.1 Construction Phase C-109 5.1.2 Operation Phase C-113 5.2 Impacts on Biological Conditions C-115 5.2.1 Construction Phase C-116 5.2.2 Operation Phase C-117 5.3 Impacts on Agricultural Resources C-117 5.3.1 Impact on Local Agricultural Communities in Disi Area C-117 5.3.2 Impact on Large-Scale Farming Companies C-118 5.3.3 Impact on Agricultural Activities along the Route from to Amman C-118 5.4 Impacts on Socio-Economic Settings C-119 5.4.1 Construction Phase C-119 5.4.2 Operation Phase C-125 5.5 Impacts on Archaeological Resources C-125 5.5.1 Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (A): Jurf Al Drawish - Disi C-125 5.5.2 Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (B): Al Qatraneh - Jurf Al Drawish C-125 5.5.3 Archaeological Sites located within Segment (C): Reservoir Abu-Alanda - Airport - Al Jiza C-125

6 CUMULATIVE PROJECT SPECIFIC IMPACTS C-128

6.1 Cumulative Impacts on the Physical Environment C-128 6.1.1 Landscape Damage, Change of Natural Drainage System and Local Geomorphology C-128 6.1.2 Disi Aquifer System C-128 6.2 Cumulative Impacts on Biological Conditions C-129 6.3 Cumulative Impacts on Social Settings C-129 6.3.1 Positive Cumulative Impacts C-129 6.3.2 Negative Cumulative Impacts C-131

7 EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE PROJECT SPECIFIC IMPACTS C-134

7.1 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts on the Physical Environment C-134 7.2 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts on Biological Conditions C-134 7.2.1 Construction Phase C-134 7.2.2 Operation Phase C-135

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7.3 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts on Social Settings C-135

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN C-136

8.1 Rational and Justification C-136 8.2 Planning and Framework of the ESMP C-136 8.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) C-139 8.3.1 Environmental Policy and Commitment C-139 8.3.2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Requirements C-139 8.3.3 Structure and Responsibility C-140 8.3.4 Environmental and Social Objectives C-144 8.3.5 Environmental and Social Aspects C-153 8.3.6 Management Programs for Mitigation of Impacts C-159 8.3.7 Environmental and Social Monitoring C-171 8.4 ESMP Control C-175 8.5 Implementation and Operation C-178 8.5.1 Training, Awareness and Competence C-178 8.5.2 Communication C-179 8.5.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response C-180 8.6 Checking and Corrective Action C-181 8.7 Management Review C-182

9 CONCLUSION C-183

Final Report iii Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF ANNEXES

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annexes Related to Part C: Project-Specific ESA (Volume 2 and Maps)

C1- Interview Records C2- Scoping Statement and Record of Public Consultation C3- Draft ESA and Record of Public Consultation C4- Suggested Distribution List for Disclosure of the ESA Study C5- Maps C6- Climatological Characteristic Along the Project Corridor C7- Characteristics of the Rainfall Stations with Effective Area for Disi Basin C8- Flood Flow Calculations C9- IDF Curves C10- Flow Sections C11- Groundwater Abstraction from Disi-Mudawarra wells during 1996-2001 C12- Groundwater Aquifers in Disi-Mudawarra Wells C13- Geology, and Hydrogeology-Water Quality of Disi-Mudawarra and Aquifer System C14- Important Bird Areas (IBA’s) Criteria C15- Flora along the project Alignment C16- Herpetofauna along the Project Alignment C17- Bird Species along the Project Alignment C18- Population Projections in the Primary Zone of Influence / Right - of - Way and in the Extended Zone of Influence / Governorate C19- HIV/AIDS Statistics C20- Details of Land Acquisition Already Completed C21- Legal Review Annexes ˘ Jordanian Drinking Water Standards JS 286: 2001 ˘ Pollutants- Ambient Air Quality Standards ˘ Pollutants- Allowable Limits for Gaseous Pollutants Emitted from Gasoline Engined Vehicles (703/1990) ˘ Noise Regulation ˘ Acoustic Guide to International Standards on the Measurement of Airborne acoustical Noise and Evaluation of its effects on Human Beings ˘ The Jordanian Antiquities Law No. 12 for the Year 1976 ˘ Regulations of Archaeological Excavations and Surveys ˘ Jordanian Ambient Air Quality Standards (JS: 1140/1999) C22- Specific Mitigation Measures for Archaeological Settings Located within the Project Zone of Effect C23- Disi Area Development Plan C24- Resettlement Framework C25- Estimated Costs of the ESMP C26- List of project team members who prepared the ESA Study and Supporting Documents C27- List of References

Final Report iv Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page Table 1: Significant issues identified in the public consultation sessions C-9 Table 2: List of project related maps C-13 Table 3: Summary of the key elements of the project C-19 Table 4: Major geomorphologic features located “within /close to” the project corridor C-24 Table 5: Ten rainfall stations at Disi Area C-25 Table 6: Main Characteristics of Wadis Flanking the Alignment C-27 Table 7: Seismic events in Area for the period of 1994-1999 C-44 Table 8: Endangered fauna reported in the area C-56 Table 9: Globally threatened bird species occurring in the Jordanian Desert C-58 Table 10: Species that are threatened or declining throughout all or large parts of their range in the Middle East C-58 Table 11: Species, which have relatively small total world, ranges with important populations in the Middle East C-58 Table 12: Distribution of Olive Trees in the Disi Area C-62 Table 13: Distribution of wells in the Disi Area C-62 Table 14: Area and maximum amounts of water to be abstracted by each company C-63 Table 15: Planted areas of different types of crops and their percentage importance of total area for each company as an average for the period 1997-2000 C-64 Table 16: Areas and production of wheat and barley for the four companies (An annual average based on 1997-2001 data) C-64 Table 17: Percentage importance of production of wheat and barley of the four companies to total national production of C-65 Table 18: Average production, imports and percentage importance to total production and imports C-65 Table 19: Water consumption for selected crops as an annual average for the period 1999-2001 C-66 Table 20: Total, cost, net revenue and water consumption (m3/kg) for selected crops as an annual average for the period 1999-2001 C-66 Table 21: Water consumption per one kilogram of output for selected crops in the Disi area and the rest of the country C-69 Table 22: Jordan water supply (m3/c/yr) by sector according to the MWI C-70 Table 23: Population projections for the primary zone of influence 2010-2020 C-72 Table 24: Population projections for Jordan 2010-2020 C-72 Table 25: Main economic indicators 1998-2001 C-73 Table 26: Food and live animal imports and exports 1996-2000 in Million JD C-74 Table 27: Municipal water tariff structure 1997 C-76 Table 28: Jordan Valley Irrigation Tariff Structure (1996) C-76 Table 29: water and wastewater tariff calculations (Residential) C-76 Table 30: Other Governorates water and wastewater tariff calculations (Residential) C-77 Table 31: Water consumption and revenues by block excluding Amman 2000 C-77 Table 32: Water consumption and revenues by block in Amman 2001 C-78 Table 33: Comparison of water bills value in JD by category and consumption C-78 Table 34: Economic viability of the project was assessed C-79 Table 35: Incidence rate per 100,000 population of diarrhoea during 1993 C-81 Table 36: Number of visitors to by nationality 1998-2002 C-83 Table 37: Number of visitors to Wadi Rum by month 1997-2002 C-84 Table 38: Employees in the Disi agricultural companies C-87

Final Report v Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF TABLES

Table Page Table 39: The twenty-six sites identified within Segment (A) C-93 Table 40: Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (C) C-96 Table 41: Analysis of project specific alternatives C-106 Table 42: Abstraction amounts from Disi-Mudawarra area C-113 Table 43: Hydrogeological summary of the recently drilled wells in Dubaydib area C-114 Table 44: Potential impacts severity of damaging the utilities/facilities that serve the residential areas in Segments C and B of the project corridor C-124 Table 45: The duties of the Contractor - ESMP Coordinator C-143 Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities C-145 Table 47: Registered Environmental and Social impacts C-154 Table 48: The Jordanian Regulations for Ambient Noise Levels C-163 Table 49: The Proposed Reporting System C-177

Final Report vi Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page Figure 1: Schematic diagram linking the three parts of the ESA study C-6 Figure 2: Optimised alignment of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance system C-16 Figure 3: Segmentation of the project area C-20 Figure 4: Thiessen Polygons for Disi Area C-25 Figure 5: Disi rainfall pattern compared with Jordan rainfall pattern C-26 Figure 6: Isohyetal lines for Disi rainfall C-26 Figure 7: Unit-Hydrograph of and Wala-North C-30 Figure 8: The design storm hyetograph (Effective Rainfall) C-30 Figure 9: The flow Hydrograph for Wadi Mujib and Wala-North at 10-Yr return period with effective rainfall C-31 Figure 10: Stream Profile for Wadi Abu Turfa et al. with Slope Index Calculation C-33 Figure 11: I-D-F Curves for Aqaba-Airport Rainfall Station C-34 Figure 12: Wadi Abu Turfa Cross-Section 1 C-35 Figure 13: Wadi Abu Turfa Cross-Section 2 C-35 Figure 14: Biogeographical regions recognized in Jordan C-47 Figure 15: Runoff vegetation and Tamarix stands in desert ecosystem in Wadi Abu Tarfa C-48 Figure 16: Sand dune habitat C-49 Figure 17: Hammada Plains C-49 Figure 18: Plant species within Wadi Abu Tarfah C-51 Figure 19: Proposed pipeline route from Batn El-Ghoul to Disi well field C-52 Figure 20: Cleome arabica and Asphodelus sp. C-52 Figure 21: Desert landscape of flint planes - Hammada C-53 Figure 22: The open flat or rolling Hammada desert with scattered limestone hills and wide shallow wadis C-54 Figure 23: Birds migration route across Jordan C-54 Figure 24: Tracks of a large desert reptile C-57 Figure 25: Maximum water abstraction by each farm company at Disi area C-63 Figure 26: Percentage planted areas of different crops C-64 Figure 27: Wheat and barely production in Disi area and in Jordan C-65 Figure 28: Water consumption per one kilogram of output C-69 Figure 29: The project segments C-90 Figure 30: General overview of the surveyed area in Disi and Jurf Al-Drawish C-94 Figure 31: Al-Qatraneh Castle C-95 Figure 32: Track of the pipe near the eastern side of the Cave of Seven Sleepers C-97 Figure 33: The proposed Laura near the pipe route and the Cave of Seven Sleepers C-98 Figure 34: General view of the Mausoleum (Family Tomb) C-99 Figure 35: General view of the Family Tomb C-100 Figure 36: Byzantine and Islamic remains of Al-Qastal C-101 Figure 37: Al Jiza Pool C-102 Figure 38: Remains of the Byzantine Church C-103 Figure 39: ESMP planning process C-138 Figure 40: ESMP management structure C-141

Final Report vii Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF DRAWINGS

LIST OF DRAWINGS

Drawing Page Drawing 1: Route of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyor C-36 Drawing 2: Mujib and Wala catchment area- North C-37 Drawing 3: Qatraneh catchment area C-38 Drawing 4: Mujib and Wala catchment area- South C-39 Drawing 5: Wadi Hasa catchment area C-40 Drawing 6: Abu Turfa, Unaiqa, Jardanah and Ma’an catchment area C-41 Drawing 7: Batn El-Ghoul catchment area C-42 Drawing 8: Catchment areas along the alignment with used rainfall sections C-43

Final Report viii Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

MAIN REPORT – PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System is being undertaken by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The development and implementation of this project pose a range of significant environmental and social issues since it will be based on the use of a non-renewable fossil groundwater aquifer and require changes in the existing patterns of water use. While justified under the unique water resources management situation in Jordan, such a development was subjected to a detailed environmental and social impact study that allows decision makers and stakeholders to understand the potential impacts at the sectoral and project specific levels over the short-, medium-, and long-term.

1.1 Background

Jordan is known for its scarce water resources. Throughout history, the people in Jordan have suffered from water shortages due to the semi-arid climate that is associated with limited annual rainfall. Over the past few decades, the problem was enormous due to high natural population growth, rural to urban migration and major influxes of population in response to political and economic crises in the Middle East. These trends have resulted in increased demand from domestic and industrial users.

The main water resources in Jordan are groundwater sources, surface water resources and treated wastewater effluent. The variability in the surface water resources left no choice but the use of groundwater resources to cover part of the shortage.

The total renewable safe yield of the groundwater resources in the whole of Jordan is 277 MCM/year, which does not include the Disi aquifer as this is a non-renewable source. Although extraction from these sources exceeded this safe yield by more than 200 MCM/year in recent years, Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) was unable to meet the substantially increasing demand. The declining per capita water availability in Jordan, the limited storage capacity and projected future water deficits are presented in Section 3 of the Main Report - Par B.

Continuation of this overexploitation of groundwater sources at these high levels will lead to mining these sources as well as deteriorating the quality of abstracted water, which will lead at the end to an extensive damage of the aquifers. Therefore, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and WAJ laid out planning strategies for utilising water resources to ensure optimum use in conjunction with municipal demands. The water resources strategy included existing and potential sources. Investment programs were developed to implement new projects such as water harvesting, dams and rehabilitation and restructuring water systems to minimize the unaccounted for water (UFW). Concentration was made on demand management and public awareness programmes. New sources were identified to relief the existing groundwater source and allow the natural recharge of these sources and to restore their water quality which shall relief part of water shortage in Greater Amman area.

One of the major water demand centres is Greater Amman area. The water supply in the area has been outstripped by the demand and rationing program was implemented by WAJ during the summer months since 1988. This situation is deteriorating each year by the increase of demand and therefore, MWI had to consider the option of implementing the Disi Project by conveying water from the southern part of Jordan to Amman.

Final Report C-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

The contract for preparation of the feasibility study and preliminary design for the Water Conveyance System from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman was awarded by MWI to Harza Group. The feasibility study and preliminary design were submitted to the Ministry in 1996 and the detailed design and tender documents in 1997. An optimisation of the design was later awarded to Brown and Root North Africa who submitted their report in 2001.

The Disi Aquifer, also known as Rum aquifer system, is a transboundary aquifer that extends from south of Jordan into where it is known as Saq Aquifer System. However, both the Rum and the Saq actually form one aquifer system with the larger portion located within Saudi Arabia. Generally, the groundwater flows from the Saudi Arabia in the south towards north east Jordan and in Central Jordan it deviates to north west and lastly towards west where it discharges its water in the and in the deep wadis draining the eastern highlands towards the Rift Valley.

1.2 Project Objectives

The main objective of this project is to supply additional high quality water to Greater Amman region from the deep fossil Disi Aquifer by conveying the water a distance of approximately 325 km from Amman. For a number of years water has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman Region and MWI has no option but to implement a water rationing program during the summer months. This situation has been ongoing since 1988, and is becoming more complex each year as water demand in this area increases. The provision of this reliable additional water supply would provide an opportunity for Jordanian authorities to reduce groundwater abstractions in the Greater Amman Region and allow for partial restoration of renewable resources in this region.

The project has also a secondary objective and that is to provide five emergency turnouts from the conveyance pipeline that will run from the water well field in the south of Jordan due north to the south of Amman. These turnouts will be located at key locations to ensure reliable water supply to secondary urban areas along the pipeline under emergency conditions and for short durations.

1.3 Organization of the ESA Study

The ESA process has consisted of the following main preparation activities:

• Consultation and Communication Program • Three Rapid Diagnostic Field Reports • Annotated Outline of the ESA Study - Parts A, B, and C • Preliminary Draft ESA Main Report - Parts A, B, and C • Draft ESA Reports - Executive Summary and Parts A, B, and C • Final ESA Reports - Executive Summary and Parts A, B, and C

The Consultation and Communication Program was prepared in the planning phase of the ESA study. This program provided the framework of principles and approaches for the communications of social and environmental concerns and information to diverse audiences. It is planned for the study team and the proponent to respond to public concerns about exposure to social and environmental impacts and risks. The overall advantage of this communication program is to ensure that the anticipated adverse impacts and risks can be effectively mitigated.

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The purpose of this program is to ensure the involvement of the best available information, experience and knowledge within the local and national community in the assessment. Local communities’ communication and active public participation is an important tool in the ESA and in the implementation of the project-specific environmental and social management. This tool ensures that the proposed project messages are constructively formulated, transmitted, and received and that they result in meaningful feed back by the recipient, this would result achieving the following:

• Better understanding and appreciation of target groups to the proposed project conditions and benefits. • Project communications more credible by local communities and affected populations. • Community participation in helping and making choices to develop suitable and acceptable avoidance/mitigation scenarios.

Also, early at the beginning of this study the Consultant conducted rapid diagnostic assessment for both biological and archaeological settings within the project corridor, this preliminary assessment served as the basis for the impacts assessment of the project-specific impacts on biological, archaeological and cultural heritage resources, and as a framework of requirements to be reviewed by the MWI and considered for the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) terms of reference and for other parties involved in the project. The three submitted Rapid Diagnostic Reports are as follows:

1- Social, Resettlement and Land Acquisition Issues in Abu Alanda to the airport highway water pipeline segment: This report investigated in a diagnostic manner four main tasks of the TOR in order to verify available data and to design and conduct relevant surveys and investigations that might lead to proper analysis of each task. 2- Ecological Issues in the areas close the Wadi Rum Protected Area: This revised the previous designs, updated information on previously conducted assessments and considered new areas, which were recently proved to be of great ecological values, and are important for the survival of threatened species or containing characteristic and unique communities. It addressed the current ecological status of the project alignment. It also indicated the hot spots identified along the proposed alignment. 3- Archaeological and Historic Issues in the northern and southern water pipeline segments: This diagnostic report provided a diagnosis of the main archaeological and cultural heritage sites and issues along the project locations of all facilities related to the pipeline.

The Annotated outline consisted of the full table of contents used for the ESA in each of Parts A, B and C.

The Final Report is the sixth and the final of the required technical reports and its purpose is to provide the complete details of all work performed, analyses made, and justification of options and recommendations proposed. This report builds upon the reports completed previously and the comments raised by MWI. The Final Report is submitted in five separate sections which comprise the executive summary and the three parts of the study. These sections are as follows: • Executive Summary which is prepared in both and English languages. • Main Report- Part A which presents an overview of the Disi-Mudwarra to Amman Water Conveyance System project. More specifically, this section of the study addresses the following issues: • Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework in Jordan • Applicable World Bank Policies

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• Description of the Proposed Project • Main Report- Part B which is the Water Sector Environmental and Social Assessment. It provides a full picture of the water shortage problem in Jordan and the steps taken to reduce this shortage by development of local sources. More specifically, Part B addresses the following issues: • Water resources trends and water balance • Water policies and trends • Water sector management structure • Improvements in water use efficiency and conservations • Use of economic incentives • Environmental and social challenges in the water sector in Jordan • Main Report- Part C (Volumes 1, 2 and Maps) which is the Project Specific Environmental and Social Assessment. Volume 1 of Part C is the main report and Volume 2 includes annexes referred to within Volume 1 except for Annex C5 which is included in the document referred to as Maps. Main Report- Part C assesses the project-specific environmental and social concerns with regard to the following major subjects: • Physical Environment • Biological Environment • Agricultural Resources • Social Settings • Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites

Each of these sections stands alone so that it can be reviewed separately from the rest of the report’s sections.

1.4 Description of Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study

Main Report: Part A - Overview addresses the policy, legal and administrative framework in Jordan. It focuses mainly on the institutional and legislative framework related to the institutions involved in the management and monitoring of the environment in Jordan, the institutions concerned with legislation and regulation of the sector, and the institutions tasked with enforcing these, with a view to determine the status of the legal and institutional context and to assess the environmental management capacity of the Kingdom, in particular those of relevance to the project. Also, this section highlight salient features of Jordan’s environmental management capacity, in particular factors that affect the implementation of the project. It also addresses the set of policies and procedures that guide the operations of the World Bank and that are set out in the Bank's Operational Manual and indicates what safeguard policies are applicable to the proposed project.

Main Report: Part B - Water Sector Assessment of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study for the Disi project provides a full description of the background context against which the Disi project will be implemented. More specifically, this section:

1- Places the project and related activities in the context of the broader series of short-, medium- and long-term actions; and 2- Describes the evolving water policy framework in Jordan from 1997 – 2002, the analysis of alternative development scenarios for the water sector, the specific and cumulative impacts and measures to strengthen the water sector.

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In achieving those objectives, Part B addresses the following:

• Water resources trends and water balance; • Water policies and trends; • Water sector management structure; • Improvements in water use efficiency and conservations; • Use of economic incentives; and • Environmental and social challenges in the water sector in Jordan.

Main Report: Part C - The project specific ESA assesses the project-specific environmental and social concerns with regard to the following major subjects:

1- Physical Environment 2- Biological Environment 3- Agricultural Resources 4- Social Settings 5- Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites

The assessment process is based on the findings from site investigations, field surveys, consulting affected populations and groups, literature review, and pin pointing sensitive habitat and archaeological sites.

The ESA encompasses analysis and documentation of the existing baseline conditions with regard to the assessed subject areas within the project corridor. Also, the analysis includes evaluation of the alternatives to the proposed project including the “No action” alternative and alternatives to the development of the well field, alignment of the pipeline, and sitting of supporting facilities.

The direct and indirect zones of effect were identified and potential impacts were assessed and quantified whenever possible. The impacts were found to be either temporary or permanent in nature. Cumulative impacts were also evaluated and suitable mitigation and management programs were suggested.

To uphold the governmental environmental policy, a planning phase to identify the shape and framework of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been completed during the environmental and social assessment phase. The ESMP is structured as follows:

1- Rational and Justification 2- Planning and Framework of the ESMP 3- Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 4- ESMP Control 5- Implementation and Operation 6- Checking and Corrective Action 7- Management Review

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1.5 Relationship between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study

The relationships between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study are recognized in order to understand their inter linkages.

As discussed in the TOR, the proposed project’s development and implementation present a range of significant environmental and social issues since it will be based on use of a non-renewable fossil groundwater and require changes in the existing patterns of water use. This was discussed in “Part B-Water Sector Assessment” and the reflection was considered in “Part C-Project Specific Environmental and Social Assessment” with the help of “Part A-Overview” that presented the legal and institutional tools. Under the unique water resources management situation in Jordan, this development is subjected to detailed environmental and social impact studies to allow decision makers and stakeholders to understand the potential impacts at the sectoral and project specific levels. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in Part C provides the proposed framework for mitigation, monitoring, and institutional development actions, as investigated in Part A, to be integrated into the design and implementation of the project. It also provides a sense of the present and future implications on the water sector in Jordan. Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram for the general links between the three parts of the ESA study.

Environmental and Social Assessment Study

Part A Part C Overview: Legal, Institutional Project Specific Environmental & Administrative Framework & Social Assessment

Part B Water Sector Assessment

Figure 1: Schematic diagram linking the three parts of the ESA study

1.6 Consultations during the ESA Study

Public consultation is a powerful tool to ensure the involvement of potentially affected groups and national capacities in the decision-making process with regard to the environmental and social aspects of their concern. The consultations allow the participation of stakeholders so as to identify social and environmental concerns at the beginning of the ESA process. Also it is considered as an important tool for informing and educating the public in order to enhance their understanding and appreciation to the following:

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• The need and nature of the proposed development; • The need to protect and properly manage our environment; • The potential impacts of the project on the environmental, socio-economical and archaeological settings; and • The public role in protecting their local environment.

During the course of the ESA development, a set of communication and consultation activities have been conducted in order to ensure that the stakeholders’ views, issues of concern, foreseen impacts and worries are taken into consideration while assessing the project related impacts. It is anticipated that the construction of the Disi-Mudawrra to Amman Water Conveyance System will profoundly affect all the current and future social changes of the population in the project area and to a large extent the natural and the built-up environment as well as the status of water resources in Jordan. For elaborating on the social and environmental assessment study, it was decided that two-way discussions of substantive issues must be held with stakeholders from national and local governmental organizations and interested individual citizens. Hence, the Government and the Consultant have undertaken a two phase consultation process; the first phase was when the study was started and the second when the draft ESA was ready.

For the first phase of public consultation, under the auspices of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, two scoping sessions were held on March 27th and April 3rd 2003 in Amman and Aqaba, respectively. Both sessions have been attended by a wide spectrum of government, national and NGO's representatives during which background materials on the project have been distributed and discussed by all parties concerned. Scoping sessions identified substantive issues of specific concern and feedback comments and views were collected and classified. These discussions were very helpful in disseminating all necessary information to the public. The outcome of these sessions indicated unanimous support to the project.

In addition to the public consultation, the Consultant started the consultation process with direct interviews with the Governors and Mayors in the five Governorates of the south in addition to other stakeholders in the region. The objectives of the project as well as the conveyance system alignment and the direct and indirect benefits to the population in the area have been extensively presented. Comments and views of the Governors have been recorded and presented in the procedures to be taken to achieve the study purposes. All views were in fact very constructive and in favour of the project as a major indispensable water project. For a record of the interview statements, refer to Annex C1: Record of Interviews.

As for the second phase of public consultation, the sessions aimed at presenting to the project- affected groups the findings of the Draft Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Study and the relevant ESA material. Hence, under the auspices of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, three second phase of public consultation sessions were held on November 13th, 18th and 20th in Abu Alanda, Amman and Aqaba, respectively. The sessions have been attended by a wide spectrum of government, national and NGO's representatives during which Arabic and English summaries of the ESA study were distributed and discussed by all parties concerned. The outcome of these sessions was helpful in pinpointing several issues that needed to be highlighted in the final study.

The following two sub-sections present a summary of the significant issues identified during the first and second phases of public consultations.

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1.6.1 First Phase of Public Consultation

For elaborating on the environmental and social impacts associated with the project as well as on the status of water resources in Jordan in the assessment study, the Consultant held two scoping sessions - one in Amman and one in Aqaba. Amman scoping session was held on March 27th, 2003 and targeted population of Amman and areas. The Aqaba scoping session was held on April 3rd, 2003 and hosted the target population of Disi, Aqaba, Tafileh and Ma’an. The aim of having two scoping sessions was to insure that the community representatives of the areas influenced by the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance project would have the chance to participate in the scoping sessions.

Of the 87 invitees to Amman scoping session, 53 attended the consultation and of the 61 invitees to Aqaba scoping session 38 attended. Those attendees represented various stakeholders including ministries and governmental authorities, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, universities, community representatives and private sector.

The environmental and social issues that need to be assessed were identified from the results of the scoping activities. This was mainly through the focus group discussions, scoping session questionnaire results and the issues raised during the questions and comments. The issues identified as significant and to be addressed in the Environmental and Social Assessment Study are presented in Table 1. For a complete record of the public consultation sessions, refer to Annex C2: Scoping Statement and Record of Public Consultation.

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Table 1: Significant issues identified in the public consultation sessions Assessed Significant Issues Component Water Resources • Justification of the project need; and • Contribution of the Disi project to Jordan’s water budget and other alternatives considered for facing the water shortage problem. A-biotic • Potential impact of noise on nearby local communities and workers at the project Environment construction site at Segment C of the project and at Segments A and C of the project during operation phase due to the pump stations. • Potential impact of increased dust levels in all segments of the project area only during the construction phase. The concern is mainly for: • Public safety for workers and local communities; and • Nearby farms in the project and nearby areas. • Change in the geomorphological system of the Segment A area to a large extent. • Fluid and Solid wastes resulting from the construction phase at all three segments of the project, including: • Cutting and demolition wastes; • Construction material wastes; • Oil and grease residues; and • Human wastes of the workers. • Tectonic activity in the Segment A area and its impact on the project during both construction and operation phases. • Increase in traffic during construction phase along the three segments of the project area due to vehicles related to the project especially heavy vehicles and the traffic problems associated with them. • Opening temporary access roads haphazardly in order to reach to the construction sites at Segment A. • Potential impact on soil stability at Segment C of the project area. • Potential impact on air quality during the construction phase and along the three segments of the project with consideration to effects of silica and vehicles emissions. • Public safety for the workers and the local communities at all segment of the project during the construction phase. • Transportation from Aqaba Port and the need to coordinate with the Port Institute. Biotic Environment • Destruction of vegetative cover (especially acacia at Batn El-Ghoul area). • Increase in hunting of flora, fauna and birds by the workers on the project. • Hunting of the Oryx that will be reintroduced and of the Ghazal by the workers on the project construction. • Accumulation of solid waste. • Disturbance of natural habitats (Hammad, Sand Dunes, Qeea’an, and wadis). • Potential impact on important bird areas and important natural habitats. Agricultural • Impacts of the increase in dust levels on the farms within Segment A of the project Resources area. • Sustainability of agricultural activities in the Disi area in terms of cost return, economical value and social value. • Reduction of soil fertility due to new imported soil in the area extending from Jiza to Amman. • Reduction of the agricultural areas or removing olive trees along the conveyor route.

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Table 1: Significant issues identified in the public consultation sessions (contd.) Assessed Significant Issues Component Social Component • Allocation of percentage of required labour for the local residents alongside the pipeline and in Disi. • Consideration of the rules for public safety during digging and construction by coordinating efforts with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Municipality of Greater Amman, and the Department of Traffic. • Launching public awareness campaign explaining the benefits of the project before and during work. • Compensation for damage incurred to commercial institutions (especially at Qatraneh, Al-Jiza, and Abu Alanda). • Studying of the available services (especially high voltage lines and towers bases) and obstacles at the path of the pipeline before offering tender for the project. • Keeping away from cross-roads as much as possible. • Coordination with the various service establishments. • Improvement of public health due to improvement of the water quality which is a positive impact. • Disruption of traffic movement for residents and large vehicles. This impact is expected to be along the Desert Highway and the last third of the conveyor route. • Public health and safety considerations during the construction phase. • Indigenous people (Badia area and the tribes available there). • Coordination with the army in order to identify possible mine areas along the route of the conveyor. Archaeological and • Impact on archaeological sites at Segment C mainly the Cave of Seven sleepers and Cultural Heritage the Khirbet Es-Suq Mausoleum.

1.6.2 Second Phase of Public Consultation

The second phase of public consultation aimed at presenting to project-affected groups the findings of the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Study in terms of both the Water Sector ESA and the Project Specific ESA. Three second phase consultation sessions were held in Abu-Alanda, Amman and Aqaba, consecutively. Abu-Alanda second consultation session targeted the areas of Abu-Alanda, Khirbet Es-Suq, and El-Quesmeh whereas Amman session targeted Amman, Madaba and Al Jiza areas. Aqaba consultation session hosted the target population of Disi, Aqaba, Tafileh, Ma’an and Alqatraneh areas.

In Amman, 93 people were invited; however, 48 attended from several ministries, universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and companies. In Aqaba, 49 people were invited but 28 attended. As for Abu-Alanda, invitations were done by door-to-door visits to randomly selected residences and commercial shops along the portion of the conveyor route passing through the areas of Abu-Alanda, Khirbet Es-Suq, and El-Quesmeh.

The participants in all the areas commented on the various aspects of the project and the likely areas of impact. The significant comments are summarized as follows.

• Contractor compliance to proper procedures of implementation and construction. • Issue of holes being dug and left open for a long time without any protection and without providing access roads to pass at places where these holes interrupt entrance into commercial shops along the road. • Issue of damaging utilities and interrupting the services provided by those utilities. • Concern that at the end of the construction the Contractor does not restore the streets back to their original conditions.

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• The alternative sources of water for the Disi people since the Disi water is nonrenewable. • Whether the Disi project will lead to a change in the water tariff. • The effect of the project on the Cave of Seven Sleepers area, the Mosque and the people in the area. • The need to have coordination between the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Public Works and Housing regarding the route of the Disi Conveyor. • The environmental and psychological impacts on the local people in the Disi area because of the termination of contracts for agricultural farms and the consequent loss of work opportunities. • Providing training for locals from Disi area in order to employ them in the operation of the Disi project. • To have the wells, pumping stations and any other project structure that is visible within the boundaries of the Rum Reserve designed to be in harmony with their surrounding environment especially that the area is a touristic one. • The long term benefits of the Disi project. • The right of the Disi people to have drinking water and give the organizations the right to dig alternative wells for small agricultural activities and livestock. • The effect of the project on the quality of the Disi water. • Measures that will be adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to ensure that the Contractor conforms to the environmental and social management plan.

For a complete record of the public consultation sessions, refer to Annex C3: Draft ESA and Record of Public Consultation.

1.7 ESA Disclosure

A complete copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study will be disclosed at the following locations:

• Ministry of Water and Irrigation • Ministry of Environment • Aqaba Special Economic Zone

The Executive Summary in both Arabic and English would be made available at a number of locations in Jordan. These locations were selected in coordination with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and are summarised below:

• Ministry of Public Works and Housing • Ministry of Health • Ministry of Municipal Affairs • Ministry of Agriculture • Royal Society for Conservation of Nature • Department of Antiquities • Governorates of Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Madaba

The complete Disclosure list is provided in Annex C4- Part C of the Main Report. The Government will also provide a copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment to the World

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Bank under a cover letter that authorizes the Bank to disclose these documents to its Board of Executive Directors and at the InfoShop in Washington, D.C. The World Bank will be provided with both printed and electronic copies of the document for this purpose.

1.8 Maps to Support Environmental and Social Management Plan

The developed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is supported with maps produced at a scale of 1:25,000 to show the route of the conveyor and affected areas as well as proposed mitigation measures (see Table 2). These are included in Part C of the Main Report. The ESMP is also supported by GIS maps elaborated with a set of topographical maps and satellite imageries. This system is prepared to present the project-specific sensitive environmental, social and archaeological settings identified within the project direct and indirect zone of effect. The presented sensitive sites are linked to information sheets listing the anticipated impacts, proposed mitigation measures and monitoring programs.

It should be noted that only one biological hot spot is shown on the maps of scale 1:25000 as the remaining biological hot spots are outside the project corridor and the drawing boundary. However, all the biological hot spots are shown on the GIS maps.

The GIS base maps are reproducible and printable to facilitate maximum usability by users and adaptability to any change in the plans and/or environmental and social conditions. GIS maps are provided on three CD-ROMs included in Annex C5. The contents of these CDs are as follows:

• CD-1: GIS base maps and satellite images • CD-2: Part 1-Topographical maps scale 1:25,000 • CD-3: Part 2-Topographical maps scale 1:25,000

A list of the available maps along with their respective locations is presented in Table 2. Copies of the base maps showing the conveyor route and hot spots are included in Annex C5.

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Table 2: List of project related maps Map Number Map Description Scale Drawing No. (001) From Station (0+000) to Station (6+000) Drawing No. (002) From Station (6+000) to Station (22+000) Drawing No. (003) From Station (22+000) to Station (36+000) Drawing No. (004) From Station (36+000) to Station (50+000) Drawing No. (005) From Station (50+000) to Station (65+000) Drawing No. (006) From Station (65+000) to Station (79+000) Drawing No. (007) From Station (79+000) to Station (93+000) Drawing No. (008) From Station (93+000) to Station (107+000) Drawing No. (009) From Station (107+000) to Station (126+000) Drawing No. (010) From Station (126+000) to Station (143+000) 1/25,000 Drawing No. (011) From Station (143+000) to Station (151+000) Drawing No. (012) From Station (151+000) to Station (174+000) Drawing No. (013) From Station (174+000) to Station (188+000) Drawing No. (014) From Station (188+000) to Station (204+000) Drawing No. (015) From Station (204+000) to Station (219+000) Drawing No. (016) From Station (219+000) to Station (233+000) Drawing No. (017) From Station (233+000) to Station (250+000) Drawing No. (018) From Station (251+000) to Station (266+000) Drawing No. (019) From Station (266+000) to Station (282+675.731) Map C1 The locations of archaeological sites within Segments B and C Not to scale

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2 PROPOSED PROJECT

Rapid population increase in the main cities of Amman, and has placed unprecedented demands on water resources. Total demand is approaching one billion cubic meters per year, which approximates the limits of Jordan's renewable and economically developable water resources. Current demands in many areas particularly in Amman have not been met satisfactorily and the costs of developing new water resources are rising rapidly. Although the water sector has been given high priority in all socio-economic development plans since early 1970's, the situation was complicated by the turmoil in the region and the compulsory migration to Jordan from other Arab Countries.

Disi is a fossil water aquifer extending from the southern edge of the Dead Sea in Jordan to Tabuk area in the Saudi Arabia. Wide exploitation of the Jordanian part of the aquifer started in 1980. At present Aqaba city is provided with 16.5 MCM for domestic purposes. Agriculture is consuming 75 MCM. The binding agreement between the Government of Jordan and the four agricultural companies working in the area indicated that growing water abstraction from Disi aquifer should not exceed 91 MCM per annum. This agreement will be terminated in 2011. Extensive hydro- geological studies carried out by the MWI indicated that additional 100-120 MCM can be drawn to Amman to elevate pressure on renewable ground water resources in the region.

Economic and technical feasibility studies of the project have been extensively studied by Harza Group in 1998 including three alignment alternatives. The pipeline alignment has been re- evaluated by Brown and Root in 2002 and readjusted in 2003 to avoid as far as possible private land acquisition. Capital and operation and maintenance costs have also been reconsidered in the light of new pricing schedule. The newly adjusted design will in most part of the project follow the alignment of the desert highway from Disi to Amman.

2.1 Origin and Scope

The Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System project has been conceived by the Water Authority of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The main objective of the project is to convey additional water to Greater Amman Area from the Disi aquifer, to meet the urgent municipal requirements.

The Disi project is important and of priority because it provides a reliable source of high quality water that is essential to cover part of the freshwater gap in Jordan’s supply-demand balancing process. At the same time it would not close the country’s growing water gap which requires additional resources to be imported to the country.

The Disi water will form the major portion of the extra water that is planned to partially replace the low quality groundwater consumed domestically in Amman. This issue is of high importance when considering that all the produced wastewater in Amman is directed towards the biggest treatment plant in Jordan As-Samra plant. This in turn will help in upgrading the quality of the treated wastewater, which is stored in King Talal Reservoir and used to fill to some extent the irrigation water urgent needs in Middle Jordan Valley.

This project will be executed on a Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT) basis. The Contractor will own and operate the project for a duration of 40 years after which the ownership of the project will be transferred to the Government of Jordan who will then continue to operate the project. However, in the BOT contract, the source of water is not specified to be the Disi Aquifer. The Conveyor is designed for a life-time that exceeds 50 years, but the Government of Jordan has kept its right to

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stop the use of Disi water at any time during those 40 years and use the Conveyor to convey desalinated water from at Aqaba. This means that the Disi aquifer will be used until a desalinization plant at Aqaba City becomes feasible. Afterwards, the Disi conveyor will be used to convey desalinated water and thus can be considered as a “Southern National Carrier” for Jordan.

2.2 Location

Jordan is located within the eastern margins of the Mediterranean climatic zone of the eastern Mediterranean. However, much of Jordan can be classified as semi-desert, with only the western high lands enjoying a Mediterranean climate.

In the highlands, the climate is relatively temperate. In the desert the temperature may reach more than 40 °C. In the Jordan Valley, wadi Araba and Aqaba region the temperature may rise to 45 °C in summer, while in winter the temperature in those areas falls to few degrees above zero.

Over 95% of the land area in Jordan has an annual rainfall of less than 200 mm, while only about 2% has more than 350 mm/year rainfall. Snowfall most frequently occurs on the higher hills. The potential evaporation rates range from about 1,600mm/year in the extreme north-western edges in Jordan to more than 4,000 mm/year in the Aqaba and Azraq areas.

Within the project area, the geology is of sedimentary origin, ranging in age from Cambrian to Recent. The lower part of the sedimentary succession comprises mainly sandstones of Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic age and is represented by three differentiated geological groups locally known by the names “Rum, Khreim and Kurnub Groups”, while the upper part is mainly composed of limestones, marls and cherts of upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic age and represented by two differentiated geological groups, named locally as “ and Groups”. The project area passes through two major geological zones. These are the Sandstone of south Jordan and the limestone plateau. The major geomorphologic features include wadis, trough mountains and hills. The structural setting within the project area is represented by a series of intercalated fluting system in addition to another folding system.

The project area is the area between the Disi well fields and Greater Amman and comprises Governorates of Greater Amman, Madaba, Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Aqaba. The water will mainly be abstracted from the Dubaydib well field in the Disi-Mudawarra area south of Jordan and conveyed to Amman. The average abstraction from this well field will be 100 MCM/year. Due to in evitable seasonal variations in demands, the flow will be increased in summer to 120 MCM/year and reduced to 80 MCM/year in winter.

The length of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman conveyor is 325 km. The original route of the conveyor was designed by Harza in 1997 to run adjacent to the main north-south highway with the conveyance pipeline situated within the right-of-way of the highway. A more feasible alternative route for the southern half of the conveyance was proposed by Brown and Root North Africa in 2001, where the pipeline bypasses Ma’an city through the desert and meets the original alignment just before Jurf Al Drawish. This new alignment will allow a conveyance of 150 MCM/year with minimum additional facilities in addition to a considerable reduction in the construction cost. The components of this new design are substantially the same as those in the original final design. Figure 2 shows the optimised alignment of the conveyor to Amman.

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Figure 2: Optimised alignment of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance system

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The southern well field is the promising source for water. The northern source is a standby which can be connected if the quantity dropped below the 100 MCM. This minimises the risk on Ministry of Water and Irrigation and its Guarantor and encourages participation of private sector in the BOT construction project.

2.3 Major Elements

The elements of the Disi project can be divided into the well field facilities and the conveyance facilities. These components are as follows:

• Major well field facilities: • Well-pump, riser and wellhead; • Power supplies and standby generation; • Control and communication facilities including associated instrumentation; and • Minor access roads.

• Major conveyance facilities: • Conveyance pipeline, appurtenances and access roads; • Railway, wadi and road crossings; • Collector reservoir/Balancing Tank and pump stations; • Regulating Tank; • Flow control station; • Fixed and mobile disinfection stations; • Power supplies, standby generation; • Control centres, accommodation, workshop and depot; • In-line booster station; and • Terminal Reservoir.

A total of 65 wells will be constructed in the Dubaydib well field to produce a flow rate of 120 MCM/year. It is expected that 55-60 wells will yield the required flow leaving a number of wells for standby/rotation. If production is to be increased to 150 MCM/year in the future, a total of 68 wells will be required but 80 wells are to be drilled to allow for rotation/standby or to supplement low yielding wells.

A pumping station near the well field raises the water from the well field to a regulating tank on a high point some 20 km north of the start point. The water is pumped from a collector reservoir downstream of the well field through a 1,800 mm diameter steel pipeline to the regulating tank in the vicinity of Batn El-Ghoul. The regulating tank at Batn El-Ghoul is designed to meet control requirements. The tank is also designed with internal baffle walls to ensure sufficient contact time for chlorination.

Turn-outs at Tafileh, Karak and Ma’an Governorates are emergency turn-outs recommended for operational flexibility as these three governorates currently have sufficient water supplies of suitable quality and reliability.

From the regulating tank, there is a gravity flow to a new reservoir at Abu-Alanda, southeast of Greater Amman. However, before reaching Abu-Alanda reservoir and at Madaba Bridge, the conveyor splits into two branches: the Dabuk and the Abu-Alanda branches. The Dabuk branch is an 1,000 mm diameter steel pipe that extends from Madaba Bridge to an existing pipe at National

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Park Pump Station and then towards a newly constructed tank reservoir at Dabuk. The Abu- Alanda branch is a 1,600 mm diameter steel pipe that flows to an existing and new reservoir at Abu-Alanda.

From the regulating tank to the bifurcation point at Madaba Bridge, the water flows under gravity through a 2,000 mm diameter steel pipe. A flow control station is located about half way along the conveyance in the vicinity of Jurf Al Drawish. There are also a number of air valves and washouts to facilitate the draining and filling of the pipeline for maintenance purposes. This pipeline follows the route of the main highway from Aqaba to Amman and crosses the highway and the adjacent railway line at several locations. There are also a number of isolation valves along the pipeline.

The final design allowed for a flow of 80 MCM/year to the Abu-Alanda reservoirs at the same time as a flow of 40 MCM/year to Dabuk reservoir. At these flow rates, flow to Abu-Alanda is under gravity head from Batn El-Ghoul regulating reservoir but booster pumping is required to achieve the flow to Dabuk.

The conveyance flow is directed to the new Abu-Alanda reservoir which is 10 m lower than the existing reservoir. The higher reservoir will be supplied by small pumps located at Abu-Alanda. Flow to the new reservoir at Abu-Alanda will be by gravity from the regulating tank up to a total flow of 120 MCM. Booster pumping will be required on this branch if the conveyance flow is to be increased in the future.

At Abu-Alanda there is an existing concrete reservoir of 12,000 m3 capacity with an inlet level of 999.45 m a.s.l. There is to be a new reservoir of 150,000 m3 capacity in three separate tanks at a lower elevation of 983.6 to 989.1 m a.s.l.

To the south of Abu-Alanda, about a third of the flow is split and directed towards a new reservoir at Dabuk in the north west of Greater Amman. The Dabuk reservoir is higher than Abu-Alanda and the recommended scheme is to include booster pumping on this branch. There is a considerable variation in elevation between the regulating tank and the lowest elevations in the pipe route and, to reduce the required pressure rating of the conveyance in the northern part of the route, a flow control station is included. The flow control station has three control valves, each located between isolating valves, plus chlorination facilities, a standby generator and fuel tank, guard room and control/switch room. The valve room and controls are enclosed under an industrial type building.

The receiving reservoir at Dabuk is a newly commissioned 250,000 m3 concrete reservoir in operation. This reservoir receives water at present from Deir ‘Alla source. This reservoir will store water from both the Disi scheme and the Deir ‘Alla schemes in the future.

To achieve lower head, astute control measures (i.e., a reduction in isolation valves and the introduction of an off-line pressure relief vent to be used when isolation of the downstream conveyance is achievable) will be used.

A summary about the key elements of the project is presented in Table 3.

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Table 3: Summary of the key elements of the project Components Well Field Facilities Number of Wells Depth 65 production wells (55-60 wells for production Dubaydib Well Field and the rest are standby) to produce a maximum About 800m flow of 120 MCM/year Conveyance Facilities Characteristics of Pipe Remarks Main Conveyance Pipeline 1,800-2,000 mm; Steel Pipeline A connection will be made Dabuk Branch 1,000 mm; Steel Pipeline from this pipe to the reservoir This will replace or twin the existing 600 mm steel Abu-Alanda Branch 1,600 mm; Steel Pipeline pipe from National Park Pump Stations (NPPS) to Abu-Alanda A total of four pumps with additional two pumps Southern Pump Stations to act as a pair and one under maintenance. Each pump is designed to lift the supply through 160 m. Batn El-Ghoul Regulating Provide 6 hours storage; 2x42,000 m3

Tank Provides 3 to 4 hours emergency storage Three flow control valves, each located between Jurf Al Drawish Flow isolating valves; plus chlorination facilities;

Control Station standby generator & fuel tank; guard room and control/switch room Booster Pump Station on

Dabuk Branch Reservoirs Characteristics of Reservoirs Remarks 250,000 m3; Concrete reservoir that is already in Dabuk Reservoir operation Abu-Alanda Reservoir 12,000 m3; Concrete reservoir

It is a well known fact that this fossil aquifer in Disi has a life span which extends in the best cases to 100 years; therefore the Government of Jordan laid plans that include the Disi Project as part of the framework of water management and development of new resources. The Disi water can fulfil part of the water shortage and is not the complete solution for the problem. Even with all the new sources, due to municipal demands being in excess of available water sources, by year 2015 Ministry of Water and Irrigation will have no choice but to find another new non-traditional source, this being desalination, i.e. from the , to not only meet local demands in Aqaba itself, but also to extend to the remainder of Jordan through either utilising this project water conveyance system and/or the proposed Red-Dead Sea Canal that will include provisions for desalinization of salt water.

Hence, there is a distinct possibility of expanding the role of the water conveyance system into becoming a genuine southern water main after its planning horizon, particularly if the pipeline were to be twinned at that stage. Any future proposals for deep sandstone demineralisation and as stated above, any future Aqaba desalination options would require conveyance to Amman. In both of these cases, the Disi conveyance system would be the obvious choice of conveyance. The Aqaba supply could be linked at the existing collector reservoir at Batn El-Ghoul. This would allow mixing of desalinated or demineralised water with Disi aquifer water to improve the water quality.

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2.4 Project Segmentation

For the purpose of this Environmental and Social Assessment Study, the Consultant has divided the project area into three segments. These three segments are as follows:

• Segment A (Southern Part) which extends from the Well Field to Jurf Al Drawish - Qatraneh Junction (Desert Highway) • Segment A-1: from Disi wells to Batn El-Ghoul • Segment A-2: from Batn El-Ghoul to the cross point between Jurf Al-Drawish and the Desert Highway • Segment B (Middle Segment) which extends from Jurf Al Drawish-Qatraneh Junction to the beginning of Al Jiza Area (South of Amman) • Segment B-1: from the cross point between Jurf Al-Drawish to the Qatraneh cross road • Segment B-2: from Qatraneh cross road to Al Jiza area • Segment C (Northern Segment) which extends from Al Jiza to Dabuk and Abu- Alanda Reservoirs • Segment C-1: from Al Jiza to Airport bridge • Segment C-2: from Airport bridge to Abu-Alanda Reservoir • Segment C-3: from Airport bridge to Dabuk Reservoir

Figure 3 represents those three segments.

Segmentation of the Project Area

Segment A - Southern Part Segment B - Middle Segment Segment C - Northern Segment Extends from the Well Field to Jurf Extends from Jurf Al Drawish- Extends from Al Jiza to Dabuk and Al Drawish - Qatraneh Junction Qatraneh Junction to beginning of Abu Alanda Reservoirs (Desert Highway) Al Jiza Area (South of Amman)

Segment A-1 Segment A-2 Segment B-1 Segment B-2 Segment C-1 Segment C-2 Segment C-3 From Disi From Batn Al- From the cross From Qatraneh From Al Jiza From Airport From Airport wells to Ghoul to the point between cross road to Airport bridge to Abu bridge to Dabuk Batn Al- cross point Jurf Al- to Al-Jiza area bridge Alanda Reservoir Ghoul between Jurf Drawish to the Reservoir Al-Drawish Qatraneh cross and the Desert road Highway

Figure 3: Segmentation of the project area

The ESA study defines the project’s direct zone of effect to exist within a 50 m wide corridor along the conveyor alignment and around the well field. The indirect zone of effect is defined as the area within a 1,000 m wide corridor along the conveyor alignment and a 100 m wide boundary around the well field.

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2.5 Construction and Operational Phases

2.5.1 Project Implementing Organization

The Disi Project will be constructed and operated by the private sector as BOT contract. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) will be responsible for coordination and monitoring the construction and operational phases of the proposed project. MWI will employ a consultant to monitor various activities during construction as well as monitoring contactors implementation of identified mitigation measures under this study.

Since the conveyance system will pass through different cities along its alignment to Amman, it is essential to get the local government involved during the construction and operational phases. Their role will be to help the contactor in getting required local labour, approving required detours for the traffic if needed and assist in previous announcement of areas affected by construction.

2.5.2 Operation of the Project and Its Benefits

Local labour and technicians will be involved in the operation of the system. Training of employees will be part of the BOT contract to ensure that they can effectively operate and maintain the project once the BOT contract ends and final transfer takes place. The systems will be linked at it final destination to Abu-Alanda and Dabuk reservoirs feeding the water supply network in Amman. In addition there will be emergency turnouts along the route as mentioned earlier.

Several anticipated benefits have been identified for this new system including the following:

• Improving the quality of the supplied water to Amman; • Relieving the over-abstracted aquifers by reducing pumping to their safe yield and allowing natural recharge to take place; • Providing a reliable supply in Amman which enhances the implementation of the rationing program for distribution of water; • Improving environmental health conditions especially in areas which are getting water less than what is required by any health standards; • Improving the quality of the treated wastewater in As-Samra Wastewater Treatment plant which is directed toward the Jordan Valley and used for irrigation; and • Providing and emergency supply to communities along the route.

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3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS

3.1 Environmental Baseline Conditions

3.1.1 Physical Environment

3.1.1.1 Climate

Jordan is located within the eastern margins of the Mediterranean climatic zone of the eastern Mediterranean. Much of Jordan can be classified as semi-desert, with only the western high lands enjoying a Mediterranean climate. Climatologically, Jordan can be divided into four major zones1. These are:

• The Mediterranean Zone: This region is restricted to the highlands of Jordan. • The Irano-Turanian Zone: In Jordan, this zone is transitional between the Mediterranean zone and the other zones and is represented by a narrow strip of variable width surrounding the entire Mediterranean zone except in the north of Jordan. • The Eastern Desert Zone or “Saharo-Arabian” zone: This zone forms most of the territory of Jordan. • Sudanian Zone or “Sub-tropical or Afro-tropical” zone: This zone extends from the Dead Sea area and continues to the south covering Wadi Araba area, the most southern parts of Jordan and end at the tip of the Gulf of Aqaba.

In the highlands, the climate is relatively temperate; cold and wet in the winter with temperatures reaching a few degrees below zero during night, to hot and dry in summer with temperatures reaching 35 ºC at noon and dropping at night to less than 20 ºC. In the desert, temperatures reach more than 40 ºC during summer and drop in winter to a few degrees above zero. Temperatures in the Jordan Valley, Wadi Araba and Aqaba region can rise to 45 ºC in summer, while in winter the temperature in those areas falls to a few degrees above zero.

Over 95% of the land area in Jordan has an annual rainfall of less than 200 mm, while only about 2% has more than 350 mm/year rainfall. Snowfall occurs occasionally in all parts of Jordan with the exception of Wadi Araba – Jordan Valley rift, and most frequently occurs on the higher hills.

The potential evaporation rates range from about 1,600 mm/year in the extreme north-western edges of Jordan to more than 4,000 mm/year in the Aqaba and Azraq area. The high evaporation potential all over the country makes precipitation especially in the eastern and southern parts of the country ineffective because the precipitated water readily evaporates, leaving soil deprived of their moisture content and hence, not allowing the development of plants.

Meteorological data collected from the main climatological stations along the proposed project corridor are presented in Annex C6.

3.1.1.2 Geology, Geomorphology and Structure

The brief account of geology given here is derived largely from the maps and reports prepared by Bender (1968 and 1974) in addition to many reports prepared by the Natural Resources Authority (NRA) of Jordan.

1 UNDP, The General Corporation for The Environment protection, 1998: Jordan Country Study on Biological Diversity.

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Jordan can be divided into five physiographic regions, based on its general topography and geology:

• The Basement Complex area in the southern parts of Jordan close to the Aqaba city. • The Sandstone area of southern Jordan. • The Limestone Plateau in the highlands and interior deserts. • The Basalt desert in the North-eastern Parts of Jordan. • The Rift Valley, forming Jordan's western borders.

Within the project area, the geology is of sedimentary origin, ranging in age from Cambrian to Recent. The sedimentary succession is thick and ranges between 2,000 and 3,000 m formed mainly due to series of regional sea regression and transgression. The lower part of the sedimentary sequence comprises mainly of sandstones of Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic age, and is represented by three differentiated geological groups, known locally by the names “Rum, Khreim and Kurnub Groups”. The upper part of this sequence is mainly composed of limestones, marls and cherts of upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic age, represented by two differentiated geological groups, named locally as “Balqa and Ajloun Groups”. The project area is passing through two major geological zones, these are, the Sandstone of south Jordan and the Limestone plateau.

(i) The Sandstone area of Southern Jordan: The zone starting from Disi area, including the Disi well field, until Ras El-Naqab escarpment is located within the “Sandstone of South Jordan” zone that occupies an area of about 8,000 km2 and overlies unconformable the Pre-Cambrian basement complex. This area is characterized by the extensive outcropping of the Sandstone geological groups, starting with the oldest, these groups are: Rum, Khreim and Kurnub. These groups are represented by thick, bedded, massive and friable sandstone varying in colour.

(ii) The Limestone Plateau: The area located between Ras al-Naqab and Amman city is located within the limestone Plateau, and dominated by extensive outcropping of the two carbonate sedimentary “Balqa and Ajloun Groups” geological groups. Commonly, these two groups are composed of hard limestone, with or without chert beds, and alternates with softer, more easily eroded layers, forming craggy outcrops in cultivated areas and stepped hill profiles in desert areas. They were deposited in near shore environments, lagoons and reefs at a time when a warm, shallow sea full of marine life covered the whole of the Middle East region. These beds are often fossiliferous containing shells and echinoids. In many cases, the limestone contain significant amounts of hard chert (or flint), which is less easily eroded than the limestone. In the highlands, it forms outcrops and ridges, whereas in the desert it often forms a remnant surface layer of shattered pieces on the desert surface. Stratigrahically, the Ajloun group is composed of two formations, while the Balqa group includes three formations. The Ajloun group is collectively referred to as the “A (1-7)” and the Balqa as the “B (1-4)”.

The major geomorphologic features that can be identified along the proposed project corridor include wadis, toughs, hilly areas and mountains (see Table 4). The majority of these wadis display a classic centripetal drainage pattern, with all wadis draining from the western encircling highlands to the flat low areas in the east, especially to Al-Jinaiz trough near Al-Hasa area and to El-Jafer trough, which is the largest concave in Jordan.

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Table 4: Major geomorphologic features located “within /close to” the project corridor2 Feature Remarks Wadi Systems (From the North to The South) Wadi Wala In Segment B Wadi Mujb In Segment B Wadi Qatrana In Segment B Wadi Al-Hasa In Segment B Wadi Nijil In Segment B Wadi Arja In Segment B Wadi Jurdanah In Segment B Wadi Maan In Segment B Wadi Uqeiqa In Segment B Wadi Abu Tarfa In Segment B Batn El-Ghol In Segment A, a very wide wadi Troughs Qa el Jinz In Segment B, South of Al-Hasa Mines Qa El-Jafer In Segment B, the Biggest trough in Jordan Qa Al-Disi In Segment A Mountains Jabal El-Qannasiyya In Segment A, northwest of the Disi well field

The structural setting within the project area is represented by a group of intercalated fluting systems (trending North-South; East-West; Northwest-South east) and folding systems.

3.1.1.3 Surface Water, Groundwater, and Water Quality

(a) Meteorology and Recharge Rainfall

This section presents the baseline data for meteorological condition of the Disi area. The aim is to furnish the hydrogeology section with the relevant data. The baseline data will be assembled, evaluated, and presented according to Task 11 as stated in the TOR. All the meteorological data are listed in Annex C7.

Table 5 presents ten rainfall stations at Disi area. Thiessen polygons were constructed in Figure 4 to define the effective area for each rainfall station, which are outlined in Table 5. The rainfall for Disi area is calculated for the period 1991/1992 to 2001/2002 and presented in Figure 5 as MCM rainfall over the Disi area. The average rainfall over Disi area is estimated by Thiessen Polygons at 26 mm per year, which is very low rainfall.

Disi rainfall is compared with Jordan rainfall in Figure 5 and the match is clear. Isohyetal lines are drawn in Figure 6 for Disi area and the average rainfall is estimated at 37 mm. The Isohyetal method is more accurate than the Thiessen Polygons method. Both values are low and the recharge could be very limited.

The renewable resource available from the Rum aquifer is a subject of debate. Recharge studies in arid zones in Jordan by Lloyd et al. (1966), and Caro and Eugleson (1981) have shown that no recharge by direct infiltration takes place when average annual rainfall is less than 200 mm. Calculations from published reports of annual infiltration into the aquifer vary from 0 (nil) to 20 mm per year, which could be very high according to average rainfall of 37 mm per year. This

2 Japan International Cooperation Agency, 1990: Water Resources Study of The El-Jafer Basin-Draft Final Report.

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corresponds to a maximum figure of 4 MCM per year direct recharge within the Jordanian section of the aquifer. Indirect recharge from runoff may provide a similar figure. Consequently, it may be concluded that a safe yield of not more than 10 MCM per year recharge occurs in the Jordanian sections of the Rum Aquifers.

Table 5: Ten rainfall stations at Disi Area Station Station Name Palestine Palestine Altitude Rainfall Area Area ID North East (masl) (Av. mm) (m2) (%) ED0002 RAS EN-NAQB 935.0 197.0 1570.00 122.3 173,011,296 3.15 ED0015 FASSU’A ST. 908.5 236.2 1150.00 20.6 594,481,523 10.81 ED0016 WADI RATMA 915.0 193.0 900.00 30.3 434,342,155 7.90 ED0017 WADI NASIF 902.0 209.0 850.00 16.1 432,423,105 7.86 ED0018 WADI MAS’ADA 896.0 177.0 850.00 30.4 62,202,393 1.13 ED0019 WADI ARADA 899.0 225.0 920.00 22.4 292,179,999 5.31 ED0020 QA’KHREIM 882.0 220.0 830.00 17.3 2,283,857,072 41.52 ED0021 WADI SABIT 872.0 173.0 850.00 29.1 57,096,474 1.04 ED0022 WADI MUQUR 872.0 193.0 1000.00 42.6 768,644,308 13.97 ED0023 QA’EL-GHAL 882.4 208.0 910.00 18.6 402,488,145 7.32 Disi Area 26.1 5,500,726,469 100.00

Figure 4: Thiessen Polygons for Disi Area

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Rainfall Comparison Jordan Disi

14000 700 12000 600 10000 500 8000 400 6000 300 4000 200 2000 100 Rainfall (MCM/yr) 0 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Time (Years)

Figure 5: Disi rainfall pattern compared with Jordan rainfall pattern

Figure 6: Isohyetal lines for Disi rainfall

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(b) Geology

Geological sections are presented for all related aquifers. Surface geology and geological sections were developed in order to analyse the related aquifers, such as:

• Disi Aquifers (Confined and Unconfined). • Highland Aquifers. • Azraq Aquifer.

This geological information is the baseline data, which will help the evaluation of impacts and the development of the mitigation measures. The related information are presented in Section 4 of this report.

(c) Surface Hydrology

The major wadis flanking the alignment were analysed and flood flow was estimated for each wadi. Drawings 1 to 7 that show the catchment areas for these wadis are presented at the end of this sub-section. Drawing 8 presents all catchments flanking the alignment with the route of Disi pipeline and the effective rainfall stations for each catchment (Drawing 8 is also presented at the end of this sub-section). Table 6 presents the main characteristics for the mentioned wadis together with the flood peak for return period of 10-year:

Table 6: Main Characteristics of Wadis Flanking the Alignment Wadi from Length of Wadi Elevation Station on Wadi Peak North Catchment (km+m) (masl) Alignment 2 Slope Flow 10- Area (km ) To 3 # Name (km) Total Divide Outlet (%) Yr (m /s) Centroid Mujib and 1 0-200 422.002 34+661 14+685 900 750 0.56 132.331 Wala- North 2 Qatrana 59.877 9+941 5+106 850 750 0.88 21.847 Mujib and 3 736.337 36+310 25+768 950 800 2.74 25.762 Wala- South 4 Hasa 15+900 115.981 10+497 7+498 900 800 0.19 3.965 Abu 5 Turfa et 76+300 4033.623 73+868 31+291 1500 875 0.77 179.746 al. Batn El- 6 66.281 16+924 7+390 1100 900 1.19 1.666 Ghoul

The search for flood flow records in the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Jordan Valley Authority revealed that there are no data on the flood flows for the above wadis at the locations of crossing the alignment. The reason is that there is no flood flow recorders installed in these locations since there was no need for the record at such places before the Disi project. Since no measured flood flow data are available, synthetic hydrological techniques were adopted to get an estimate of the annual flood flow volume of all wadis.

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The US Soil Conservation Service (SCS) unit hydrograph and the Alternating Block Method were used to arrive at an estimate of the peak flood rates; the 10-Year peak flood values were computed. The SCS was used to convert rainfall storms into floods. The following is a description of the method.

The Synthetic Unit-Hydrograph (UH) and Synthetic Storm Hyetograph were used to determine the flood flow for the catchment areas. There are many proposed formulae to follow, e.g. SCS and Snyder’s methods which are known to be the most commonly used to derive a synthetic unit hydrograph. The SCS dimensionless UH is based on an extensive analysis of measured data.

The following equations are used to estimate the UH peak flow and time to peak:

2.083AR q p = t p D t = + 0.6t p 2 c

D = 0.133t c

t p = 0.67tc where: 3 qp = Peak discharge (m /s). A = Area of drainage basin (km2). R = Rainfall excess (1 cm for UH). tp = Time to peak (hr). 2.083 = Peak attenuation factor with dimensions factor. D = Duration of rainfall excess (hr). tc = Time of concentration (hr).

Snyder analysed a large number of hydrographs from basins in USA ranging in areas from 25 to 25000 km2. On the basis of his study he proposed the following formulae in 1938:

C p AR q p = t p

0.3 t p = Ct ()LLc

tr = t p / 5.5

t'r −tr t' p = t p + 4 where: Cp = Coefficient ranging from 4 to 5 (higher values for a flash flood). Ct = Constant equal to 1.2 for mountainous areas, 0.72 for foothills and 0.35 for valley areas. L = Length of the main stream from outlet to divide (km). Lc = Distance from outlet to a point on stream nearest to the centroid of the basin (km). tr = Rainfall standard duration (hr). t’r = Modified standard duration (hr). t’p = Basin lag after modification (hr).

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Snyder’s UH was of less peak flow and longer time to peak compared to the SCS Unit Hydrograph, therefore, SCS method is adopted for peak flow estimations, as shown in Annex C8 for 10-Yr return period.

The Alternating Block method is a simple way of developing a design hyetograph from the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. The design hyetograph produced by this method specifies the precipitation depth occurring in successive time intervals. For the 10-Yr return period, the intensity is calculated from the IDF formulae of the effective rainfall stations according to the effective percentage of each. The rainfall stations are presented in Drawing 8. The corresponding precipitation depth is found as the product of intensity and duration. The Soil Conservation Service (1972) developed a method for computing abstractions from storm rainfall as:

()P − I 2 P = a e P − I + S a

I a = 0.2S ⎛1000 ⎞ S = 25.4⎜ −10⎟ ⎝ CN ⎠

Curve number (CN) of 75 is used for normal antecedent moisture conditions (AMC II) and hydrologic soil group C-D. The design storm hyetographs are presented in Annex C8. The unit hydrograph is applied to find the direct discharge for each return period. The discrete convolution equation is used to yield the direct runoff:

n≤M Qn = ∑ PemU n−m+1 m=1

Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the unit hydrograph, the design storm hyetograph, and the flow hydrograph respectively, for part of Wadi Mujib and Wala-North at a return period of 10-Yr for the hyetograph and flow hydrograph, as an example.

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UH-Mujib and Wala-North

250 Adjusted for 1 hr

200

150 /s) 3

Flow (m Flow 100

50

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (hr)

Figure 7: Unit-Hydrograph of Wadi Mujib and Wala-North

Design Storm Hyetograph 10-Yr

2.5

2.0

1. 5

1. 0

0.5

0.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Duration (hr)

Figure 8: The design storm hyetograph (Effective Rainfall)

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Mujib and Wala-North Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr)

8 Peak Flow 3 132.33 m /s 140 7 120 6

100 5 /s) 80 3 4

60 (m Flow 3 Effective Rainfall(mm) 2 40

1 20

0 0 0.01.0 2.03.04.0 5.06.0 7.08.09.010. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27. Time (hr)

Figure 9: The flow Hydrograph for Wadi Mujib and Wala-North at 10-Yr return period with effective rainfall

The rainfall intensity is selected on the basis of the design rainfall duration and return period. The return period of 10-Yr is explored at the proposed of alignment crossing as a need to protect the construction site from unexpected flood. This return period is used for such works and similar works. The design duration is equal to the time of concentration for the drainage area. In literature, there are a number of equations and methods to estimate the time of concentration with different boundary conditions. The most applicable eight equations representing different watersheds were used to estimate the time of concentration and the minimum was considered. The following equations were used:

California Culverts

0.385 t = 60 11.9(L /1609 .3) 3 /(3.281H ) c () SCS Lag Equation 100()3.281L 0.8 []()1000 CN − 9 0.7 tc = 1900()100S 0.5 Izzard

41.025()()0.0007()I / 25.4 + c 3.281L 0.33 tc = S 0.333 ()I / 25.4 0.667

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Kirpich

0.77 −0.385 tc = 0.0078 (3.281L) S Kerby

−0.5 0.467 tc = 1.44()Ln'S Federal Aviation

0.5 0.333 tc = 1.8()1.1 − C (3.281L) / ()100 S Kinematic Wave

0.6 −0.4 −0.3 tc = 0.94()()3.281Ln I / 25.4 S Bransby Williams t = 21.3 L /1609 .3 0.386 A −0.1 S −0.2 c ()() where: tc = Time of concentration, in min. L = Length of longest watercourse, in m. S = Slope of flow path, in m / m. H = Elevation difference between divide and outlet, in m. n' = Retardance Roughness. n = Manning’s Overland Roughness. I = Rainfall Intensity in mm/hr. A = Watershed Area in km2. c = Retardance Coefficient. CN = SCS runoff curve number, according to land use, hydrologic soil group, and moisture condition, weighted value is calculated.

For cases where the channel slope is not uniform, a weighted slope may provide an index that better reflects the effect of slope on the hydrologic response of the watershed. The following defines the channel slope index:

2 ⎛ n ⎞ Si = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ k ⎠

In which n is the number of segments into which the channel is divided, and k is given by:

n 1 k = ∑ 0.5 i=1 ()Δei li

In which Δei is the difference in elevation between the end points of channel segment I, and li is the length of segment i. The channel is divided into segments where the slope is relatively constant over each segment. Figure 10 presents the slope index for Wadis Abu Turfa et al.

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Wadi Abu Turfa et al. Profile Wadi Abu Turfa et al.

Station Elevation Slope (m/m) 0.5 0.5 (km+m) (masl) Slope 1/Slope 1600 0+000 875 1400 5+618 900 0.0044 0.0667 14.9913 1200 20+291 950 0.0034 0.0584 17.1307 1000 34+963 1000 0.0034 0.0584 17.1300 43+005 1050 0.0062 0.0789 12.6817 800 48+518 1100 0.0091 0.0952 10.5003 600

57+740 1200 0.0108 0.1041 9.6035 Elevation (masl) 400 64+233 1300 0.0154 0.1241 8.0580 200 68+515 1400 0.0234 0.1528 6.5430 71+983 1500 0.0288 0.1698 5.8898 0 0.77% 0+000 20+000 40+000 60+000 80+000 station (km+m) Slope Index

Figure 10: Stream Profile for Wadi Abu Turfa et al. with Slope Index Calculation

Intensity-Duration-Frequency (I-D-F) curves were developed using data from Ministry of Water and Irrigation of the available records for each rainfall station as indicated in the Annex C8. 3 Parameter Log Normal, Gumble Extremal Type I and Log Pearson Type III distribution were found to be the most fit distributions to the actual data through a comprehensive comparison with other distributions using the software HFA and FRAH. The I-D-F curves are exhibited in Annex C9 and Figure 11 shows I-D-F curves for Aqaba-Airport rainfall station.

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Aqaba Airport Station

1000.0

I = 763.93t-0.763 I = 637.95t-0.7675 R2 = 0.9867, 1000-Yr R2 = 0.9884, 200-Yr

I = 581.88t-0.7701 I = 524.08t-0.7731 R2 = 0.9893, 100-Yr R2 = 0.9903, 50-Yr

100.0 I = 444.57t-0.7783 R2 = 0.9918, 20-Yr

I = 380.45t-0.7835 R2 = 0.9931, 10-Yr

10.0

I = 311.51t-0.7911 Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity R2 = 0.9945, 5-Yr

I = 202.94t-0.8092 R2 = 0.9961, 2-Yr 1.0

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Figure 11: I-D-F Curves for Aqaba-Airport Rainfall Station

The rainfall intensity depends on the time of concentration that should be read from the curves. In order to reduce the error in reading the curves two different formulas are developed for calculating the intensity out of the estimated rainfall intensity. These formulas are in the following format:

a I = t b and a I = tb+ where: a & b = Parameters for each return period and rainfall station. t = Duration, in min.

The first equation is used due to high coefficient of determination (R2) value, as shown in Figure 11 and Annex C9.

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The FlowMaster software is used for the purpose of calculating the flow depth at the crossing sections. Annex C10 is developed to estimate the flow depth in the crossing sections. The method estimated the flood depth of Wadi Hasa at 2.43 m and 1.59 m at Wadi Qatrana. Figure 12 and Figure 13 show the two crossing sections of Wadi Abu Turfa et al. with flood depth of 3.65 m and 6.52 m, respectively. Abu Turfa group of wadis are crossing the alignment at different sections. Both investigated sections show very shallow depth of water at a flood flow of 10-Year return period.

30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 0+00 0+20 0+40 0+60 0+80 1+00 1+20 1+40 1+60

V:1 H:1 NTS Figure 12: Wadi Abu Turfa Cross-Section 1

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00 0+00 0+10 0+20 0+30 0+40 0+50 0+60 0+70

V:1 H:1 NTS Figure 13: Wadi Abu Turfa Cross-Section 2

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Drawing 1: Route of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyor

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Drawing 2: Mujib and Wala catchment area- North

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Drawing 3: Qatraneh catchment area

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Drawing 4: Mujib and Wala catchment area- South

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Drawing 5: Wadi Hasa catchment area

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Drawing 6: Abu Turfa, Unaiqa, Jardanah and Ma’an catchment area

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Drawing 7: Batn El-Ghoul catchment area

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Drawing 8: Catchment areas along the alignment with used rainfall sections

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(d) Groundwater Hydrogeology

Similar to the surface hydrology section, this section deals with groundwater hydrogeology. Baseline data and analysis is developed for relevant aquifers in Section 4. The detail analysis and the data are listed in Annexes C11, C12, and C13. The baseline data is assembled, evaluated, and presented according to Task 11 as stated in the TOR and subjected to the needs through the course of the project. The data comprise all relevant data such as aquifer characteristics, drawdown, abstractions, quality, and available waters. The data is integrated to give a clear view for the addressed aquifers.

3.1.1.4 Seismic Status

Segment A of the project corridor is located within the Aqaba region. The Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea region is well known for being an active seismological region. Between 1994 and 1999 there were 15 earthquakes recorded in the Aqaba area. The highest magnitude occurred in 1995. No serious damages were reported in Aqaba area due to these earthquakes. Details of these earthquakes are presented in Table 7 3.

Table 7: Seismic events in Aqaba Area for the period of 1994-1999 Date Location (UTM) Magnitude Year Month Latitude Longitude (Richter scale) February, 3 * 34.77 5.1 1994 September, 1 29.32 34.86 3.2 November, 7 29.31 34.96 March, 21 29.36 34.97 November, 23 29.33 34.75 5.7 November, 24 29.31 35.08 4.50 1995 November, 29 29.35 34.83 4.1 December, 01 29.33 34.69 4.4 December, 02 29.31 34.66 4.6 January, 8 29.25 34.73 4.4 January, 17 29.25 34.60 February, 2 29.24 34.67 4.5 1996 February, 2 29.23 34.66 4.0 February, 12 29.22 34.68 4.1 April, 11 29.25 34.96 3.2 December, 2 29.21 34.63 1997 February, 21 29.14 34.65 4.4 1999 December, 8 29.30 34.80 4.0 Source: Natural Resources Authority-Internal Reports, 2000

3.1.1.5 Air Quality and Noise Level Status

Based on the project corridor segmentation presented in Section 2.4 of this report, the following discussion presents the baseline conditions of air quality and noise levels within the relevant segments.

3 Natural Resources Authority- Internal Reports, 2000.

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Within Segment C of the project corridor, the major sources of noise and dust can be related to different human activities, though no primary source(s) of noise and/or air quality deterioration can be identified.

Segments (B-1) and (A-2) suffer from air quality deterioration and high noise levels due to the phosphate extraction and manufacturing processes practiced in the Hasa and Al-Abyiad mines and carried by the Jordanian Phosphate Mining Company. These processes result in accumulation of hills of friable carbonate rocks subjected to the blowing winds causing high dust levels, and impacting major parts of the Desert Highway most of the year. Moreover, the noise pollution associated with mining activities can be considered to some extent localized.

The transportation of the phosphate by heavy trucks using the desert highway and by the railway to Aqaba port, contributes to elevating the noise level along the scattered neighbourhoods located close to the Desert Highway within Segments (B-1) and (A-2).

Communications and meetings with the representatives of the water and environment studies centre in the Royal Scientific Society indicated the absence of any collected base line data for the project corridor area. RSS representatives mentioned that data collection usually done based on a previous request (From a governmental agency(s) or from the private sector within the context of a specific project).

3.1.2 Biological Environment

The biological environment investigated in this study was based on extensive flora, fauna and avifauna surveys, which have been conducted to identify the various ecological properties, species and critical habitats occurring along the alignment. Several publications and studies by Jordanian and non Jordanian Researchers, and national technical reports and studies were consulted. Collected or observed specimens have been identified using several authoritative books and field guides available.

International and local species conservation status of plant, fauna and avifauna species was assigned according to the IUCN, and the country study on biodiversity. And the surveys covered occurring flora and fauna along the alignment as well as highlighting the regional ecology of the areas crossed by the alignment.

Furthermore, results of surveys were presented to cope with the alignment segmentation, which are the southern, middle and northern segments. The southern most Segment (A) includes the part of the alignment that crosses the desert 40 km east of the Desert Highway to converge at the pumping area at Disi area. This segment crosses some significant biological areas at Hizma Basin, which includes Rum and Disi areas. These two sites have received considerable attention in terms of field surveys being of unique value and because of their rarity in terms of both geology and biodiversity. The area of Hizma basin is considered an important bird area in Jordan according to Birdlife International criteria and is highlighted as an important area for conservation4. In the same segment, the alignment crosses part of the Jordanian desert, which also enjoys special ecological characteristics. This segment supports a wide variety of habitats harbouring diverse communities and offering a variety of migrant bird species giving the vital refuge they need during their long journeys.

4 Evans, 1994; RSCN, 2000; GCEP, 1998; Hatough-Bouran et al. 2000

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The middle Segment (B) encompasses the alignment that falls in the right-of-way of the Desert Highway from Al Jiza to Jurf Al Drawish in district in the south. This part crosses areas of low urbanisation along the Desert Highway, private farms, industrial areas and sites of afforestation activities.

Lastly, the northern Segment (C) encompasses heavily populated and urbanized areas along the alignment in the eastern parts of Amman where the collection reservoir is located. It extends south to Al Jiza along the Desert Highway. Many fallow lands and private fields are located in this segment.

3.1.2.1 Biogeography and Vegetation Types

Biogeographically, the alignment crosses the four different bio-geographic regions recognized in Jordan5 Map shown in Figure 14. The dominant habitat type in the project area is the Hammada type and specifically the gravel Hammada. However, sandy and runoff Hammada are also common. Hammada areas are usually devoid of vegetation. But since the area is interspersed with many run offs and wadis of various sizes, substantial vegetation can be supported. These areas are usually suitable sites for grazing herds in the Jordanian desert.

The bioregions identified in the area are:

1- Mediterranean region; 2- Irano-Turanean region; 3- Sudanian Sub-Tropical region; and 4- Saharo Arabian region.

5 Al-Eisawi, 2000, 1997, 1985; Kruschner, 1986

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Figure 14: Biogeographical regions recognized in Jordan

The Mediterranean bioregion Segments (C-2) and (C-3) are mainly the non-forest Mediterranean type that is devoid of naturally occurring forest elements. Human plantations, forestations and private farms occur for the existing tree stands in the area. Main plant species are Nerium oleander, Cuppressus spp. Pinus sp. Other species include: Euphorbia heirosolymitana, Plantago spp. Urginea maritime, Notobasis syriaca, Inula viscosa Anchusa spp. Erodium spp. and many other annuals.

Irano-Turanean realm is evident at the alignment part that extends along the Desert Highway (Segment C-1). The soil is mostly poor, eroded and has the calcareous or loos type. This soil is moderately productive and is best used for moderate grazing. The Irano-Turanean parts are treeless zones where steppe grassland vegetation dominates. Substantial green stands occur at large wadis such as wadi Al-Abyad and wadi Al-Hasa dominated by Tamarix nilotica shrubs.

Saharo Arabian on the other side is present along the alignment that crosses the desert areas of Segments (A-2) and B. The soil is very poor and mostly of the Hammada type with some sandy, saline soils or mud flats. The vegetation is very poor, and is restricted to watersheds and water runoffs where enough moisture is available to support some vegetation. These have been described as a monotonic segment in terms of ecological features being generally of desert character. The vast stretches of the deserts covering the upper two segments can be described as

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Flintstone desert (Al-Hammad); with flat or hilly desert areas that are often intersected by broad wadis and large mudflats (Qa’s), which are seasonally flooded according to the amounts of rainfall. The most common species found there are Artemisia herba-alaba, Achillea fragrantissima, Astragalus spinosa, Zilla spinosa, Matthiola spp. Rumex vesicularis, Rheum palaestinum, Reichardia tengitana, Retama reatam, Anabasis syriaca, Plantago spp. Schismus barbatus.

The Sudanian realm is evident in area north of and within Disi north of Aqaba (Segment A-1). The soil is mostly sandy. Saline soils occur discretely in this region. There are also hilly limestone regions, the high mountains of wadi Rum as well as the sand dunes of Al-Mudawarra desert in the south. Vegetation is related to tropical varieties like Acacia spp. Cleome africana, Halocnemum strobiulaceum, Hammada salicornica.

Wadi Rum has been indicated in earlier assessments as an area that will be impacted directly by the then-adopted alignment (Harza, Bowell Technical reports). Wadi Rum has always been considered as an important ecological and geological formation in southern Jordan. It is also part of the golden tourism triangle in addition to and Aqaba. The site has been also attempted to be a world heritage site based on the above-mentioned criteria.

3.1.2.2 Habitats and Hotspots

(a) Habitats

Various habitats have been identified along the alignment according to their accruing vegetation. These are described below.

Runoff Vegetation

Runoff vegetation is mainly confined along wadis crossing the desert and offers suitable habitats for a variety of plant species (see Figure 15). Wadis and their branching range from few meters to hundreds of meters in width.

Runoff vegetation in Wadi Abu Tarfa Tamarix stands at Wadi Abu Tarfa Figure 15: Runoff vegetation and Tamarix stands in desert ecosystem in Wadi Abu Tarfa

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Sand Dune

Special and unique habitats in the southern segment with highly adapted flora and fauna (see Figure 16). These habitats are quite fragile and therefore require special interventions. Dunes of Wadi Rum are dominated by the sand dune fixatives mainly Haloxylon persicum and Hammada salicornica.

Figure 16: Sand dune habitat

Hammada Vegetation

Hammada vegetation represents the dominant type of vegetation in the southern and middle segments along the alignment. It is specifically termed as limestone hammada. Figure 17 shows the Hammada planes. Usually these plains are devoid of vegetation except at crossing runoffs.

Figure 17: Hammada Plains

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(b) Hotspots

The following areas have been identified as the most significant to the project due to the types of habitats they encompass. Basically, the habitats listed above do occur at these particular areas. The important issue about it however, is their remoteness and reduced accessibility in addition to their unique floral and faunal elements.

These hotspots are vast areas in term of their extent and biological significance and therefore it is of interest to treat each as one functioning unit to maintain their integrity that are stemming out from their diversity. The project would have impacts during construction and operation especially along the alignment corridor and supporting facilities. Therefore it becomes crucial to limit construction and operation activities to a well-identified corridor, which we estimate about 50 m at maximum accompanied with synchronised excavation and filling processes and restoring of damaged habitats.

The lower segment is considered the richest in terms of habitat diversity. This stems from the fact that these areas represent a blend of intertwining bio-geographical regions mainly the Saharo Arabian and Sudanian realms. A number of hotspots were identified at this segment. These sites have been highlighted in recent country inventories such as the National Country Study on Biodiversity (GCEP, 1998), and the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Jordan (Evans, 1994; RSCN, 2000).

Many sites are exceptionally important for the habitats and ecosystems that they encompass and for the survival of bird species dependent upon them. BirdLife International, using globally agreed criteria, rigorously applied to the bird species and numbers they hold, has carefully identified these sites. Sites, which qualify are termed Important Bird Areas (IBAs) which are sites providing essential habitat to one or more species of breeding, wintering, and/or migrating birds. These IBA sites vary in size but are usually discrete and distinguishable in character, habitat, or ornithological importance from surrounding areas (see Annex C14).

The hotspots identified in the lower segments are IBAs, which are sites providing essential habitat to one or more species of breeding, wintering, and/or migrating birds. The sites vary in size but are usually discrete and distinguishable in character, habitat, or ornithological importance from surrounding areas.

These hotspots were identified as ecologically important owing to their unique habitats and natural resources supporting a wide variety of faunal and avifaunal communities.

Wadi Abu Tarfah

District: Ma’an Area: 172 km² Status: Part of it is a grazing reserve, IBA Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 234032 N 930778

Flat, Hammada desert plateau intersected by flat, shallow wadis extends to Qa’ El-Jafer to the north. There is a grazing reserve at the site where access is restricted, and the Hijaz railways run through the western part of the site. Two mani wadis cross the area (Wadi Abu Tarfa and Wadi Masol) which ultimately end at Qa’a El-Jafer.

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The area exhibits high vegetation coverage (see Figure 18) especially at wadi beds, which support tick vegetation of Artemisis sp. Achillea fragrantissima, Atriplex halimus, Zilla spinosa, Anabasis sp., Astragalus spinosa, and Hammada salicornica. Dispersed Tamarix sp. trees and Acacia sp. trees also occur in the area.

Zilla spinosa –Desert species

Rumex cyprius Figure 18: Plant species within Wadi Abu Tarfah

The area is home for threatened mammals such as the caracal and the desert gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, in addition to small mammals of rodents and reptiles.

Breeding birds include several species of larks, Wheatears, and other desert species. Migrants include several passerine species that rest in the wadi vegetation; as well as many raptors passing over during autumn migration. Houbara Bustard and Lanner Falcon threatened species are reported by the locals to be occasionally present from autumn to spring.

Hisma Basin – Rum-Disi

District: Ma’an-Aqaba Area: 1,478 km² Status: Not protected: Part of it is Rum Wildlife Reserve, IBA Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 200046 N 888170

This consists of an isolated tract of huge, precipitous, sandstone and granite mountains ranging up to 1,754 m (Jebel Rum) in height, and separated from each other by flat sandy corridors. The main use is tourism and pastoralism. Uncontrolled off-road driving is causing destruction of the sand dune habitats (see Figure 19). Parts of this site have been declared protected, while other areas at Disi and Sahl As-Suwwan are used for intensive agriculture.

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Figure 19: Proposed pipeline route from Batn El-Ghoul to Disi well field

Rum area is home for various threatened plant species such as Acacia raddiana, and endemic species such as Cleome arabica (see Figure 20). Other species include halocnemum strobilaceum, Citrillus colocynthis, Eremobium aegyptiacum, Linaria haeleva, Asphodelus sp. (see Figure 20) and many others. Some threatened mammals also inhabit the area such as the hyena, the Arabian wolf, Porcupine, and desert gazelle.

Rum-Disi endemic Cleome arabica Rare Asphodelus microcarpus Figure 20: Cleome arabica and Asphodelus sp.

Breeding birds include Short-toed Eagle, Verraux’s Eagle (former breeder), Lanner Falcon (rare), Barbary and Sooty Falcons, Lesser Kestrel (rare), Lammergeier (former breeder), Griffon Vulture (rare), Sand Partridge, Chukar, Hume’s Tawny Owl, Hooded, Mourning and White-crowned Black Wheatears, Arabian Babbler, Tristram’s Grackle, Sinai Rosefinch and Trumpeter Finch.

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Winter visitors include Steppe Eagle, Saker (rare), Desert Warbler and Pale Rock Sparrow (rare). Imperial Eagle, Honey Buzzard, Egyptian Vulture (may breed), Crane and White Stork are uncommon autumn migrants.

Al Hizma Basin (the southern most end of the project) is home of a variety of resident and breeding birds, in addition to lying on one of the main routes of birds migrating between Eurasia and Africa. These migrants include several globally endangered species, which depend on the natural habitats of the area and adjacent mountains for resting and feeding.

Accessible water resources in the Disi farms attract and support wildlife of all surrounding areas as well as migrating birds. The loss of water supplies thus affects all populations of wild animals in vast areas surrounding such resources.

Desert Plains Covering the Middle and Southern Segment

This is a desert landscape of flint plains (Hammada) and gently rolling country, interspersed with shallow wadis (see Figure 21). The main landuse is nomadic pastoral mainly in the spring and after rain season where green cover flourishes at wadi beds and runoffs.

Figure 21: Desert landscape of flint planes - Hammada

The open flat or rolling Hammada desert with scattered limestone hills and wide shallow wadis extending from south airport to Ma’an is locally covered with dense desert scrub. Generally, the habitat covering this part of the route is monotonic and no hotspots were identified along the track in terms of ornithological importance scrub (see Figure 22).

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Figure 22: The open flat or rolling Hammada desert with scattered limestone hills and wide shallow wadis

However, the area remains an important wintering and pass over flyway for many migratory birds. In addition, the Hammada ecosystem covering most of this segment provide habitat for a variety of other wildlife, including mammals and reptiles. Small mammals such as Jerboas and hares are an important food source to many birds of prey. Breeding birds include Temminck’s and Desert Larks. In autumn/winter Crane, Houbara Bustard, Montagu’s and Pallid Harriers, Imperial Eagle, Lanner Falcon, Saker and Pale Rock Sparrow are frequent at this part of the route.

In fall, this habitat provides food to attract migrating larks, buntings, and a wide variety of Chats. It also represents a stop over site for migratory birds following north-eastern route through Jordan.

Hammada habitat is wintering ground for specific migratory birds along the Palaearctic migratory route (see Figure 23), where important population of global important colonies follow this route and utilize the area in winter time, like Cranes (Grus grus).

Figure 23: Birds migration route across Jordan

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3.1.2.3 Flora Diversity and Status

In terms of floral diversity, a total of 150 vascular plants were recorded especially in the flora study part of the assessment (Annex C15). This checklist is corresponding to the zoning suggested, and status or remarks are highlighted as well.

(a) Species Diversity

Basically, the species diversity reflects habitat diversity and is related to changing physical and edaphic factors along this extended alignment that crosses the four bio-geographical regions in Jordan. A number of planted species (especially tree species) do also occur along the alignment mainly in the part adjacent to the Desert Highway (Segment B). Also, many parts are under cultivation and ploughing for forage production.

The tremendous network of wadi and surface run offs along the alignment is the main factor for sustaining green growth especially in the desert parts of xeric conditions. The relative high productivity at such areas promoted the establishment of two main grazing reserves along or close to the alignment (Wadi Abu-Tarfa at Segment A, and Daba’a at Segment B). Although the latter is rather out of scope in terms of this assessment, however, it was earlier indicated as a suitable habitat for some newly recorded and rare plant species that occur only within the boundary of this reserve (Al-Eisawi, 1997; 2000).

Other rare and rather beautiful species members of the Iris family occur at distant areas from the alignment at Qatraneh (Segment B). This includes the bulbous Iris aucheri, and the rhizomatous Iris nigricans or what is known as the Black Iris of Jordan. Both species are considered locally threatened and endemic to the eastern Mediterranean (Al-Khader, 1997).

(b) Communities

Significant plant communities were recorded along the alignment such as:

1- The Tamarix nilotica stands along Al-Abyad and Al-Hasa wadis. 2- Acacia stands that occur in Abu Tarfa wadi and extends to Disi and are dominated by Acacia raddiana, which is considered regionally, threatened species. The taxonomic status of these Acacia trees was identified as A. raddiana. Earlier reports indicated this species as A. arabica. 3- Limestone Hammada vegetation at wadi runoffs. 4- Sand dunes vegetation dominated by Haloxylon persicum at Rum area. 5- Haloxylon-Hammada salicornicum association at Batn E-Ghoul area. 6- Afforestation tree stands along the highway within segment C.

3.1.2.4 Fauna Diversity and Status

The aridity and harsh conditions within the project area provides selective habitats for diversified faunal elements that differ in niches, home and feeding ranges. Reptiles and small mammals like rodents enjoy short home and feeding ranges. However, larger mammals such as wolf, hyena,

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caracal, Gazelles and foxes require much larger home and feeding ranges. A number of endangered animals were recorded and the key species are indicated in Table 86.

Table 8: Endangered fauna reported in the area Scientific Name English Name Status Canis aureus Golden Jackal, Asiatic Jackal Locally Endangered Canis lupus Syrian Wolf Locally Endangered Caracal caracal Caracal CITES Appendix I, IUCN Felis margarita Sand Cat CITES Appendix II, IUCN Felis silvestris Wild Cat CITES Appendix II Gazella subgutturrosa Goitered Gazelle Locally Endangered Hyaena hyaena Stripped Hyena Locally Vulnerable Mellivora capensis Ratal, Honey Badger CITES Appendix III Vormela peregusna Marbled Polecat IUCN Vulpes ruepellii Ruepell’s Fox IUCN Chamaeleo chamaeleon Chameleon CITES Appendix II Varanus griseus Desert Monitor CITES Appendix I Uromastyx aegyptia Spiny tailed lizard CITES Appendix II

Hammada habitat is home to a diversity of wildlife: mammals and birds-including some of Jordan’s most rare birds. These birds need large sparsely vegetated patches of habitat for successful breeding. The Hammada provide habitat for a variety of other wildlife, including mammals and reptiles. Small mammals such as Jerboas and hares are an important food source to many birds of prey.

(a) Mammals

Mammals occurring within the project area include a number of globally threatened species such as the Striped Hyena, Hyaena hyaena, Arabian wolf, Canis lupus, and Rupelli Fox, Vulpes rupellii. Large mammalian species have always received considerable conservation efforts being highly susceptible to persecution and the lack of awareness of the ecological role such species play in a given ecosystem.

Arabian Oryx, Oryx leucoryx, has been reintroduced by the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) within Rum Reserve. The release is planned to be in two stages. The first stage is to transfer a small herd from the Shumari Reserve and release them within selected enclosed (fenced) releasing area within Rum Reserve. Primarily, this release is combined with a comprehensive monitoring program of the transferred animals, and public awareness program targeting related stakeholders within the community. The second stage is to release the Oryx free in the wild within the reserve boundaries. But since this animal is known to have a wide feeding ground, it is anticipated to disperse within the whole area, including Batn El-Ghoul area.

Currently, there has been a transfer of authority for managing the Rum reserve from RSCN to Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA). No clear monitoring scheme and release programme has been yet identified. Nevertheless, ASEZA, along with its plans to promote Aqaba in particular and Jordan in general before international tourism, has dedicated a special attention to concepts of eco-tourism. Rum area, Rum reserve and Batn El-Ghoul area are among the unique habitats at the Hizma basin to promote nature based tourism.

6 Amr, 1999; Disi, 2002, Disi, et.al, 1988, Hatough-Bouran, 2000

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(b) Reptiles

Reptiles contain diversified groups of organisms that have an impact on the intra and inter- specific interaction among individuals and populations. This status gives them a rank in the ecosystem participating in the equilibrium of the ecosystem at large.

Reptilian diversity was also investigated and three CITES species were identified: Varanus gresiu, (desert Monitor), Uromastix aegyptia microlepis (the Spiny tailed lizard), and Camealeon camaeleon (the European camealeon) (see Figure 24). In addition, it is expected that a variety of snakes and lizards do inhabit the different habitats of the project (refer to Annex C16). A total of 46 species are expected to dwell areas along the alignment.

Figure 24: Tracks of a large desert reptile

Some of the species are mainly restricted to the southern segment of the alignment (refer to Annex C16). The sandy habitats of Wadi Rum, Disi area, Mudawwarah and Batn El-Ghoul areas are one of the most important areas for certain lizards and snakes.

Three of the venomous snakes of Jordan inhabit some of the habitat occurring along the alignment such as the Sand Horned Viper and false Horned Viper at the sand dunes of Rum and Disi area. This requires a precautionary approach in maintaining the diversity while minimizing risks to project field personnel.

(c) Birds

The Badia represents a major flyway for migratory birds. Considerable proportions of birds of Jordan were recorded to breed, dwell or pass through the Badia. Some of these birds are only known to occur in this area. Moreover, the Badia encompasses several IBAs of Jordan, in addition to many habitats of biological significance (refer to Annex C17) (Al-Budieri, 1995; GCEP 1998, Hatough-Bouran, 2000; Evans, 1994; RSCN 2000).

These areas are also important for birds of prey, including migratory birds such as the wintering Imperial Eagle and Buzzards, where they rely on these habitats for hunting and roosting. Many raptor species congregate overnight at communal traditional roost sites while on migration. This desert ecosystem provides crucial habitat for many species of birds throughout the year. Birds

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relying on desert, like a wide variety of larks and other desert dwellers, build nests, raise young, and forage during the summer months.

In fall, the Badia provides food to attract migrating larks, buntings, and a wide variety of Chats. Large flocks of waterfowl and wildfowls sometimes feed in flooded portions of Qa’a’s during migration which is considered the most important wintering habitat along the Eurasian Migratory Flyway. It also represents a stop over site for migratory birds following the north-eastern route through Jordan.

In spring, most migrants in the region travel along the western (Egyptian) shorelines of the Red Sea before crossing into Asia from Africa at the Sinai Peninsula. Where more than 800,000 migrants, including more than 300,000 western honey Buzzard, and more than 300,000 Common Buzzards are reported by the northern most eastern tip of the Red Sea, after which most of them head northeast through the Jordanian desert (Raptor Watch, 2000).

Over 300 species of birds were recorded at the area, which until recently was a significant area for breeding and non-breeding water birds Three globally threatened bird species occurring in the Jordanian Desert were recorded (see Table 9). Species recorded in the area, which are threatened or declining throughout all or large parts of their range in the Middle East are presented in Table 10. Species, which have relatively small total world ranges with important populations in the Middle East, are shown in Table 11. The Hammad habitat supports distinctive ecosystems and species constituting an important component of global biodiversity.

Table 9: Globally threatened bird species occurring in the Jordanian Desert Common Name Scientific Name Status Convention Black Vulture Aegypius monachus Winter visitor Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Corncrake Crex crex Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata Winter visitor Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention

Table 10: Species that are threatened or declining throughout all or large parts of their range in the Middle East Common Name Scientific Name Status Convention White Stork Ciconia ciconia Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Occasional breeder Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus Resident Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention Saker Falco cherrug Passage migrant Appendix 2 of the Bonn Convention

Table 11: Species, which have relatively small total world, ranges with important populations in the Middle East Common name Scientific name Status Sand Partridge Ammoperdix heyi Resident Finch’s Wheatear Oenanthe finchii Winter visitor Red-tailed Wheatear Oenanthe xanthoprymna Winter visitor Hooded Wheatear Oenanthe monach Resident Pale Rock Sparrow Carpospiza brachydactyla Summer breeder

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3.2 Agricultural Baseline Conditions

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has been facing a chronic imbalance in the population - water resources equation, which is manifested by a substantial imbalance in the foreign trade in food commodities ($110 per capita in 1997)7, and rationing of municipal water serviced to the population once a week. The total renewable freshwater resources of the country amount to an average of 750 MCM8 per year. The population of 1997 is around 4.4 million people, growing at an annual rate of 3.5%. The per capita share was 160 cubic meters per annum in 1997 and declines at a rate equal to that of the population increase8.

Agriculture in Jordan consumes about 65% of the available water resources, with an irrigated area of about 843,000 dunums9 (84,300 ha)8. The strong historical tradition, significant investments and economic importance of irrigated agriculture in Jordan are competing with escalating demands for water for non-agricultural sources.

The production of food in semi arid countries like Jordan is hardly possible without irrigation. The irrigated areas are located in the Jordan Valley (some 33,000 hectares), and in the Plateau (some 44,100 hectares). Some 400,000 hectares are fit for dry land farming, but this potential is practiced on half of the potential area due to the insecurity associated with erratic rainfall and other reasons. Irrigated agriculture, however, provides most of the agricultural production in the Kingdom and offers the higher percentage of agricultural jobs and other relevant support services.

In the Jordan Valley, irrigation water is largely from surface sources fed by low annual rainfall. The irrigation in the Jordan Valley is the result of large scale investments for collection and distribution of surface water supplemented by some ground water that is conveyed by the King Abdullah Canal and other structures to the area for agricultural use.

Because of the huge imbalance in the population-water resources equation, the treated wastewater effluent is added to the water stock for use in irrigated agriculture. It will constitute a substantial percentage of the irrigation water in future years.

In most Middle Eastern countries, agricultural water use accounts for more than 80% of the total water demand. Special attention ought to be paid to optimising agricultural water use while at the same time maintaining the same level of net profit for different activities. Traditionally, most of agricultural and farming economics studies focus on the increase in the yield of farming activities. Little has been done to evaluate the economics of farming based on real water costs. One farmer responded to a question about agricultural feasibility of growing bananas in the region, saying, “if you only want to consider economics, you close down agriculture,” and he continued, “and you can close down the country” (National Geographic, May 1993, pp. 66).

3.2.1.1 Agriculture and Jordan’s Economy

Although agriculture is a relatively minor component of the Jordanian economy, its impact is broad since input servicing and output marketing contribute to the value added of the service and industrial sectors. Between 1995 and 2000, agriculture continued to provide 2 to 3% of the current GDP.

7 Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Irrigation Water Policy – Paper No. 2. February 1998 8 See Part B, Section 4.1. 9 Each 1 dunum equals to 0.1 hectare (i.e., 1 ha = 10 dunums).

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The rapid development in Jordan after independence in many fields was supported by a considerable development of agricultural production. However, the growth rates in the other sectors of the economy considerably exceeded the growth of the agricultural sector. Thus, the relative importance of agriculture to the economy has been reduced, although the absolute contribution of this sector to the gross domestic product has steadily increased due to the following factors:

1- The maturing of public investments in land and water development in the Jordan Valley; 2- Private sector investments in new technology - drip irrigation, plastic culture, etc.; and 3- A shift to the production of high value horticultural crops coupled with a buoyant domestic and export market.

3.2.1.2 Livestock Production in the Badia Region10

According to FAO recent study11, the main livestock production system in the past was the nomadic grazing where flocks moved through the range according to the availability of forage and water. Recently, the nomadic system shrank and most of the flocks changed to the semi-extensive (semi-settled) system because nomads are settled in the steppe area and have started to cultivate newly acquired lands.

The characteristics of animal production under the extensive system in the Badia region are as follows:

• The young Bedouin males joined the labour force and migrated to large cities and other Arab states, causing a big impact on the rural and Bedouin societies as the number of young people ready to take shepherding and herding as a job began to decrease. • The spread of the motor vehicle has made it possible to transport the animals feed and water, and the people, reducing the rhythmic movement from one pasture to another according to the grass and water availability. • Grazing in the area is communal. This kind of grazing is enhanced by the use of pick-up trucks in transportation of people, feeds and animals. • The majority of flocks no longer move a long distance. The movement of stock is seasonal and between few places in the area. This is because governmental or private sector companies provided new water resources. The water supply is available in most villages in the Badia region. • The settlements of sheep owners are near strategic places or wells. • The changes in the herd structure, sheep are increasing in number while the number of goats and camels is decreasing. This is because the consumers in Jordan prefer sheep meat and the marketing of sheep is easier than that of other animals. • There is a change in the system of production, from the extensive (nomadic) system to the semi-intensive system, which fits the settlement in permanent housing and the maximum production of milk. • The grazing system has changed to one of continuous grazing in the same place and staying around the settled area. The sheep of Badia are using the cereal stubble available in the barley regions.

10 Badia is the arabic synonym of a desert; however Badia is considered to be semiarid when compared to a true desert. Badia forms more than two third of Jordan. 11 FAO. (1994) “Sheep production under extensive systems in the Near East, Jordan Pastoral System:” A case study. Near East Regional Office. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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• Grazing in the Badia is seasonal and provides enough feed for the spring only, and then the flocks move to the cereal stubble and in drought years they rely on hand feeding of concentrate. • The sheep may move around 500-1,000 km each year. The daily movement is in the range of 2-3 km.

3.2.2 Description of the Current Agricultural Settings along the Alignment

3.2.2.1 Agricultural Baseline Conditions in Segment (A): Disi Area

Directorate of Disi was founded by the administrative division by-law No. (47) of the year 2000 which came into effect on January 1, 2001.

(a) Site Description: Location, Borders and Surface Area

• The Disi District is located to the East of the , 70 km away. It borders Saudi Arabia from the East and South, Ma’an Governorate from the north-east and Quweirah from north-west. Its surface area is 953.42 km2. • Five villages are in the area, with a total population of 3,500 of which 49.5% are male. • Villages are: Al Disi (1,750 inhabitants), Tweiseh (1,100 inhabitants), Muneishir (1,400 inhabitants), Al-Ghoul (180 inhabitants), and Al Tuwayel (100 inhabitants). • People’s livelihood in these areas depends on agriculture (for example, 1,500 20-litre olive oil containers were locally produced in 2002), livestock and tourism in Wadi Rum.

The locations of the above mentioned agricultural areas are shown on the GIS base maps provided on CDs in Annex C5.

(b) Related Agricultural Support organizations

There are three important agricultural related entities: Disi Agricultural Centre, Disi Water Centre, and Disi Agricultural Cooperative Association. These entities are described below.

Disi Agricultural Centre

Disi Agricultural Centre provides agricultural services, extension and veterinary services. An agricultural engineer presides this centre, aided by a veterinary medical assistant. Centre’s commodities comprise one tractor and ploughs. Arable land suitable for irrigated agriculture is around 250,000 dunums, of which 150,000 dunums is in the production process and currently planted with olive trees. Pasture area is 50,000 dunums mainly used to feed small ruminants and camels. The distribution of olive trees in the Disi area is presented in Table 12.

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Table 12: Distribution of Olive Trees in the Disi Area Village Mature Olive Trees Juvenile Trees Total Disi 7,610 190 7,800 Tweiseh 15,770 1,460 17,230 Tuwayel 7,550 2,200 9,750 Mneishir 3,190 - 3,190 Al Ghal 9,850 3,950 13,800 Total 43,970 7,800 51,770 Source: Disi Agricultural Station

Other trees are grown in the area by local farmers like peach, nectarine, apricots, plums, apples, guavas, grapes, figs, citrus, grenades, cactus and Japanese quince. However, overall number of trees grown by small-scale farmers is very modest.

Disi Water Centre

The centre provides services related to water to all district villages. Five wells provide water supply to all villages in the area. The distribution of these wells is presented in Table 13.

Table 13: Distribution of wells in the Disi Area Capacity Daily operation Annual Consumption Wells Demand Area (m3/hour) (hours/day) (m3) Disi Disi 50 24 438,000 Tweiseh Twiseh 50 24 438,000 Muneishir Muneishir 50 16 292,000 Al Ghal Al Ghald 5 24 438,000 Shakiriyeh Shakiriyeh, Rum, Salihiyeh 80 18 525,600 Source: Disi Agricultural Station

Disi Agricultural Cooperative Association

It provides agricultural services and other benefits for 215 settled Bedouins operating farms growing mainly olive trees. Most of the agricultural activities in the district are based in Tuwayel and Tweiseh areas.

(c) Agricultural Baseline Conditions / Commercial Irrigated Agriculture (Disi-Mudawarra Area)

Large scale irrigated agriculture has been practiced in the Disi-Mudawarra Area since 1986. Four Agricultural companies are operating in the area: Arab International Company for Agricultural Development (ARICAD), Alwafa for Agricultural and Animal Development (WADICO), Grains Fodders and Meat Production Company (GRAMECO) and Rum Agricultural Company (RUM). The binding agreement between the government of Jordan and these companies stated that (i) area planted with field crops and forages should be more than 50% of the total area of the project and that (ii) the annual abstraction of ground water should not exceed 91 MCM given that planted areas should not be less than 65% of total area of the project. Table 14 and Figure 25 shows total area and maximum amounts of water to be abstracted by each company.

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Table 14: Area and maximum amounts of water to be abstracted by each company Company Area (Dunums) Number of Wells Water (MCM/year) RUM 50,000 26 35 WADICO 12,481 5 10 GRAMECO 25,000 10 25 ARICAD 21,156 10 21 TOTAL 108,637 91 Source: Disi Agricultural Station

35

30

25

20 MCM / Year 15

10

5

0 RUM WADICO GRAMECO ARICAD

Company

Figure 25: Maximum water abstraction by each farm company at Disi area

Total area exploited by these companies adds up to 108,637 dunums. Rum Agricultural Company has the largest area and number of available wells with a pumping capacity of 35 MCM per year. WADICO, on the other hand, has only 12,481 dunums and 5 wells with a pumping capacity of 10 MCM per year.

According to the underground water monitoring by-law, the new water tariff for agricultural wells will be applied to the Disi farms. Accordingly, it is expected that the water consumption will be reduced around 30%.

Table 15 and Figure 26 shows planted areas of different types of crops and their percentage importance of total area for each company as an average for the period 1997-2000. On average, the four companies planted 43.11% of the total area available for agriculture. Rum Agricultural Company planted 16.33% field crops, 11.29% vegetables, 8% trees, adding up to a total of 35.62% of available area for production. WADICO planted 21.86% field crops, 27.1% vegetables, 0.4% trees, adding up to a total of 49.36% of available area for production. GRAMECO planted 18% field crops, 23.2% vegetables, 2.16% trees, adding up to a total of 43.36% of available area for production. ARICAD planted 23.32% field crops, 33.25% vegetables, 0.24% trees, adding up to a total of 56.81% of available area for production.

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Table 15: Planted areas of different types of crops and their percentage importance of total area for each company as an average for the period 1997-2000 Total Field Crops Vegetables Trees Planted Company Area Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent (Dunum) (Dunum) (%) (Dunum) (%) (Dunum) (%) (Dunum) (%) RUM 50,000 8,165 16.33 5,647 11.29 4,000 8.00 17,812 35.62 WADICO 12,481 2,728 21.86 3,382 27.10 50 0.40 6,160 49.36 GRAMECO 25,000 4,500 18.00 5,800 23.20 540 2.16 10,840 43.36 ARICAD 21,156 4,933 23.32 7,035 33.25 50 0.24 12,018 56.81 Total 108,637 20,326 18.71 21,864 20.13 4640 4.27 46,830 43.11 Source: Ministry of Agriculture

47%

10%

43%

FIELD CROPS VEGETABLES TREES

Figure 26: Percentage planted areas of different crops

Production of Wheat and Barley

As shown in Table 16, the 1997-2001 average areas grown with wheat and barley were 10,450 and 4,190 dunums, respectively, with a production of 5,975 tons of wheat and 2,934 tons of barley. The percentage of production of these companies to total production of Jordan was 8% for wheat and 5% for barley (see Table 17 and Figure 27).

Table 16: Areas and production of wheat and barley for the four companies (An annual average based on 1997-2001 data) Area (Dunums) Production (tons) Company Wheat Barley Wheat Barley RUM 5,480 1,185 3,124 830 WADICO 1,290 810 735 567 GRAMECO 1,000 1,915 570 1,341 ARCAD 2,680 280 1,528 196 TOTAL 10,450 4,190 5,957 2,934 Source: Ministry of Agriculture

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Table 17: Percentage importance of production of wheat and barley of the four companies to total national production of Jordan Total National Company Production Item Production Percent (tons) (tons) Wheat 5,957 73,200 8 Barley 2,934 54,533 5 Source: Based on Ministry of Agriculture data

Production of Wheat Production of Barely

80,000 60,000 70,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 40,000 30,000 30,000 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 Disi Jordan Disi Jordan

Figure 27: Wheat and barely production in Disi area and in Jordan

On average for the period 1992-1997, Jordan produced 73,200 tons of wheat and 54,533 tons of barley annually. These amounts formed around 13 and 10% of total local production and imports of wheat and barely, respectively. The average production, imports and percentage importance to total production and imports are presented in Table 18.

Table 18: Average production, imports and percentage importance to total production and imports Average Imports Total Item Production Percent (%) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) Wheat 73,200 500,133 573,333 12.7 Barley 54,533 496,183 550,716 9.9

Water Consumption

According to the agreements between the government and the companies operating in the studied area, these companies can consume up to 91 MCM annually, but these companies are not operating at full capacity. The area planted on average is 41,802 dunum and forms 37% of total rented area of 108,637 dunum. Table 19 shows the annual average of water consumption of the most frequent planted crops by the four companies for the period 1999-2001 in the study area.

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Table 19: Water consumption for selected crops as an annual average for the period 1999-2001 Percent to Water Percent of Total Area Water Consumption Crop Total Consumption Water (Dunum) (m3/Crop) Area (m3/Dunum) Consumption Wheat 8,497 20 1,000 8,497,000 25 Barley 2,863 7 800 2,290,400 7 Potato 15,696 38 750 11,772,000 34 Onions 2,627 6 700 1,838,900 5 Watermelon 1,400 3 500 700,000 2 Yellow corn 2,550 6 750 1,912,500 6 Alfalfa 1,988 5 1,600 3,180,800 9 Vegetables 641 2 500 320,500 1 Fruit trees 5,540 13 700 3,878,000 11 Total 41,802 100 34,390,100 100 Source: Ministry of Agriculture

According to Table 19, 25% of water consumed by these large-scale farming companies goes to production of wheat, 34% to production of potatoes, while 11% to fruit trees’ production and 1% to vegetables’ production, so on and so forth.

Irrigated agriculture in Disi-Mudawarra area is considered to be a water-intensive agriculture compared to the rest of the irrigated agriculture in Jordan. Table 20 shows water consumption (m3/kg) for selected crops as an annual average for the period 1999-2001. For example, one kilogram of hard wheat required 1.53 m3 of water, while one kilogram of watermelon required 0.15 m3 of water. A detailed comparison between irrigation water used in the agricultural production process in Disi area and the rest of the country is presented in Section 3.2.4 in Table 21 and Figure 28.

Table 20: Total, cost, net revenue and water consumption (m3/kg) for selected crops as an annual average for the period 1999-2001 Total Water Net Revenue Total Cost Net Revenue Crop Revenue Consumption on water (JD/kg) (JD/kg) (JD/kg) (m3/kg) (JD/m3) Spring potato 0.190 0.175 0.015 0.234 0.066 Summer potato 0.170 0.150 0.020 0.206 0.098 Summer onions 0.100 0.090 0.010 0.209 0.049 Winter onions 0.115 0.103 0.012 0.149 0.084 Summer watermelons 0.075 0.063 0.012 0.150 0.079 Winter watermelon 0.100 0.080 0.020 0.150 0.135 Yellow corn 0.120 0.184 (0.064) 0.847 (0.075) Hard wheat 0.189 0.243 (0.053) 1.532 (0.035) Bread wheat 0.121 0.189 (0.067) 1.188 (0.057) Barley 0.105 0.169 (0.063) 1.056 (0.060) Source: Based on data collected from the field and from the Ministry of Agriculture

According to Table 20, some crops appear to have negative net revenue, which implies lack of rational justifying producing these crops under such conditions. However, the companies are obliged to produce these crops to meet the terms of their agreements with the Government. The agreement between the Government of Jordan and these companies stated that area planted with field crops and forages should be more than 50% of the total area of the project.

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No action by the Government or the companies is considered to have these guidelines changed although they do not make any sense from an economic point of view or water resources management perspective.

3.2.2.2 Agricultural Baseline Conditions on Segments B and C: the Route from Amman to Qatraneh

Many agricultural practices are dispersed on the road from Amman to Qatraneh. These farms are of small scale and distributed along the alignment with a few meters to 100 meters from the main and access roads. Those are as follows:

• Olive Farm with 200 trees, owned by Mr. Khaled Huneiti • Front yard with 30 olive trees near Suleiman Al Abdulla Complex • Jweideh plains planted with wheat and barley • An olive farm at the end of the street, opposite Jweideh Silos • At 28 km from Amman are some plains planted with feed crops and olive trees • At 37 km from Amman is the Arab Farm owned by Hatem Sultan, other smaller farms and plastic houses • At 38 km from Amman is the roman reservoir used for irrigation • At 39 km from Amman is Sunnouqrot poultry Farms and Yanbou’ farms • At 42 km from Amman within the Bashiliyeh Area are two farms across from each other, mainly olive trees • At 58 km from Amman, two farms across the street from each other • At 59 km from Amman, plastic-tunnel farm • At 61 km from Amman, large-scale olive farm • At 64 km from Amman, Barakeh farm • At 76 km from Amman, some live stock herding spot • At 82 km from Amman, Wataniyeh poultry farms • At 94 km from Amman, Qatraneh Farm • At 97 km from Amman, Qatraneh slaughter-house

Apart from above-listed agricultural activities, the road remains desert and devoid of any significant agricultural activities.

3.2.3 The Sustainability of Large-Scale Agriculture in the Disi Area

Sustainability is a concept that considers use of resources from a long-term perspective. There have been many attempts to define sustainability, but most are rooted in the general concept of intergenerational equity. Sustainable development maybe defined for example as meeting the needs and wants of people of the current generation while leaving equal or better opportunities for people of generations to follow.

Sustainable agriculture can be defined as a set of ever-changing agricultural production and marketing systems that are sustainable forever and for everyone. A sustainable agriculture must be capable of maintaining its value to human society forever. One cannot prove empirically that one system of agriculture is sustainable and another is not. It would take forever to collect the

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necessary data. Thus, agriculture must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially responsible.

Creating a truly sustainable farming system is a very difficult task. Farmers must choose individually for themselves what methods are best for their own situation. Farmers must worry about maintaining soil fertility, stopping soil erosion, avoiding soil compaction, protecting their crops from pests, using adequate amounts of water, working within political systems, making a liable wage, and creating a product that is safe to eat.

The characteristics of a sustainable agricultural system are as follows:

1- A sustainable agricultural system is based on the rational of renewable and/or recyclable resources. A system that depends on non-renewable water resource, such as the case in Disi, cannot be sustained indefinitely. A sustainable system would use renewable water sources such as rainfall, river water, and renewable groundwater. However, use of resources such as groundwater at rates greater than recharge depletes reserves and cannot be sustained. 2- Any system that degrades or depletes the productivity of its resource base will eventually lose its ability to produce, and thus, is not sustainable. Likewise, any system that pollutes or poisons its environment in the process of producing will eventually lose its net value to society and likewise is not sustainable. A sustainable agricultural system protects the integrity of natural systems so that natural resources are continually regenerated. Sustainable agricultural systems should maintain or improve groundwater and surface water quality and regenerate healthy agricultural soils. 3- A sustainable agricultural system improves the quality of life of individuals and communities. In order to bring development to the Disi Area, the agricultural companies must offer people a good standard of living including diverse employment opportunities, health care, education, social services and cultural activities. Young people must be afforded opportunities to develop rural enterprises, including farming, in ways which care for the land so that it may be passed onto future generations in as good or in better condition that it was received. 4- A sustainable agricultural system is profitable. Economic viability is necessary to maintain control over resource use. A system that lacks economic viability eventually must sacrifice control over its resources to some economically viable alternative. Large-scale agriculture in the Disi Area will not stay in business if they pay for the water they consume. If opportunity cost of water is to be considered in the calculations of profit, agricultural farms in Disi area would not be considered economically profitable. 5- A sustainable agricultural system is guided by a land ethic that considers that long- term good of all members of the land community. An agro-ecosystem should be viewed as a dynamic interdependent community composed of soil, water, air and biotic species. All parts are important because they contribute to the whole. This ethic strives to protect the health of the land community that is its capacity for self-renewal.

3.2.4 A Comparison of Water Consumption (Disi vs. the rest of the Country)

A comparison between irrigation water used in the agricultural production process in Disi area and the rest of the country shows that farming process in Disi needs much more water than the rest of the country to produce the same level of output as shown in Table 21 and Figure 28. For example wheat grown in Disi area needs 3.6 times irrigation water as much as wheat grown in other places. On average and under irrigated agriculture conditions, one kilograms of wheat

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produced in Jordan needs 380 litres of water annually, while in Disi area, production of one kilograms of wheat needs 1,360 litres of water annually. One kilogram of yellow corn grown in Disi area needs 850 litres of water annually, which is almost twice as much as the water requirements in the rest of the country. Barely grown in Disi area needs 1.5 times irrigation water as much as Barely grown in other places. One kilogram of barely produced in Jordan needs 710 litres of water annually, while in Disi area, production of one kilograms of barely needs 1,060 litres of water annually. One kilogram of potatoes grown in Disi area needs 220 litres of water annually, which is almost 150% of the water requirements in the rest of the country.

Table 21: Water consumption per one kilogram of output for selected crops in the Disi area and the rest of the country Crop Type Country Disi Ratio = Disi / Country Wheat 0.38 1.36 3.60 Barely 0.71 1.06 1.50 Yellow corn 0.45 0.85 1.90 Potato 0.15 0.22 1.50 Water melon 0.14 0.15 1.10 Onions 0.13 0.67 5.00 Source: Based on data collected from the field and Ministry of Agriculture data

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Jordanian Dinars (JD) 0.2 0 Wheat Barely Yellow Potato Water Onions Corn Melon

COUNTRY DISI

Figure 28: Water consumption per one kilogram of output

A closer look at the input levels used in the agricultural production process in Disi area indicates an adverse impact in exploiting the groundwater resource from Disi aquifer. The resource is non-renewable and will, on the very long run, be depleted. Moreover, the resource is used to produce agricultural products in an inefficient way. Same level of outputs could be produced with less irrigation water compared to other places were irrigated agriculture is practiced in the country.

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3.3 Social Assessment

3.3.1 Social and Economic Baseline Conditions

3.3.1.1 Background

Jordan is a semi-arid country with an average precipitation ranging from 600 mm per annum in the North West part of the country declining to 350 mm in the middle, and to less than 50 mm in the eastern and southern desert areas. Therefore, Jordan has been and will be facing challenges in its water sector not only due to the scarce water resources but also due to the abnormally high population growth rates and the problems associated with it including high pressure on these resources as well as infrastructure and services. The water sector has been given high priority in all socio-economic development plans since early 1970s.

Due to the conflict in the Middle East, Jordan has witnessed many waves of involuntary migration that have significantly contributed to the abnormal increase in population, of which the last was due to the influx of over 300,000 Jordanians residing in the Gulf States as well as 250,000 Iraqis and Arabs from other nationalities as a result of the Gulf War. In addition to that, the number of 12 Egyptian workers in Jordan was estimated to exceed 80,000 persons.

Rapid population increase in the main cities of Amman, Zarqa, and Irbid has placed unprecedented demands on water resources. Total demand is approaching one billion cubic metres per year, which approximates the limit of Jordan's renewable and economically developable water resources. It should be outlined that Jordan's water resources consist primarily of surface and groundwater, and for several years now, renewable groundwater resources have been extracted at an unsustainable rate in order to meet the increasing demand. Consequently, surface and groundwater quality in some areas is deteriorating. Current water demands in many areas particularly in Amman have not been met satisfactorily and the costs of developing new water resources are rising rapidly.

As standard of living steadily increases and as water demands for industry and tourism rise rapidly, greater pressure was placed on the already stretched resources further driving the per capita water availability down and placing Jordan well within the ten poorest water nations on earth. Table 22 includes some comparative figures that reflect the decrease in water supply in the last ten years.

Table 22: Jordan water supply (m3/C/yr) by sector according to the MWI Per Capita m3 Year Population Domestic Industrial Irrigation Total 1994 4,139,458 52.18 5.80 161.61 219.59 1996 4,444,000 53.10 8.10 137.26 198.47 1998 4,755,700 49.62 7.99 131.21 188.824 2000 5,039,000 47.43 7.34 107.36 162.13 2001 5,182,000 47.47 6.37 95.52 149.36

The strategy adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation8 stresses the need for improved resources management with particular emphasis being placed on the sustainability of present and future uses. Special care is advocated for protection against pollution, quality degradation, depletion of water resources and achieving the highest practical efficiency in the conveyance system.

12 DOS (Department of Statistics)- The Jordanian Returnees Survey 1994, Statistical Yearbook 1994.

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Disi is a fossil groundwater aquifer extending from the southern edge of the Dead Sea in Jordan to Tabuk area in the Saudi Arabia. The exploitation of this aquifer started long time ago in Saudi Arabia (Tabuk area and its surroundings) for agricultural production as well as for domestic purposes. Development of the Jordanian part of the aquifer, on a significant basis, started in 1980. At present Aqaba city is provided with 16.5 Million Cubic Meters (MCM) for domestic purposes, while agriculture in the area is consuming 75 MCM. The binding agreement between the Government of Jordan and the four agricultural companies working in the area indicated that growing water abstraction from Disi aquifer should not exceed 91 MCM per annum.13 The amount of water used by large-scale farms at Disi area is determined by the contracts between the Ministry of Finance and the farms owner companies. These contracts will expire by 2011, at which time a decision will need to be made by the Government concerning extension in their current form or with modifications. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation has indicated that it does not anticipate that the leases will be extended in their current form, as the country’s water policy prioritize supplying water for domestic sector over agricultural sector.

Extensive studies carried out by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation indicated that additional 100- 120 MCM can be drawn to Amman to elevate pressure on renewable ground water resources in the region. It is expected that total pumping from groundwater resources in Amman will be reduced to 60 MCM from the present level of 90 MCM (Extensive study on Disi Aquifer will be presented in the water sector study).

3.3.1.2 Spatial Distribution and Characteristics of Population

(a) Population in the Direct and Indirect Zones of Influence

The population of Jordan is 5,329,000 and it is increasing at a growth rate of 3.5% per annum. This rate of increase indicates that the population will double itself in a period of about 20 years. The average life expectancy at birth is 68.8 years for males and 71.1 years for females and the sex ratio is 105:100. The rise in life expectancy through a short period of time is a salient indicator to the socio-economic development in the country as well as to the efficient medical health care provided by the government, the armed forces and the private sector.14

The population of Jordan is characterized by a young age structure. About 51% of the population is under age 15 and only 5% is above age 65. Average family size is 6 persons. According to 1994 census 8% of the total population live outside the country, and 9% of Greater Amman population live outside

Urbanization in Jordan has been growing very fast mainly in the last 30 years. About 78.7% are living in urban centres and total density rate is 58 persons/km2. The population of Greater Amman Municipality amounted in 2002 to 1.811 million. The city is divided into 41 municipal zones.

For the purpose of this study, the population of Jordan by locality was divided into two categories:

1- Population in the primary zone of influence including all localities that might be directly influenced by the construction of Disi Project. This category includes all towns and villages in Disi well-field as well as all localities along the pipeline corridor from Batn El-Ghoul to the southern outskirts of Amman. 2- Population in the secondary zone of influence including the 12 .

13 Social and Economic Indicators, DOS (Department of Statistics)- Statistical Yearbook, 2001. 14 Population Division Estimate, DOS.

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(b) Population Projections

Using different population growth scenarios, population projections for the intervals 2010, and 2020 have been carried out for both zones.

Population in the primary zone of influence amounted in 1994 population census to 179,725 including a very small percentage of Bedouins living in the southern areas around Disi area. Almost all populations in that zone are living in well-organized municipalities and villages in new built houses. All towns and villages are provided with running inside water, electricity, schools, clinics and municipal and other service facilities. The main source of water to localities in Disi area which includes six towns and villages comes from Disi Aquifer; other localities along the pipeline corridor from Al-Jurf to Amman are provided with drinking water from under ground wells in each area.

Taking into account a growth rate of 3.5% per annum, the population in the primary zone will increase from 235,000 in 2002 to 312,000 in 2010 and to 440,000 in 2020 (see Table 23). It is unlikely that population growth rate in these localities will decline substantially at least in the foreseen future.

Table 23: Population projections for the primary zone of influence 2010-2020 (Summary) Growth Projections 1994 Census 2002* 2010 2020 Rate Low 2.8 179,725 235,000 280,000 368,000 Medium 3.2 179,725 235,000 297,500 408,000 High 3.5 179,725 235,000 312,000 440,000 N.B: For detailed information see Tables 1, 2 and 3 in Annex C18 * Source: Department of Statistics

According to 1994 census, the population of Jordan amounted to 4,139,458 persons. At a moderate growth rate of 3.2% per annum (other things being equal), the population of Jordan is expected to increase to 6.9 million in 2010, and to 9.4 million in 2020 according to medium projections. Taking into account the prevalence of 3.5% growth rate throughout this period, the population of Jordan is expected to rise to 7.2 million in 2010 and to 10.1 million in 2020 according to high projections. A summary of population projections is presented in Table 24.

Table 24: Population projections for Jordan 2010-2020 (Summary) Growth Projections 1994 Census 2002* 2010 2020 Rate Low 2.8 4,139,458 5,329,000 6,439,000 8,487,000 Medium 3.2 4,139,458 5,329,000 6,852,000 9,389,000 High 3.5 4,139,458 5,329,000 7,178,000 10,125,000 N.B: For population projections by Governorate. See Tables 4, 5 and 6 in Annex C18 * Source: Department of Statistics

Based on 2002 population estimates by the Department of Statistics, it can be noted that the population in Greater Amman Area amounted to 34% of Jordan’s population. Knowing that most water supplied to Amman is imported from nearby areas and forming a great pressure on the aquifers leading to their salinisation and drawdown in water level, the importance and significance of supplying the Disi water to Amman can be realised. Several anticipated benefits have been identified for supplying Disi water to Amman as presented below:

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• Providing a reliable supply in Amman which enhances the implementation of the rationing program for distribution of water; • Improving environmental health conditions especially in areas which are getting water less than what is required by any health standards; • Relieving the over-abstracted aquifers by reducing pumping to their safe yield and allowing natural recharge to take place; and • Improving the quality of the supplied water to Amman;

3.3.1.3 Population Economic Characteristics

(a) The Economy of Jordan

Jordan is a middle-income country with very limited natural resources, deriving significant proportion of its income from the remittances of Jordanians working abroad and from foreign aid. Income is usually generated from agriculture, trade, transit transportation from Europe to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. Foreign assistance to the Government of Jordan is of great importance in narrowing the budget deficit. However, in the last four years and upon the advice of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Jordan has exerted strenuous effort to follow-up economic and financial reform aimed at creating a dynamic economic base. Equal attention has been directed to agriculture, mining, manufacturing as well as education, health and social programs. More recently, the Governors have been delegated power to implement socio-economic development plans in their jurisdictions.

The economy of Jordan is a heavily service-oriented economy. Taking into account the global economic situation, the GDP in Jordan has been recently growing at a rate slightly above the population growth rate. Economic growth presented in GDP is explained in Table 25.

Table 25: Main economic indicators 1998-2001 Indicator 1998 1999 2000 2001 GDP at Current Prices (million JD) 5609.8 5767.3 5992.1 6258.8 GDP at Constant Prices (million JD) * 5027.5 5181.4 5390.9 5616.3 GDP Growth Rate at Current Prices 9.2 2.8 3.9 4.5 GDP Growth Rate at Constant Prices* 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.2 GDP per capita (in JD) 1,179 1,177 1,189 1,208 Inflation Rates 3.1 0.6 0.7 1.8 Consumer Price Index 103.1 103.7 104.4 112.7 * Since 1994, One Dollar = 0.71 JD Source: D.O.S Jordan in Figures, 2002

The GDP in Jordan grew fairly rapidly from 2,612 million JD in 1990 to 4,597.9 million JD in 1995 and further to 5,767.3 million JD in 1999.

The most striking feature of the economy of Jordan is the rapid decline of agricultural contribution to the gross domestic product. Contribution of agriculture to the GDP declined from 14% in the early 1970s to 6.2% in 1992 and to only 2.0% in 1999 due to the collapse in the prices of agricultural products on one side, and to the competition of other producing countries in the traditional markets of Jordan, in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States on the other side. Other sectors, including manufacturing, energy, services and finance, are growing at acceptable rates with respect to the economic conditions in the region.

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It should be noted that the balance of trade in Jordan has always been suffering from chronic and ever increasing deficit. Deficit in the balance of trade increased from JD 1.349 billion in 1995 to JD 1.913 billion in 2000.

In food production, Jordan is far from being self sufficient in products like sugar, wheat, meat, fish and dairy products. Food imports depend essentially on fluctuations in agricultural production from one year to another. Food import increases in the years of drought and decreases in good rainy seasons. Imports of food and live animals in the last five years are shown in Table 26.

Table 26: Food and live animal imports and exports 1996-2000 in Million JD Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Imports 686 540 532 484 519 Exports 160 181 165 127 116 Food Deficit 526 359 367 357 403 DOS-Statistical Yearbook 2000, Foreign Trade

Jordan is self sufficient in fruits, vegetables and many other food items. However, deficit in the food trade has prevailed over long time despite the increase in agricultural production.

Austerity measures taken by the Government of Jordan to achieve genuine economic reforms have kept inflation rates at the lowest possible level. Inflation rates remained around or less than 1% for the last 5 years.

The economy in the project area outside the Amman Governorate includes a variety of patterns including government employment in the civil service, municipalities and military; industrial employment in the phosphate industry; tourism in Wadi Rum; small shops and crafts; transportation; commercial agriculture; and subsistence agriculture and livestock production spread particularly among the young generation. Unemployment and lack of income have brought about resentment and frustration among the population. Leaders in the project area expressed their concern that the construction of Disi project should create more jobs to the unemployed people in the area either during construction or/and maintenance during the operational phase.

(b) Labour Force

Since education has been given first priority in the socio-economic development programs in Jordan for the last forty or fifty years, the country was able to build highly educated professionals in almost all fields of science and engineering. Jordanians working abroad particularly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States used to be and still are a major source of foreign currency income through transfers to their families and relatives, and their deposits in national banks. Their contribution to the development of the business, consulting and construction sectors has been prominent.

The labour force by economic activity was not classified in 1994 population census. Labour statistics are gathered by successive employment surveys which are far from being complete or accurate. Paid and unpaid employees in the public and private sectors, excluding agriculture and armed and security forces, amounted in 2000 to 701,900 of which 560,166 are males and 141,784 are females. Average monthly payment per person is JD 226.15

15 Employment Survey, DOS (Department of Statistics)-Statistical Yearbook, 2001.

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Contrary to what has been expected as a result of the Gulf War and its aftermath events, remittances of Jordanians working abroad increased from JD 871.8 million in 1995 to JD 1,179.8 million in 1999.

(c) Employment

Employment in Government and other community activities account for 37.24% of total employed persons 15 years of age and over. Similarly, employment in the manufacturing activities, electricity and construction account for 20.35% of total labour force.

The number of Jordanians working in agriculture is very low. Total employment in agriculture accounts for 4.05% only. Since agriculture is becoming industrial-oriented, the majority of employment in agriculture is made up of foreign labour. Female education particularly in the Jordan Valley was a major determinant for females to refrain from working in the field to office job and other services.

Unemployment in Jordan is in the range of 14-16% of total labour force 15 years of age and over, and underemployment is in the range of 25-30%. A survey of social needs in the project area particularly in Disi-Rum aquifer area indicated that unemployment is around 40% among the population in working age. Most of the officials, mayors, and village council members deeply expressed their concern about lack of job opportunities among the new generation and further lack of income resources. They truly expect that the Disi project will provide job opportunities for a great number of the young people; however, they are limited in skills and education.

The number of non-Jordanian workers holding legal permits amounted in 2000 to 110,580 persons of which 91,136 workers or 82.4% were Egyptians mostly working in the service sectors. The actual number of Egyptian workers in Jordan might be between 150.000-200.000 thousand since a great number of them are working illegally in the country.

(d) Evolution of Water Tariffs

Political rather than economic factors have always been considered in the construction of water and irrigation tariffs in Jordan. Irrespective of cost recovery of operation and maintenance, the Government of Jordan targeted the affordability to pay for water consumption by all social and income strata in the society. More recently, the MWI realized that this policy is very costly and the Government cannot continue to subsidize water sector and that water fees collection should be as close as possible to the cost of water services. Subsidy is currently amounting to over JD 50 million annually.

Water tariff structure has been changed many times since 1975. Table 27, Table 28, Table 29, and Table 30 present the municipal and irrigation water tariff as applied before 1/10/1997.

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Table 27: Municipal water tariff structure 1997 Greater Amman All Other Regions Of Jordan Water Use (m³) 1997 Tariff (JD) Water Use (m³) 1997 Tariff (JD) 01-20 Minimum Charge (2 JD) 01-20 Minim Charge (1.3) 21-40 0.14 21-40 0.075 41-50 0.179 41-50 0.102 51-60 0.242 51-60 0.146 61-70 0.308 61-70 0.191 71-80 0.373 71-80 0.236 81-90 0.438 81-90 0.280 91-100 0.507 91-100 0.329 101-150 0.667 101-150 0.437 151-200 0.850 151-200 0.681 201 and over 0.850 201and over 0.850 Source: MWI Water use in cubic meter per three-months period

Table 28: Jordan Valley Irrigation Tariff Structure (1996) Water Use Tariff (Cubic meters per agricultural Unit/Month) (JD / m3) 0-1000 0.008 1001-2000 0.012 2001-3000 0.020 >3000 0.035 Average 0.015 Source: World Bank, 1997

Taking into account differences in household income, affordability and social conditions, a progressive water and wastewater tariff has been applied as of 1/10/1997 dividing the country into four categories:

• Amman Governorate • • The rest of the governorates and the Jordan Valley • Non-Residential

Table 29: Amman Governorate water and wastewater tariff calculations (Residential) Consumption Meter Water Bill WW Bill m³/quarter fee/quarter JD/Quarter JD/Quarter 0 - 20 0.300 2 0.600 21 - 40 0.300 0.14 (X) – 0.8 0.04 (X) – 0.2 41 - 130 0.300 0.006556 (X)² – 0.12224 (X) 0.002889 (X)² – 0.07556 (X) > 130 0.300 0.85 (X) 0.350 (X) (X) = Water consumption in m³/quarter

As of 1/1/2003, the rate was raised by 0.5 JD for block 0-20, and by 0.5 JD for all other blocks.

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Table 30: Other Governorates water and wastewater tariff calculations (Residential) Consumption Meter Water Bill WW Bill m³/quarter fee/quarter JD/ Quarter JD/Quarter 0 - 20 0.300 1.3 0.6 21 - 40 0.300 0.075 (X) – 0.2 0.035 (X) – 0.1 41 - 130 0.300 0.004517 (X)² – 0.10568 (X) 0.001828 (X)² – 0.038103 (X) > 130 0.300 0.85 (X) 0.35 (X) (X) = Water consumption in m³/quarter

As of 1/1/2003, the rate was raised by 0.5 JD for the 0-20 block and by 1 JD for all other blocks.

Non-residential water consumption including commercial, industrial and tourist establishments is treated in a straightforward tariff as 1 JD/m3 plus 0.560 JD for wastewater charges with minimum charge of 5 m3 irrespective of quarterly consumption.

(e) Affordability to Pay for Water Consumption

Affordability to pay for water fees is strongly associated with the average income of the household. There is no agreement on the optimal percentage to be paid by the household but it differs from one country to another depending on availability of clean water resources, cost of service and average income. The World Bank and many other international organizations considered that affordability would be fair and acceptable if it lies in the range between 1 to 2.5% of the household income.

GDP per capita is a misleading criterion for the calculation of the population affordability to pay for water services. The latest available information on the household income and expenditures on water service dated back to 1997 household survey, that is, before the application of the new water tariff.

Table 31 and Table 32 present the billed water consumption and revenues by block for Jordan and Greater Amman Municipality.

Table 31: Water consumption and revenues by block excluding Amman 2000 Percentage Percentage Percentage Water Block Consumption Amount No. of Bills of Bills Consumption Revenues (m³) (m³) (JD) (%) (%) (%) 0 - 20 423,344 4,717,091 864,462 27 6 4 21 - 40 535,310 16,689,999 1,489,675 35 23 6 41 - 70 413,999 21,870,268 3,374,652 27 30 14 71 - 100 110,645 9,168,023 2,715,029 7 13 11 101 and more 59,906 20,522,016 15,897,994 4 28 65 Total 1,543,204 72,967,397 24,341,812 100 100 100 Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation-Finance Department

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Table 32: Water consumption and revenues by block in Amman 2001 Percentage Percentage Percentage Water Block No. Consumption Amount of Bills Consumption Revenues (m³) of Bills (m³) (JD) (%) (%) (%) 0 - 20 362,376 3,844,402 1,052,720 32 8 6 21 - 40 383,126 11,571,792 1,655,143 34 25 9 41 - 70 270,381 14,247,792 3,589,710 7 13 15 71 - 100 75,898 8,280,329 2,831,627 7 13 15 101 and more 48,416 10,891,742 9,305,277 4 24 50 Total 1,140,197 46,936,057 18,434,477 100 100 100 Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation- Finance Department

Water consumption pattern indicates that 29% of customers outside Amman and 33% of customers in Amman fall in the category 0 - 40 meters consumption per quarter. In general, monthly fees paid by the household per month is JD 1.224 in the 0 - 20 water block in Amman Governorate, JD 1 in Zarqa and JD 0.967 in the rest of the Governorates as revealed in Table 33. This amount is affordable even by the least privileged household in the Kingdom assuming average household income is 150 JD per month. As presented in Table 33, this rate amounted to 2.79 JD, 1.92 JD and 1.9 JD in the three categories of Amman, Zarqa and Other Governorates, respectively.

Table 33: Comparison of water bills value in JD by category and consumption Consumption 20 m3 40 m3 60 m3 80 m3 100 m3 Category Amman Governorate 3.672 8.368 24.838 48.117 79.230 Zarqa Governorate 2.972 5.756 16.229 31.641 52.304 Other Governorates 2.900 5.600 15.714 30.603 50.568

Special concession rates are granted to many social institutions in the country such as homes for the elderly, handicapped special training schools and orphanages sponsored by the Ministry of Social Affairs or the public societies.

(f) Cost and Benefit of the Project

The cost and benefit of the project was derived from the Final Feasibility Study Report prepared by Harza Group in 1996. Section 6 of Harza’s study deals with the economic evaluation of the project. The approach adopted in the evaluation comprised the following:

• Identifying the effective utilisation of the supplied water by Disi conveyor; • Assessing the least cost solution; • Determining if the economic benefits exceed the economic costs; and • Identifying the non-quantifiable benefits that will influence the decisions on the project.

A comparison of costs and benefits was carried out to establish whether the Disi project’s contribution to the future improvements in the economic and social welfare of the community in Amman is of greater value than the resource costs incurred by the national economy. The environmental impact of the project was also considered in assessment of viability of the project.

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The economic evaluation considered the economic cost of water and the need to increase the water tariff to cover, not only the operation, but also the capital cost and water cost. Since then, there has been changes in the water tariff as mentioned in the above two Sections (d) and (e). The capital investment and operating costs for the least cost scenario were used to derive the long term incremental costs of supply for different discount rates as presented below:

Discount Rate Unit Cost (JD/m3) 6% 0.44 8% 0.52 10% 0.61

It should be highlighted here that these costs are prior to increasing the tariff as mentioned under Section (d) above.

The economic benefits of water comprise both quantifiable and non-quantifiable benefits, which can be divided into:

• Incremental water supply; • Resource cost saving; • Socio-economic benefits; and • Water strategy/conservation.

The first two can be considered as quantifiable while the last two are non-quantifiable. Based on the evaluation of the above four benefits, the economic viability of the project was assessed by Harza Group where the evaluation showed that the project is economically viable at the full range of projected tariff rates as presented in Table 34.

Table 34: Economic viability of the project was assessed Average Water NPV at 10% NPV at 6% IRR Tariff at (Million JD) (Million JD) JD 0.45/m3 -47.4 86.7 8.1% JD 0.60/m3 22.8 210.9 10.8% JD 0.75/m3 92.2 335.1 13.2%

(g) Water Use in the Southern Section of the Project Area

Water consumption from Disi aquifer is divided into the following activities:

1- Agriculture: Large scale irrigated agriculture in Disi-Mudawwara area started in 1986 by four specialized companies that utilized 10,864 hectares of treasury land rented for a maximum period of 30 years ending in 2011. It is estimated that total exploitation of groundwater amounted in 2002 to 75 MCM. It is understood that the Ministry of Water and Irrigation does not plan to extend the agreements for these four specialized companies beyond their current expiration dates and that the water saved would be used to meet domestic demand in the greater Amman Region. 2- Domestic Water Consumption: a. Aqaba City is drawing 16.5 MCM of which 14.5 MCM are utilised for domestic purposes, and 2 MCM for public utilities in the city. b. Disi sub-district: As the population in the Disi sub-district have been considered for long time as under privileged, the area was provided with 2.1 MCM in 2002

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free of charge. More recently, the MWI has proposed that the people of this area should pay for at least the operation and maintenance costs. Two proposals therefore have been suggested; either to install water meters for subscribers or to pay a flat rate of 5 JD per connection per quarter. Both suggestions have been strongly opposed by the majority of inhabitants in the area. 3- Industrial Water Consumption: Industrial water consumption in Aqaba amounted in 2002 to about 8 MCM. Three major industrial companies are drawing this amount from their own ground wells. These companies are namely: a. The Jordanian Phosphate Company; b. The Potash Fertilizers Compound; and c. The Aqaba Thermal Station.

Generally, water consumption for industry will remain constant since these companies intended for future expansion either to desalinate seawater, or to use reclaimed treated wastewater as suggested by Aqaba Water and Wastewater Master Plan.

3.3.1.4 Education

The majority of the population in Jordan is educated. Illiteracy rate among population 15 years of age and over is 11% (5.6% for males and 16.2% for females). Education is compulsory for males and females up to the ninth grade. More than 27% of the population of Jordan is enrolled in kindergarten, basic and secondary education. About 70% of all students are in governmental schools.

Out of 1,407,729 students below university education, 51% are males and 49% are females.

Academic and institutional education achieved steadfast progress during the last 15 years. There are 8 state universities, 9 private universities and 4 academic technical institutions. Total university enrolment amounted in the academic year 1999-2000 to 105,813. The rate of female enrolment in the academic education is 47.9%.

Students enrolled in post graduate studies at Jordanian universities amounted for the same academic year to 6,670 of which 5,304 in studies leading to a Master Degree.

It should be emphasized that due to Jordan's limited natural resources, education became the most important aspect of social and economic development. The participation of qualified and highly educated Jordanians in the development of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States started as early as 1950.

3.3.1.5 Public Health

More than 80% of the population of Jordan is medically insured. Medical insurance is sponsored by the following three different institutions:

1- The Ministry of Health - Medical Insurance Corporation: This type of medical insurance covers almost all Government employees. It includes medical treatment, hospitalisation, and medicine free of charge. Medical premiums paid by the insured employee are 3% of gross salary.

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2- The Armed Forces: All military personnel and security forces including retired persons are also medically insured for treatment, hospitalisation and medicine. 3- Establishments employing 5 persons and more must be subscribed in the Social Security Program at the Social Security Corporation. Normally, this type of insurance is applied to all risks including labour accidents. Charges paid by employees are in proportion to their gross salary, where 5.5% is paid by the employee and 10% paid by the establishment. For medical treatment in the private insurance companies, the actuarial principles are applied.

More than 1,230 medical centres and clinics of the Ministry of Health are spread all over towns and villages in the Kingdom. Comprehensive health centres and some of the primary health centres include maternal clinics, child clinics and dental clinics. All towns and villages in Disi project area are provided with either a comprehensive or a primary health clinic. Medical treatment in the area is free of charge.

Jordan is becoming a very well known country in the Middle East for advanced technology in the field of medicine. Thousands of citizens from neighbouring Arab countries, Yemen and Africa come to Jordan every year for medical treatment. At present Jordan has 86 hospitals of which 52 are private hospitals. Total hospital beds amounted in 2000 to 8,705 beds, that is, 590 persons per bed as compared to 1,500 in 1993.

This improvement in the health sector is reflected through the figures related to waterborne diseases (diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, gastrointestinal infections, typhoid, amoebae, mouth infection, urinal trait infection or stones). For example, regarding diarrhoea it is noticeable that the average of diarrhoeas occurrence has extremely decreased significantly during the last ten years. The average of occurrence of diarrhoea in 1993 was 3,025.3 per 100,000 and had decreased to 2,080.4 per 100,000 in 2002 (see Table 35).The same principle applies to typhoid disease, where the average of this disease decreased form 10.6 per 100,000 in 1993 to 0.8 per 100,000 in 2002.

Table 35: Incidence rate per 100,000 population of diarrhoea during 1993 Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Incidence rate 3,025.3 2,749.1 2,465.5 2,712.8 2,381.6 2,122.8 2,165.6 2,039.5 2,034.6 2,080.4 /100,000

A close examination of statistics on water borne diseases did not prove the authenticity of the figures since the number of diarrhoea cases is reported only by some clinics of the Ministry of Health. However, diseases like typhoid, summer diarrhoea, and dysentery, are closely associated to contaminated drinking water, in addition to the general hygiene conditions of the household itself. Low income of the household and women educational standard play a very important role in this aspect.

Water resources in Jordan are clean and in strict conformity to the Jordanian and WHO Standards. Water resources are strictly controlled by WAJ. More than 50,000 samples are examined by WAJ laboratories every month. Any water resource is shut down and treated immediately should any sign of contamination of any type appears in laboratory test.

Despite all these tests and measures that control the quality of dinking water, a number of events related to water contamination occurred during the last 20 years. The most important one occurred 5 years ago. After signing the Peace treaty between Jordan and , A new pipeline was constructed between Lake Tiberius and King Abdullah Canal (KAC) to provide Jordan with its share from flood water stored in the lake. This water flows through KAC until it reaches the intake leading to the pump station providing Zai water treatment plant and thereafter to Amman.

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Unfortunately, the brown algae in the new water source was not detected at the intake and the activated carbon in the plant was ineffective and requires replacement. This resulted in pumping algae and consequently contaminated water to Amman.

His Majesty, Late King Hussein, was concerned with the problem and immediately sent his private plane to bring the needed activated carbon. This incident was the subject of extensive coverage in the media, was of broad concern to society and the Government of Jordan has no choice other than firing all the responsible persons whether in the Ministry or in the plant. Since then, strict monitoring of the sources water is carried out as well as required testing, and whenever a sign of contamination which can not be handled by the plant is detected, the plant will temporarily be shut down. This will prevent any contamination incidents and ensures that the plant is running efficiently.

Sources of water contamination may be attributed to the following:

• Leakage in the corroded and deteriorated old water network in Amman. At present WAJ is endeavoured to replace all mains and laterals by a new water network in most parts of the city. • Intermittent pumping of water supply, which may allow contaminants to infiltrate to the system. • Lack of public awareness. It is well known that water is stored in roof tanks made of galvanized steel or fibreglass. Unless sedimentation of various particles is removed regularly, the possibility of growing bacteria will generally affect the health conditions of the household.

The availability of treated water sold by water vendors, and the wide spread use of reverse osmosis apparatus at house hold level has played a very important role in the household negligence to clean water tanks in which water is stored as a result of the intermittent pumping during the week. Due to over extraction from underground water resources, it became imperative that water pumping must be rationed for each quarter of Amman City according to a specific time table.

In general, the public health conditions in Jordan are very satisfactory irrespective of the fact that poverty does exist in the country. Total expenditures on public health amounted in 2001 to JD 337.6 million of which JD 202.8 was the share of the Government, while expenditures of the private sector amounted to JD 134.8 million.

HIV/AIDS

AIDS is considered to be one of the dangerous diseases that threaten the life of many people around the world. Fortunately the incidence of this disease in Jordan is very limited, where 59% of the infected cases discovered in Jordan in 2002 are non-Jordanians and about 86.7% of these cases were infected with HIV outside Jordan. The number of infected and carrier people did not exceed 333 until 3/12/2003 of which 201 are non-Jordanians16. Although the incidence rate is very low compared to other countries, the Ministry of Health (MOH) is working very hard to control the transmission of this disease through many programs and publications that increase public awareness regarding AIDS. MOH also implemented many programs and put many regulations that control blood transfusion, surgical operations and infections in hospitals. For detailed information on HIV in Jordan see Annex C19.

16 Rai Newspaper 3/12/2003.

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It is not expected that Disi project will make any increase in these cases neither in the construction nor the operation phases as all foreign technicians, engineers and labourers should follow the regulations in the country and carry out the required tests before getting their residency.

3.3.1.6 Tourism

Wadi Rum, which is part of Disi area, is a unique desert landscape characterised by beautiful desert scenery and Rum Mountain which rises up to 1,200 m above sea level. The area is a winter resort visited by tourists from all over the world. Horse and camel riding are the most attractive sports particularly in Wadi Rum. Local population provide the horses and camels which over time have been a major source of income to local people. The number of tourists visiting Wadi Rum according to their main countries of origin and by month are presented in Table 36 and Table 37, respectively.

Table 36: Number of visitors to Wadi Rum by nationality 1998-2002 Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Nationality U.S.A 2,949 3,999 2,552 919 918 Canada 99 295 337 604 221 Other Americans 168 198 812 978 200 Total Americans 3,216 4,492 3,701 2,501 1,339 Germany 13,487 13,250 14,582 5,810 3,368 France 15,717 19,443 24,214 5,628 5,447 U.K. 4.703 4,033 6,459 4,140 4,684 Italy 9,572 11,548 12,729 3,791 1,637 Spain 3,177 4,638 6,060 3,356 2,437 Belgium 2,855 2,024 2,597 2,723 394 Switzerland 353 1,367 2,581 1,898 308 Austria 1,971 3,871 3,576 3,029 460 Netherlands 3,864 3,805 4,196 2,454 1,632 Greece 266 221 301 1,210 19 Russia 7 18 84 31 160 Sweden 112 125 221 122 166 Denmark 130 342 227 114 17 Other Europeans 6,858 3,351 12,563 3,034 2,958 Total Europeans 63,072 68,036 90,390 37,340 23,687 Indonesia 48 15 67 390 12 Japan 2,026 1,758 2,499 1,278 453 Hong Kong 0 127 235 133 Singapore 0 0 526 0 Malaysia 0 0 0 25 Other Asian 78 108 55 285 193 Total Asian 2,152 1,881 2,748 2,714 816 Australia 355 710 1,401 194 305 New Zealand 70 200 338 56 51 Arabs 73 19 380 177 644 Jordan 514 298 912 1,069 3,370 Israel 2,006 2,716 3,004 0 176 African countries 0 0 0 38 Grand Total 71,458 78,352 102,904 44,051 30,426 Source: Statistics Department, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Jordan/Wadi Rum 12/22/2003

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Table 37: Number of visitors to Wadi Rum by month 1997-2002 Month 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Change January 2,920 3,326 4,220 3,04 7 1,469 885 -39.75% February 4,365 3,409 5,265 6,436 2,953 1,832 -37.96% March 7,152 6,004 5,202 15,718 6,152 3,052 -50.39% April 9,895 10,326 10,171 24,258 7,730 4,650 -39.84% May 5,229 7,178 8,596 13,750 4,682 3,275 -30.05% June 2,088 2,438 3,860 6,564 1,799 2,352 30.74% July 2,088 2,747 2,955 1,427 2,868 1,180 -58.86% August 4,754 4,852 5,593 5,752 5,167 2,618 -49.33% September 4,905 5,742 7,018 5,915 2,898 2,351 -18.88% October 8,960 12,104 12,134 11,437 5,174 3,894 -24.74% November 6,507 9,178 8,324 6,330 2,624 2,612 -0.46% December 3,557 4,154 5,014 2,270 535 1,725 222.43% Total 63,214 71,458 78,352 102,904 44,051 30,726 -30.93% Source: Statistics Department, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Jordan/Wadi Rum 12/22/2003

There are 7 desert camps providing full accommodation to tourists under the supervision of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. Modern tourist services in these camps are mixed with the traditional features of the Bedouin life and traditions.

Only 55 km from the Disi main road, very luxurious hotels of Aqaba are also providing superb services including swimming on the beautiful Aqaba beaches. However, it should be stated that the contribution of the local people in Disi to these services are very limited due to lack of training and social attitudes.

3.3.1.7 Social and Economic Development Program

Jordan's current economic performance, together with high levels of poverty and unemployment makes it essential to devise a modern social safety-net system that will serve the Kingdom effectively for the next twenty-five years and beyond. Poverty is a serious problem in Jordan. Based on the 1997 Household Expenditures and Income Survey, the World Bank estimated that the poverty line is JD 313.5 per person per year, although other organizations have different calculations of this line. Poverty in Jordan lies within 15-30% of the population.17

The Ministry of Planning-Regional Planning Directory developed in 2001 a three years regional development plan for 2002-2004 for each Governorate except for Aqaba, where Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) is responsible for the socio-economic development of the region.

Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) master plan did not include any projects that depend on Disi groundwater18. In addition, a new development plan for Aqaba has not been issued yet and its preparation will start in 2004 by Aqaba Governorate Development Office.

The regional development plan is a description of the status quo in each Governorate rather than a perspective plan for economic development. However, two points have been considered as a common aspect of all plans:

17 The Ministry of Social Development: Poverty Alleviation for Stronger Jordan (May, 2002). 18 Source: www.aseza.gov.jo

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1- The increase of employment since 45,000 more jobs are needed annually. 2- The abatement of poverty by increasing family assistance obtained by the poor from the National Relief Fund.

3.3.2 Social and Cultural Characteristics of the Indigenous Peoples

3.3.2.1 Overview

By World Bank definitions the terms “indigenous peoples”, “indigenous ethnic minorities”, “tribal groups” and “scheduled tribes” describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process.

Indigenous peoples as far as this study is concerned can be identified in particular geographic areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics:

1- A close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas; 2- Self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group; 3- An indigenous language and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group; 4- Presence of customary social and political institutions; and 5- Preliminary subsistence-oriented production.

To prevent any tribal disputes over grazing land, the Government of Jordan delineated tribal grazing rights to each of the major tribes and has strictly implemented it over 60 years. In fact Bedouins in Jordan do not differ or are distinguished from the rest of the population in religion or cultural heritage. They differ to some extent in their cultural habits, mode of life, and political aspirations. Tribal social structure, as described by tribal members, is based on the ramification of matrilineal ties among men. In reality, matrilineal ties also were significant in providing access to material and social resources.

Tribes in Jordan were groups of related families claiming descent from a supposed founding ancestor. Within this overall loyalty, however, descent from intermediate ancestor defined several levels of smaller groups within each tribe. Tribal settlement started in mid 1930s and expanded rapidly after mid 1950s. However, sedentarization was neither completely voluntary nor as a result of an official settlement policy. Rather, it appeared to be a natural response to changing political and economic circumstances, particularly the formation and consolidation of the state.

For a long time, the Bedouin population roaming the eastern desert between Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq and Syria, has taken the opportunity provided by military service to move beyond camel, sheep and goat grazing as the primary source of livelihood. Some of them became ministers, members of the parliament, high-ranking officers in the military as well as in the security forces. Supported by the government educational system, a great number of Bedouins became doctors, engineers and scholars. Subsequently a large segment of the Bedouins settled down in the cities of Amman and Zarqa. They are related to their tribes only by blood. Government policies encouraged settlement by providing schools, medical services, and the development of water resources. The proportion of people living the traditional Bedouin lifestyle dwindled from 3.5% in 1960 to less than 1% in 1995.

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Taking into consideration the World Bank criteria of indigenous people, the following points have been ascertained:

• The Indigenous Peoples of Jordan are deep rooted in the land of their ancestors. • The Indigenous Peoples are not ethnically identified. They are Arabs and predominantly Moslems with no separate cultural and educational entity. • The Tribal Customary Law has been cancelled in 1985. The Civil Law provisions are applied equally to all citizens irrespective of religion or ethnic composition. However, some of the tribal norms and traditions closely related to the prevention of crime, offence or revenge, have been incorporated in the Penal Code. • Subsistence-oriented economy is practiced at a very limited scale in the semi-nomadic society. Camel and sheep grazing is still the main source of income to families in this sub- group. • Out of the 110 seats in Lower House of the Parliament in Jordan, Bedouins are represented by 6 seats divided equally among Bedouins in the north, central and south of Jordan. Their representatives have been active in defending the Bedouins social, economic and political interests.

Looking into the Bedouin settlement areas, most of them live to the west and along the project line. The meetings with tribal leaders, revealed that they have no objection whatsoever to any project implemented by the Government.

Some of the Bedouins, mainly the Sheikhs have settled down in some agricultural land where they have been licensed to dig groundwater wells and to practice agriculture. However, privileged Bedouins are ardent to keep their privileges. They have always been looking forward to government aid particularly in the years of drought or calamities.

The estimate of the Bedouin population in southern Jordan that is living a traditional lifestyle exceeds 35,000 persons.

Although the Bedouin tribes of Jordan have been mapped and classified since the 1940s of the last century, information gathered from the Badia Forces in the area and mayors of major cities and governors indicated the following:

1- Southern Bedouins: Southern Bedouins normally live in Wadi Araba north of Aqaba city, Wadi Rum, Qa'a Al Disi, El-Jafer, Ma'an, Al Jurf, Al Hasa, Qatraneh and Husienieh. In general, their presence in these areas is almost governed by the availability of water and grazing land for their sheep. Most recently the construction of the desert highway brought about a variety of job opportunities to their localities.

In the Disi area, Al Zawydeh Tribe, Muznah and Mara'beh live in Disi sub-district. The main villages in this area are Diseh (the centre of the sub-district) Tuwaiseh, Mnaishir, Al Ghal and Al Tawil.

2- Central Bedouins- South of Amman, Madaba, Al Jiza to Qatraneh: Bani Sakhr Bani Sakhr has two branches: a. Ka'abneh Tribe comprised of the following sub-tribes: i. Kharshan which includes 9 families ii. Jubur which includes 7 families b. Tuwaqa Tribe comprised of the following sub-tribes:

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i. Ghubein which includes 28 families (a family may include a number of households). ii. Amir which includes 12 families iii. Huqeiesh which includes 14 families

3- Bedouins in the southern areas are divided into two main tribes: a. Bani 'Atiyya: comprised of 6 sub-tribes b. Huweitat (which is the biggest tribe in Jordan) is divided into the following sub- tribes and families: Sub-tribe Families Hajaya 16 Mana'in 5 Matalqa 10 Tuweiha 13 Suliemaniyin 11 Nu'eiymat 5 Muhalf 33

More than 98% of all villages in Jordan are supplied with inside running water, electricity, schools, clinics, asphalted roads and communication systems including all Bedouin villages in Disi area and along the pipeline corridor.

Most of the people living in the Disi area depend on agriculture and/or grazing as a main source of income. The area of the farms owned by Disi residents is very small compared to that owned by the four agricultural companies working in Disi. For this reason, some of the Disi residents work in these companies mainly as field workers. Table 38 shows the number of workers in these companies.

Table 38: Employees in the Disi agricultural companies Company Name Jordanian Employees Non-Jordanian workers GRAMICO 296 195 RUM 135 107 ARICAD 67 348 seasonal workers (Jordanians & non-Jordanians) WADICO NA NA

Its is difficult to know the exact number of Bedouin workers or the percentage of Bedouins in the above numbers since as mentioned earlier in Section 3.3.2.1, Bedouins in Jordan do not differ from the rest of the population in religion or cultural heritage and they have Jordanian nationality.

For the purpose of the social assessment, the study team carried out interviews with Sheikhs who are at the same time the leaders of their tribes (see Annex C1: Interview Records). Their opinion or views represented in many ways the individuals in their communities.

In addition, a meeting was held with the Sheikhs of Disi area, after the second phase of consultation in Aqaba, for discussing their concerns regarding the Disi project and any clarifications that they might require (see Annex C1). These discussions revealed the following points of views and requests:

• For Bedouins, water is a resource that should be shared with all people and should not be considered as a resource owned only by the residents of the area.

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• They request that training to be provided for locals from Disi area in order to employ them in the operation of the Disi project. • The addition of one Fils to the water bill (Fils of Disi) for the purpose of development of the Disi area.

3.3.2.2 Settlement of the Bedouin

The settlement program for the Bedouin population in the Disi area started in 1957 with the assistance of the Italian Government. In this program, the Italian Government assisted in the establishment of a small pilot project for the resettlement of 16 Bedouin families in Disi, including the digging of two groundwater wells for agriculture as well as for drinking water. Later in 1963, the project was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture. The project has been further extended to include 25,000 hectares of cultivable land of which 15,000 hectares are at present irrigated land. Grazing land was estimated at 5,000 hectares.

A brief description of other settlement projects is indicated below:

1- El-Jafer Agricultural project: Established in 1963 on 245 hectares and allocated later into 5 hectares farm units. 2- Al Arja Project: Established in 1969-74 and financed by the Republic of Germany on 120 hectares. 3- Al Qasimieh Agricultural Project: Established south of Ma’an City on 117 hectares. 4- Tall-Burma Project: Established in 1968-71 on 100 hectares divided into 40 farm units.

The number of families or individuals who were affected by these projects is unknown. The study team tried to find this data by contacting several ministries and departments (Department of Statistics, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Social Development), but unfortunately no data was found.

It should be emphasized that the process of Bedouin settlement has already been achieved by a long-term policy or by the self-determination of the Bedouin populations to change to a more urban and sedentary lifestyle. The construction of a nationwide road network played very important role in the population access to almost all parts of the country, and consequently to the economic, social and cultural centres in the Kingdom.

3.3.2.3 Land Acquisition and Resettlement

Involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks. Involuntary resettlement may cause severe long-term hardship, impoverishment, and environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. For these reasons, World Bank policy objectives indicated that Involuntary Resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative designs.

Mass resettlement of the population as a result of a development project never happened in Jordan. Involuntary resettlement is closely associated with land or property acquisition for the implementation of a public utility or infrastructure project.

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In the case of the Disi-Amman Water Conveyance Project, the final design avoided human settlement, private property, commercial areas, and agricultural and grazing land to the fullest extent possible. Only within Segment C, in the vicinity of greater Amman, are there issues related to involuntary acquisition of limited parcels of land and potential short-term disruption of business during the construction phase. However, these lands are already acquired and the details of these land acquisitions are included in Annex C20.

3.3.3 Land Acquisition Framework and Policy

3.3.3.1 Legal Background

The Jordanian Acquisition Law No. (12) for the year 1987 and its amendments are in fact relatively modern and legally comprehensive. The process of acquisition is based on legal and administrative principles aiming at giving the proprietor and all other related beneficiaries fair and just compensation for the acquired properties with all their legal rights vested in the law. The acquisition completed prior to starting the ESA for Disi were carried out based on the above mentioned law.

However, any new land acquisition and resettlement required for the project will be carried out in accordance with the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework (LARPF) provided in Annex C24.

3.3.3.2 Land Acquisition Procedures

For the purpose of the construction of Disi-Amman Water Conveyance, three types of properties have to be acquired, namely:

• Private land and property. • Government or Treasury Land. • Authorization from the Ministry of Public Works and Housing to construct the pipeline within the road’s right-of-way or within the road itself.

3.3.3.3 Disi Conveyance Segmentation

For the purpose of verifying land acquisition along the corridor of the conveyance system the project alignment was divided into the following segments (see Figure 29):

• Segment A: From well field to Jurf Al Darawish-Qatraneh Junction on the desert highway • A-1: From well field to the end of Batn Al Ghoul area • A-2: From Batn Al Ghoul to Ma'an - El-Jafer road (Ma'an Turnouts) • A-3: From El-Jafer - Ma'an road to Al Jurf-Qatraneh Junction (Tafileh Turnout) • A-4: From Jurf-Qatraneh junction to end of Qatraneh district (Karak Turnout)

• Segment B: From end of Qatraneh district to end of Al Jiza district

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• Segment C: End of Al Jiza District to Amman • C-1 Al Jiza to Madaba Bridge (Madaba Turnout) • C-2 Madaba Bridge to Abu-Alanda Reservoir • C-3 Madaba Bridge to Dabuk Reservoir

Figure 29: The project segments

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3.3.3.4 Land Allocation and Acquisition

The following are the lands acquired for the purpose of the Disi project:

1- Treasury Land Allocation: In accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Law No. (12) for the year 1987, and in accordance with the request of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation No. MA/5/1/1/10876, the director of Land Survey Department and the Director of State Property Department agreed to suspend all land allocation in Disi Area unless all procedures are implemented. 2- Treasury land allocation has been confirmed including: a. The pipeline corridor from Disi well field to the Jurf-Qatraneh Junction, segments A1-A3. b. The two well fields in Disi (56,000 + 7,000 hectares). c. Batn El-Ghoul under ground well (2.75 hectares). d. Pumping station No. 1 in Mudawarra (2.646 hectares). e. Pumping station No. 2 in Sahl-Alsuwwan (2.7 hectares). f. Al Jurf Flow Control Station (0.26 hectare). 3- Private land acquisition: The following private parcels have been expropriated and compensated in 2001 by the MWI (Segments C-2 and C-3): a. Abu-Alanda Reservoir area (number of parcels, total area 4.367 hectares). b. Dabuk parcels 115 and 117 (total area 0.4685 hectare for the construction of pumping station right-of-way). c. Other small parcels and land residuals.

For more details on land acquisition, refer to Annex C20.

3.3.3.5 Construction in the Right-of-Way of the Desert Highway

Permission has been obtained from the Ministry of Public Works in 1998 to construct the Disi pipeline in the right-of-way of the Desert Highway and within the road itself in the narrow lanes leading to Abu-Alanda Reservoir. The course of the pipeline has recently been modified particularly in the last segment to avoid any damage to the archaeological and heritage sites close to the reservoir particularly the Cave of the Seven Sleepers and the mosque.

Obviously, all necessary procedures to expropriate private land or to allocate Treasury Land for the Disi project as indispensable public utility have been acquired. It is quite evident that any additional expropriation of private land as a result of modifications in the pipeline alignment can be carried out without any delay or difficulty, taking into account the provisions of Land Acquisition Law No. (12) and the agreed Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework (Annex C24). However, the cost of any additional land acquisition will have to be incurred by the Government of Jordan, although this is a remote possibility since all required private land has already been expropriated.

The costs of land acquisition are incorporated in the capital costs of the project as modified by Brown and Root in the “Design Review and Optimisation Report”.

If the Contractor needs to use a land or a private property outside the right-of-way for construction purposes, the rental or purchase of the land to be used will be his own responsibility.

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The temporary direct and/or immediate negative impacts on the population during the construction phase are anticipated to be:

• Traffic disruption. • Noise and dust pollution. • Disruption of local nomadic tribes who guide their sheep from one side of road to the other. • Loss of business activity. • Displacement of existing population. • Disruption of other land uses. • Loss of exposure. • Stress on the local infrastructure while it provides support for pipeline construction. • The present of many power lines in the right-of-way poses a serious potential impact, during the construction of the pipeline. The impacts of power disturbance, service delays, inconvenience to residents and loss of income. • Loss of visual amenities.

3.4 Archaeological Baseline Conditions

The investigation of the archaeological and cultural settings in this study was based on extensive field surveys, which have been conducted to identify all archaeological and cultural heritage resources occurring along the alignment including any graveyards or burial sites, and to define significance to the study based on the possibility of direct or indirect impacts that might be imposed by the proposed project. Several publications and studies by Jordanian and non- Jordanian researchers along with national technical reports and studies were consulted.

The identification of potential project-specific impacts and the development of mitigation and monitoring measures were basically based on the field visits observations. Those surveys were conducted by a team of three experts in archaeological and cultural resources and in environmental management, headed by a Jordanian archaeologist. Details of the team members are presented in Annex C 22.

Thirty-five sites were identified within the project area. Eight sites within Segment (C) from Al Jiza to Abu-Alanda Reservoir and twenty-six sites within Segment (A) covering the area between Disi and Jurf Al Drawish. Only one site was identified within Segment (B) which is Jurf Al Drawish to Al Jiza.19

Most of the identified sites are best represented by Roman and Byzantine periods. The identified sites fall under the following categories:

• Settlement sites such as Qastal; • Cave of Seven Sleepers; and • Various sites with olive oil presses (more details are given in section five).

The locations of archaeological sites within Segments B and C are shown in Map C1.

19 Note: The numbering of the sites and coding has been changed since the Rapid Diagnostic Report to be consistent with the scheme adopted for the overall report, which divides the project area into south to north oriented segments for analysis and presentation purposes.

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3.4.1.1 Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (A): Jurf Al Drawish – Disi

Twenty-six sites were identified within Segment A, all of which are located out of the defined project corridor. Table 39 presents the names of these sites, their JADIS reference20, location and description. As Table 39 indicates and based on the findings of field investigation, there are no archaeological sites located within the defined corridor of the pipeline. Figure 30 presents an overview of the Disi area and Jurf Al-Drawish.

Table 39: The twenty-six sites identified within Segment (A) Site JADIS Site Site Name Description No. No. Location A-1 2288001 Quweirat Ghazi Ma'an- Disi Paleolithic/Neolithic/ Nabatean Epi-Paleolithic A-2 2288002 Umm Hawish Ma'an- Disi Paleolithic/ Nabatean A-3 3644001 Biyar Bein Murra Ma'an- Disi Epi/ Paleolithic and Neolithic /Chalcolithic Pottery Neolithic and Chalcolthic Roman/ A-4 2295001 El- Mutrab Ma'an- Disi Byzantine/Ayyubid and Maulur Roman/Byzantine/ Umayyad/Abbasid and A-5 2295002 El- Hammam Ma'an- Disi Fatimid/Ayyubid and Mamluk A-6 2299003 KH. Eddjaniya Ma'an- Disi Roman A-7 3696002 No name site Ma'an- Disi Roman A-8 3798007 No name site Ma'an- Disi Roman A-9 3896007 No name site Ma'an- Disi Byzantine A-10 399002 Hk- Kilwa Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-11 2295004 Mahattat Ma'an Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-12 2297001 Mathattat Abu El-Jurdhan Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-13 2298001 Mahattat Uneiza Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-14 2389001 Mahattat Batn E-Ghoul Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-15 2390002 Mahattat Fassu'a Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-16 2390003 Mahattat Hattiya Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-17 2393001 Mahattat Abu- Tarfah Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-18 2394001 Muhattat Musawal Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-19 2485001 Mahattat El-Mudawwara Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-20 2487002 Mahattat Tulul Esh-Shahm Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-21 2488002 Mahattat Rrmal Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-22 2492002 Mahattat Esh-Shidiya Ma'an- Disi Ottoman /Modern A-23 2295003 Isfir Mahatta Ma'an- Disi Modern A-24 2295005 Ma'an Ma'an- Disi Modern A-25 2485002 El-Mudawarra Ma'an- Disi Modern A-26 2696002 El-Jafer Ma'an- Disi Modern

20 JADIS is an archaeological data information system for Jordan in which each described archaeological site is given a reference number (code). This data system also document sites locations.

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General view of the Disi area The surveyed area in Disi

The surveyed area of Jurf Al-Drawish General view o the area of the pipe route Figure 30: General overview of the surveyed area in Disi and Jurf Al-Drawish

3.4.1.2 Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (B): Al Qatraneh - Jurf Al Drawish

Site One: Al - Qatraneh Castle

Site No.: B-1 Site Name: Al - Qatraneh Castle Site Location: Al - Qatraneh Village Coordinates - Palestine Grid: 248885 E 1072573 N Site Assessment: Low Significance

Al-Qatraneh Castle is one of the famous castles on the right side of the main highway toward Aqaba City. Some scholars reported limited information regarding the earliest known historical occupation on the site.

The existing remains consist of square fort two stories high. The gate opens towards the south direction, while the large pool is located to the east of the castle and very close to the modern highway (see Figure 31).

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Al-Qatraneh Castle Internal view of Al-Qatraneh Castle

The water pool of Al-Qatraneh The water system of Al-Qatraneh (see the arrow) Figure 31: Al-Qatraneh Castle

Based on the previous explorations, the building was built during the Turkish rule, while other scholars dated the structure earlier to the Ayubbi-Mamluk era and developed during the Ottoman and Turkish rule.

The standing structure was restored and protected by a joint project between Department of Antiquities of Jordan and the Ministry of Culture in Turkey. So the standing structure still represents one of several pilgrim stations on the pilgrims’ route from to Arabia.

3.4.1.3 Archaeological Sites located within Segment (C): Reservoir - Abu-Alanda - Air port – Al Jiza

Eight sites were identified within Segment C, all of which are located within the direct or indirect zone of effect of the defined project corridor. Table 40 presents the names of these sites, their location and description. The text below document to the baseline conditions of these sites.

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Table 40: Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (C) Site No. Site Name Site Location Coordinates - Palestine Grid C-1 The Press Abu-Alanda Town 242015 E 1145595 N Area of the Cave of Seven C-2 Abu - Alanda 242265 E 1145328 N Sleepers C-3 The Cave of Seven Sleepers Abu - Alanda 242232 E 1145354 N C-4 Al - Juwayda Mausoleum Al - Juwayda plains 240620 E 1142778 N C-5 The Mausoleum Khirbet Es-Suq 237997 E 1141984 N C-6 Al- Qastal Al- Qastal 239181 E 1128372 N C-7 Al - Jiza Pool Al- Jiza 240409 E 1123500 N C-8 The Byzantine Church Al - Jiza village/ under modern houses 240619 E 1123315 N

(a) Site One: The Press

Site No.: C-1 Site Name: The Press Site Location: Abu-Alanda Town Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 242015 N 1145595 Site Assessment: Low significance

The Press site is located in a flat area used by local people for agricultural purposes. The remains consist of a medium square shaped basin with another small basin attached. The function of the site could be determined from the similarities with other identical rock cut grape presses in the surrounding area. One such press is located in the courtyard of the Cave of Seven Sleepers. The location of the press in the fertile plains indicates the function of the press during the Roman and Byzantine periods. The site possibly was connected with the nearby site Cave of Seven Sleepers and the nearby site to the east which was called Khirbet al- Raqeem.

The field investigations revealed the presence of several pottery shreds scattered around the remains. The area of the press was used in the Early Roman period and continued to be used during the late Roman period, and the area was heavily used and settled in the Byzantine period.

The field investigation indicated nothing regarding the early Islamic period and this means that the Muslims concentrated only on the Cave of Seven Sleepers.

(b) Site Two: Area of Cave of Seven Sleepers

Site No.: C-2 Site Name: Area of the Cave of Seven Sleepers Site Location Abu - Alanda Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 242265 N 1145328 Site Assessment: High significance

The site is located east of the Cave of Seven Sleepers (see Figure 32).

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Figure 32: Track of the pipe near the eastern side of the Cave of Seven Sleepers

The whole area around the cave represents a holy zone. According to field investigations, the area is considered by the Department of Antiquities as an important extension for the cave toward the eastern direction. The field investigations also revealed the following remains at the site:

• Burial Caves: Different kinds of caves were dug in the natural limestone rocky area. Graves were dug inside these caves to burry the dead. Some of these burial caves were robbed. Remains of pottery shreds and bone fragments are still visible in front of some of these caves and date back to the Byzantine period; the 5th -6th century AD. Some of these graves were found silty and affected by the erosion during winter season.

• Cist Tombs: This kind of tombs is dug in the natural limestone rock. The tomb consists of a rectangular shape measuring from 170-1,490 cm and 80 cm wide and up to 60 cm in depth. What distinguishes these tombs is their general shape. The tombs were dug in groups, with three Cist tombs in each group in different directions. Investigations revealed huge decorated slabs of limestone used to cover the Cist tombs. The majority of these tombs were robbed during the past years, while the rest suffer from destruction caused by natural factors.

• Rock-Cut Signs: The surface indications revealed numerous rock-cut signs possibly to extract ashlars for architectural purposes and to cut columns, architraves etc. The quarries are located east and west of the main cave. They were possibly used during Roman and Byzantine periods. In general the rock-cut signs are scattered everywhere in Abu-Alanda Town.

• Flints Scattered: A lot of flint tools were scattered over the slope of the site. These flints represent flakers, blades cores, etc. They date broadly to Neolithic period. This indicates that the area might have been settled earlier than the Roman and Byzantine periods. The early man may have used the natural caves in this area and hunted animals in the surrounding zone, while the fertile plains played a vital role for early settlement in the area.

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• Pottery Shreds Scatter: The pottery shreds discovered in the area represent shreds of body, bases, handles, and neck. The shreds came from the burial cave and represent part of the offerings of the dead.

(c) Site Three: Cave of the Seven Sleepers

Site No.: C-3 Site Name: The Cave of Seven Sleepers Site Location: Abu - Alanda Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 242232 N 1145354 Site Assessment: High Significant and directly threatened

The story of the Seven Sleepers occurs both in Islam (as sura 18 of the Koran) and in Christianity ('The Seven Sleepers of Ephesue' in Jocobus de Voragine's 13th century collection of apocrypha known as 'The Golden Legend). In each case the story concerns a group of young men escaping from persecution by local pagan ruler and fall asleep in a cave (see Figure 33). Through divine intervention they sleep safely for a hundred years or more and wakeup after the area has been converted to the appropriate religion.

The proposed Laura near the pipe route The Cave of Seven Sleepers Figure 33: The proposed Laura near the pipe route and the Cave of Seven Sleepers

According to Qur’an, a group of young men known for their commitment to Christianity were prosecuted by the Roman Emperor of the time. Seeking refuge in a cave, they fell into a deep sleep that lasted 300 solar (309 lunar) years. On waking they found themselves citizens of the . It is stated that they were accompanied by a dog. Seven skulls and what appear to be dog bones may be seen through a hole in one of the cave's eight closed tombs.

The Christian account goes that during the reign of the emperor Decius Christians in Ephesus suffered persecution for their faith. Seven young Christians escaping from the cruelty of Decius took shelter in this cave, which lies on the slope of Panayir Mountain. Falling into a deep sleep that lasted 200 years, they awoke in the reign of the Emperor Theodosius II, and saw that Christianity had become the official religion. Because of their miraculous sleep, the seven people were considered to be sacred, and were buried in the same cave after their natural lives have passed. A church was built to mark it.

Vorgaine sets the story in Ephesus (in modern Turkey); the Qur’an version more clearly identifies with this cave in southern suburb of Amman. This identification must have accrued by the 8th century as the Umayyads built a mosque near the location. The cave is actually a rock-cut

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Byzantine necropolis containing six sarcophgi, one of which is considerably smaller than the rest (in the Sura 18 version it's six men and their dog- hence the smaller number tombs).

The holy text, the pilgrims and travellers’ description and the archaeological discoveries prove that this cave is the real one among the other suggested caves in different countries.

(d) Site Four: Al - Juwayda Mausoleum

Site No.: C-4 Site Name: Al - Juwayda Mausoleum Site Location: Al - Juwayda plains Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 240620 N 1142778 Site Assessment: Low Significance

A medium structure built of well-cut ashlars located on the right side of Juwayda-Sahab Road alignment (see Figure 34). The site is partly preserved and the western wall is still standing to the height of the roof. A lot of well-cut ashlars and other remains still scattered around the building such as cistern, remains of walls, etc.

Figure 34: General view of the Mausoleum (Family Tomb)

The structure severely suffered from pollution and deterioration caused by the natural and human factors during the last centuries. According to the assessment conducted by travellers and historians, the building served as a mausoleum. The site may have connection with other similar sites such as the Cave of Seven Sleepers and Khirbet Es-Suq Mausoleum.

No systematic excavation was conducted in the area of the site. Department of Antiquities built a fence around the site to reduce the human threat and to offer more protection to the existing remains.

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(e) Site Five: The Mausoleum

Site No.: C-5 Site Name: The Mausoleum Site Location: Khirbet Es-Suq Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 237997 N 1141984 Site Assessment: Medium Significance/Direct Threat

This site is located on the right side of the main road, built of well-cut white limestone ashlars (see Figure 35). The structure is square in its shape, 12x12 m, and its remains are still standing to up to 3 m above the ground. The internal ports and divisions were totally destroyed by local activities many years ago.

Figure 35: General view of the Family Tomb

According to the travellers, the site is dated back to Roman period and was built to serve as a mausoleum and reused during the Byzantine period. The site now severely suffers from pollution resulting from vehicles and the threats of vibration are increasing day after day.

(f) Site Six: Al- Qastal

Site No.: C-6 Site Name: Al-Qastal Site Location: Al-Qastal Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 239181 N 1128372 Site Assessment: Low Significance

Al-Qaustal is a large complex with a residential palace, a mosque, a bathhouse, a cemetery, domestic quarters and water harvesting systems (see Figure 36). The palace is about 68x68 m in dimensions. It has four ‘three-quarter round corner’ towers and, in all, 11 semicircular towers in between. Each of the facades contains three of the semicircular towers except for the east one, which has four towers of which two of them flank the entrance gate.

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Figure 36: Byzantine and Islamic remains of Al-Qastal

Originally, the palace is believed to have consisted of two storeys, although the upper storey has not survived. The ground floor is composed of six bayts (self -contained units) arranged around a central courtyard, with each bayt consisting of four rooms and a court.

The mosque is located to the north of the palace and has a rectangular hall measuring 16x5 m. The entrance is through a rectangular court measuring 17x10 m. It is built of the same stone cut in the same size and shape as the palace. A minaret with a spiral staircase of 6 m in diameter is still standing with a height of 6 m and connected to the north-western corner of the mosque. It may well be the oldest surviving minaret in Islam.

It is believed that the inner sanctuary of the mosque was initially covered in wood but was replaced later by a stone barrel vault. The originally thin walls consequently were enlarged to support the weight and lateral thrust of the new roof. The cemetery, which is the earliest Muslim cemetery in Jordan, is located to the south west of the palace. A number of inscribed tombstones belonging to the Umayyad and Abbasid periods have survived and are now displayed in the Madaba Archaeological Museum. It could be of interest to note that earlier tombs of the cemetery are oriented towards Jerusalem.

The water collecting systems include a dam located about 1 km to the east of the palace. The dam was made of a 400 m long wall 4.30 m thick. A cistern, which measures 30 x 22 x 6 m, is located about 1 km to the northwest of the palace, and about 70 small cisterns are dispersed around the area of the palace.

Although it is agreed that most of the complex is Umayyad, considerable debate exists concerning its exact date. A reference in a later historical account supports the suggestion that is was completed before 126/744, but the actual time of construction is difficult to determine. It was also reused as residential quarters between the 6th /12th and 10th /16th century, during the Ayyubid and Mamluk eras, and a few minor additions to the Qastal complex date from that period.

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(g) Site Seven: Al Jiza Pool

Site No.: C-7 Site Name: Al Jiza Pool Site Location: Al Jiza Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 240409 N 1123500 Site Assessment: Low Significance

On the right side of the airport highway towards south, there is a large water pool situated near the police station (see Figure 37). The pool represents one of the important elements of the water system in Al Jiza village during the past and recent days.

The existing large water pool at Al Jiza A traditional building near the water Figure 37: Al Jiza Pool

The municipality of Al Jiza conducted a restoration project on the pool so as to reuse and develop the remains for daily usage.

The restoration project succeeded in building a fence, enforcing the walls and maintaining the channels and water aqueducts which drains the rain water toward the pool. According to previous exploration, the pool dated back to Islamic Period (Umayyad).

(h) Site Eight: The Byzantine Church

Site No.: C-8 Site Name: The Byzantine Church Site Location: Al Jiza village/ under modern houses Coordinates - Palestine Grid: E 240619 N 1123315 Site Assessment: Low Significance

The Byzantine remains are located on the left side of Al Jiza highway, not far away from the large pool, and just opposite the police station. The area is well known for the local people as one of the promising locations for antiquities.

According to the owner of the land where the remains are located, the existing remains are under control of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan.

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The discovered remains consist of medium cylindrical pillars, well-cut limestone ashlars and mosaic pavement (see Figure 38). The extension of the site is undetermined but may be extending under the modern highway toward the large pool.

Figure 38: Remains of the Byzantine Church

Depending on the available material, the site dated back to the Byzantine period and may represent a church.

The local people reported some information about a robbed cemetery to the east of the site.

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4 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC (“TECHNICAL”) ALTERNATIVES

The boarder analysis of alternatives for water resources is presented in Section 5 of Main Report– Part B. Five main issues of concern have been identified to analyze the project alternatives and for each of those issues several sub-issues were also considered. These issues and sub-issues are as follows:

1- Physical Environment: • Landscape Damage, Change of Natural Drainage System and Local Geomorphology • Noise Levels • Dust Generation • Waste Generation

2- Biological Environment: • Loss of Habitat and habitat fragmentation • Increased accessibility to remote areas • Wildlife Disturbance • Wildlife persecution/vegetation and tree removal • Disturbance to bird migration and breeding

3- Agricultural Environment: • Impacts on the large-scale Agriculture • Termination of the Large-scale Farming Companies with the government • Impact on large scale farms (dust, tree cutting, …etc.) • Impacts on the farms located along the alignment (olive farms)

4- Social Settings: • Public Health • Traffic Disturbance • Effect on Locals and Employees Safety • Disturbances to Infrastructure Utilities • Disturbances to Social Settings and Local Business

5- Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Resources.

These issues are basically in line with the impact analysis presented later. The main overarching concerns are the habitat fragmentation especially in the Hammada area, increased accessibility to remote areas such as Disi and Batn El-Ghoul, and impacts to archaeological and cultural heritage recourses within the direct and indirect zone of effect. The proposed alternatives do, however, have more or less similar impacts of varying degrees. Following is a description for the analysis of the identified alternatives.

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4.1 No Action/Without Project

This alternative indicates that without project necessarily mean that all defined impact sources during the construction, operation and remediation phases do not occur. The “no action/without project” alternative can be judged to possess no impacts, or in other words to cause no change to existing environmental and social settings neither within nor out of the proposed project corridor. This anticipation is basic to all potential project-specific impacts except for the public health concern related to potential positive improvement of water quantity and quality supplied to citizens. Without the project it is understood that direct pumping of water through the system might be difficult to secure and people will need storage in household tanks where contamination becomes a potential threat.

This per say will not affect the issues of concern highlighted above. However, it should always be appreciated that, ecological concerns have always been raised toward conserving biological habitats in the desert area and sand dunes habitats that occur in Jordan at different localities. It is a national concern to preserve biodiversity in general and natural habitats in particular. In addition, cultural resources conservation and management have always been a major concern that is treated with full attention and care.

On the other hand, the large-scale farming companies will not witness a direct impact till the end of their agreement with the government. Once the current agreement held between the government and the companies expires, two possibilities arise: first, renewal of the agreements and second, termination of the agreements. Renewal of the agreements might bring different conditions. The mitigation measures will have to be covered within the agreement itself. If the current agreement is not renewed, however, no mitigation measures are relevant. All four large- scale agricultural companies will leave the production process with a total planted area of more than 40,000 dunums. A trade off arises; the country will be saving more than 34 MCM of fresh water annually. At the same, the supply of agricultural products will loose more than 100 thousand tons annually. It is expected that other irrigated areas in Jordan will cover the shortage in supply of agricultural products.

Table 41 presents a summary of the analysis of project specific alternatives.

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Table 41: Analysis of project specific alternatives Alternatives Alternatives to the Development of the Well Field Pipeline Alignment Alternatives Optimized final alignment Issue of Concern (Components) Optimized final alignment by Harza 1997 (alignment No Action/Without Project by Brown and Root Dubaydib Batn El-Ghoul Brown and Root with along the desert without modifications modifications made by CC highway) made by CC Physical Environment Landscape Damage, Change of Natural Drainage 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 System and Local Geomorphology Noise Levels 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 Dust Generation 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 Waste Generation 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3

Biological Environment Loss of Habitat and habitat fragmentation 0 -2 -3 -3 -3 -2 Increased accessibility 0 -2 -3 -3 -3 -1 Wildlife Disturbance 0 -2 -3 -3 -3 -1 Wildlife persecution/vegetation and tree removal 0 -2 -3 -3 -3 -1 Disturbance to bird migration and breeding 0 -2 -3 -3 -3 -1

Agricultural Environment Impacts on the large-scale Agriculture Termination of the Large-scale Farming Companies 3 0 0 0 0 0 with the government Impact on large scale farms (dust, tree cutting, …etc) 0 0 0 0 0 -1 Impacts on the farms located along the alignment 0 0 0 -1 -1 -2 (olive farms)

Social Settings Public Health -2 0 0 0 0 0 Traffic Disturbance 0 0 0 -3 -3 -3 Effect on Locals and Employees Safety 0 0 0 -3 -3 -3 Disturbances to Infrastructure Utilities 0 0 0 -2 -2 -3 Disturbances to Social Settings and Local Business 0 0 0 -3 -3 -3

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Resources 0 0 0 -2 -3 -3

Ranking ( 3): high positive effect ( 2): medium positive effect ( 1): low positive effect ( 0): No effect (-1): low negative effect (-2): medium negative effect (-3): high negative effect

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4.2 Development of the Well Field

Two alternative sites were considered originally by Harza in 1997 for the development of the well field. These are the Dubaydib site, which was adopted by Brown and Root in 2001 during optimisation of the design, and Batn El-Ghoul site. The first well field is located in the unconfined aquifer area of Rum aquifer and the second is located in the confined aquifer area of Rum aquifer where the Khreim Group is the confining layer.

Using the two well fields in Dubaydib and Batn El-Ghoul can produce the required water quality, and a lesser drawdown in the water level. But due to the lateral lithological variations in the Rum aquifer, the water in Batn El-Ghoul contains higher Fe and Mn concentrations (more than 5 mg/l), which needs treatment to be removed since pumping into a reservoir is not sufficient to remove these quantities. The other problem which might occur due to abstraction from Batn El-Ghoul well field is the expected water quality deterioration due to the downward leakage from the Khreim Group (containing highly saline water) as development proceeds. To prevent such a process from occurring, limited volume of water is to be abstracted from this well field keeping the water level of Rum aquifer higher than the confining layer of the Khreim Group.

The analysis of both alternatives revealed almost similar environmental and social settings of both sites. Also it revealed the same kind and magnitude of potential impacts to occur for both sites during the construction, operation and remediation phases with one exception. This exception is related to the anticipated increased accessibility to the sites during the operation phase where Dubaydab area is currently quite more accessible then Batn El-Ghoul since it is closer to the large-scale farms in Disi. But still, both areas are remote and sensitive in terms of biological diversity.

Dubaydab lies near to the agricultural fields in Disi and is more or less accessible to locals and farmers. Also, there is a monitoring point for underground water, which is visited regularly by the employees of the Ministry Water and Irrigation. The area is moderately disturbed and few Acacia trees occur in it. Well field establishment in that area will add to habitat destruction due to increased accessibility as well as disturbance and persecution of wildlife. However, this impact is relatively less than the impact magnitude anticipated if the well field were to be constructed in Batn El-Ghoul area. Batn El-Ghoul is relatively more remote and pristine than Dubaydib area though visited by pastoralists. It is dominated by relatively high canopy cover of Acacia trees in areas with hard substrate and alluvial fans from surrounding mountains. Sand dunes habitats do also occur in the area.

In conclusion the above demonstrates that constructing the well field at the Dubaydib area will result in impacts of a higher magnitude than at Batn El-Ghoul area.

4.3 Alignment of the Pipeline

The pipeline alignment was primarily designed by Harza in 1997 to run adjacent to the main north-south highway with the conveyance pipeline situated within the right-of-way of the highway. This alternative was amended afterward by Brown and Root, where the pipeline bypass Ma’an city through the desert and meets the original alignment just before Jurf Al Drawish. This study deals with the Brown and Root (2001) optimised alignment for the proposed project with one modification carried out by Consolidated Consultant (CC) at Abu-Alanda area. This modification was solely suggested by the archaeological and biological diversity teams to prevent the potential direct damage to the Cave of Seven Sleepers and the area of this cave since both are

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important archaeological and cultural resources, and also to avoid the removal of any tree from the same area.

The evaluation of the pipeline alternatives revealed that the optimised alignment by Brown and Root has more potential impacts to the biological environment than the alignment proposed by Harza. This is due to the fact that Harza alignment tends to avoid remote areas with high ecological sensitivity. On the other hand, Harza alternative shows higher magnitude for potential impacts to the social settings along the Desert Highway since more infrastructure utilities and local businesses are susceptible to disturbance by the pipeline construction. The environmental and social effects of the proposed alternatives were found to be almost similar with slight preference to the Harza Alternative. However, when considering the economical aspects of each of the evaluated alternatives, the preference would be for the Optimized Brown and Root Alternative with modifications by CC.

Three scenarios were evaluated: two scenarios for the optimized alignment by Brown and Root (one with modifications carried out by CC and the other without CC modifications), and the third scenario for the original alignment by Harza. Basically, the three alignments share common Segments (B and C) from the reservoir area till Jarf Al-Drawish area where construction will be at the right-of-way of the Desert Highway. The modified alternative, however, has an additional advantage of avoiding the planted Pine trees that serve two main purposes; the aesthetic value and the control of slope erosion.

The three alternatives in Segment C will impact primarily, plantations along desert highway. Harza alignment continues to Wadi Rum area along the highway and thus will generate slight to moderate impacts especially to wadis crossing the highway. The optimized alignment by Brown and Root with and without modifications, on the other hand, will take a different alignment starting from the end of Segment B till the well field. These two alignments will cross vast areas within the eastern plateaus and therefore will have high impacts (within construction corridor) due to habitat fragmentation and vegetation destruction within the hammada plains, mud flats and desert runoff wadis where substantial green cover exists in spring season and after rainy season.

Furthermore, these two alignments will provide the access by roads during construction and operation in these relatively remote areas. This increased accessibility will result in an increased disturbance and persecution to wildlife. Disturbance to migratory and breeding birds utilizing desert plains and mud flats for roosting and breeding is also expected by these two alignment schemes. The same impacts are also expected in wadi Abu Tarfa, Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas.

It can be concluded that as far as the biological conditions are concerned, the optimized alternative by Brown and Root with and without modifications will generate greater impacts than Harza alternative, while if social and archaeological settings are concerned, Harza’s will generate greater impacts that will require appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures.

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5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

Anticipated environmental and social impacts have been identified and studied for the nature and magnitude of each impact. Some of these impacts were found to be temporary in nature such as traffic disruption, while other impacts were found to be permanent. Both, temporary and permanent impacts may cause direct, indirect or cumulative effects on the existing environmental and social conditions. A summary of those impacts is presented in Table 47.

5.1 Impacts on the Physical Environment

This sub-section addresses the potential impacts of the project on the physical environment with the direct and indirect zones of effect. Those impacts have been identified according to the phase of occurrence (i.e., construction and operation phases) and the nature of impact (i.e., temporary, permanent, direct, indirect and cumulative).

5.1.1 Construction Phase

During the project’s construction phase, the identified temporary impacts on the physical environment relate to noise levels, air quality and dust generation, solid and liquid waste generation, and construction of access roads, whereas the identified permanent impacts relate to damage and change to landscape, natural drainage system and local geomorphology.

5.1.1.1 Temporary Impacts

(a) High Noise Levels

Project construction activities are planned to last for about 4 years. During this period, the construction will be carried out at least 6 days per week with an average of 8 working hours/day. Still the Contractor might decide to carry out construction 7 days/week and for longer working hours than 8 per day. During this period, rise in noise levels is highly potential to exceed the Jordanian Noise Standards. This rise in noise level is anticipated to be significant in Segment (C-1), Segment (C-3) and the populated areas in Segment (B-2) of the project corridor. The impact sources are:

• Site preparation activities; • The different construction activities; and • The movement of the heavy machinery and the different construction vehicles.

Within Segments (C-1) and (C-3), the major impacted areas are: (i) the residential areas located close to the proposed new Abu-Alanda reservoir, (ii) the neighbourhoods and “service/commercial” establishments located between this reservoir and Amman-Madaba bridge, and (iii) all the establishments located between Amman-Madaba bridge and Aljiza area within the project corridor. While within Segment (B-2), the Qatraneh area will be impacted by the expected noise levels.

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(b) Increased Dust Levels

The expected increases in dust levels during this phase, will result from site preparation, cut and fill operations, in addition to the movement of the construction machinery. These activities will have negative impacts on both Segments (C-1), (C-3) and (B-2) of the project corridor. In Segments (C-1) and (C-3), the impacted areas are (i) the residential areas located close to the proposed new Abu-Alanda reservoir, (ii) the neighbourhoods and “service/commercial” establishments located between this reservoir and Amman-Madaba Bridge, (iii) All the establishments located between Amman-Madaba Bridge and Al Jiza area within the project corridor. While in Segment (B-2), the Qatraneh area will be affected by increase of dust levels.

The standards to be used in the assessment of dust levels are referred to in Annex C21.

(c) Generated Fluid Wastes

During the pre-construction and construction stages, several types of fluid wastes will be generated. These are:

• The fluid wastes generated by the work force. In this regard, and by applying the assumptions that the daily consumption of water among the work force is 90 l/capita/day (2/3 of this quantity is fluid wastes) and that the duration they spend in the project varies between 12-24 hours, the estimated yearly quantity of resulting domestic fluid wastes per capita will range between 9 m3 to 18 m3. The accumulation points for such fluid wastes will be the established project offices, the camps and the storage yard that will be established along the project corridor. • The fluid wastes generated from the routine maintenance and servicing of vehicles and construction machines. • The fluid wastes from different construction activities.

Unwise management for this issue might lead to:

• Threatening the public health, especially in Segments (C-1) and (C-3) of the project and the populated areas in Segment B. • Polluting the groundwater aquifers especially the shallow aquifer system along the project corridor. • Threatening the biodiversity elements, especially in Segments A and B of the project.

(d) Generated Solid Wastes from Construction Activities

Construction activities in such a large-scale project are anticipated to generate huge quantities of solid wastes, including:

• Sand and rock fragments that will result from the site preparation activities and the cut operations for installing the pipe and the other related water “pumping/collection” facilities. • Metals, wooden and plastic fragments resulting from the different construction activities and especially the pipe installation process, and the other related water “pumping/collection” facilities.

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• The human solid wastes, which is estimated to be 0.5 kg/capita/day on average. The accumulation of such wastes will be concentrated at the project offices, camps and storage yard that will be constructed within the project corridor area.

Inadequate management practices regarding these issues will result in the following impacts:

• Threatening the public safety and health especially in Segments (C-1) and (C-3) and the populated parts of Segments B and A of the project. • Changing the local geomorphology and local drainage system and impacting the biodiversity system in Segments A and B of the project corridor. • Threatening faunal elements along the waste disposal locations.

(e) Access Roads Construction

Establishing access roads might be required during this phase to serve the construction activities along the project corridor (i.e., to help the project vehicles to reach the work sites, to help the vehicles transporting the equipments of the project to reach their destination, and to serve the local traffic). Incorrectly constructed/routed access roads will have a number of negative impacts, such as:

• Changing the local geomorphology and the natural landscape, especially in Segments A and B of the corridor. • Damaging natural habitats, especially in Segments A and B. • Destroying natural vegetation, especially in Segments A and B. • Damaging private properties (in some parts of the route) especially is Segment C. • Threatening the public safety especially in Segment C due to the change in the directions of previously known road directions.

5.1.1.2 Permanent Impacts from Construction Activities

(a) Landscape Damage, Change of Natural Drainage System and Local Geomorphology

The project area has multi-geomorphological features including wadis, flat areas, in addition to hilly areas. These multi-geomorphological features are very important from an environmental point of view and require conservation, especially in Segments A and B of the project corridor. The different construction activities associated with this phase and without considering the environmental conservation issue will operate on changing the local geomorphology along the proposed project corridor, which will be a major negative impact of this project.

Landscape damage, change of natural drainage and local geomorphology will result from three major actions during this phase. These are:

1- Poorly planned construction activities (i.e., not taking the environment issues into consideration during planning the construction activities along the proposed pipe route), through the following actions: a. The regular construction activities in order to install the proposed water pipeline along the project route from Disi to Amman.

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b. Establishing the project offices and the workforce camps. c. Establishing the material and equipment storage yards. d. Establish the pumping and boosters stations.

2- Unnecessary damage caused by activities, including damages outside the project route and outside the defined areas for operations.

3- Also, after completing the construction activities, landscape damage and change in geomorphology might occur due to: a. Presence of untreated borrows pit sites that are unsightly, potentially dangerous with uncontrolled access, and act as a potential breeding ground for insects. b. Presence of spoils heaps that are an unsightly potential source of additional sediments load, especially in Segments A and B of the project corridor. c. Landscape scarring which might be a potential source of future erosion concerns.

Moreover, the temporary dislocation of the existing drainage patterns, especially in Segments A and B of the project corridor is predictable during this phase as cut and fill operations take place. If proper care is not exercised to provide sufficient cross drainage, construction activities may lead to the following impacts:

• Formation of ponds associated with localized potential threats to the human health and potential damage to surrounding soils and vegetations. • Localized rising of water tables associated with increased threat of pollution and the presence of localized surface water. • Flooding with consequent damage to the nearby establishments.

(b) Erosion and Sedimentation

Construction sites can be a great source of sedimentation and any diversion of the main wadis could result in high flow disturbance and cause a great deal of erosion. Therefore, the Consultant highly recommends careful and well designed crossing structures with no disturbance of the nature of flow sections of the flanking wadis.

The nature of the flanking wadis is intermittent flow streams with dry sections for a long period at the dry season, which could be from the end of April to mid-October. The flow in the wet season is distributed among many sections created by the wadi during its lifetime. Braided channels are the main features of the flanking wadis. The wadi is divided into several channels, which continuously join and separate, as shown in Drawing 5 for the group of wadis of Abu Turfa. This could explain the erosion capability of the wadis at such stage of wadi regime. However, the crossing plan should take into consideration the nature of the wadi at the crossing station.

(c) Wadi Crossing

Referring to Section 3.1.1.3(c), the flanking wadis were defined and the flood flow for each wadi was estimated for a return period of 10-Years. The 10-Year return period was considered due to the nature of the work and the rainfall characteristic of the project area. Therefore, this return period provides enough protection for the contractor to execute a crossing structure in wintertime

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and the provided insurance could cover floods of higher return periods. The dry season is considered the best duration for executing such crossings without any danger of flooding.

The flood analysis shows very limited depth of floodwater at the flow sections for 10-Year return period if compared with the total flow section. This will give an idea about the great width and depth of the crossing section.

(d) Visual Impact

Permanent visual impact is anticipated to occur as a result of three main impact sources which are:

• The establishment of permanent structures within the project direct zone of effect. This includes the support facilities, pumping stations, and other structures. • The changes made to the landscape of the site- if not rehabilitated- with respect to the different construction activities. • The construction of aerial high-voltage electricity supply.

Temporary impact is also anticipated to occur as a result of the above mentioned changes to the landscape and many other construction activities. These activities would result in significant visual impact within segment A, which in turn will affect the potential for eco-tourism development within Batn El-Ghoul area.

5.1.2 Operation Phase

During the operation phase of the project, no impacts are anticipated to affect physical environmental conditions.

5.1.2.1 Impacts on the Disi Aquifer

In the area located between Disi and Mudawarra, there are more than 80 wells drilled during the last five decades. Most of these wells were drilled during the last two decades. The abstracted water from these wells are used for domestic industrial purposes for Aqaba, domestic local communities distributed all over the area, and most of the abstracted amount is used for agricultural purposes utilized by many agricultural companies such as Rum Company, GRAMECO, Wafa and Arab Agriculture Company. Table 42 presents the total amounts that were abstracted from the wells and distributed all over the area for different purposes during the last 6 years.

Table 42: Abstraction amounts from Disi-Mudawarra area Year Abstracted Amount MCM/year No. of Wells 1996 69.8 71 1997 72.9 72 1998 65.2 71 1999 66.3 72 2000 61.6 71 2001 55.3 69

The abstracted amounts from the Disi-Mudawarra area were taken from both the unconfined aquifer in Disi-Sahl Suwaan area and the confined aquifer in the Mudawarra area.

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The water quality in this area is considered excellent water as there is no deposits of the Khreim Group present in the area where the water occurs in unconfined conditions.

Three wells were drilled. A detailed report was submitted to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (Scott Wilson, 2002). Two wells of these three wells were drilled and tested and the third one is drilled as an observation well in Dubaydib area. A summary of these wells is presented in Table 43.

Table 43: Hydrogeological summary of the recently drilled wells in Dubaydib area Water Specific Water Aquifer Borehole Depth Transmissivity Storage quality Borehole 2 Capacity Level System Type (mbgl*) (m /d) coefficient 3 EC (m /d/m) (mbgl) pH (µS/cm) Test / DBP-1 Rum 500 1,100 – 2,400 0.02-0.06 360 123.6 350 6.9 production DBO-1 Rum Observation 400 2,900 – 4,000 0.005 - 121.7 310 8.0 Test / DBP-2 Rum 500 300 – 1,400 0.006 100 88.7 365 6.9 production * mbgl: meters below ground level

The obtained results correspond to the unconfined nature of the encountered aquifer in OBP-1 and OBPO-1 wells. The water quality changes of the two production wells (DBP1 and DBP2) during eight day pumping test duration are presented in Table 3 and Table 4 of Annex C13. These two tables show that the water quality is excellent and acceptable for drinking purposes.

The water level decline was very limited during the last decade as indicated in the observation wells distributed in the confined and unconfined areas of the Rum Aquifer System.

Most of the studies carried out on the Disi Mudawarra groundwater resources restricted the well field location to Dubaydib area at unconfined aquifer. The most prominent study was the Scott Wilson (1995), where two abstraction scenarios concentrating on the Dubaydib well field were studied. These scenarios are as follows:

• Scenario 1: abstraction of 120 MCM/year from Dubaydib wellfield in addition to the current abstraction of 75 MCM/year rising to 87 MCM/year (for Aqaba domestic and industrial purposes, local supply and agricultural activities) and 977 MCM/year in Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. This scenario was carried out for 50- and 100- year development periods.

• Scenario 2: additional abstraction of 150 MCM/year from Dubaydib wellfield beside the other existing abstractions in Disi-Mudawarra area as well as in Saudi Arabia in Tabuk. This scenario was also carried out for 50- and 100- year development periods.

The estimated drawdown results due to the first scenario for the two periods are 24 m and 81 m, respectively. The maximum drawdown due to 100-year abstraction period is corresponding to 190 m below ground level. This level is still above the feasible economic water depth, which is 250 m below ground level. On the other hand, the estimated drawdown resulting from the second scenario for the 50 year and 100-year abstraction periods are 140 m below ground level and 210 m below ground level, respectively. The latter pumping level is still higher but closer to the economic pumping level.

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In the above two scenarios, where 120 MCM/year or 150 MCM/year are to be abstracted from Dubaydib well field, the drawdown in the water level will not exceed the economic level taking into consideration the continuous present abstraction from the Rum aquifer for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. But, if the abstraction for agricultural purposes is terminated after the set period of operation according to the original contracts, the estimated drawdown in the Dubaydib well field will be less than the estimated levels. As indicated by the tested boreholes drilled through the Rum aquifer, the whole water column is almost of the same quality from top to bottom. In this case the water quality during the whole period of abstraction will not be changed dramatically and the variations will not exceed couple of hundreds of µS/cm. This means that the electrical conductivity will not exceed 500 – 550 µS/cm. The maximum allowable limit is 850 µS/cm as outlined by the Jordanian Standards of year 2001. Regarding other chemicals, the water contains relatively small amounts of Fe and Mn (less than 1 mg/l). Such concentrations need no treatment whereas pumping into a collection reservoir will be enough to oxidize them and produce a good water quality.

When using the two well fields in Dubaydib and Batn El-Ghoul to produce the required water quality, the drawdown in the water level will be less giving more feasible operating costs. In addition, the higher yields of the wells in the confined aquifer in Bath El-Ghoul can act to shorten the collectors lengths and maintenance costs. But due to the lateral lithological variations in the Rum aquifer, the water in Batn El-Ghoul contains higher Fe and Mn concentrations (more than 5 mg/l), which needs treatment to be removed since pumping into a reservoir is not sufficient to remove these quantities, as pointed out with Dubaydib well field.

Such a problem can be bridged if mixing in appropriate portions between Dubaydib well field water with Batn El-Ghoul well field water is carried in order to reach a value within the Jordanian Drinking Water Standards. The Standards of year 2001 indicate maximum allowable content of Fe and Mn by 1 and 0.2 mg/l, respectively.

The other most important problem, which might occur due to abstraction from Batn El-Ghoul well field, is the expected water quality deterioration due to the downward leakage from the Khreim Group (containing highly saline water) as development proceeds. To prevent such a process from occurring, limited volume of water is to be abstracted from this well field keeping the water level of Rum aquifer higher than the confining layer of the Khreim Group. This was concluded depending on a study carried out by El-Naser and Gedeon (1997) and published in the publications of International Atomic Energy Agency. In this study, the authors showed the expected water quality changes of the Rum Aquifer due to different mixing ratios with the Khreim Aquitard water.

It is suggested that Dubaydib well field be operated to produce the needed water amount where good water quality can be pumped during the whole period. But, if Batn El-Ghoul well field is going to be operated, good management should be carried out to preserve a good quality of the water to be conveyed to Amman.

5.2 Impacts on Biological Conditions

The ecological characteristics, as well as biodiversity in general, will be affected by the construction activities and later during operation and maintenance activities. The impacts are foreseen as being significant within the southern zone of the project, Segment A, which extends between Disi wells and Jurf Al Drawish. A detailed description of such impacts and their significance is provided below. Such impacts would affect particularly the habitats for local wildlife and impact the prevalent vegetation associations and species. Segment A and B were of

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less significance since the middle segment alignment is expected to be on the right-of-way of Desert Highway and the northern segment is already a heavily populated and disturbed zone with few natural areas remaining. However, the middle segment encompasses main wadi systems such as Al-Hasa and Al-Abyad. These two wadis are rich in terms of biodiversity and intervention and, therefore, require immediate restoration. Major ecological concerns include:

• Loss of habitats particularly at the southern zone (Eastern Plateaus and Batn El-Ghoul at wadi runoffs and sandy habitats, respectively). • The expected increase of accessibility to particular habitats in the southern zone including Batn El-Ghoul and accordingly maintenance operations and increased disturbance to wildlife. • Wildlife disturbance during the construction. • Wildlife persecution and/or vegetation cover removal mainly during construction phase.

5.2.1 Construction Phase

During the construction phase, several temporary and permanent impacts are anticipated. These are mainly due to excavation and drilling activities, increased accessibility and vehicle movement into some relatively remote areas, and human interference with wildlife and vegetation.

5.2.1.1 Temporary Impacts

The temporary impacts on biological conditions associated with the construction phase of the project include:

• Alteration of surface morphology and natural water runoffs schemes. This is important since vegetation cover at desert plains is confined to wadi (mainly Hasa and Al-Abyad and other smaller wadis that occur frequently along the alignment). • Unavoidable removal of vegetation cover and tree stands (manily Tamarix and Acacia in both Wadi Abu Tarfa and Disi area respectively). This necessitates the avoidance of unnecessary removal of vegetation cover and trees to maintain the natural vegetation cover as much as possible. • Disturbance to breeding and migratory bird species: As the southern segments of the project lie along the bird migration flyway and two IBAs (Hizma basin and Wadi Abu-Tarfa), it becomes crucial to synchronize spatially and temporally excavation activities to avoid disturbances during breeding and migration seasons through developing an activity programme and avoiding night activities so that breeding seasons are not interrupted and migration seasons are avoided and kept undisturbed. • Disturbance to wildlife especially at night due to machinery or resident staff. • Accumulation of Domestic liquid and solid wastes mainly from machinery and staff. • Accumulation of excavation materials and debris.

5.2.1.2 Permanent Impacts

The permanent impacts on biological conditions associated with the construction phase of the project include:

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• Fragmentation of habitats along the desert. Desert plateaus in Jordan are already suffering from fragmentation and scarring by road and development activities. The new development, if to occur with no restoration, will exacerbate this phenomenon. However, this is largely limited to the southern segment of the alignment. • Increased human interference due to increased accessibility. The construction of maintenance roads will increase accessibility to remote areas such as Disi and Batn El- Ghoul. These areas were of limited access due to difficulty of the terrain and therefore there is an expected increase in accidental and deliberate persecution as well as disturbance of wildlife.

5.2.2 Operation Phase

During the operation phase of the project, the following impacts are anticipated mainly due to accessibility for maintenance operations:

• Temporary Impacts which include: • Disturbance to breeding and migratory bird species and other wildlife.

• Permanent Impacts which include: • Increased human interference due to increased accessibility will accordingly lead to an increased accidental and deliberate persecution of wildlife. • Accumulation of litter and solid wastes.

5.3 Impacts on Agricultural Resources

As discussed in the description of existing agricultural conditions, the agricultural activities within the project’s zone of effect have been classified into two main categories. The first category includes the locally owned farms that are of small to medium size. The second includes the large- scale farms that are owned by Jordanian companies.

The following discussion presents the potential impacts of the project on both types of agricultural activities.

5.3.1 Impact on Local Agricultural Communities in Disi Area

While it is not anticipated that the Disi project will have a large negative impact on the inhabitants of the area on the short and longer run, however, this may not be the case. The villages in the area will most likely end up facing the same water shortage problems, like the rest of the country, once the Disi basin water supply runs short or becomes inadequate to meet the needs augmented by a rise in population and expansion. However, a positive immediate impact may present itself in the form of creation of employment opportunities for members of the local communities with the ongoing project during the construction phase.

An undetermined number of small ruminant and camel herders roam the area in search of water and fodder for their livestock. Their livelihood stands to undergo some impact during the construction phase of the project.

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The impact includes an increase in death accidents of animals due to unsafe construction sites and vehicle accidents, and an increase in noise levels. However, the severity of the impact depends on the contractor’s compliance with suggested mitigation measures.

5.3.2 Impact on Large-Scale Farming Companies

On the commercial side, the large-scale farming companies will not witness a direct impact until the end of their agreement with the government (i.e., 2011) if original conditions and regulations stipulated in this agreement are respected by both parties. The proposed Disi project will not have a direct or indirect impact on the large scale farms during the construction and the operation phases.

The large-scale farming companies will not witness a direct impact until the end of their agreement with the government. Once the current agreement signed between the government and the companies expires, two possibilities arise: first, renewal of the agreement and second, agreements termination. Renewal of the agreement might bring different conditions.

All four large-scale agricultural companies will leave the production process with a total planted area of more than 40 thousand dunums. A trade off arises; the country will be saving more than 34 MCM of fresh water annually. At the same, the supply of agricultural products will loose more than 100 thousand tons annually.

Total area exploited by these companies adds up to 108,637 dunums. Rum Agricultural Company has the largest area and number of available wells with a pumping capacity of 35 MCM per year. WADICO, on the other hand, has only 12,481 dunums and 5 wells with a pumping capacity of 10 MCM per year.

According to the underground water monitoring by-law, the new water tariff for agricultural wells will be applied to the Disi farms. Accordingly, it is expected that the water consumption will be reduced around 30%.

It should be noted that the decision of termination and/or renewal of the agreements between the government and the commercial companies has nothing to do with the Disi project.

5.3.3 Impact on Agricultural Activities along the Route from Qatraneh to Amman

Several agricultural activities exist on the route that may be subject to limited impact; for example, cutting trees, dust on trees, restriction on mobility, etc. This applies also to the agricultural activities that exist on the route from Al Jiza to Abu-. Dust-related problems may be easily solved through water sprinkling. Problem of cutting trees may be attended to through replanting or compensation. Ensuring availability of safe passageways can eliminate any inconvenience arising from restrictions on mobility.

A list of agricultural activities along the route from Qatraneh to Amman that might be affected during the construction phase of the project is provided in Section 3.2.2.2. The nature of the impact includes cutting trees, dust on trees, and restriction on mobility.

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5.4 Impacts on Socio-Economic Settings

5.4.1 Construction Phase

5.4.1.1 Impacts on Social Settings

Social aspects in the project direct and indirect zone of influence (as defined in Section 2.4) are very much complementary and inter-woven to the extent that one actually cannot be separated from the other. Although the provision of reliable supplies of high quality water to Greater Amman is the main objective of the Disi Project, people in the project area – including Bedouin population should be allowed to enhance their way of life. This could include having access to employment opportunities during the construction and/or operational phases of the project. Impacts on the socio-economic conditions of the population may extend to the following aspects:

• Employment: The feasibility studies prepared by Harza and later Brown and Root do not include a detailed description of and analysis of project related employment opportunities including both skilled and unskilled labour. However, the majority of the work during the construction phase requires skilled construction personnel and specialists for electro- mechanical work that will also be needed during the operational phase. Given the nature of these skills it would be difficult to find such highly skilled people in the direct zone of influence other than in south Amman. Nevertheless, each contractor usually maintains his own team of engineers and technicians on permanent basis. Therefore an increase in the local employment in the small towns and villages along the pipeline route, consists of male workers for digging, trenching, services and camp guards in unskilled positions only is expected. In the post construction phase only few persons will have the chance to have long-term employment.

• Services: Taking into consideration the duration of the pipeline construction of about four and a half years, and the number of workers and employees in the project, a temporary increase in business activities along the route including catering, restaurants, services, fuel sales, transportation and many other activities is anticipated. Consequently an increase in employment in these activities will further enhance economic life of the local populations.

• Worker Health and Safety: The immediate impact on public health will be mainly in Amman. It includes the improvement of water quantity and quality. Direct pumping of water through the system may eliminate the need for storage in household tanks and reduce contamination.

The provisions of emergency water turnouts to other localities along the pipeline route suffering from water degradation may also improve health standards in these localities.

• Workers Health and safety: the construction workers on any construction site might be exposed to occupational dangers including electrical dangers such as static or dynamic electrical dangers, mechanical accidents that could lead to limbs loss, chemical poisoning, or site related works such as car accidents.

• Boomtown Impact: It is expected that a growth of informally established services and housing adjacent to the permanent and temporary facilities of the project will take place during the construction phase (this is known as boomtown impact).Such impact can be considered positive (to some extent) taking into consideration the high unemployment rate in Jordan in general and especially in the areas located within segments B and C of the

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project corridor. Many small coffee shops, supermarkets and restaurants are located along the desert road are currently closed (owned manly by the locals will have the chance to start business again which may indirectly provide jobs for many people and general improvement to the economical situation of the local communities in these areas. On the other hand the services provided by these facilities should be subjected to monitoring from the responsible governmental agencies (ministry of health, and the local municipalities) to insure that all the services provided (food and drinks) are within the standards.

Abu-Alanda is a commercial – industrial area where most of the services needed by the Project are available so no growth is expected to take place there. Anyway, this is not the case with other towns on the path. Disi, Qatraneh and Al Jiza are small-undeveloped towns and many of the services related to the construction phase may not be available there. The people living there or new people who may live in these towns will provide these services. This may lead to some development and expansion in these towns.

Also, along the route (in desert) where the contractor will build some camps (Segment A- 2/A-3) some people will live there to provide some services but it is not expected that this will be significant enough for new towns to develop in these areas since the only demand for services will be the project.

5.4.1.2 The Project Direct and Indirect Impact on Bedouin Life

As it has been explained before (Indigenous Peoples: Para 1.2), the Bedouin Settlement Program was initiated by the Government of Jordan in mid 1950s. Permanent settlements in the project area have grown to major cities and villages provided with all services including water, electricity, educational institutions, roads and communication facilities. The number of pastoral Bedouins declined substantially to less than 1% of total population taking into account all Bedouin population in the Kingdom. The socio-economic development of these localities can be looked-at within the general framework of the social development plan. However, it is expected that the project will have direct impact on the employment level in the Disi area by alleviating the high level of unemployment at least temporary during the construction phase.

5.4.1.3 Projected Social and Cultural Changes in Bedouin Life

It should be borne in mind that evolution of social and cultural life of Bedouins in the project area is taking place as a result of the Government economic and social policy whether the Disi Project is constructed or not. Government departments and institutions have been active in the area for a long time. These departments are:

• Disi Agricultural Centre: This centre provides agricultural extension, agricultural and veterinary services to all farmers in the region. • Disi Comprehensive Medical Centre: In addition to routine medical services, this centre provides dental health services, laboratory tests, X-ray and pharmacy. Medical services are almost free of charge. • Disi Water Office • Disi Local Development Centre: It provides social and financial assistance to the least privileged families in the region including vocational rehabilitation to the young and the establishment of family productive projects. • Disi Post Office

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• Disi Village Agglomeration Municipality: It provides all municipal services to the region. • The Ministry of Education: The first secondary school in the area was established in 1962. At present, there are six primary and two secondary schools in the region with a total enrolment of 1,306 male and female students. • Public Societies and Clubs: There are five public societies and sports clubs in the region • Rum Agricultural Company: The Company is at present exploiting 5,000 hectares of Disi land for the production of vegetables and fodders, and 600 hectares for the production of fruits. About 100 persons of the area’s labour force are employed by this company. • Tourist Camps: There are seven tourist camps in Wadi Rum which provides full accommodation for tourists in the area.

5.4.1.4 Impact of Land Acquisition

Land acquisition has already been carried out by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and compensation for private land have been paid in accordance with the provisions of Land Acquisition Law No. (12). It is not expected that additional private land would be expropriated since the policy of the MWI is to avoid expropriation as much as possible. It is most probable that the pipeline construction will mainly utilise the right-of-way in all phases.

Regarding the construction of the pipeline in accordance with the modified alignment, it is not expected that any damage will occur to the trees along the pipeline route since all trees are planted at a distance from the 100 meters right-of-way. In addition to that, the pipeline alignment is designed to avoid high voltage electric line and commercial boards.

The social, economic and legal impact of land acquisition combined with the social effect of population resettlement may extend to all business and commercial activities in the direct zone of influence, particularly on economic activities along the pipeline route. The Contractor must therefore, take all precautions to prevent damage to private properties during the construction phase and also to provide all necessary facilities to secure sustainability of business and industry.

The selection of campsites, storage yards or any other land needed for the project must be (made in) consultation with the MWI and the selection criteria in Section 8.3.6.1(a)-point 6 must be applied.

5.4.1.5 Traffic Disturbance

The general practice for all authorities in Jordan to avoid traffic disturbances during construction is to advertise in local newspapers and television about such disturbance before construction starts and announce the detours to avoid traffic disturbances. This activity is generally organised between the contracting authority, the contractor and the traffic police. However the expected impacts related to traffic disruption are discussed below.

The Desert Highway serves and connects the capital Amman with the southern governorates and is considered the major access for the residents of these governorates to the northern parts of the Kingdom. This highway is used also to transport phosphate from the mines in Al-Hasa area to the Aqaba Port. Accordingly, this highway is subjected to high traffic density caused by a mixture of vehicles.

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It is expected that the Disi pipeline will cross the Desert Highway in four or five points and the railway in two points. The construction of detours either around the road-crossings or around a number of bridges becomes inevitable. It would be the duty of the Contractor in this case to decide on the location, length and methods of the construction of these detours. However, in all cases, traffic might be disturbed at certain points where the intervention of the Traffic Police Department shall be necessary to avoid traffic delay or suspension.

The preparation stage for this project including water pipes transportation form Al-Aqaba Port to the scattered main construction stations along the project corridor, in addition to the different construction activities, will increase the traffic density along the Desert Highway and will cause a general traffic disruption along the project route.

The road system located between Madaba Bridge and Abu-Alanda reservoir (Segment C-1) suffers presently from high traffic density since it is the main route used by the residences of east Amman and serves the industrial city in Sahab area. This roads system will be subjected to another increase in traffic density during the construction phase in order to connect the proposed main water pipe with the New Abu-Alanda reservoir.

In a specified manner of discussion, traffic disruptions will result from:

• The increase in traffic density of heavy trucks transporting the construction equipment and materials from the Aqaba port on the Desert Highway. • The partly and/or total closure of the local road system, especially within Segments (C-1) and (C-3) of the project route. While in segment B, the impacted areas will be the residential neighbourhoods and the services establishments located “on /close to” the Desert Highway. • Diverting the traffic through temporary access roads or by to detours through residential areas and congested areas, especially in Segments (C-1) and (C-3). • The daily movement of heavy trucks transporting equipments and materials along the project working areas. • The partly and/or total closure of the Desert Highway in several locations along the project corridor when the construction activities require changing the location of the water pipe from the right side of the road to left side or “vice versa”.

This traffic disturbance may lead to delay of travel time for passengers using the road. But this delay is temporary in nature. It is also not expected that travel fares would subsequently increase.

5.4.1.6 Public Health and Safety Risks

The expected construction activities on this large-scale project will pose some impacts on the public safety especially at Segments (C-1) and (C-3) and in the populated parts of Segment B of the proposed project corridor. These effects will extend to impact the safety of the work force in this project. The expected impacts will result from:

• Car accidents between private cars due to the expected traffic conjunctions resulting from the different construction activities and from modification to known roads, especially in Segments (C-1) and (C-3). • Vehicular-pedestrian conflicts along the project route in general and especially within Segments (C-1) and (C-3) and Segment B of the project corridor

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• Deep excavations close to residential areas especially in Abu-Alanda, Al-Jiza and Qatraneh areas. The presence of such excavations might be of great threat to the young locals (especially school students in their daily trip on foot to/from the nearby schools. • Falling in trenches especially in Abu-Alanda, Al-Jiza and Qatraneh areas. Such trenches are dangerous for both of the vehicles drivers and pedestrians moving within or close to the project corridor and especially during night time. • The movement and operations of heavy equipment within the construction sites and along the project corridor, and the expected car accidents with/between the construction vehicles and machinery. • Stored materials including fuel and other chemicals along the project corridor threats the public safety of the nearby residential areas in addition to the safety of the project workforce. • After completing the construction works, presence of abandoned equipment or materials; unsightly and potentially dangerous to the public safety of the locals along the project corridor. • Not wearing protection helmets (the Project workers). • Working night shifts (the Project workers).

5.4.1.7 Infrastructure Utilities and Social Disturbances

The proposed pipe route crosses and passes close to a large number of utilities/facilities that serve the residential areas in Segments C and B of the project corridor, in addition to many areas located close to this corridor. Many of these utilities will impose specific constrains on the design of work and the execution of work.

As a result of the pipeline trench excavations, disturbance to local residents along the inhabited area may stem from the following accidents:

1- A large segment of the pipeline trench will be 4 m width by 4 m depth. It might be hazardous to pedestrians particularly children, unless otherwise protected by a suitable structure. 2- Disruption in water supply and wastewater services might occur if by accident pipelines or wastewater network is broken down and pollute the domestic water distribute through local the water distribution system (within or close to the incidence site/s). This situation will represent (if happened) a severe threat to the public health. 3- Disruption in power supply might temporary occur if there was a need to relocate electricity poles far from the course of the pipeline. 4- More than 80 commercial buildings including over 350 shops have been counted along the pipeline alignment. Disruption of business may lead to the temporary loss of income. 5- Along the desert highway from Amman to Jurf junction, the Greater Amman Municipality installed about 60 electrified advertisement boards 6 m by 2 m for rent to commercial and industrial companies. Some of these boards have been erected within the right-of-way of the road. These boards will be temporarily removed during construction and re-erected in a suitable place.

The potential impacts severity of damaging these utilities varies greatly for each facility and is defined in a tabulated form in Table 44.

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Table 44: Potential impacts severity of damaging the utilities/facilities that serve the residential areas in Segments C and B of the project corridor Facility Impacts of Damage Severity of Impact High Voltage Electricity ƒ Interruption of supply. ƒ Widespread productive losses and ƒ Personal injury inconvenience to the public ƒ Expense of repair and ƒ Likely death of operator delay of works ƒ Very severe Medium Voltage ƒ Interruption of supply ƒ Significant productive losses and Electricity ƒ Personal injury inconvenience to the public ƒ Expense of repair and ƒ Likely death of operator delay to works ƒ Severe Low Voltage Electricity ƒ Interruption of supply ƒ Localized but significant productive losses ƒ Personal injury and inconvenience to the public ƒ Expense of repair and ƒ Likely death or serious injury to operator delay to works ƒ Minor Major Water Transmission ƒ Interruption of supply. ƒ Widespread productive losses and Pipes ƒ Expense of repair and inconvenience to the public delay to works ƒ Very severe Water Distribution Mains ƒ Interruption of supply ƒ Potentially significant productive losses and ƒ Expense of repair and inconvenience to the public delay to works ƒ Severe Local Water Distribution ƒ Interruption of supply ƒ Localized but significant productive losses and inconvenience to the public ƒ Minor Telephone Cables ƒ Interruption of services ƒ Disruption to national and international ƒ Expense of repair and communications delay to works ƒ Limited Telecommunication ƒ Interruption of supply ƒ Extreme Disruption to national and Cables ƒ Personal injury international communications ƒ Expense of repair and ƒ Nil to minor, but very severe when occurs delay to works

5.4.1.8 Eligibility for Loss of Income or Business

Compensation for property damage, loss of income, or person’s injuries during the construction phase is governed by the general provisions of the Civil Law – Articles 256-287. Unless otherwise specified in the Contract, compensation for all damages that might occur to private property or loss of income, as an act of the Contractor during the construction period, would be the responsibility of the Contractor himself. However, the Claimant should legally prove all damages in the Court.

Consulting the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, it has been emphasized that even during the construction of large scale water and road projects, compensations for loss of income or business never occurred. Government projects as public utilities have always been considered and respected as a procedure for the public good. Nevertheless, prevention of damage to private property during the construction phase, and compensations should explicitly be the responsibility of the Contractor in the awarded agreement.

Loss of income will be compensated by the Contractor only if it is due to Contractor negligence. Otherwise, it will be compensated by the project.

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5.4.2 Operation Phase

The locals’ public safety could be threatened during the operation phase due to the unreasonable actions that might be done by some locals against the pumping stations and the booster units. This impact is distributed where these installations are located with a special focus on Segment (A) where major installations will be done and on Segment (C) where a major reservoir is going to be constructed.

5.5 Impacts on Archaeological Resources

Due to the nature of the project and the archaeological and cultural heritage sites located within the project corridor discussed earlier in this document, the construction and operation of this pipeline may affect some of the existing archaeological and cultural heritage, and if any, undiscovered features/sites. Detailed information on the archaeological sites, cultural resources, graveyards and individual graves located within the project corridor including potential impacts are presented in Annex C22.

The following discussion presents the anticipated impact of the project on each archaeological site.

5.5.1 Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (A): Jurf Al Drawish - Disi

None of the twenty-six listed archaeological sites within this zone are located within the project corridor, and also, none of them is under direct or indirect threat by the proposed project activities. Still, precaution and management measures should be taken into consideration regarding the need to conserve any chance-found sites, or any changes to the project alignment that might affect these sites.

5.5.2 Archaeological Sites Located within Segment (B): Al Qatraneh - Jurf Al Drawish

5.5.2.1 Site B-1: Al - Qatraneh Castle

Al-Qatraneh Castle is not threatened directly by the pipe construction. Still, construction activities should be shifted away at least 50 m from the site boundaries.

5.5.3 Archaeological Sites located within Segment (C): Reservoir Abu-Alanda - Airport - Al Jiza

5.5.3.1 Site C-1: The Press

The site is not directly threatened by the pipe construction. Nevertheless the construction activity should be done away from the site; a distance of 50 m could be enough as a protective distance for the site. However, it should be noted that the expanding agricultural activities within the surrounding area are threatening the Press and, hence, the Department of Antiquities (DOA) should protect the site from this threat.

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5.5.3.2 Site C-2: Area of Cave of Seven Sleepers

Based on the remains identified in the site such as the caves and tombs, it is recommended to change the route of the pipe toward the east. The above-mentioned remains are directly threatened by the construction activities, which may lead to further damage to the main Cave of Seven Sleepers. The proximity of the construction activities near the cave will impact the archaeological plaster and other remains inside the cave itself.

5.5.3.3 Site C-3: Cave of Seven Sleepers

Since the site is directly threatened by the project, the pipeline should follow the existing road and avoid passing through the whole fenced area, with a buffer zone of at least 25 to 50 m. Based on the ESA preparers recommendations, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation decided to adopt the optimised pipeline alignment that follows the existing road in order to protect this site. This action is necessary and should be ensured and monitored.

5.5.3.4 Site C-4: Al – Juwayda Mausoleum

The site is not directly threatened by construction activities. No excavation or construction should be allowed or be permitted near the site. Scattered well-cut ashlars (if found) should be returned to the site in coordination with Department of Antiquities so as to facilitate the restoration activities in the future.

5.5.3.5 Site C-5: The Mausoleum

The site is located close to main road. This puts it under direct threat if the pipeline construction is within this side of the road. It is recommended to avoid constructing the pipeline on the road-side of the mausoleum, or at least to construct the pipeline with a minimum distance of 25 m from the mausoleum to avoid destruction to this sensitive feature.

5.5.3.6 Site C-6: Al Qastal

This site is considered out of the project corridor. Still, this site might have scattered artefacts relevant to the site within the project corridor.

5.5.3.7 Site C-7: Al – Jiza Pool

The site is not directly threatened by pipeline constructions, while digging activities should be kept under control, so as to avoid the vibration which would result from the movements of the vehicles and heavy machinery during construction.

The anticipated threat to the pool is coming from the expected cracks in body of the pool. The contractor should avoid the area of the pool.

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5.5.3.8 Site C-8: The Byzantine Church

The site is not threatened by the pipe construction but the Department of Antiquities representative should control the digging operation area and coordinate with the contractor for chance find procedure. The existing remains may extend to the western side under the new constructed highway.

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6 CUMULATIVE PROJECT SPECIFIC IMPACTS

6.1 Cumulative Impacts on the Physical Environment

6.1.1 Landscape Damage, Change of Natural Drainage System and Local Geomorphology

Landscape damage, in addition to the change in the natural drainage system and local geomorphology, is the major cumulative impact on the physical environment. The process that leads to this condition come from different actions during the construction phase, and its impacts will continue even after the construction activities finish. Such impacts will result from:

• Site preparation. • Regular construction activities along the proposed project corridor. • Construction of access roads, especially in Segments A and B of the project corridor. • Dumping of cut materials in local drainage systems, especially in Segments A and B of the project corridor.

6.1.2 Disi Aquifer System

Incremental Depletion of the Disi Aquifer: The Disi project will mine non-renewable fossil groundwater from the Disi aquifer which cannot be recharged. This use of non-renewable resources is recognized by the Government of Jordan and it plans to partially replace the use of Disi water in the future thorough the introduction of large scale desalinisation of water at Aqaba and through construction of the Red Sea – Dead Sea Water Conveyance Project.

In order to define the problems of groundwater withdrawal and deterioration in both groundwater basins, namely Azraq and Amman-Zarqa basins, the already prepared groundwater flow and solute transport models of the two basins were simulated taking into consideration the operation of Disi Mudawarra conveyance system as “with” and the present situation “without” the proposed project. The benefits gained from the scenario “with” the Disi-Mudawarra project is explained below.

In order to stimulate the benefits of Disi-Mudawarra project on the groundwater resources of Amman-Zarqa basin, the groundwater abstraction of the year 2000 will be reduced by 25% and 50% of the abstracted amount of 2000 after extending the same abstraction till the year 2008, which is the expected date of Disi-Mudawarra project operation, and the reduction percentage is simulated to 2050. Reducing the abstracted amount of 2000 by 25% showed that the water level will rise by 15 meters and the water quality will be improved by 4,500 µS/cm (i.e., becomes 5,500 µS/cm). The second part of this scenario is to reduce the abstraction rate of the year 2000 gradually by 50% up to 2008; after 2008, this reduced rate is to be maintained up to the year 2050. The water level in this case will rise by 25 m and the water quality will be improved by 6,200 µS/cm (i.e., becomes 3,800 µS/cm).

As for Azraq Basin, the scenario simulated a 50% and 25% reduction of its present abstraction rate from the AWSA wells (domestic purposes). The results of these two options show that by the reduction of AWSA wells abstraction by 50%, the water level will be recovered by 8 meters while the EC-values will stay the same as in the year 2000. Similar value was found to occur in the same observation well (AZ-12) when abstraction rates of AWSA wells are reduced by 25%. This observation well is located near AWSA- well field. But for AZ-10, the water level and the EC will stay the same because the well is located near the farm area.

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More details on the overall impacts of withdrawing groundwater from Disi Aquifer are provided in the Main Report: Part B-Section.

6.2 Cumulative Impacts on Biological Conditions

There are both direct and indirect negative cumulative impacts of the project on the biological conditions. Directly, the project will:

• Add to the habitat fragmentation, especially at the Desert habitats, which are already facing this impact. • Loss of habitats and biodiversity at remote areas of Disi and Batn El-Ghoul. • Disturbance to breeding and migratory bird species. • Introduction of exotic species. • Increased accessibility to some remote areas. • Increased accessibility, indirectly, can lead to the following: • Increased persecution of wildlife due to increased accessibility. • Malpractices and waste accumulation.

Positively, if and only if the accessibility to remote areas can be monitored and controlled, the new access roads can assist in promoting eco-tourism.

6.3 Cumulative Impacts on Social Settings

Cumulative impacts on social settings include all individual or collective impacts that will affect positively or negatively the society concerned and economic and social activities during the project life. Those impacts comprise the different stages of the project set-up from construction, operation and maintenance and administration during the concession period. Cumulative impacts therefore, can be divided into two categories:

• Positive Cumulative Impacts; and • Negative Cumulative Impacts.

6.3.1 Positive Cumulative Impacts

6.3.1.1 Employment

It is clear that the policy adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is to build the Disi Conveyance System on BOT basis (Build, Operate and Transfer). The project assets will be transferred to the MWI following the termination of the Concession Period of 40 years including the construction phase of about 4.5 years. The project implies the establishment of a competent private company with long outstanding experience in similar projects to undertake the following process:

1- Production of 100-120 MCM from Disi aquifer including the digging of 65-85 ground wells. 2- The construction and maintenance of the pipe.

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3- The utilisation of the five turnouts to supply the five other governorates with water in case of emergency. 4- The Administration of the system through the project life.

The role of the Contractor is to supply water to WAJ terminal reservoirs of Abu-Alanda and Dabouq. The distribution of water through the existing network and collection of water fees will be the responsibility of WAJ. It is expected that the same personnel of WAJ, offices and collection system will continue through the Concession Period.

Obviously, employment of engineers, surveyors, technicians, skilled workers, unskilled workers, administrators, computer programmers, and many other personnel will proportionately increase with the progress in project development. The Contractor should present detailed analysis of job- opportunities and job-description in his plan of investment to the MWI phased out by the project construction and operation stages. The role of the MWI will extend beyond the direct supervision of the project implementation to the right applications of laws and regulations of the Ministry and close investigation of the contract specifications and conditions to prevent illegal action that could be undertaken by the Contractor or his aids.

6.3.1.2 Business and Services

Cumulative increase in employment during and after the pipeline construction will create parallel demand on local products and services including:

• The purchase of materials and equipment from the local manufacturers or imported to the local market. Procurement of printing matters, furniture, and office material will increase as a matter of progress in project administration. • Demand on services including transportation, fuel, energy and accommodation will increase accordingly. • Demand on foodstuff, agricultural products and local food industry will accumulate as employment increases.

Considerable amount of monthly wages and salaries will downstream to the social expenditures of a large segment of the population working or benefiting from the project. It will enhance the economic and social livelihood of the population in the direct and indirect zone of influence. Consequently, benefits and income are likely to be fairly distributed to different social strata. Sales tax, income tax and other taxes will increase in accordance with the annual increase in wages and salaries.

It is expected that all towns and cities along the route (Aqaba, Disi, Ma'an, Tafileh, Qatraneh, Al Jiza, Amman and Abu-Alanda) will be affected by cumulative demands for business and services.

6.3.1.3 The National Economy

Capital investment in the Disi Conveyance System may approach JD 550 million, that is, almost 25% of Jordan's GDP spread over 5 years. The chronic deficit in the annual budget does not allow allocating such a huge investment to one project. The BOT concept may accordingly liberate such investment for the implementation of other water projects in other regions of the Kingdom.

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Deficit in industrial water is a major constraint to industrial development in Jordan, particularly in the Industrial State in Sahab 20 km south of Amman. Gradual increase in drinking water resources in Amman will further improve water supply for industry.

6.3.1.4 Public Health

The Disi Conveyance System will ultimately provide continuous water supply of best quality to Amman residential area. It will have positive cumulative impact on the public health in the region as well as on other areas in the direct zone of influence where salinity is increasingly affecting drinking water supply from underground resources. A clean water supply combined with good public awareness will have direct and cumulative impact on the household health conditions overtime. It is expected that substantial decline in water borne diseases such as typhoid, paratyphoid, brucellosis and amoebic diarrhoea will occur as a result of the Disi water quality.

6.3.1.5 Restoration of Depleted Aquifers

Over extraction of ground water from Azraq, Zarqa and Amman aquifers in the last 20 years to cover water shortages in the cities of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid has substantially affected water tables in all these aquifers. Mining of water aquifers like Azraq far exceeded recharge to the extent that Azraq ponds, wild life and vegetation are extinct. For instance, Azraq, which was once a very alive oasis and sanctuary for migrating birds, turned now to be sheer desert. It is expected that water tables in these aquifers may be restored to normal within 10-15 years should the present level of extraction come to end. The supply of Disi water resources to Amman would eventually assist in the restoration of depleted aquifers.

6.3.2 Negative Cumulative Impacts

Disi Project is actually not without social, economic and financial negative implications. The negative cumulative impacts are discussed below.

6.3.2.1 Population Growth versus Water Supply

The population of Jordan is growing at 3.5% per annum. In the meantime, Amman (the Capital) is growing at about 4.7% per annum taking into account the natural increase and internal migration to the city. The population of Amman will double itself in about 18 years. It can be concluded therefore, that, although Disi Project will supply 100-120 MCM in addition to other water resources, population growth rate over the next 20-40 years will be the major constraint to water supply efficiency. Water shortages in Amman will increase unless other major water projects such as the Wehdeh Dam and the Red-Dead Sea Canal are materialized.

6.3.2.2 Economy and Finance

Investment in the Disi Project on BOT basis implies the following financial components:

• Recovery of capital cost • Recovery of operation and maintenance cost • Recovery of replacement cost of depreciated components

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• Profit on capital investment

Investment in water projects in Jordan is included in the general framework of the construction of infrastructure. Therefore, recovery of capital cost has not been given in the past, very much weight in the construction of water tariffs, taking into consideration average income and the household affordability to pay for the service. Annual returns on water sales cover almost the operation and maintenance costs only.

Ostensibly, there will be substantial differences in the cost per m3 supplied by the present network and the Disi Project. Although a Regulatory Law is expected to co-ordinate and compromises both conditions, an increase in water tariffs becomes inevitable. Any additional financial burden will affect the social and economic life of the population.

6.3.2.3 Agriculture and Food Supply

Arable land suitable for irrigated agriculture in the Disi area is about 25,000 hectares of which 15,000 is at present in production and currently planted with olive trees. About 52,000 olive trees are in production. Other trees are grown by local farmers like peach, nectarine, apricots, plums, apples, guava, grapes, figs, citrus, grenades, cactus and Japanese quince. Pastoral area of 5,000 hectares is mainly used to feed small ruminants and camels. Forage, like gloves and Alfa Alfa, is produced at limited scale.

In the year 2020, the population of Jordan will grow to about 10 million and perhaps to 20 million in 2040. Consequently, demand for agricultural products will far exceed supply due to limitations in land and water resources. It is true that all related consultations advocated the extensive use of reclaimed treated waste water in agriculture particularly in the Jordan Valley with reservations on limited agriculture, but the need for additional agricultural products will persist.

The irrigated agriculture provides most of the agricultural production in Jordan and offers a high percentage of agricultural jobs and other relevant support services.

Since 1986, large scale irrigated agriculture has been practiced in the Disi-Mudawarra area. Four agricultural companies are operating in the area. Total area exploited by these companies adds up to 108,637 dunums. On average, the four companies planted 43.11% of the total area available for agriculture.

The average areas grown with wheat and barley were 10,450 and 4,190 dunums, respectively. The percentage of production of these companies to total production of Jordan was 8% for wheat and 5% for barley.

For the period 1992-1997 Jordan production of wheat and barley on average was 73,200 tons and 54,533 tons respectively, annually. There amounts farmed around 13 and 10 % of total local production and imports of these two commodities respectively.

Some crops appear to have negative net revenue, which implies lack of rational justification for producing such crops.

Large-scale agriculture in the Disi Area will not stay in business: first; if they pay for the water they consume, and secondly; because the farming process in Disi needs much more water than the rest of the country to produce the same level of output.

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The termination of water supply in 2011 to irrigated areas in Disi will result in the following:

1- The loss of capital invested by farm companies over 25 years 2- The loss of agricultural production of 52,000 olive trees and seasonal agriculture. 3- The loss of employment. 4- The loss of vegetation and the desertification of 25,000 hectares in the area.

However, it seems that there is no other alternative.

As a result of government unwillingness to renew contracts providing free water to large farms in Disi Area by the year 2011. Several negative impacts will result which are not related to conveying Disi water to Amman.

However, about 25,000 hectares is the arable land suitable for irrigated agriculture in the Disi Area Of which 15000 at present in production and currently planted 52000 olive trees. Other crops are grown by local farmers such as peach, nectarine, apricots, plums, apples, guava, grapes, figs, citrus, grenades, cactus, and Japanese quince.

Therefore, there will be direct and indirect impacts resulting from government decision not to renew contracts providing free water to farmers in Disi Area.

• On the economic level: The direct and in direct impacts will be unemployment and lost of income, which will lead to low standard of Living, low income, and lose of revenues. Other impacts will be a decrease in agriculture’s contribution to gross national product of Jordan particularly relating to export of goods and commodities outside Jordan. This will increase also Jordan trade imbalances, and affect the country’s Agri-business associated with commodities production in Disi Area.

Other impacts are related to women employment in small businesses, Livestock production, rural farming industries, and in-house farming’s as well as, the impact on Livestock production and increase in prices of goods and commodities.

• On the social level: There will be several direct and indirect impacts stemming out of either as a result of economic impacts or as cumulative conclusions for ending commercial agriculture. The economic impact will cause poverty, internal migration from countryside to cities, population imbalance and unsuitability and social uncertainty.

Family relations will be affected with poverty, lower standard of Living, lose of income and jobs having more time on hand with unemployment. This will lead to social problems such as domestic violence and crime. In addition, it will create population imbalances either through pregnancy or internal migration.

Another social impact is related to limiting rural development which will lead to an overall decline in social conditions in the fields of health, education, and decreasing their ability to develop their know how, skills, and active participation in permanent development.

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7 EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE PROJECT SPECIFIC IMPACTS

7.1 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts on the Physical Environment

The only impact of cumulative nature on the physical environment is the change of natural drainage system and local geomorphology.

The magnitude of this impact can be considered to be medium to high within Segments A and B of the project corridor. Such impact will result from different construction activities. In the absence of wise and conscious implementation of the environmental management plan, these activities such an impact will result in increased destruction and/or modification of local geomorphology and drainage system. This impact will continue even after completing the construction activities.

Evaluation of such an impact and the results should be presented to the project environment committee in the presence of the Contractor representative on a regular basis and through direct field survey.

7.2 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts on Biological Conditions

7.2.1 Construction Phase

As stated earlier, during the construction phase, several temporal and permanent impacts are anticipated. This is mainly due to excavation and drilling activities, increased accessibility and vehicle movement into some relatively remote areas, and human interference.

The associated temporary impacts are evaluated based on the following:

• Alteration of surface morphology and natural water runoffs schemes has been highlighted due to the fact that most vegetation in such arid areas is confined to sites of enough moisture for green growth. It is expected that some main wadis such as Wadi Hasa and al- Abyad will be highly impacted. This is expected to affect local and down stream plant populations and accordingly other wildlife. • Removal of vegetation cover and tree stands (at Wadi Al-Abyad) accelerates the erosion of mainly side banks along wadis and debris accumulation. • Disturbance to breeding and migratory bird species, which will affect the regional and international bird migration.

The permanent impacts are evaluated stemming from the following:

• Regional fragmentation of habitats in the desert ecosystem that is continuously under pressure of development, particularly the limestone Hammada. This is a persisting environmental concern in the Jordanian desert; • Increased human interference due to increased accessibility and promotion of urbanization of unique sites at Batn El-Ghoul; and accordingly • Increased accidental and deliberate persecution of wildlife that remains one of the threats facing biodiversity in the country.

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7.2.2 Operation Phase

Temporary impacts are evaluated based on the disturbance to breeding and migratory bird species especially if large maintenance operations are taking place.

The permanent impacts are evaluated stemming from the following:

• Increased human interference due to increased accessibility; and consequently • Increased accidental and deliberate persecution of wildlife.

7.3 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts on Social Settings

Evaluation of social and economic impacts and performance of any project usually follows the completion and implementation of that project. Social, economic and environmental benefits or shortcomings are closely associated with the project objectives and specifications in design, implementation and administration. The concession period of 40 years is a very long period for a single committee or organization to follow-up the social and economic cumulative impacts of the project. Therefore, this period can be divided into the following five years interval phases:

1- The construction phase; 2- The first five years interval of operational phase; and 3- Every five years following the O&M phase.

Evaluation of social impacts should be the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. It is suggested that an “Evaluation Committee” headed by the Project Manager and responsible to the Minister be established and be comprised of the following experts:

1- Hydrogeological Engineer 2- Social Scientist 3- Financial Expert 4- Administrator 5- Water Quality Expert

To arrive at consistent and comparative statistics on social settings, the same principles of evaluation should be followed through the project lifetime. At the end of each interval, an “Evaluation Report” should be prepared to describe the project efficiency and the direct and indirect implications on population, employment, health, tariff changes and evolution, and financial and economic status of the project.

For each topic to be evaluated, a very detailed questionnaire can be prepared. Under the supervision of each expert, field surveys shall be carried out by selected staff trained and prepared for this purpose. The evaluation report will be the guideline for the Ministry to suggest to the Contractor any correction or modification to his “Plan of Action”.

In case of emergency or deviation from the project specified objectives this committee shall be called to evaluate and follow-up unordinary events irrelevant to these objectives and report to the Minister.

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Rational and Justification

The project process adopted by the Government of Jordan is based on a commitment to integrate environmental and social issues into the design and implementation of the processes. The project Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) was formulated to enable compliance with the Jordanian environmental regulations presented in the Main Report-Part A: Overview, to account for relevant World Bank Policies, regional and international agreements, and to recognize the relationships the project develop with its stakeholders.

The key principle behind ESMP formulation is ensuring proper, wise and conscious implementation of the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures in order to ensure environmentally sound development.

ESMP is integrated in nature, and addresses a set of considerations important to management and must be factored into the decision making process. The ESMP development and implementation is a continuous process.

The first stage involves conducting the ESA, which includes the identification of environmental concerns, compilation of environmental and social ESMP-Aspects Registers, setting of objectives and targets, and conceptual design of mitigation measures. The ESMP actions were designed to facilitate maximum protection of environmental, socio-economical and archaeological resources during different project phases. These actions are detailed in Sections 8.3.68.3.7 and 8.3.7 and summarised in Annex C22.

The second stage of the process is the implementation stage were implementation of mitigations, monitoring, auditing and evaluation, and plan adaptation will be carried out.

The third and final stage includes evaluating the recovery of affected areas and the efficiency of mitigation, there to establish restoration activities if necessary.

An organizational structure has been developed in order to enable effective implementation of the proposed ESMP. This structure defines responsibilities related to the environmental requirements raised by the proposed project and responses necessary to cope with these requirements in an effective fashion.

The proposed ESMP addresses the issue of environmental awareness and environmental training, whereby environmental training needs of staff at business units are determined in order to design and implement suitable training interventions.

8.2 Planning and Framework of the ESMP

To uphold the governmental environmental policy, a planning phase to identify the shape and framework of the ESMP has been completed during the environmental and social assessment phase.

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The ESMP is structured as follows:

1- Rational and Justification 2- Planning and Framework of the ESMP 3- Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 4- ESMP Control 5- Implementation and Operation 6- Checking and Corrective Action 7- Management Review

Figure 39 shows the ESMP process.

In order to support the implementation of the ESMP, a series of maps with associated details in the form of site-specific mitigation summary sheet has been prepared. This tool will allow the construction Contractors, Consultant and their field crew to effectively apply the findings and recommendations on site (Table 2 and Annex C5).

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MWI Policy

Evaluation of Project Environmental and Social Impacts If any problem occur due to environment mismanagement

Responsible: Project Consultant

Supervision: MWI and MOE Responsible: Project Environmental & Social Responsible: ESA Consultant Consultant Management Review Impact Assessment (CC) Coordination: MWI Disclosure Significant Impacts Supervision: MWI Mitigation Measures

Responsible: Project Operation Management Consultant and the Legal Requirements Responsible: ESA Consultant Project Contractor (CC) Communication, Public Participation Coordination: MWI Supervision: MWI and Cooperation

Daily Inspection and Operation

Follow Up Mitigation Actions

Periodic Monitoring Environmental Audit Performance Audit Responsible: Project Contractor

Responsible: Project Supervision: MWI Consultant and the Documentation and Reporting Priority Objectives and Responsible: ESA Consultant Project Contractor System Actions (CC) Coordination: MWI Supervision: MWI

Responsible: Project Consultant Environmental and Social Responsible: ESA Consultant Key Performance Indicators Management Plan (CC) Coordination: MWI Supervision: MWI Mitigation Measures

Management Framework Structures, Monitoring Activities Personnel, Finance and Responsibilities

Proposed Framework: ESA Consultant Responsible: Project Consultant and the Project Contractor

Supervision: MWI

Figure 39: ESMP planning process

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8.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

8.3.1 Environmental Policy and Commitment

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is committed to achieving sound environmental management and performance as a government policy. An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) is an effective management tool in ensuring legal compliance, avoiding to the extent possible and/or mitigating impacts, reducing potential risk, and providing for continual environmental and social monitoring as part of a formal due diligence process. The project design recognizes that protection of the environment, minimization of adverse social impacts, and adoption of measures to reduce risks to human health and safety all support sound development practice, conserve resources, improve the well being of communities and safeguard employees and the general public

To implement the policy, the project should:

• Operate in conformance with all regulatory requirements and environmental, social, health and safety standards and policies. • Strengthen the proactive approach adopted by the project for environmental, social, health and safety issues by increasing awareness and knowledge among all levels of employees and committing to the protection and well being of each employee. • Promote impact avoidance with the emphasis on minimization of waste production and disturbance to the existing environmental and social systems and utilities, and include environmental, health and safety considerations among the criteria by which project construction, operation and remediation are evaluated. • Require each employee to take the responsibility for the environmental, health and safety performance and security of themselves, fellow employees and the project. • Assess the project environmental, health and safety performance and programs and commit to continuous improvement towards the project target goals of zero accidents and minimization of potential adverse environmental and social impacts. • Communicate the commitment of the Government and private sector sponsor to assure environmental and social soundness during the construction and operational phases to the project employees, local communities and other stakeholders.

8.3.2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Requirements

The project has been designed to comply with the applicable policy, legal and administrative procedures of the Hashemite Kingdome of Jordan and the World Bank. The “Main Report – Part A: Overview” provides a review of these requirements. This section of the Main Report also covers:

• Review of the institutions involved in the management and monitoring of the environment in Jordan, the institutions concerned with legislation and regulation of the sector, and the institutions delegated with enforcement, with a view to determine the status of the legal and institutional context and to assess the environmental management capacity of the Kingdom, in particular those of relevance to the project • Highlight salient features of Jordan’s environmental management capacity, in particular factors that affect the implementation of the project.

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8.3.3 Structure and Responsibility

Primarily, it is the responsibility of the Contractor to implement and operate the ESMP, where the Contractor should strictly adhere to the suggested mitigation measures and ESMP programs, and define new aspects and mitigate impacts. Also, he should monitor the environmental and social indictors, and document for precautions and actions made.

On the other hand, the Consultant should ensure the project compliance with the legal requirements and the ESMP recommendations. Also, the Consultant is responsible for monitoring the environmental and social aspects, the project conformance/non-conformance, performance auditing, and the construction completion evaluation.

The proposed ESMP implementation and operation management structure reflect the assigned responsibilities as part of the overall project management structure, where three operation management hierarchies has been identified within the project Operation Level as presented in Figure 40. These are21:

• ESMP Implantation Level (Contractor-Private Sector) • ESMP Follow Up, Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation Level (Consultant-Private Sector) • Project Administration - ESMP Administration and Guiding Level. (Project Management Unit-PMU-MWI)

At the strategic level, the overall project supervision shall be assigned to the MWI- Disi Project Administration Committee. Environmental and Social Advisory Panel will be employed by the committee to help supervising (technical role) and monitoring ESMP related activities. The World Bank will be monitoring the project compliance with respect to its World Bank policies and procedures relevant to the project.

21 When it comes to ESMP management, the terms Contractor and Consultant are referring to firms/private sector companies.

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MWI - Disi Project World Bank Project Project Management Unit Environmental and Social Reviewers and Auditors Advisory Panel Project Supervision Technical Role - Reviewers / Auditors

Strategic Level MWI - Project Manager Stockholders (MOE, MWH, …) Environmental, Social and Quality Assurance Manager

Coordination of ESMP Implementation Administration - MWI MWI - Administration Quality Assurance ESMP Coordinator

Government Oversight - ESMP - ESMP Oversight Government Technician

Consultant Project Manager ) Environmental, Social and Quality Assurance Manager

ESMP Coordinator Local Stakeholders ESMP Administration Coordination and (Municipalities, …) Communication Technical Consultation Reporting Direction Monitoring Team Quality Assurance Auditors and Sites Regular

Technician Reviewers Investigators Operational Level Eco-Audit team (Consultant Oversight (Consultant ESMP Follow up, Monitoring, Monitoring, up, Follow ESMP Auditing and Evaluation Level

Contractor Project Manager

Environmental, Social and Quality Assurance Manager

Quality Assurance ESMP Coordinator Technician Contractor Oversight Oversight Contractor

ESMP Implementation Level Level Implementation ESMP Sites Regular Sites Regular Investigators Investigators

Figure 40: ESMP management structure

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As the structure demonstrates, the prime ESMP implementation falls under the responsibility of the Contractor (private sector), where an ESMP Management Unit is suggested to undertake this responsibility. This unit will be directed by the Contractor management representative- ESMP Coordinator-, who will be supported by one or two technical staff. This unit will be reporting to the Environmental, Social and Quality Assurance Manager. This structure also indicates to the reporting system that should be applied.

The Contractor, from one side, should ensure effective ESMP implementation and operation. This can be achieved through ensuring that:

1- Roles, responsibility and authorities are defined, documented and communicated. 2- Management is committed to providing resources essential to the implementation and control of the ESMP. These include the human resources and specialized skills, technology and financing. 3- The Management Representative (ESMP Coordinator) is appointed, and assigned defined roles, responsibilities, and authority for: a. Ensuring that the ESMP is implemented in accordance with the policy, legal and administrative procedures applicable to the project and subject to the environmental and social provisions of the various legal agreements associated with the project. b. Reporting on the performance and effectiveness of implementation of the ESMP to senior project management of the private sector, and in parallel providing briefings and copies to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Construction Contractor. Copies of these reports would be provided to the World Bank and the Environmental and Social Advisory Panel. These reports would be used to monitor progress of ESMP implementation and if necessary make modifications to the ESMP. c. Coordinating the activities for the Contractor with the Environmental and Social Advisory Panel. d. Undertaking external relations and outreach activities associated with environmental and social aspects of the project.

The duties of the ESMP Coordinator are explained more in Table 45.

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Table 45: The duties of the Contractor - ESMP Coordinator Preparation stage ƒ Develop Environmental and Social Management (ESM) Statement prior to each construction phase. These statements should detail to the ESM procedures applicable to mitigate anticipated impacts. ƒ Ensure efficient implementation of the Precautionary ESMP Mitigation Programs and Procedures with regard to the sites and construction activities selection criteria. ƒ Ensure the construction of the fluid waste collection for the project offices, construction camps, storage yards and other facilities in the locations, which were agreed upon between the municipalities, the Consultant and the Contractor. ƒ Ensure the establishment of the temporary access roads in the locations agreed upon with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Department of Antiquities, the consultant and the contractor. ƒ Coordinate with the Natural Resources Authority, Ministry of Environment and Department of Antiquities on issues concerning selection and review of quarry sites, borrow pits and disposal sites. ƒ Ensure effective communication and cooperation with local communities especially in Segments C and B ƒ Produce necessary report and documents as per of the reporting system mentioned in Table 49 and ensure all documents and reports control. ƒ Quality control review of all detailed working drawings to ensure conformity and adequate environmental protection to meet the requirements for the Site Specific Mitigation Summary Sheets. This would include review of the noise reduction mitigation measures for the design of the pumping stations. Construction stage ƒ Ensure efficient implementation of the ESMP mitigation programs and procedures. ƒ Coordinate and follow up with responsible governmental and non-governmental agencies working in the field of environmental conservation. ƒ Ensure continuous and efficient communication with local communities. ƒ Give a special attention to the issue of public safety, especially in Segments C and B of the project within the populated residential neighbourhoods, and insure the continuous application of these measures during the construction phase. ƒ Coordinate with the Department of Antiquities concerning its field based oversight during construction in sensitive areas and the application of archaeological “chance find” procedures for the management of unanticipated finds during construction. ƒ Reporting to the project consultant

The technical staff suggested to support the Contractor - ESMP Coordinator would hold the responsibility of site regular investigation to ensure proper implementation of the project ESMP in addition to other technical responsibilities delegated to those staff by the ESMP Coordinator; these delegated responsibilities could be any of the above-mentioned ESMP Coordinator duties (Table 45).

The project consultant would employee a similar ESMP Management Unit to be supervised by the ESMP Coordinator who would be the representative of the Consultant and supported by one or two technical staff. This unit will be reporting to the consultant Environmental, Social and Quality Assurance Manager.

The ESMP Management Unit would have the following responsibilities:

1- To ensure that roles, responsibility and authorities are defined documented and communicated. 2- To monitor, audit and evaluate the project environmental and social aspects as per of the ESMP summary table presented in Table 46.

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3- To monitor, audit and evaluate the efficiency of ESMP implementation and operation. 4- To evaluate and update the ESMP summary table presented in Table 46. 5- To ensure efficient implementation of the ESMP programs and procedures. This can be achieved by the following operational objectives: a. Ensuring that the ESMP requirements are established, implemented, and maintained in accordance with the stated legal requirements and approved Standard. b. Reporting on the performance and effectiveness of the ESMP to top management and using this reporting as the basis for Management Review. c. Monitoring the available and effective use of funds and other resources required for implementation of the ESMP. d. Adjusting the implementation scheduled for the ESMP to keep it consistent with the overall schedule for the project. 6- To coordinate preparation of supplemental environmental and social studies as required in order to support the effective implementation of the ESMP. 7- To undertake supplemental consultation, Disclosure and related outreach activities during implementation of the ESMP.

The technical staff suggested to support the Consultant - ESMP Coordinator would hold the responsibility of site regular investigation, environmental and social monitoring, ESMP performance audit and eco-audit in addition to other technical responsibilities delegated to those staff by the ESMP Coordinator.

One of the major assignments of the Consultant -ESMP Management Unit is to establish the baseline information for the environmental and social monitoring program during the pre- construction phase. This should include additional studies on air quality, noise and waster quality to establish ambient conditions in areas that would be directly affected by the project.

8.3.4 Environmental and Social Objectives

The proposed environmental and social objectives for the project have been established on the basis of the ESA study, including the public consultation process, and should be reviewed and updated on periodic basis as the project proceeds with implementation.

The overall objectives include:

• To promote closer integration of impact assessment into planning, policy making and overall project management. • To avoid to the extent possible the occurrence of impacts by the project on the environmental and social settings. • To minimize to the extent possible the unavoidable impacts. • To restore the impacted social and environmental settings rapidly. • To compensate for non-restorable settings and for interim disruption whenever needed.

The detailed environmental and social management objectives and targets identified for the proposed project are presented below in terms of mitigation and monitoring objectives as part of the project and in Table 46.

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility Mitigating Impacts to the Physical Environment 1 Conserve Natural Landscape and Natural Resources 1.1 Avoidance Measures 1.1.1 The project construction corridor should be defined and proper signage system should be established. The corridor should not All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant exceed 50 meters. 1.1.2 Where clearing is required for permanent works, approved construction activities and for excavation operations, construction Segments A & B activities should be limited as much as applicable to minimum areas of the project construction corridor 1.1.3 Changing the geomorphology, the local drainage systems, in addition to flora demolition should be prohibited outside the proposed Segments A & B project corridor. 1.1.4 Avoid unnecessary excavation processes and off road especially at hammad areas and sand dunes and utilize the existing roads Segments A & B instead of making new ones whenever applicable. 1.1.5 Avoid accumulation of excavation piles during rainy season. All segments 1.1.6 Avoid accumulation of excavated material through synchronizing excavation and filling processes. All segments 1.1.7 Prohibit dumping solid wastes in the wadi crossings. A & B 1.1.8 Avoid as much as possible building of permanent facilities and instead consider the use of mobile residence facilities. All segments 1.1.9 Avoid vegetated sand dunes areas (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) as much as possible. A 1.1.10 Avoid planting or seeding of crops and exotic species. Segments A & B 1.2 Wadi Crossing Mitigations Segments A & B The Project Contractor The Project Consultant 1.2.1 Apply bridge-crossing structures for wadi crossings 1.2.2 Avoid lowering the pipeline to the bed of the wadi section to avoid erosion hazard due to the nature of the wadis at such regime stage of the streams. The Contractor should plan for diverting the flood flow if construction is carried out in the rainy season and should define the location of the flow section(s) and preferably cross these sections with bridge crossing. Assurance for the flow capacity for such sections must be accompanied by a comprehensive flood study. 1.2.3 The Contractor should consider and apply the following crossing mitigations: • Time executing crossing structures could be scheduled at dry period between May and October.

Construction Phase Construction • Minimum protection against floodwater must be against flow of 10-Year return period for diverting the flow and protecting the site. • Insurance must cover the higher return period flood flow. • Stream development should be planed carefully with a comprehensive flood flow analysis. • The Contractor should avoid any disturbance to main flow section unless a well design is considered to minimize erosion and sedimentation processes. • Spoil materials should be disposed away from the flow areas at sites with no potential of storm water flow in order to eliminate any sediment movement, which could end at the flow sections. These sediments could cause reduction in flow area and site flooding. 1.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Control Segments A & B The Project Contractor The Project Consultant 1.3.1 Develop the crossing site hydraulically and extend it before and after the crossing section with a minimum distance of ten times the flow section width in order to eliminate any flow disturbance and to smooth the flow which will eventually minimise the erosion process. 1.3.2 Discharge construction material spoil out of the flow sections at sites with no potential of storm waters to carry these materials to the flow sections. This will eliminate the sedimentation in the flow sections, which could reduce the flow section and lead to flooding the site. 1.4 Rehabilitation and Restoration Measures 1.4.1 Restore as much as possible changed surface morphology to maintain natural water flow. All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant 1.4.2 Restore wadi side banks to maintain natural water flow and reduce erosion.

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility 2 Installing Appropriate Fluid Waste Collection System 2.1 Construct impermeable septic tanks for domestic wastewater collection to serve each of the project main offices and in the All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant temporary workstations along the project route in addition to the construction camps, storage yards and staging areas. 2.2 Prohibit the periodical maintenance for the machines to occur within the project site. All machines and vehicles should be maintained at specialized maintenance stations. 2.3 Whenever accidental leakage of fluid waste occurs, the Contractor is responsible to clean the polluted area. 3 Applying Appropriate Solid Waste Collection System 3.1 Ensure maximum utilization of the generated cut materials (direct and rocks) in the fill process. All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant 3.2 Establish, operate and monitor temporary solid waste dumping sites within the construction corridor, the generated and temporary dumped solid wastes in these sites should be placed and emptied on biweekly basis and transferred (if not utilized as filling materials in the construction activities) to defined solid waste dumping sites out of the project corridor. Such dumping sites should comply with the stated criteria and approved from the related authorities including the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Environment. 3.3 Prohibit solid waste accumulation within or close to defined hotspots, archeological sites, farms, residential areas, water runoffs, vegetated hammed areas and sand dunes. 3.4 Prohibit prolonged accumulation of solid wastes. The selected temporary dumping sites should be treated only as solid waste transfer stations. 3.5 Properly collect the generated domestic solid waste by the project employees and transported it to the closest municipal landfill. This requires prior coordination with related municipalities. The Contractor should ensure the efficiency of waste collection and transport system though no waste is being mismanaged or accumulated. 3.6 The temporary solid waste dumping stations (solid waste transfer stations) should: - Avoid using runoffs, wadis and sand dune areas as temporary solid waste storage ground (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) as much as possible. - Avoid accumulation of excavated material through synchronizing excavation and filling processes. - Avoid as much as possible removal of green cover. 3.7 Apply restoration of the areas used as temporary storage grounds soon after finishing the use of each site. 4 Dust Control 4.1 Apply (spray) water to the construction surface and other piled materials such as sand as much as needed. Segments (C-1), The Project Contractor The Project Consultant Construction Phase Construction (C-3) & (B-2) 5 Noise Control 5.1 Reduce working night shifts as much as possible in populated areas. Segments (C-1), The Project Contractor The Project Consultant (C-3) & (B-2) 5.2 Apply the Jordanian Regulation for ambient noise levels during this phase as a major tool in designing the construction activities All segments schedule. 6 Correct Selection of the Project Offices, Support Facilities, Camps and Temporary Waste Disposal Sites 6.1 For a correct selection of the project offices, camp, and temporary waste disposal site's), the following criteria should be applied: The Project Contractor The Project Consultant, Representatives from MWI - Located outside populated residential areas and far from schools or any social establishment especially for Segments C and B of Segments (C-1), the project. (C-3) & (B-2) - Located away with a suitable distance from ecologically sensitive habitats, wadis, runoff and wadi side banks, and sand dune Segments A & B habitats. - Located away from vegetated areas. - Located away with a suitable distance from archeological suites. All segments - Located away with a suitable distance from the farms. - Easy access to the construction sites; to the existing primary roads and to the existing infrastructure - Located outside any known aquifer recharge zones (if possible). 6.2 Ensure that all buildings and support facilities established within the project has no or very minimal permanent visual impact, this Segments A & B The Project Contractor The Project Consultant can be achieved by applying designs that are consistent with the visual features of the construction area. The construction designs of the aerial high-voltage electricity supply proposed to pass through Segment A should be verified and approved by related authority.. 6.3 Restore the selected site to its original condition All segments The Project Consultant, Representatives from MWI

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility 7 Correct Selection for the Access Roads 7.1 Determine based on detailed surveys alternative temporary access roads to the roads anticipated to be partially or totally closed. The Segments C & B The Project Contractor Consultant in coordination with the Traffic maximum usage of the present access roads within the project areas, noise levels, private properties protection, and public safety Department and the MPWH. should be considered. Relevant governmental authorities should approve engineering specifications for these roads and the types of vehicles to use these access roads. 7.2 The proposed service roads within remote areas located within the project corridor in Segment A should avoid to the extent possible Segment A Consultant in coordination. the biological sensitive habitat and plant communities, especially the runoffs and sand dunes vegetation. It is highly recommended to follow the existing road tracks used by the locals within these areas whenever applicable. Protection of Biological Diversity 8 Avoidance actions: Precautionary approach is often the most cost effective one. This includes: 8.1 Strictly prohibit the removal of the Acacia trees community. Segment A The Project Contractor The Project Consultant, & the Ministry of Agriculture-department of Forestry 8.2 Strictly prohibit green cover removal -unnecessary removal within the construction corridor or any removal out side the corridor- by Segments A & B The Project Consultant the Contractor and consultant employees either by collection or burning or any mean of removal 8.3 Minimize night activities. 8.4 Avoid unnecessary movement of project staff mainly at night. 8.5 Avoid wildlife persecution, hunting, animal and plant collection. 8.6 Avoid planting or seedling of crops and exotic species. 8.7 Avoid introduction of pets. 8.8 Avoid sand dunes areas (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) as much as possible. Segments A 9 Restoration actions 9.1 Upon incidents ensure the restoration of biological diversity and biological communities’ characteristics and features. Segment A Protection of Agricultural Resources 10 Precautionary Measures

Construction Phase Construction 10.1 Ensure safe passageways for the herders. Segments A & B The Project Contractor The Project Consultant 10.2 Ensure availability of safe passageways to eliminate any inconvenience arising from restrictions on mobility for farms along the route. 11 Restoration actions 11.1 Re-plant or compensate for removed trees (mainly olive) within farms along the route from Qatraneh to Amman. Segments A & B The Project Contractor The Project Consultant and the Ministry of 11.2 Re-plant or compensate for forestry stands Agriculture Mitigating Social Impacts 12 Disi Area Development Plan 12.1 Adopt and implement the proposed Disi Area Development Plan provided in Annex C23. Segments A & B The Project Contractor MWI 13 Resettlement Framework 13.1 Adopt and implement the proposed Resettlement Framework provided in Annex C24. All Segments The Project Contractor MWI 13.2 Employ Bedouin workers in Disi irrigated large-scale farms in the project as guards or manual workers during the construction Segment A period or even during operation and maintenance phase. 13.3 Ensure the supply of water to the small number of livestock to continue after the expiration of the farms contracts. 14 Business Disruption 14.1 Take all precautions to prevent damage to private properties during construction or infliction of harm to persons including disruption Segments B & C The Project Contractor The Project Consultant of work or business to individuals along the pipeline corridor. 14.2 Ensure safe access to the businesses located along the project alignment

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility 15 Reduce the Expected Traffic Disruption 15.1 Avoid the closure of the main roads whenever possible. All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant and the Traffic Department 15.2 Carry out all construction activities that might require closure of some roads quickly and at one time to minimize the disruption 15.3 Allocate and ensure safe traffic detours to serve the impacted traffic movement including loops, bridges or others. Such detours should be of sufficient capacity to cope with the disrupted traffic. 15.4 Limit the movement of the construction machinery to the direct project area 15.6 Prohibit the movement of this machinery outside the project area during peak traffic hours Segments C & B 15.7 Limit the movement time for heavy trucks transporting equipments and materials to the project areas to non-peak traffic hours, and All segments do not allow them to use internal roads between residential areas close to the project site. 15.8 Use covering for all vehicles transporting raw materials from/to the project site. 15.9 Apply strong restriction for the allowable speed limits for all the project vehicles. 15.10 Install all necessary signs and measures to facilitate safety and strict traffic control. 15.11 Arranging all the above listed issues should be through coordination with the Traffic Department for a proper traffic management. 15.12 A quick and comprehensive rehabilitation program should be conducted for the Southern Amman (Segments C-2 and C-3) city roads system during the preparation stage for this project to accommodate the traffic density. 16 Formulate Public Safety Program for the Locals and the Workers in the Project 16.1 Abide by all items related to safety as outlined in the tender documents and follow all the procedures that could prevent any possible All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant dangers whether these dangers are electrical, mechanical, chemical, or related to site works, and this can be done by: - Providing preventive barriers around machines dangerous parts to avoid the wrong access to these parts. - Providing warning signs that make the workers aware of the dangers related to machines or site area. - Following all the procedures that could prevent static or dynamic electrical dangers and providing any insulation or earthing systems required for workers safety. - Providing scheduled maintenance to deferent machines used during the construction or the operation.

Construction Phase Construction 16.2 The Contractor should maintain insurance policies issued by an insurer allowed by law to do business in Jordan that cover the All segments following: • Workmen's compensation and all other social insurance in accordance with the statutory requirements of the country or state having jurisdiction over the Contractor's employers. • Damages or compensation payable at law in consequence of any accident or injury to any workman or other person in the employment of the Contractor or any sub-Contractor, save and except an accident or injury resulting from any act or default of the employer or his servants. • Injury which may occur to any person by arising out of the execution of project and caused by the Contractor or his sub- Contractors. • Car bodily injury which shall include coverage for all owned, non-owned and hired vehicles used in the performance of the services. 16.3 Locate access facilities so as to provide a safe passage for the pedestrians crossing within the project areas. It is recommended that Segments (C-1), these facilities be in the form of protected pedestrian bridges. (C-3) & (B-2) 16.4 Provide and properly maintain all temporary roads and other work required including access to existing carriage, factories, shops, All segments building and the like. This include installing operating and maintaining all required temporary signing, signals, barriers and other safety measures that can assist in conserving the public and the workers safety. 16.5 Ensure suitable disclosure of information with regard to project components relevant to the public and workers safety, including access roads.

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility Conservation of Archaeological and Cultural Resources 17 Avoidance actions 17.1 Implement the Cultural Resources Management (CRM) program in coordination with CRM monitoring groups including the All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant & the Department of Department of Antiquities / Ministry of Tourism. Antiquities 17.2 Apply penalties for non-compliance. These penalties should be identified and informed to the Contractor and his employees. 17.3 Shift the construction activities for a distance that is enough as to protect identified archeological sites. Segments B & C The Project Consultant 17.4 Follow “Chance-find” Procedures. All segments 17.5 Conduct exclusion areas. 17.6 Adopt special procedures in the vicinity of sites defined as requiring protection. These include protecting the site by fencing, Segments B & C The Project Consultant & the Department of conducting site rescue excavation, conducting site restoration, and implementing signage system to the site. Antiquities 17.7 Once the final alignment has been fixed and the extent of any earthworks and borrow pits is known, sites that remain classified as All segments The Project Consultant not threatened should be revisited and fully documented for record purposes. 17.8 A set of final engineering drawings, on which archaeological sites within or immediately adjacent to the construction area are defined, should be addressed by the Contractor to the Consultant and to the Department of Antiquities (DOA) prior to starting work.. 17.9 In general, for projects entering the construction stage, the following four points could be added to contract documents which would The Project Consultant & the Department of be beneficial for the protection of archaeological sites: Antiquities 17.9.1 Borrow Areas: The locations of borrow areas and quarry sites selected by the Contractor should be approved by the Department of Antiquities (DOA) to prevent antiquities being damaged by quarrying or borrow excavation. Such inspection should not be unreasonably delayed. 17.9.2 Observation of Construction Excavation: In areas where the Department of Antiquities knows or suspects the existence of remains under the surface, but where there is insufficient time for archaeological excavation (or the importance of the site dose not warrant full scale investigation prior to construction), a representative of DOA should be present during the opening of any excavation or borrow pit to identify and record

Construction Phase Construction any archaeological remains found. 17.9.3 Additional Salvage Excavation: In areas where DOA has determined that further salvage excavation will be necessary, based on the information developed during the Final Design phase, salvage excavation will be carried out at the beginning of the construction phase. Construction activities should be scheduled so as to leave any such area until late in the construction process, and thus the archaeological excavation would not delay construction activities. 17.9.4 Archaeological Chance Find: If any archaeological site or remains found during construction the Contractor should directly contact the Department of Antiquities. If any site found during construction and will be damaged by construction activities, the Department of Antiquities will assess the discovered remains and will carry out an emergency salvage excavation. Salvage excavation means archaeological excavation conducted during construction phase, it should be conducted only when an archaeological site is found by accident (chance find) during construction. Given the short time available for a salvage excavation, this type of work should be avoided. The available short time for salvage excavations cannot be considered an authorization to destroy the discovered remains or site. Since each site must be given proper consideration and analysis before its destruction can be authorized. The cost of the further salvage excavation should be included as part of rates provided in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor should seek the written approval of the Department of Antiquities before the removal of any chance find building, foundation, structure, fence and other obstruction over 50 years old, any portion of which is in the R.O.W. all designated salvageable material shall be removed, without causing unnecessary damage, and in sections or pieces which may be readily transported, and shall be started by the Contractor at approved locations, for later use or possession of the department of Antiquities

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility Monitoring Physical Environment 18 Conduct Site Inspection 18.1 Conduct site inspection on daily basis to monitor all construction activities according to the prepared construction schedule from an All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant environmental point of view. 18.2 Provide free passage and access to all parts of the project and at all times to authorized representatives from the MOE, MWI and the responsible municipalities. 19 Monitor Air Quality and Noise Level 19.1 An air quality-monitoring program should be applied to monitor the dust levels and air emissions from vehicles at least four times All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant per year at selected sites along the project layout. The major parameter to be measured is Total Suspended Particles (TSP). 19.2 Conduct noise level monitoring program once a month during the construction phase, and each time should extend for 24 hours. The major parameters to be measured include but are not limited to: - Noise (Equivalent Sound Pressure Level, LAeq) - Vibration 20 Monitor Solid Waste Management 20.1 The monitoring of solid waste management operations should cover the following: All segments The Project Consultant PMU - Solid waste generation, including quality and quantity. - Collection and transportation efficiency. - Suitability of final disposal sites. - Solid waste accumulation within the project corridor in terms of volumes and frequency of removal. Monitoring of Biological Environment 21 For the biological environment, the frequency of monitoring is mostly periodical (every three months) combined with follow up on Segments A & B The Project Consultant PMU daily basis and annual auditing. The following indicators should be monitored: - Maintained pre-project land utilization and access. - Maintained Runoffs Habitat. - Natural vegetation cover is maintained. Construction Phase Construction - Hunting is banned. - Accidental kills are minimum. - Breeding seasons are undisturbed. - Migration seasons are avoided. 22 Monitor the natural conditions of surface water flow between pre and post project activities including runoffs habitat and Segments A & B The Project Consultant PMU geomorphology, the frequency of monitoring is mostly periodical (every three months) 23 Monitor plant communities’ changes, the frequency of monitoring is mostly periodical (every three months) 24 Monitor habitat deterioration (some species can be used as indicators for habitat deterioration such as Citrillus and Peganum sp.). 25 Monitor accidental killing of animals (car accidents, falling in drilled ditches, persecutions, etc.). 26 Monitor wintering bird species. 27 Monitor key herpetofaunal and faunal species. 28 Monitor oil spills and solid waste accumulation 29 Monitor accessibility to Abu-Tarfa area and to Disi area through Batn El-Ghoul. Segment A Monitoring of Agricultural Resources 30 The following indicators should be monitored for compliance with the suggested mitigation measures: All segments The Project Consultant PMU - Safe passageways dedicated for the use of herders especially in Segments A and B. - Removal of trees within farms along the route from Qatraneh to Amman and their re-plantation or compensation. - Availability of safe passageways can eliminate any inconvenience arising from restrictions on mobility for farms along the route.

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Responsibilities Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Implementation Licensing and Compliance Monitoring Responsibility Responsibility Monitoring Social Aspects 31 The following indicators should be monitored for compliance with the suggested mitigation measures: All segments The Project Consultant PMU - Employment: this includes the percentage of locals and foreigners to the total employment. - Business Disruption: should include, but not be limited to, damage to private properties during construction, harm to persons including disruption of work or business along the pipeline corridor. - Public safety measures and public safety program implementation and efficiency. - Locals complains about project related disturbances, noise and health aspects. - Traffic disruption incidence including location of occurrence, duration, actions made to mitigate the impact and if any accidents resulted from such disruption. - Disruption of infrastructure utilities including telephone connections, electricity, water, sewer and other utilities. - Implementation of the Traffic Disruptions Control Program. Such component should be under the direct supervision of the Traffic Department in each of the different project areas. - Monitor the maintenance of pedestrians crossing facilities to be constructed along the project layout in coordination with the authorized departments in the MPWH in association with the Greater Amman Municipality in addition to the different municipalities along the project corridor. Monitoring Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites Construction Phase Construction 32 The following components should be monitored on regular basis: All segments The Project Consultant Department of Antiquities - Disruption to the archaeological features. - The implementation of the Cultural Resources Management (CRM) activities - Compliance / non-compliance with the “Chance-find” procedures, exclusion areas, and shifting the construction activities for a distance as enough as to protect the site. - Special procedures in the vicinity of sites defined as requiring protection. These include: * Site by fencing * Site rescue excavation * Site restoration * Signage system to the site Protecting Biological Environment 33 Preventive Measures 33.1 Prohibit removal of green cover, control accidental and deliberate persecution of wildlife caused and disturbance to breeding and Segment A The Project Contractor Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of migratory bird species by the increased accessibility to the sensitive habitat within segment A. this can be achieved through proper Agriculture and the Royal Society for the awareness activities, site signage and regular patrolling. conservation of Nature 33.2 Avoid the removal of the Acacia trees community and translocation of those unavoidable ones in coordination with related The Project Consultant authorities including the Ministry of Agriculture and the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature. 33.3 Avoid as much as possible removal of green cover. 33.4 Minimize night activities. 33.5 Avoid wildlife persecution, hunting, animal and plant collection. Operation Phase Operation Phase 33.6 Avoid unnecessary movement of project staff mainly at night. 33.7 Avoid planting or seedling of crops and exotic species. 33.8 Avoid introduction of pets. 33.9 Avoid sand dunes areas (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) as much as possible.

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Table 46: ESMP Site-Specific Procedures and Responsibilities (contd.) Phase No. Mitigation and ESM Procedures Zones Responsibilities Mitigating and Monitoring Social Impacts 34 Monitoring Wadi Crossings 34.1 Development of monitoring criteria for post-construction performance of wadi crossing is essential for a successful plan to minimize All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant the impact of wadi crossing during construction phase. 35 Applying and Monitoring Appropriate Public Safety Program 35.1 All the booster and pumping stations along the project route should be fenced and have daily guarding system. In addition to that, All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant the local communities should understand through the public media and the local schools within the project corridor, the importance of conserving all of the project facilities. More over all the workers in these stations should weir safety equipments such as safety helmets and shoes during their work shifts and should get a specialized public safety course related to such facilities. 35.2 The expected fluid and solid wastes resulted from the project facilities should be disposed probably as the following: (i)The human The Project Contractor and fluid wastes should be disposed to the wastewater collection system (Where available) or to appropriate septic tanks and pumped out The Project Consultant on monthly basis. (ii)The fluid wastes resulted from the daily work activities should be collected in special tanks and sent on

Operation Phase Operation Phase monthly bases to the nearest dumping site. The resulted solid wastes should be collected in weekly bases and sent to the nearest dumping site. 35.3 The Jordanian Regulation for ambient noise levels should be applied to control the expected noise levels to generate from operating the pumping stations especially those located close to the residential areas. 35.4 It is the responsibility of the environment department in MWI in association with the local municipalities and the Greater Amman municipality (for sites located within the Jurisdictions of Amman municipality) to supervise and monitor the implementation of the above listed measures. The mitigation measures proposed to cope with the anticipated construction-remediation phase are dealt All segments The Project Contractor and MWI with as construction impacts, while the overall project remediation impacts will be the same as those The Project Consultant described for the construction phase. Phase Remediation Establishing an Environmental and Social Management Unit with at least one experienced ESMP- All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant Coordinator.

Conducting suitable and effective staff training and awareness activities to ensure the project employees All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant understanding, appreciation and adherence to the suggested environmental and social management requirements.

ll Environmental and ll Environmental Ensuring public participation in the overall ESMP implementation through effective disclosure of All segments The Project Contractor The Project Consultant information such as announcement of roads closer and access roads provided, and through public consultation and feed-back mechanism. Social Management Requirements Social Management Requirements Project-Specific overa Project-Specific

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8.3.5 Environmental and Social Aspects

Environmental and social ESMP-Aspects Register has been developed during the ESA and forms an integral part the ESMP. It provides an account of the identified impacts during the assessment.

The register is the result of wide consultation and detailed investigation of the environmental and social concerns, project activities and impacts. The identification of the ESMP-Aspects Register included the involvement of the local communities and project stakeholders through the process of public communication and during the course of scoping.

On an ongoing basis, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Contractor, on the basis of recommendations made by the ESMP Management Unit, ESAP or other parties, may adjust the design of the ESMP to address new environmental and social issues identified during the course of project implementation. The implementation of the ESMP and the project more broadly should be managed in a manner that allows it to respond to significant issues raised by local communities and other stakeholders as part of the communication and consultation process to be undertaken during project implementation.

Proposed changes to the scope, schedule and funding of the ESMP are reported to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Contractor by the ESMP Coordinator. Proposed changes to the ESMP should be undertaken on a proactive basis to avoid adverse impacts and when project based experience indicates clear benefits from a change in approach. The work of the ESMP Management would be subject to routine review by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Environmental and Social Advisory Panel and World Bank.

The environmental and social registered impacts are presented in Table 47.

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Table 47: Registered Environmental and Social impacts Zone Type and Magnitude of Effect No. Anticipated Significant Impacts A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 1 Construction Phase and/or Remediation Phase 1.1 Biological Environment 1.1.1 Habitat 1.1.1.1 Habitat Fragmentation High cumulative High cumulative

1.1.1.2 Alteration of surface morphology and High direct High direct water runoffs schemes 1.1.1.3 Increased human interference Medium Medium cumulative cumulative 1.1.2 Species 1.1.2.1 Removal of vegetation cover and tree High direct High direct Medium direct Medium direct Medium direct Medium direct Medium direct stands 1.1.2.2 Persecution of wildlife Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, cumulative cumulative 1.1.2.3 Disturbance to breeding and migratory Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, bird species cumulative cumulative

1.1.2.4 Introduction of exotic species Indirect, Indirect, cumulative cumulative 1.2 A Biotic Environment 1.2.1 High Noise Levels High, temporary High, temporary Low- Medium, Low- Medium, High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary direct impact. direct impact. Temporary direct Temporary direct direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. impact. impact.

1.2.2 Increase Dust Levels Low, temporary Low, temporary Low, temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact.

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Table 47: Registered Environmental and Social impacts (contd.) Zone Type and Magnitude of Effect No. Anticipated Significant Impacts A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 1.2.3 Generated Fluid Wastes High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. 1.2.4 Generated Solid Wastes High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact. direct impact.

1.2.6 Selecting the Location for the project Low- Medium Low- Medium High temporary High temporary High temporary Offices & Camps temporary direct temporary direct direct impact direct impact direct impact impact impact 1.2.7 Incorrectly constructed or routed access High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary roads direct impact direct impact direct impact

1.2.8 Landscape Damage, Change of Natural Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high Drainage system and Local temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct geomorphology through: 1- Unwisely impact impact impact impact planed construction operations. 2- Unnecessary damage by the construction activities outside the defined areas for operations. 3- Landscape scarring leading to future erosion, 4- Temporary dislocation of existing drainage patterns 1.2.9 Wadi Crossing Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct impact impact impact impact 1.2.10 Erosion and Sedimentation Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct impact impact impact impact

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Table 47: Registered Environmental and Social impacts (contd.) Zone Type and Magnitude of Effect No. Anticipated Significant Impacts A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 1.2.11 Visual Impact caused by establishment of Medium to high Medium to high Medium to high permanent structures like pumping permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct stations and other support facilities impact impact impact including power supply lines 1.3 Social 1.3.1 Impacts on Indigenous Peoples None to low None to low None to low None to low temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct impact impact impact impact 1.3.2 Resettlement None to low None to low None to low None to low None to low None to low None to low temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct impact impact impact impact impact impact impact 1.3.3 Land Acquisition None to low None to low None to low None to low None to low None to low None to low temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct temporary direct impact impact impact impact impact impact impact 1.3.4 Traffic Disruptions Medium Medium High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary Temporary direct Temporary direct direct Impact direct Impact direct Impact impact and high impact and high when crossing when crossing the the Desert Road Desert Road

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Table 47: Registered Environmental and Social impacts (contd.) Zone Type and Magnitude of Effect No. Anticipated Significant Impacts A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 1.3.5 Disturb of the existing infrastructure and High, Temporary High, High, Temporary High, Temporary High, Temporary utilities including water supply and direct impact Temporary direct impact direct impact direct impact wastewater services, electrical power direct impact supply and others 1.3.6 Risk to Locals & Employees Safety Not significant Not significant Low-Medium Low-Medium High Temporary High Temporary High Temporary especially pedestrians for the locals and for the locals and Temporary direct Temporary direct impact for direct impact for direct impact for high for the high for the impact for the direct impact for the locals and the locals and the locals and project project locals and high for the locals and high for the high for the high for the employees employees the project high for the project employees project project employees project employees employees employees 1.3.7 Disruption of business may lead to the Low-Medium Low-Medium Low-Medium Low-Medium temporary loss of income. Temporary Temporary direct Temporary direct Temporary direct direct impact impact impact impact 1.3.8 Low-Medium Low-Medium Low-Medium Low-Medium Temporary Temporary direct Temporary direct Temporary direct Property damage and loss of income direct impact impact impact impact 1.4 Agriculture Environment 1.4.1 Removal and cut of trees close to the Medium and Medium and Medium and Medium and pipeline direct direct direct direct 1.4.2 Limitation of the accessibility to the farms Low and direct Low and direct Low and direct Low and direct

1.5 Archaeological Sites 1.5.1 Archaeological sites Medium, indirect Medium, indirect Medium, indirect Medium, indirect Medium, indirect and direct and direct and direct and direct and direct

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Table 47: Registered Environmental and Social impacts (contd.) Zone Type and Magnitude of Effect No. Anticipated Significant Impacts A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 2 Operation Phase 2.1 Biological Environment 2.1.1 Habitat 2.1.1.1 Increased human interference and Cumulative Cumulative accessibility 2.1.2 Species 2.1.2.1 Persecution of wildlife Direct, indirect Direct, indirect and cumulative and cumulative

2.2 A Biotic Environment 2.2.1 Threatening the public safety of local Medium, Medium, Medium, Medium, populations permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct permanent direct impact impact impact impact

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8.3.6 Management Programs for Mitigation of Impacts

As part of the ESA process for new projects, environmental and social management programs are being compiled in all aspects where site-specific features are taken in account. These management programs are prepared to address project specific mitigation and monitoring needs.

Each program includes procedures for mitigation measures and monitoring activities that are designed to achieve the stated objectives established for the ESMP

The following mitigation measures should be strictly adhered to, in order to avoid impact, risk or hazard whenever anticipated. When the impacts are unavoidable the impact should be minimized to the extent possible and the settings should be rehabilitated appropriately to restore the natural condition. Compensation schemes should be applied whenever needed as a consequence of the interim damage and disruption or as compensation to the permanent damage.

The following are the proposed mitigation measures foreseen for the expected impacts. The success of the foreseen mitigation measures depends largely on proper training and awareness to project staff and efficiency of restoration when required. Table 46 presents the site specific mitigation measures based on their relevance to the project activities.

8.3.6.1 Construction Phase

(a) Mitigating Environmental Impacts

1- Conserve Natural Landscape and Natural Resources During the construction phase, the Contractor should apply the maximum care not to inflict unnecessary damage to the local landscape and natural resources. Only, where the clearing is required for permanent works, for approved construction activities and for excavation operations, local geomorphology, natural drainage systems, all trees and natural vegetation must be conserved and protected from the damage that might result from the construction activities. Changing the geomorphology, the local drainage systems, in addition to flora demolition should be prohibited outside the proposed project corridor. Furthermore, dumping solid wastes in the wadi crossings should be prohibited. It is crucial to identify a project corridor, which should not exceed 50 meters width and within which all excavation and project related constructions should be limited.

Other avoidance activities include:

• Avoid unnecessary excavation processes and off road especially at hammad areas and sand dunes and utilize the existing roads instead of making new ones whenever applicable. • Avoid accumulation of excavation piles during rainy season. • Avoid as much as possible removal of green cover. • Avoid accumulation of excavated material through synchronizing excavation and filling processes. • Avoid accumulation of excavation materials and other solid wastes. • Avoid as much as possible building of permanent facilities and instead consider the use of mobile residence facilities. • Avoid sand dunes areas (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) as much as possible.

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• Avoid planting or seeding of crops and exotic species.

Moreover, and after work completion, all work areas should be rehabilitated, smoothed and graded in a manner to confirm the natural appearance of the surrounding landscape. The restoration option is upon incidence of impact and mainly directed to:

• Restore as possible changing surface morphology to maintain natural water flow. • Restore wadi side banks to maintain natural water flow and reduce erosion. • It is as important to synchronize excavation and restoration in such in such a manner that the back filling and restoration process is undertaken in a continuous manner with the excavation process. This is to avoid accumulation of debris and excavation materials for long periods and allow for restoration process to proceed.

Also, the above listed mitigation measures should be applied and taken into consideration during the site selection and establishing the different project offices.

2- Erosion and Sedimentation Control During the construction phase and in order to control generated erosion and sedimentation, the contractor should:

• Develop the design of the crossing site hydraulically and extends it before and after the crossing section with a minimum distance of ten times the flow section width in order to eliminate any flow disturbance and to smooth the flow which will eventually minimise the erosion process. • Dispose construction material spoils from the flow sections at sites with limited or no potential for storm waters to carry these materials to the flow sections. This will eliminate the sedimentation in the flow sections, which could reduce the flow section and lead to flooding the site. Any flooding could cause an erosion process, which will damage the site.

3- Wadi Crossing Mitigations The contractor should:

• Apply bridge-crossing structures for wadi crossings. • Avoid lowering the pipeline to the bed of the wadi section to avoid erosion hazard due to the nature of the wadis at such regime stage of the streams. The contractor should plan for diverting the flood flow if construction is carried out in the rainy season and should define the location of the flow section(s) and preferably cross these sections with bridge crossing. Assurance for the flow capacity for such sections must be accompanied by a comprehensive flood study. • The contractor should consider and apply the following crossing mitigations: ƒ Construction of crossing structures should be scheduled during the dry period between May and October. ƒ Minimum protection against floodwater must be against flow of 10-Year return period for diverting the flow and protecting the site. ƒ Insurance must cover the higher return period flood flow. ƒ Stream development should be planed carefully with a comprehensive flood flow analysis. ƒ The contractor should avoid any disturbance to main flow section unless a well design is considered to minimize erosion and sedimentation processes.

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ƒ Spoil materials should be disposed away from the flow areas at sites with no potential of storm water flow in order to eliminate any sediment movement, which could end at the flow sections. These sediments could cause reduction in flow area and site flooding.

4- Installing Appropriate Fluid Waste Collection System During the preparation stage for this phase, the contracting company should construct an appropriate temporary fluid wastes collection system in each of the project main offices and in any temporary workstations along the project route in addition to the construction camps, storage yards and staging areas. The recommended method is the impermeable septic tanks that will be emptied regularly and sent to the nearest fluid wastes treatment station. In selecting the site for the impermeable septic tanks, the hydrogeological conditions should be taken into consideration.

As for the expected fluid waste that might result from machines and vehicles maintenance, it should be listed in the construction contract that periodical maintenance for the machines should be at a special maintenance compound that is properly established within the project site. Any generated wastes should be transferred to identified disposal sites by the Engineer in agreement with concerned municipalities.

Whenever accidental leakage of fluid waste occurs, the Contractor is responsible to clean the polluted area.

5- Applying Appropriate Solid Waste Collection Systems Seeing that the quantity of cut materials will be a measure source of solid wastes in this project, it is recommended to use these materials in the fill process. Also, during the construction phase, a specific area should be designated as a temporary solid waste dumping area.

The generated solid wastes during the construction phase should be placed in the temporary disposal sites, emptied on weekly basis and transferred to the defined appropriate final solid waste disposal sites along the project corridor that is suitable for the generated wastes.

The Jordanian legislation prohibit the disposal of solid wastes outside the construction sites. Therefore the proposed temporary dumping site(s) should be located within the identified construction zone. This zone should not exceed 50 meters in width. The final solid waste disposal sites should comply with the stated criteria and should be approved from the related authorities including the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Environment.

Also, the Contractor may have to pay “gate fees” to use final disposal sites operated by the municipalities.

The domestic solid waste generated by the project employees should be collected properly and transferred to the closest municipal landfill. Such activity requires prior coordination with the related municipalities. The Contractor should ensure the efficiency of waste collection and transport system though no waste is being mismanaged or accumulated.

Precautionary approach is also needed to:

• Avoid unnecessary and prolonged solid waste accumulation especially at hammad areas and sand dunes.

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• Avoid using runoffs, wadis and sand dune areas as temporary solid waste storage ground (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) as much as possible. • Avoid accumulation of excavated material through synchronizing excavation and filling processes. • Avoid as much as possible removal of green cover.

Restoration of the areas used as temporary storage grounds should be applied soon after finishing the use of each site.

The above listed mitigation measures should be applied also for all types of solid wastes resulted from the construction camps, storage yards and staging areas.

6- Mitigating Visual Impacts In addition to the up mentioned mitigation measures that mitigate the primary cause of the impact, additional measures should be applied. These are as follows:

• The contractor should ensure all buildings and support facilities established within the project has no or at maximum very minimal permanent visual impact, this can be achieved by applying designs that are consistent with the visual features of the construction area. The contractor may consult with ASEZA and the RSCN on this regard. Visual impact can be minimized by: ƒ Designing the buildings to reflect existing visual elements and colours within the nearby of the proposed building, and by ƒ Using local construction materials, for example black stones instead of white or cement walls. • The construction designs of the aerial high-voltage electricity supply proposed to pass through segment A should be verified and approved by ASEZA Environment Commission.

7- Dust Control In order to reduce dust spreading due to the construction activities and its negative impacts on the residential areas, especially in Segments (C-1), (C-3) and (B-2) of the project, the Contractor should apply water to the construction surface and other piled materials such as sand as much as needed. Sometimes it may be required to spray water as needed especially in residential areas.

8- Noise Control In order to control the expected high noise levels during the construction phase, working night shifts should be reduced as much as possible in populated areas. The Jordanian Regulation for ambient noise levels presented in Table 48 should be applied during this phase of the project and should be a major tool in designing the construction activities schedule.

For areas where the noise level is anticipated to exceed 85 dB, warning signs should be posted indicating that hearing protection is required. This might be applicable to the pumping stations and the locations that might witness use of explosions if any.

Local communities living within the areas where noise levels anticipated to exceed the maximum allowable levels within residential areas in cities should be notified in advance, and construction activities within those locations should be limited to daytime only.

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Table 48: The Jordanian Regulations for Ambient Noise Levels Maximum Allowable Noise level (dB) Area Day Night Residential areas in cities 60 50 Residential areas in towns 55 45 Residential areas in villages 50 40 Residential areas with light industries 65 55 Areas of Heavy industries 75 65 Areas for educational, health and religious services 45 35 Source: Official news paper, No.4238 Nov.1997 See Annex C21 for the Jordanian Noise Regulation and the Acoustic Guide

9- Correct Selection of the Project Offices, Camps and Temporary Waste Disposal Sites For a correct selection of the project offices, camp, and temporary waste disposal site(s), the following criteria should be applied:

• Located outside the heavily populated residential areas especially for Segment C of the project. • Far from schools or any social establishment especially for Segments C and B of the project. • Far from the ecologically sensitive habitats, wadi, runoff and wadi side banks, and sand dune habitats. • Avoiding vegetated areas. • Easy access to the construction sites. • Easy access to the existing primary roads. • Easy access to existing infrastructure. • Located outside any known aquifer recharge zones (if possible). • Far for a safe distance from archaeological sites, graveyards and/or individual burial sites.

It should be taken into consideration, that restoring the selected site to its original condition is a must, and that the Contractor should be responsible on achieving this issue.

Representatives from Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Department of Antiquities, Ministry of Environment, the project consulting firm and the local municipalities should participate in this selection. The Contractor should submit in his Preconstruction Environmental and Social Statement (Report) detailed documentation and description of the selected or alternatives locations (including the restoration work) to the project offices, camps and temporary waste disposal sites. Subject to this selection, the project consulting firm should inform and coordinate with the MWI, where the MWI will establish a committee to involve representatives from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Department of Antiquities, Ministry of Environment, and the local municipalities to review and approve or disapprove the selection. If the selection is disapproved it might be possible to the established committee to suggest alternatives to the selection. When the committee approves the selected locations, MWI would issue approval documents to the Contractor.

10- Correct Selection for the Access Roads Before starting the construction activities, a detailed survey should be conducted for selecting the temporary access roads to be used by small and medium sized vehicles during the construction phase in Segments C and B. The consulting office in association with the

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Traffic Department and MPWH should conduct this survey. In selection of temporary access roads, the maximum usage of the present access roads within the project areas should be considered.

Also, the temporary access routes should be selected carefully, especially where such roads traverse, or originate in, residential areas in order to reduce noise levels, protect private properties, and reduce risks to public safety. The relevant governmental authorities should approve engineering specifications for these roads and the types of vehicles to use these accesses.

The proposed service roads within the remote areas within Segment (A) should avoid to the extent possible the biological sensitive habitat and plant communities, especially the runoffs and sand dunes vegetation. It is highly recommended to follow the existing road tracks used by the locals within these areas whenever applicable.

Correct selection of access roads should recognize archaeological sites, graveyards and/or individual burial sites as sensitive areas that should be avoided. Whenever avoidance is not practical, proper mitigation measures should be applied. The mitigation measures presented in Section 8.3.6.1:part (d) are also applicable.

11- Protection of Biological Diversity In addition to what is stated above as mitigation measures, the following actions should be strictly adhered to in order to mitigate the project anticipated impacts on the biological environment, especially within Segments A and B. These mitigation measures include:

1- Precautionary approach is often the most cost effective one. This includes:

• Strictly prohibit the removal of the Acacia tree community. • Minimize night activities and avoid unnecessary movement of project staff mainly at night. • Strictly Prohibit wildlife persecution, hunting, animal and plant collection. • Prohibit planting or seeding of crops and exotic species. • Avoid introduction of pets. • Limit construction activities within the sand dunes areas (especially at Disi and Batn El-Ghoul areas) to the minimum construction corridor of not more than 50 meters. • Prohibit unnecessary burning and use of natural vegetation as firewood. • Minimize as possible building of permanent facilities and instead consider the use of mobile residence facilities.

2- Restoration actions This is upon incidence of impact and mainly directed to the restoration actions mentioned above. Such restorations should ensure the restoration of biological diversity and biological communities’ characteristics and features. As for tree stands identified earlier (Acacia, Tamarix, afforestation trees), translocation, re-plantation and/or compensation to responsible authorities within the Ministry of Agriculture, to re-plant the removed stands or trees. It is highly recommended to involve representatives from the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature in verifying these restoration actions when submitted within the Contractor Preconstruction

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Environmental and Social Statement (report). Such involvement can be established through proper communication channels between the Consultant, MWI and those parties.

In order to comply with the above mentioned mitigations and to ensure conformity to the Site Specific Mitigation, all working construction drawings (including restoration work) should be verified by the Contractor ESMP Coordinator, verified and approved drawings should be submitted by the Contractor with his Preconstruction Environmental and Social Statement (report) to the Consultant, again all drawings should be verified by the Consultant ESMP Coordinator.

(b) Protection of Agricultural Resources Agricultural mitigation measures are as follows:

• Ensure safe passageways dedicated for the use of herders especially in Segments A and B. • Establish mitigation measures for possible negative impact on large-scale farming companies. Once the current agreement held between the government and the companies expires, two possibilities arise: first, renewal of the agreement, and second, agreements termination. Renewal of the agreement might bring different conditions. The mitigation measures will have to be covered within the agreement itself. If the current agreement is not renewed, however, no mitigation measures are relevant. • Replant or compensate for removed trees within farms along the route from Qatraneh to Amman. • Ensure availability of safe passageways can eliminate any inconvenience arising from restrictions on mobility for farms along the route.

(c) Mitigating Social Impacts

1- Disi Area Development Plan A number of measures have been taken to avoid adverse impacts on the population in the Disi area that includes the Bedouin population. The location and design of the pipeline and other structures will minimize any adverse impacts related to land acquisition as the existing right-of-way is being used for project construction. Provision of water for irrigation to the large-scale agriculture farms located in the Disi area will be continued until the expiry of their lease period in order to minimize any disruption in their activities and to give them sufficient notice to make alternative plans. As for small-scale local farms, water supply will continue as the farmers can form social corporations and request the MWI to supply them with water. Additional measures proposed to mitigate possible adverse impacts on the Bedouin population are presented in Annex C23.

2- Resettlement Framework It has been explained in previous sections that no resettlement of the population in the Disi area, particularly the Bedouin population, will occur as a result of the construction of the conveyance system. However, two points have to be made in this respect:

• The number of Bedouin workers in Disi irrigated farm projects does not exceed 50 persons. Most of these workers are guards and seasonal employees. As their number is small, they can be easily absorbed in the project as guards or manual

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workers during the construction period or even during operation and maintenance phase. • The number of livestock at the Disi farm area is limited to small number of camels, sheep and goats owned by local Bedouins for local consumption. At present water is provided to livestock from five groundwater wells owned by the Water Authority. The supply of water to the small number of livestock should continue.

In case the need for resettlement arises, the resettlement framework presented in Annex C24 should be followed.

3- Foreign Employment A close investigation into the number of Egyptian workers on Disi farm projects indicated that their number does not exceed 100. Almost all of them are employed on temporary basis. Seasonal employment of Egyptian workers particularly during olives or fruit harvest is the most dominant practice. Provisions of the Labour Law in Jordan are not applicable to temporarily recruited persons and agricultural workers. Therefore, the termination of Egyptians work in the year 2011 will have no direct or indirect obligations to the present employers or the Contractor to provide this segment of workers with end of service compensations or reemployment.

4- Business Disruption The Contractor should take all precautions to prevent damage to private properties during construction or infliction of harm to persons including disruption of work or business to individuals along the pipeline corridor. These precautions should be part and parcel of the contract. Therefore, the Contractor stands responsible for his action or behaviour contrary to the provisions of the Contract.

Action of mischief in the Civil Law of Jordan is divided into two parts:

1- Part one: General Provisions (Articles 256-272) This part includes damage to property and responsibility of action

2- Part two: This part includes all actions that may lead to personal impairment or harm to wealth or body:

• Impairment (Articles 273-274) • Deliberate damage of property (Articles 276-278) • Obtaining property by force or aggression (Articles279-287)

Since it had been reported by the MWI and the MPWH that over the past three decades no claim for loss of income or disruption of business as a result of infrastructure construction had been submitted or compensated, it is very much doubtful that such claim might be presented as a result of the construction of Disi Project. Responsibility for damage of private property and business disruption however, can be divided into two parts:

• Negligence of the Contractor to the contract conditions and the instructions of the Consultant, his mischief or that of any of his employees, are governed by the provisions of the employment contract specified in (Chapter 3: Act 1).

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• If the Contractor abided strictly by the contract conditions, and followed the Consultant's instructions completely and correctly, any damage might occur to other persons or property shall be the responsibility of the Owner (Chapter 3: Act 3).

5- Reduce the Expected Traffic Disruption In order to avoid and control the expected traffic disruption and the expected accidents that might result, in addition to control of the noise levels during the construction phase, the following mitigation measures should be applied:

• Avoid the closure of the main roads whenever possible. • Carry out all construction activities that might require closure of some roads very rapidly and at one time though the disruption would be minimum • Allocate and ensure alternative routes to serve the impacted traffic movement including loops, bridges or others. Such alternatives should be of sufficient capacity to cope with the disrupted traffic. • Limit the movement of the construction machinery to the direct project area especially for Segments C and B. • Prohibit the movement of this machinery outside the project area during peak traffic hours, especially for Segments C and B. • Limit the movement time for heavy trucks transporting equipments and materials to the project areas to non-peak traffic hours, and not allow them to use internal roads between residential areas close to the project site. • Use covering for all vehicles transporting raw materials from/to the project site. • Apply strong restriction for the allowable speed limits for all the project vehicles. • Install all necessary signs and measures to facilitate safety and strict traffic control.

Arranging all the above listed issues should be through coordination with the Traffic Department for a proper traffic management.

Furthermore, the traffic plans that will be prepared by the construction contractor require a written submittal to the traffic department and written approval prior to the beginning of each construction phase or stage.

On the other hand, and due to the expected increase in the traffic density within the other parts of the Southern Amman (Segments C-2 and C-3) city, a quick and comprehensive rehabilitation program should be conducted for the roads system in these parts of the city during the preparation stage for this project. all the roads in this part of the city that are expected to be used as a temporary access roads during the construction stage should be subjected to a quick and comprehensive rehabilitation program during the preparation stage for this project. Moreover, the MPWH should undertake a rehabilitation program for the road system in general in this part of Amman immediately after completion the construction activities within segment C of the project corridor.

6- Formulate Public Safety Program for the Locals and the Workers in the Project In Segments C and B of the project corridor and especially in the populated areas, and where the services establishments are located, access facilities should be located to provide a safe passage for the pedestrians crossing within the project areas. It is recommended that these facilities be in the form of protected pedestrian bridges.

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During the course of the work, the contractor and under the project company (PC) supervision should be responsible for providing and properly maintaining all temporary roads and other work required including access to existing carriage, factories, shops, building and the like. The PC duties include installing operating and maintaining all required temporary signing, signals, barriers and other safety measures that can assist in conserving the public and the workers safety.

The safety measures mentioned below (point 7: Formulate Workers Health and Safety Program) are as valuable for protecting both public and work staff. These measures should be strictly adhered to.

7- Formulate Workers Health and Safety Program The contractor should follow all the procedures that could prevent any possible dangers whether these dangers are electrical, mechanical, chemical, or related to site works, and this can be done by:

• Providing preventing barriers around machines dangerous parts to prevent the wrong access to these parts. • Providing warning signs that make the workers aware of the dangers related to machines or site area. • Following all the procedures that could prevent static or dynamic electrical dangers and provide any insulation or earthing systems required for workers safety. • The contractor must provide scheduled maintenance to deferent machines used during the construction or the operation. • The contractor also should maintain insurance policies issued by an insurer allowed by law to do business in Jordan that cover the following: ƒ Workmen's compensation and all other social insurance in accordance with the statutory requirements of the country or state having jurisdiction over the contractor's employers. ƒ Damages or compensation payable at law in consequence of any accident or injury to any workman or other person in the employment of the contractor or any subcontractor, save and except an accident or injury resulting from any act or default of the employer or his servants. ƒ Injury which may occur to any person by arising out of the execution of project and caused by the contractor or his subcontractors. ƒ Car bodily injury which shall include coverage for all owned, non-owned and hired vehicles used in the performance of the services.

(d) Conservation of Archaeological and Cultural Resources The Jordanian Antiquities Law No. (12) of 1976 and the Regulations of Archaeological Excavation and Surveys provide the basis for the conservation of archaeological sites in Jordan (see Annex C21). The mitigation measures for possible impacts on archaeological sites have been formulated to comply with the above-mentioned law and regulation.

In general, there is no requirement for any site discovered during the survey to be destroyed. On the other hand, whenever impact is expected, the mitigation measures might include one or more of the following:

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• Cultural Resources Management (CRM) implementation in addition to coordination of responsibilities with CRM monitoring groups including the Department of Antiquities / Ministry of Tourism. • Penalties for non-compliance. • Shifting the construction activities for a distance that is enough as to protect the site. • Following “Chance-find” Procedures. • Exclusion areas. • Adopting special procedures in the vicinity of sites defined as requiring protection. These include protecting the site by fencing, conducting site rescue excavation, conducting site restoration, and implementing signage system to the site.

Once the final alignment has been fixed and the extent of any earthworks and borrow pits is known, sites that remain classified as not threatened should be revisited and fully documented for record purposes.

A set of final engineering drawings, on which archaeological sites within or immediately adjacent to the construction area are defined, should be addressed by the Contractor to the Consultant and to the Department of Antiquities prior to starting the work.

In addition, details of the site specific measures outlined in the next section will be provided as instructions to the contractor.

In general, for projects entering the construction stage, three points could be added to contract documents, which would be beneficial for the protection of archaeological sites:

1- Borrow Areas: The locations of borrow areas and quarry sites selected by the contractor should be approved by the Department of Antiquities to prevent antiquities being damaged by quarrying or borrow excavation. Such inspection should not be unreasonably delayed.

2- Observation of Construction Excavation: In areas where the Department of Antiquities knows or suspects the existence of remains under the surface, but where there is insufficient time for archaeological excavation (or the importance of the site dose not warrant full scale investigation prior to construction), a representative of Department of Antiquities should be present during the opening of any excavation or borrow pit to identify and record any archaeological remains found.

3- Additional Salvage Excavation: In areas where the Department of Antiquities has determined that further salvage excavation will be necessary, based on the information developed during the Final Design phase, salvage excavation will be carried out at the beginning of the construction phase. Construction activities should be scheduled so as to leave any such area until late in the construction process, and thus construction activities would not be delayed by the archaeological excavation.

4- Archaeological chance find and salvage excavation: It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to obtain all information available from the Supervisor of the Cultural Resources Management Office of the Department of Antiquities regarding the location of any know archaeological site in the construction area, and he shall

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make this information available to the Engineer’s Representative as soon as he obtains it. If any known sites will be threatened by construction, agreement must be reached with the Department of Antiquities in order to minimize damages to the site. It shall also be the Contractor’s responsibility to notify the supervisor of the Cultural resources Management Office of the Department of Antiquities of antiquities are encountered in any area during construction, and Clause 27 of the General Conditions of contract must be closely observed and also specifications set in articles 15 of the antiquities Law No. 21 (1988).

If any site found during construction and will be damaged by construction activities, the Department of Antiquities will assess the discovered remains and may will carry out an emergency salvage excavation. Salvage excavation means archaeological excavation conducted during construction phase. It should be conducted only when an archaeological site is found by accident (chance find) during construction. Given the short time available for a salvage excavation, this type of work should be avoided.

The available short time for salvage excavations cannot be considered an authorization to destroy the discovered remains or site. Since each site must be given proper consideration and analysis before its destruction can be authorized.

The cost of the further salvage excavation will be included in the bill of Quantities as a provisional sum.

The Contractor shall seek the written approval of the Department of Antiquities before the removal of any chance find building, foundation, structure, fence and other obstruction over 50 years old, any portion of which is in the construction zone. All designated salvageable material shall be removed, without causing unnecessary damage, and in sections or pieces which may be readily transported, and shall be stored by the Contractor at approved locations for later use or possession of the Department of Antiquities. The Contractor should also note that the chance find procedure covers graveyards and individual burial sites.

Further site-specific mitigation measures are listed in Table 46.

8.3.6.2 Operation Phase

The mitigation measures required during the operation phase relate only to the application of appropriate public safety measures for both the workers and the local communities located close to these stations. All the booster and pumping stations along the project route should be fenced and have daily guarding system. In addition to that, the local communities should understand through the public media and the local schools within the project corridor, the importance of conserving all of the project facilities.

Moreover, all the workers in these stations should wear safety equipments such as safety helmets and shoes during their work shifts and should get a specialized public safety course related to such facilities.

On the other hand, the expected fluid and solid wastes that will result from the project facilities should be disposed of as the follows:

The domestic fluid wastes should be disposed to the wastewater collection system (where available) or to appropriate septic tanks, which will be designed to be compatible in volume with

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the expected number of workers in each station. These septic tanks should be pumped out on monthly basis.

The fluid wastes that are expected to result from the daily work activities or from the regular maintenance activities should be collected in special tanks and transported on monthly bases to the nearest suitable and approved treatment/dumping site. The resulting solid waste should be collected on a weekly basis and sent to the nearest approved dumping site.

In order to control expected elevated noise levels during the operation phase of this project, the Jordanian Regulation for ambient noise levels presented in Table 48 should be applied. The pumping stations should be placed inside a sound insulating (enclosure) to contain the generated noise. The design specifications of these enclosures should ensure that the walls are massive and air tight enough to contain noise and that absorbent lining on the interior surfaces of the enclosure will reduce the reverberant build up noise within it.

Supervising the implementation of the above listed mitigation measure should be the responsibility of the environment department in MWI in association with the local municipalities and the Greater Amman municipality (for sites located within the Jurisdictions of Greater Amman Municipality).

8.3.6.3 Remediation Phase

The mitigation measures proposed to cope with the anticipated impacts will be same as those described for the construction phase if the remediation alternative is to remove the pipeline for any reason. Such alternative is not recommended, and it would be more efficient to reuse the pipeline in case other water resources are allocated form the south part of Jordan; for example, reuse the pipeline to convey water from a desalination project.

8.3.7 Environmental and Social Monitoring

The monitoring program is an applied research and analysis activity to support cost-effective and timely assessment of the status and trends in environmental and social conditions in response to different project activities. Also, it is necessary to assess the project performance against the desired mitigation measures, and compliance with the regulations and standards in order to protect people’s health and safety, and the environment health and performance.

Monitoring activities should be applied to direct monitoring indicators whenever applicable. Indirect indicators can be monitored instead of direct ones whenever it would provide acceptable indication of the occurrence of specific impacts and/or compliance with provisions of the ESMP.

The sequence, frequency and responsibilities for the monitoring activities are included in Table 46.

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8.3.7.1 Construction Phase

(a) Monitoring Environmental Aspects

Conducting Site Inspection

The ESMP Coordinator and the entire Environment Unite staff should conduct site inspection on daily basis to monitor all construction activities according to the prepared construction schedule from an environmental point of view. Authorized representatives from the MOE, MWI and the responsible municipalities should have a free passage and access to all parts of the project and at all times.

Monitoring Wadi Crossings

Development of monitoring criteria for post-construction performance of wadi crossing is essential for a successful plan to minimise the impact of wadi crossing during construction phase. The main considerations for such plan are listed below:

• Time of execution of crossing structures could be scheduled at the dry period between May and October. • Minimum protection against floodwater must be against the flow of 10-Year return period for diverting the flow and protecting the site. • Insurance must cover the higher return period flood flow. • Stream development should be planed carefully with a comprehensive flood flow analysis. • The contractor should avoid any disturbance to main flow section unless a well design is considered to minimize erosion and sedimentation processes. • Spoil materials should be disposed away from the flow areas at sites with no potential of storm water flow in order to eliminate any sediment movement, which could end at the flow sections. These sediments could cause reduction in flow area and site flooding.

Air Quality and Noise Level Monitoring

An air quality-monitoring program should be applied to monitor the dust levels and air emissions from vehicles. This program should be done at least four times per year at selected sites along the project layout. The major parameter to be measured includes but is not limited to Total Suspended Particles (TSP).

Noise level monitoring program should be conducted during day and night times. Frequency of this program should be once a month during the construction phase, and each time should extend for 24 hours. The major parameters to be measured include but are not limited to:

• Noise (Equivalent Sound Pressure Level-LAeq) • Vibration

It is understood that the Contractor will coordinate with reputable research institution to conduct the proposed air quality and noise monitoring programs. The Royal Scientific Society and the Environmental Research Centre at the are known to have this capacity in Jordan.

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Solid Waste Management Monitoring

The monitoring of solid waste management operations should cover the following:

1- Solid waste generation, including quality and quantity. 2- Collection and transportation efficiency. 3- Suitability of final disposal sites. 4- Solid waste accumulation within the project corridor in terms of volumes and frequency of removal.

Consultant ESMP Coordinator and Environment Unit Inspection Staff should carry out solid waste monitoring on a weekly interval basis. This can be achieved through direct field inspection. Also, local municipalities’ claims should always be taken in account and documented.

Maintenance of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities

It is the responsibility of the Contractor and the Consultant to monitor the maintenance of pedestrian crossing facilities to be constructed along the project layout in coordination with the authorized departments in the MPWH in association with the Greater Amman Municipality in addition to the different municipalities along the project corridor.

Biological Environment Monitoring

For the biological environment, the frequency of monitoring is mostly periodical monitoring (every three months) combined with follow up on daily basis and annual auditing.

The following are the biological environment monitoring indicators and responsibilities:

• Maintained pre-project land utilization and access through monitoring the natural conditions of surface water flow between pre- and post-project activities including runoffs habitat and geomorphology and accumulation of debris and oil spills. The Consultant Environment Unit should monitor these indicators.

• Natural vegetation cover is maintained. By monitoring plant communities’ changes and habitat deterioration (some species can be used as indicators for habitat deterioration such as Citrillus and Peganum sp.). It is the responsibility of the Consultant Environmental Unit to monitor natural vegetation cover. Other expert and concerned parties namely the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) and Ministry of Agriculture might be involved and should be given free access to the monitored locations. These parities would have more involvement in monitoring restoration activities relevant to natural vegetation.

• Hunting is banned and accidental kills of animals are minimized (car accidents, falling in drilled ditches, persecutions, etc.). The Consultant Environmental Unit should hold this responsibility.

• Breeding seasons are undisturbed, migration seasons are avoided and accessibility to Abu- Tarfa area and to Disi area through Batn El-Ghoul are monitored. Consultant Environmental

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Unit should hold this responsibility and coordination with the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) is required.

(b) Agricultural Resources Monitoring

The following components should be monitored on regular basis:

1- Safe passageways dedicated for the use of herders especially in Segments A and B. 2- Removal of trees within farms along the route from Qatraneh to Amman and their re- plantation or compensation. This should include information on the trees’ number, age, productivity, ownership, location and the compensation and/or re-plantation action. 3- Availability of safe passageways can eliminate any inconvenience arising from restrictions on mobility for farms along the route.

(c) Monitoring Social Aspects

The following social component should be monitored as part of the ESMP monitoring program:

• Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement: the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework provided in Annex C24 included the details on this regard. • Employment: this includes the percentage of locals and foreigners to the total employment. • Business Disruption: should include, but not be limited to, damage to private properties during construction or to inflict harm to persons including disruption of work or business to individuals along the pipeline corridor. • Public safety measures and public safety program implementation and efficiency. • Locals complains about project related disturbances, noise and health aspects. • Traffic disruption incidence including location of occurrence, duration, actions made to mitigate the impact and if any accidents resulted from such disruption. • Disruption of infrastructure utilities including telephone connections, electricity, water, sewer and other utilities. • Implementation of the Traffic Disruptions Control Program. Such component should be under the direct supervision of the Traffic Department in each of the different project areas.

(d) Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites Monitoring

The following components should be monitored on regular basis:

• Cultural Resources Management (CRM) implementation in addition to coordination of responsibilities with CRM monitoring groups including the Department of Antiquities / Ministry of Tourism. This includes monitoring disruption to the archaeological features. • Compliance / non-compliance with the stated mitigation measures • Shifting the construction activities for a distance as enough as to protect the site. • Following “Chance-find” Procedures. • Exclusion areas. • Special procedures in the vicinity of sites defined as requiring protection. These include: • Site by fencing

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• Site rescue excavation • Site restoration • Signage system to the site

8.4 ESMP Control

The ESMP should ESMP should include provisions to ensure the adherence of the various cooperating parties to its full and timely implementation and monitoring. To achieve this, a control system needs to be implemented. The elements of this control process are to include:

1- Document and Record Control: This is a procedure through which all ESMP associated documentation and records are stored and distributed. This will include the maintenance and updates of the register of environmental aspects and the responsibility for the dissemination of information to involved parties. It is the responsibility of the Contractor ESMP Coordinator, the Consultant ESMP Coordinator and the MWI-Project Manager to ensure the carry out and pursue this control element. 2- Checking and Corrective Action: This dictates that all incidents of deviation from the planned criteria or activities be reported and action taken to rectify the situation and minimize the chance for its recurrence. The Contractor ESMP Coordinator and the Consultant ESMP Coordinator hold the responsibility of carrying out and pursuing this element. 3- Claims: A provision should be made to register and review incident or other claims made against the project or project related personnel or activities by the public or any party. Action needs to be taken to address any such claims where they are shown to be valid and requiring such action. Consultant ESMP Coordinator holds the responsibility of carrying out and pursuing this element. 4- Auditing: The implementation of the ESMP should be audited on a regular basis. Audit reports are the basis for verification of the compliance of the various parties, the completion and implementation of programs and restoration plans, and the effectiveness of such actions and other elements of the ESMP. The audit will be used to review and will rely on the monitoring data. Consultant ESMP Coordinator holds the responsibility of carrying out and pursuing this element. 5- Review Process: A periodic (annual) review of the ESMP and environmental incidents needs to be done through the course of the project. Necessary modifications and adjustments can be decided through this formal and timely review process. Changes and new issues need to be communicated to the parties responsible for their implementation and monitoring as well as the communities in the project area and other stakeholders.

The proposed reporting system encompasses the following reports:

• Pre-Construction Environment and Social Management Statement • Progress Reports • Audit Reports • Annual Reports • Evaluation Report of the Project Environmental and Social Impacts

Table 49 presents the proposed reporting system, reporting frequency, responsible preparers and evaluators. These reports and documents should be disclosed and made available to the public of

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Jordan through the MWI – Data Room and the Ministry of Environment. Also, these documents will be made available through the World Bank.

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Table 49: The Proposed Reporting System Report Report Type Reporter Reported to/Evaluator Frequency Stage Specific Pre- A statement that document to preconstruction environmental & social Contractor ESMP Coordinator Consultant ESMP Coordinator Prior construction Construction conditions, planned construction activities & anticipated impacts within (Through the Contractor (Through the Consultant progress to each new Environment & the proposed construction area for construction stage. Also, this report Environmental, Social & Quality Environmental, Social & construction area. Social Management should address all mitigation & monitoring measures & all necessary Assurance Manager). Quality Assurance Manager). Statement restoration work to be implemented. In addition all working construction drawings should be attached to this report, these drawings shall be subject to the ESMP Coordinators verification & approval. The report should address the plans for supplemental public consultations & public disclosure within the geographical area covered by the report. Progress Report Document to the ESMP implementation progress, limitations & Contractor ESMP Coordinator Consultant ESMP Coordinator Monthly, Quarterly difficulties based on regular monitoring. This includes checking & (Through the Contractor (Through the Consultant (every three months) & corrective actions, & claims. Also the progress report should address the Environmental, Social & Quality Environmental, Social & Annually. conducted public consultation sessions. Assurance Manager). Quality Assurance Manager). Emergency The plan should document for emergency preparation, including the health Contractor Environment, Social Consultant Environment, Prior construction Management Plan & safety programs (for public & employee communities) for all key & Quality Assurance Department Social & Quality Assurance progress to new procedures reviewed, in addition to all necessary adequate & correct (Manager). Department (Manager). construction area. emergency equipment. Environmental & Request for Action. This report/letter should specify the nature & location Consultant ESMP Coordinator Contractor Environment, Directly whenever Social Emergency of emergency & the action required to be made by the contractor. (Through the Consultant Social & Quality Assurance emergency situation is Request for Action Environmental, Social & Quality Department (Manager). triggered. & Response Assurance Manager). Reports Environmental & Social Emergency Response Reports. This report should Contractor ESMP Coordinator Consultant Environment, Subject to the document the nature & location of emergency & the action made to by the (through the Contractor Social & Quality Assurance occurrence of contractor to correct the situation & to eliminate the source of emergency. Environment, Social & Quality Manager (copy to the emergency situations Also the report should document to the occurred damages in terms of Assurance Manager. Consultant ESMP (within one week nature & magnitude, & the adaptations made – if any to the Emergency Coordinator). maximum from the date Management Plan subject to the lessons learned from occurred situations. of situation occurrence)/ Audit Reports ESMP Performance, Conformance & Non-conformance Audit & Eco- Consultant ESMP Coordinator MWI – Project Manager; Quarterly (every three Audit, this should also include checking & corrective actions, & claims. (Through the Consultant Environmental & Social months) & Annually. Environmental, Social & Quality Advisory Panel; & World Assurance Manager). Bank. Project Evaluation Report of the Project Environmental & Social Impacts. The Consultant ESMP Coordinator MWI – Project Manager Once upon construction Environmental & evaluation should also document to all conducted management practices (Through the Consultant Environmental & Social completion. Social Management & to evaluate the effect of these practices Environmental, Social & Quality Advisory Panel; & World Evaluation Report Assurance Manager). Bank.

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8.5 Implementation and Operation

Implementation and operation of this ESMP plan should evolve from deep understanding and appreciation of the Contractor to the project nature, environmental and social requirements, and should demonstrate the integration of environmental and social management as part of the overall project management.

Effective implementation and operation of the ESMP require clear-cut identification of responsibilities that will guide assigning tasks. Other implementation related components include:

• Training, awareness and competence • Communication • Environmental Management Documentation • Document Control • Operational Control • Emergency Preparedness and Response

8.5.1 Training, Awareness and Competence

Efficient implementation and operation of the ESMP require both the Consultant and the Contractor to have competent capacities, wise management and environmentally and socially aware employees. The Management representative- ESMP Coordinator- should have sufficient experience in environmental and social management, and good communication skills, while the technical support staff should have considerable experience in environmental and social monitoring, auditing and evaluation.

On the other hand, the project employees should be environmentally aware of the project nature and impacts, so they would develop their appreciation and thorough commitment to the ESMP requirements, complexity and integrity. Furthermore, acting according to the ESMP programs and procedures is obligatory, where similar awareness and training activities will ensure faithful and competent commitment of the employees to these requirements, and reduce the cost of enforcement.

Each employee should be trained and motivated to appreciate and act according to the issued mitigation measures. Such requirement should be tackled in the pre-construction phase in order to have the employees acting as per of the stated course of procedures and actions. During the construction phase, the employees’ acts and awareness level should be monitored and developed.

Adequate training of senior staff and orientation of project staff is also considered as a cost effective means to reduce impacts.

The ESMP Unit (Management Representative) should ensure the following in order to fulfil the awareness and training requirements:

1- Training needs are identified. Training requirements for each operational unit within the project are established. 2- Personnel are trained in their specific environmental responsibilities that are directly related to significant aspects, targets, and objectives of the ESMP. 3- Personnel that do not have a significant role, receive awareness training.

Final Report C-178 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

4- New-hires and re-assigned personnel are given appropriate training on the specific aspects of their new positions. 5- Personnel are kept abreast of regulatory changes that impact their job performance. 6- Training includes communication of the following: a. Requirements of the ESMP and the importance of regulatory compliance with policy. b. Potential effects of the employee's work, both negative and positive. c. Responsibility in achieving compliance with policies, regulations and ESMP requirements. d. Consequences of failure to comply with the above.

For example, of the main issues for which such training and awareness to be delivered are:

• Safety measures (for the public and the employees). • Use of the maps that have been prepared to support site specific understanding of the environmental and social mitigation and monitoring measures. • Synchronizing spatially and temporally excavation activities to avoid disturbances during breeding and migration seasons through developing an activity program. • Minimising night activities to reduce disturbance to wildlife mainly in Batn El-Ghoul area. • The ecological importance of some sites and wildlife conservation ethics. • The archaeological importance of some sites and archaeological and cultural heritage sites conservation. This includes review of key archaeological sites to be avoided and the use of the archaeological “chance find procedures” and measures if graveyards or individual graves are encountered • Avoiding unnecessary movement of project staff mainly at night.

The proposed awareness and training sessions can be conducted by either the ESMP Management Unit or by an independent reputable consultant.

8.5.2 Communication

Efficient communication should be maintained at both external and internal levels. The external communication can be demonstrated in three main channels:

• PMU – Consultant Communication Channel • Contractor – Consultant Communication Channel • Consultant – Local and National Stakeholders Communication Channel

The over all advantage of this communication program is to ensure that the anticipated adverse impacts and risks can be effectively mitigated.

The ESMP-Technical Assistant should effectively communicate internally with the variant project components and divisions, and externally through the defined channels and about the public concerns and complains of implementing the proposed project, project effects on their health, social welfare and environment. Also, the ESMP-Technical Assistant should communicate and cooperate on continuous basis with the related authorities, projects and utilities providers in order to avoid or minimize to the extent possible disruptions.

Final Report C-179 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Communicating internally and externally- if effective- will ensure:

• Better understanding and appreciation of target groups to the proposed project conditions and benefits. • No or minimum disruption by the project to other developed/under-development projects and vice versa. • Minimum impacts and risks. • Community participation in helping and making choices to develop suitable and acceptable avoidance/mitigation scenarios.

The communication responsibilities include the following:

• A documented procedure is maintained for communication of internal and external environmental and social information regarding environmental and social issues and concerns. • Processes for receiving and responding to internal and external interested parties concerns relative to the environment are established. • The environmental policy and performance is communicated both internally and externally. This includes the results of the environmental audits and other analyses. • The documented communication procedure was adequately developed to foster continual improvement.

8.5.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response

Emergency preparedness should be given the priority during the ESMP implementation and operation, where all key procedures should be reviewed for emergency preparation, including the health and safety programs (for public and employee communities) that have to be established in compliance with the Jordanian standards issued by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Also, these programs should comply with the standards and regulations stated in the project TOR.

The Contractor should develop procedures for managing these potentialities and to train key personnel on these procedures. Also he should ensure that adequate and correct emergency equipment are available where they should be.

The Emergency Management Plan should be prepared by the Contractor Environment and the Social and Quality Assurance Department. Both the Quality Assurance Unit and the Environment and Social Management Unit should be heavily involved, as it is understood that the overall plan development and implementation responsibility should be held by the department head. The prepared plan documents should clearly identify implementation responsibilities.

The Emergency Management Plan should be reviewed and verified by the Consultant Environment, Social and Quality Assurance Department, where the Consultant ESMP Coordinator should verify environmental and social emergency preparedness. Also, the implementation of this plan should be monitored and evaluated by the Consultant.

Whenever environmental and/or social emergency situation is triggered, the Consultant ESMP Coordinator should directly inform the Contractor requesting him to respond according to the stated plan. After a drill or incidents occurrence, these processes should be reported on, reviewed and modified by the Contractor ESMP Coordinator. In turn, the Consultant ESMP Coordinator

Final Report C-180 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

should hold the responsibility of reviewing and verifying the Contractor reports and plan adaptations.

8.6 Checking and Corrective Action

The ESMP implementation and performance should be monitored continually; performance, conformance and non-conformance audit should be applied on quaternary basis in order to adapt the plan by adopting effective corrections whenever needed. Environmental audit (Eco Audit) should be conducted on annual basis.

All records should be stored in a well-ordered and easily accessible manner, enabling individual items to be located easily and ensuring that the records are protected. The audit reports should be reported in accordance to the stated reporting structure. Also it should be available to the public and stakeholders through the identified information centres including MWI, World Bank and the project offices.

The Consultant should hold the responsibility of functioning eco auditing. The selected auditors can be employees from the Consultant Environmental and Social Management Unit or can be private Eco Audit Organization. Either way, the selected auditors should hold acceptable experience with relevant tasks and capable of undertaking such responsibilities, and should be accepted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Also, the ESMP Panel may conduct eco auditing whenever the panel find it to be necessary.

For the purpose of the Disi Project, the ESMP highly recommends involving archaeological audit as part of the Environmental Audit, thereto cover but not limited to the following scope of work:

1- Changes to the natural environment triggered by affected physical environment. This includes: • Landscape damage, change of natural drainage system and local geomorphology • Increased noise levels • Increased dust levels • Solid and fluid waste mismanagement • Access roads construction • Visual impacts

2- Changes to biological environment. These include: • Loss of habitats particularly at the southern zone (Eastern Plateaus and Batn-El- Ghoul at wadi runoffs and sandy habitats, respectively). • Increase of accessibility to particular habitats in the southern zone including Batn El-Ghoul due to maintenance operations and disturbance to wildlife. • Hunting, persecution or capturing of wild species. • Wildlife disturbance during the construction. • Cutting trees and removal of vegetation cover.

3- Impacts to archaeological, cultural heritage resources, and graves and graveyards.

The corrective and preventive actions based on audit findings and their consequences are monitored. The audit findings per audit cycle are summarized into an audit report and reviewed during the management review meeting.

Final Report C-181 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

8.7 Management Review

A top management review of the ESMP should be applied on a periodic basis as per a documented procedure to ensure its continued suitability and effectiveness. During the review, management effectively utilize all available information, including internal and external audit findings, environmental concerns, objectives, targets, non-conformance, and corrective and preventive actions in order to improve the ESMP Implementation.

The review results will be recorded and maintained and the resultant decisions and actions taken will be implemented by the concerned personnel.

ESMP has been designed to ensure maximum environmental and social protection, better coordination and cooperation between the project stakeholders and minimum cost implications. The cost implications associated with the implementation of the ESMP are presented in Annex C25. These cost estimates cover the operation cost of the management units, cost implications for the site specific mitigation measures and required monitoring programs.

Final Report C-182 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

9 CONCLUSION

A comprehensive study of the project components and feasibility studies carried out by the consultants since the beginning of the planning phase of the project indicated the following:

• The project is technically feasible, has limited adverse environmental and social impacts and is broadly accepted as a national priority by a wide range of stakeholders at the national level and communities within the direct and indirect zone of influence. The project will provide Greater Amman area with 100-120 MCM of fossil water of best quality. • The “No-project” alternative will be catastrophic. The over-mining of the present water aquifers will eventually lead to the depletion of these aquifers to a level beyond any possibility for restoration. • Social and economic impacts of the project will not differ in magnitude or effect from any other infrastructure project in Jordan. Experience with the construction of bridges, tunnels, water projects and thousands of kilometres of the road network showed that these projects were completed efficiently and smoothly without any social or economic unrest to the public. • Taking into consideration the volume of work needed to construct the Disi conveyance system, it is expected that the implementation of a very elaborate scheme of work, clear and detailed TOR, and proper supervision will lead to a successful water project.

On the other hand, the project is anticipated to cause temporary and permanent impacts on the environmental conditions within the direct and indirect zone of effect. Some of these impacts can be avoided while others will have minimal effects if the potential impacts were to be mitigated properly.

Some of the project activities might cause deleterious effects on the environment if not mitigated properly. The ESMP provides the procedures and the implementation framework for mitigating and monitoring the potential impacts of the project on the environmental and social settings and for the monitoring of the project performance in accordance to the policy, legal and regulatory requirements described in Part A: Overview of the Main Report.

The Contractor is required to strictly adhere to the provided ESMP including the continuous evaluation and adaptation of this plan during the course of project construction and operation phases.

Final Report C-183 Consolidated Consultants MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION

Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System

Main Report – Part C: Project Specific Environmental & Social Assessment

Volume 2 of 2

June 2004

Environmental and Social Assessment Part C: Project-Specific ESA Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System

ANNEX C1: INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW RECORDS

وﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ Focus Group / Indiv idual Interv iew Record

ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ: Interviewee Information

اﻻﺳﻢ : ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ ﺠﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ Name: Eng. Isam Jaradat

اﻟﻮﻇﯿﻔﺔ: رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ Occupation: Head of Municipal Services

اﻟﺠﻨ ﺲ: ذﻛ ﺮ Gender: Male

ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ Interview Information

اﻟﻤﻜﺎن: اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ - ﻣﻜﺘﺐ رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ Place: Aqaba - his office

اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ: Date: 16/2/2003 15/2/2003 اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ: :Time

ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ Interview Record

أھﻢ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺑﺪاھﺎ: He is not satisfied that a large amount of water will be carried away to Amman • because he thinks that Disi aquifer is the main source for fresh water in Aqaba * أﺑﺪى ﻋﺪم رﺿﺎه ﻋﻦ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺪﯾﺴﻲ اﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﺎن governorate and taking water to Amman will reduce the amount that will be * ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺪﯾﺴﻲ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺒﺔ pumped to Aqaba * اﻟﺨﺸﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺪﯾﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ا ﻟﻀﺦ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ، وﻋﺪم ﻣﺮاﻋﺎت اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ The aquifer will dry out soon if a large amount of water is pumped to Amman • ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت. .specially that Saudi Arabia is pumping also a huge volume of water every year * اﻟﺨﺸﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻔﯿﻒ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺪﯾﺴﻲ، ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ وان اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺗﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺪﯾﺴﻲ اﯾﻀﺎ وﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودة وﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ

S tatem ent taker s nam e: A bdel K areem B ourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and A bdel Rahman Jaber S ignatur e

ﺗﻮﻗﯿﻊ ﻣﺪون ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺪون ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ

Final Report Annex C1-1 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Part C: Project-Specific ESA وثيقة تسجيلية لمقابلة Focus Group / Individual Interview Record :معلومات المقابل Interviewee Information :السم السيد خالد أبو زيد Name: Mr. Khalid Abu Zaid :الوظيفة محافظ العقبة Occupation: Governor of Aqaba :الجنس ذكر Gender: Male

بيانات المقابلة Interview Information :المكان مكتب المحافظ Place: The governor office :التاريخ Date: 16/2/2003 16/2/2003 :الساعة :Time

بيانات المقابلة Interview Record At present Aqaba is supplied with 14 MCM of drinking water from Disi Aquifer. It is expected يضخ لمدينة العقبة 14 مليون م من مياه الديسي ويتوقع ازدياد الكمية الى 22 مليون م خلل الخمسة عشرة سنة according to the Aqaba Water and Wastewater Master Plan that this quantity will increase to over 22 القادمة MCM in the next 15 years. Two other alternatives have been suggested to mitigate pressure on water resources. The first is the desalination of seawater if necessity may rise in the future for additional .يتوقع استخدام وسائل اضافية لتغطية الحاجة المتزايدة للمياه اهمها تحلية مياه البحر quantities for domestic purposes. The second is the use of treated wastewater for irrigation of parks and palm trees since the city has little agricultural potentials. من الوسائل الخرى أيضا لحل المشاكل المائية للمدينة معالجة المياه العادمة واستخدامها مرة اخرى لغراض .الزراع وري الحدائق العامة The Governor seems to be well aware of the situation, but as long as the pipeline will cross only 7-10 km of Aqaba Governorate boundaries, he thought that the Governorate will not be very much affected ل يعتقد أن هناك اثر كبير على مدينة العقبة خلل تنفيذ المشروع ذلك ان الخط الناقل للمياه ل يمر في المحافظة .by the construction of the pipeline neither socially nor economically .ال لمسافة قصيرة في اطرافها

Statement takers name: Abdel Kareem Bourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and Abdel Rahman Jaber Signature توقيع مدون سجل المقابلة اسم مدون سجل المقابلة

Final Report Annex C1-2 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Part C: Project-Specific ESA وثيقة تسجيلية لمقابلة Focus Group / Individual Interview Record :معلومات المقابل Interviewee Information :السم قاسم زعل المراغية الحجايا Name: Mr. Qasem Za'al Alhajaya :الوظيفة بلدية الحسا والجرف Occupation: Muncibality of Alhasa and Jurf Eldrawish :الجنس ذكر Gender: Male

بيانات المقابلة Interview Information :المكان بلدية الحسا والجرف Place: Muncibality of Alhasa and Jurf Eldrawish :التاريخ Date: 16/3/2003 16/3/2003 :الساعة :Time

بيانات المقابلة Interview Record

:أهم الملحظات التي ابداها .These are 6 wells that provide the people in Al-Hasa with water 1-

الرغبة في ان يوفر لهم المشروع فرص عمل لبنائهم، خصوصا ان معظم الشباب عاطلين عن العمل بسبب It is not expected that the project will have any negative impacts on the people living in that area. 1- 2- توقف اعتمادهم على الرعي بعد سنوات الجفاف وبعد ان توفقت شركة الفوسفات عن توفير فرص علم لهم كما .وان الزراعة موسمية وغير مجدية The project will provide the city with some job opportunities 3-

.الوضع المائي جيد، حيث يوجد هناك 6 آبار مياه في منطقة الحسا تزودهم وتزود محافظة الطفيلة بالمياه The people in the area are living in bad circumstances and they are not highly educated so they 2- 4- will work in any available work during the construction phases الوضع المعيشي سيء ومستوى التعليم متدن والشباب مستعدين للعمل مهما كان نوع العمل 3-

.ليس من المتوقع ان يكون للمشروع اي تاثيرات سلبية عليهم 4-

Statement takers name: Abdel Kareem Bourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and Abdel Rahman Jaber Signature توقيع مدون سجل المقابلة اسم مدون سجل المقابلة

Final Report Annex C1-3 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Part C: Project-Specific ESA وثيقة تسجيلية لمقابلة Focus Group / Individual Interview Record :معلومات المقابل Interviewee Information :السم السيد محمد البريكات Name: Mr. Muhammad Braikat :الوظيفة محافظ معان Occupation: Governor of Ma'an :الجنس ذكر Gender: Male

بيانات المقابلة Interview Information :المكان مكتب المحافظ Place: Governor office :التاريخ Date: 15/2/2003 15/2/2003 :الساعة :Time

بيانات المقابلة Interview Record The main water resources for the Governorate of Ma'an are the well fields of Nijil, Al Qa'a, Tahooneh تعتمد محافظة معان على آبار المريغة والطاحونة والقاع ونجل كمصدر رئيسي للمياه and Mraigha. It is understood from Government officials that Ma'an is almost self sufficient in drinking water supply. المحافظة مكتفية مائيا بالنسبة لغراض الشرب In its most parts, the pipeline will be constructed within Ma'an Governorate boundaries. The للمشروع (مشروع الديسي ) اهمية وطنية وان تعارض مع بعض اهواء الفراد ومنافعهم لذلك فيجب تنفيذه لسد .Governor was aware that Disi-Amman pipeline system is a project with first national priority النقص في المياه بمنطقة عمان Irrespective of tribal or individual interests, the project must be executed as soon as possible to compensate for acute water shortages in Greater Amman Area. يعتقد المحافظ ان هذا المشروع سيوفر فرص عمل للفراد في محافظته وهذا يعتبر من اليجابيات The relief of social and economic conditions in Ma'an, particularly after the recent successive years ابدى المحافظ استعداده لتقديم اي مساعدة ممكنة خلل مراحل تنفيذ المشروع of drought, was of primary concern to the Governor. He expressed his view that the project will open new job opportunities particularly for young graduates to earn their living.

Statement takers name: Abdel Kareem Bourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and Abdel Rahman Jaber Signature توقيع مدون سجل المقابلة اسم مدون سجل المقابلة

Final Report Annex C1-4 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Part C: Project-Specific ESA وثيقة تسجيلية لمقابلة Focus Group / Individual Interview Record :معلومات المقابل Interviewee Information :السم علي المسامرة Name: Mr. Ali Almasamrah :الوظيفة بلدية القطرانة Occupation: Muncibality of Qatraneh :الجنس ذكر Gender: Male

بيانات المقابلة Interview Information :المكان بلدية القطرانة Place: Muncibality of Qatraneh :التاريخ Date: 16-3-2003 16-3-2003 :الساعة :Time

بيانات المقابلة Interview Record

:أهم الملحظات التي ابداها The project may have some effects during the construction phase on the present agriculture 1- projects near the right of way الخشية من أن يكون للمشروع اثناء البناء اي تاثيرات على المشاريع الزراعية والتي تعتبر ملصقة لحرم الطريق 1- الخشية من تاثير خط اللجوف المائي وخطوط الكهرباء والهاتف اثناء عمليات الحفر والبناء Al-lajoun water pipe line may be affected during the construction phase because it passes through 2- 2- الخوف من التاثيرات الخرى الناتجة عن البناء كالغبار والضجيج Qatraneh city near the Desert highway 3- الرغبة من ان يتم تزويدهم بالمياه من الخط الجديد ( خط الديسي ) بسبب الملوحة الموجودة في المياه التي 4- يشربونها، حيث البار في المنطقة مالحة وغير جيدة .During the construction phase there will be some physical effects like dust and noise 3- الرغبة في ان يوفر لهم المشروع فرص عمل لبنائهم، خصوصا وان معظم الشباب عاطلي عن العمل والوضع 5- 4- Disi Project will provide the city with some job opportunities this is very important for the people المعيشي سيئ بسبب توقفهم عن الرعي بعد ان باعوا اغنامهم لحما وان المشاريع الزراعية خاسرة والشباب there because the area suffered from drought and many people sold their livestock and don’t have .هناك مستعدين للعمل مهما كان نوع العمل، خصوصا وان مستواهم التعليمي متدن .any source of income

5- The people think that the agriculture projects don’t provide enough money for the workers in these projects so they need other job opportunities to have a better income.

Statement takers name: Abdel Kareem Bourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and Abdel Rahman Jaber Signature توقيع مدون سجل المقابلة اسم مدون سجل المقابلة

Final Report Annex C1-5 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Part C: Project-Specific ESA وثيقة تسجيلية لمقابلة Focus Group / Individual Interview Record :معلومات المقابل Interviewee Information :السم سكان محليين Name: Local People :الوظيفة القطرانة Occupation: Qatraneh :الجنس ------:Gender

بيانات المقابلة Interview Information :المكان مدينة الفطرانة Place: Qatraneh city :التاريخ Date: 16/3/2003 16/3/2003 :الساعة ------:Time

بيانات المقابلة Interview Record

ان نوعية المياه المستخدمة للشرب غير جيدة بسبب وجود بعص الملوحة والسكان يرغبون في تحسين نوعيتها People in Qatraneh are not satisfied with the quality of water supplied to them • • It is Suggested that Qatraneh be supplied by water from a branch of the Disi–Amman conveyor يقترح الناس الستفادة من المياه التي سيتم نقلها من الديسي من خلل فرع على الخط عند الجزء المار في The inhabitants expect that the project will provide job opportunities during the constriction phase • منطقتهم and this will be very useful to the inhabitants of Qatraneh

يتوقع السكان انهم سيستفيدون من المشروع اثناء مرحلة التنفيذ ذلك ان هناك عدد من العاطلين عن العمل .ويتوقع ان يوفر لهم المشروع فرصا للعمل

Statement takers name: Abdel Kareem Bourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and Abdel Rahman Jaber Signature توقيع مدون سجل المقابلة اسم مدون سجل المقابلة

Final Report Annex C1-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

Names of Interviewees:

Salem Nasser Al-Zawaideh Atallah Al-Zawaideh Saeed Abu Al-Hawa

Interview Information

Place: Aqaba Date: November 20th, 2003 Time: 11:30 AM

The questions and comments given by the Sheikhs of Disi area along with the Consultant’s replies were as follows:

Q1. Why do not we put the “Fils” of the Disi on the water bill? Is the basin non- renewable? If it is non-renewable, what are the other options for the locals?

 The cost of water desalination has decreased dramatically to 0.3-0.4 JD. If it decreased further, the government kept its right to save the Disi non-renewable water source and replace it with desalinated water.

Q2. Comment: The people in the area are not Bedouins anymore. They became farmers. There remains a need to find alternatives for the people who will lose their jobs because of closing the Disi farms.

Q3. Comment: If the Disi water was for the Disi people they would not have agreed on drawing the water. For Bedouins, water should be shared with all people and not only for the residents of the area. However, they do request that the residents of the area to have a share in the employment. And since the Disi water is non- renewable and will be exploited, we want the drinking water to be available to the Disi people and give the agricultural cooperations the right to dig alternative wells.

Q4. Comment: Provide shades for the herders. Also implement the “Fils” of Disi so that it can be used to develop the area.

 As far as the “fils” is concerned, this is an issue controlled by regulations that we cannot interfere with. But the issue of providing employment for the people of Disi will be given special attention.  As for the shades for the herders, when we plan we plan for all people without differentiating between people living in Amman and others. But to be realistic, Amman is the capital and the industrial and commercial centre and therefore is a special case.  There is a plan for 10 years and that is why we installed 5 emergency outlets.

Q5. Will the project affect the quality of the water negatively?

 The “Dhuleil” basin was exploited and its water quality was greatly degraded due to agricultural activities. 90% of the Disi is non-renewable. So the effect is the reduction in the water level. However, Aqaba has been using the water since 1991 and so is Saudi Arabia and the water quality has not been affected.

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Q6. Is the basin to Taima’ and Saudi the same as that of Disi?

 Yes. But the bigger ratio is for Saudi Arabia and they welcomed the project.

Q7. Comment: It is advised that the locals be employed in the project.

 Just for information, this project is not a development project but employing the people will be a benefit from the project.

Q8. Will the road from Disi to Mudawarra be asphalted?

 It is in benefit of the Contractor to pave the road from Disi to Mudawarra. Also, one of the Contractors has suggested developing a pipe factory in Jordan. This is encouraged by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation especially that in case such a factor is developed it will be in areas near the project route. However, it should be emphasized that the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System is not a social development project.

Final Report Annex C1-9 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Part C: Project-Specific ESA وثيقة تسجيلية لمقابلة Focus Group / Individual Interview Record :معلومات المقابل Interviewee Information :السم محمد النعيمات Name: Mr. Mahmoud G. N'aimat :الوظيفة محافظ الطفيلة Occupation: Governor of Tafileh :الجنس ذكر Gender: Male

بيانات المقابلة Interview Information :المكان مكتب المحافظ Place: Governor office :التاريخ Date: 16/3/2003 16/3/2003 :الساعة :Time

بيانات المقابلة Interview Record

منطقة الطفيلة هي منطقة تتميز بوجود عدد كبير من الينابيع والبار الجوفية Tafileh City lies more than 50 km to the west of the Desert Highway. The area is rich with springs and underground water resources, therefore it is not expected that the Governorate, at least in the تمتد الطفيلة على طول 50 كم غربي الطريق الصحراوي الرابط بين عمان والعقبة .foreseeable future, will need to import drinking water from other areas

المياه في منطقة الطفيلة تسد الحاجات المائية للمحافظة ول يتوقع من ان تحتاج المحافظة لجلب مياه من The Governor of Tafileh and his deputy expressed their full support to the project. They also خارجها .expressed their willingness to provide all possible assistance to the study team (على القل في المستقبل القريب )

ابدى المحافظ اهتمامه بالمشروع وعرض تقديم كافة المساعدات الممكنة لتسهيل تنفيذه

Statement takers name: Abdel Kareem Bourini, Mahmood Heshmeh and Abdel Rahman Jaber Signature توقيع مدون سجل المقابلة اسم مدون سجل المقابلة

Final Report Annex C1-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C2: SCOPING STATEMENT AND RECORD OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF APPENDICES i

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 SCOPING METHODOLOGY 1

3 RESULTS OF SCOPING ACTIVITIES 2

3.1 Issues Identified within the Focus Groups Discussions 2 3.2 Scoping Questionnaire Responses 6 3.2.1 General Analysis of the Scoping Questionnaire Responses According to the Location of the Scoping Session 6 3.2.2 Analysis of the Scoping Questionnaire Responses According to the Sex of the Participant 9 3.2.3 Analysis of the Scoping Questionnaire Responses According to the Type of Work of the Participant 10 3.3 Questions and Comments during the Scoping Session 11 3.4 Significant Issues Identified Based on Focus Groups Discussions, Questionnaire Responses and Participants Comments 11

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Environmental Scoping Sessions − Invitation Letters and Scoping Session Agenda − List of Invitees − Scoping Questionnaire

Appendix 2: Amman and Aqaba Scoping Sessions Results − List of Attendees − List of Focus Groups and Summary of the Discussions of the Focus Groups − Scoping Questionnaire Responses − Scoping Session Questions and Answers

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1 INTRODUCTION

The construction of the Disi-Mudawarra water conveyance system will affect all of the current and future population in the project area and to a certain extent the natural and the built up environment as well as the status of water resources in Jordan. For elaborating on the environmental and social assessment study, the following main objectives were identified:

• To have a two-way discussion of substantive issues with stakeholders from national and local government, residents of the project area of influence, academic and applied research institutes, non-governmental organizations and interested individual citizens. • To identify the substantive issues of specific concern to related stakeholders and get input from the public on the environmental and social assessment process. • To take into account the views of women. • To disseminate information to the various segments of the public (mainly through presentations, handouts, and focus groups).

2 SCOPING METHODOLOGY

The Consultant was supposed to hold three scoping sessions- one in Amman, one in Ma’an and one in Aqaba. The aim of having three scoping sessions was to insure that the community representatives of the areas influenced by the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance project would have the chance to participate in the scoping sessions. However, upon the Client’s request and in order to have a higher number of stakeholders and individuals participating in each scoping session, only two scoping sessions were conducted- one in Amman and one in Aqaba. Amman scoping session targeted Amman, Madaba and Al Jiza areas. Aqaba scoping session hosted the target population of Disi, Aqaba, Tafileh, Ma’an and Al-Qatraneh areas.

The preparations for the scoping sessions involved activities that assist in formulating a comprehensive framework for developing the scope of the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA). These activities included site visits and meetings with associated municipalities and community representatives, determination of the list of participants in the scoping sessions, preparation of a description of the project and its related environmental and social issues as well as a questionnaire to summarize the initial perception of the participants regarding the project.

The Project Manager and the project’s team members made several site visits to the project area in order to develop familiarity with the involved communities and conveyor route. The meetings between the project team members and representatives from the Client side were conducted to obtain information and perspective concerning the environmental and social issues related to the project and to identify the stakeholders to be invited to the scoping session.

Several studies prepared between the time period 1995 and 2002, along with the site visits and informal meetings, provided the necessary information for describing the project, its background, areas potentially affected by it, and the preliminary related environmental and social issues (see Appendix 1). Formal invitation letters from the Client to attend the Scoping Sessions at 8:30 A.M. on Thursday, March 27th, 2003 in Amman and at 9:00 A.M. on Thursday, April 3rd, 2003 at Aqaba were circulated to the potentially concerned agencies, NGOs, and community representatives (see Appendix 1). For the purpose of the sessions, background material to the project was presented and described in a handout prepared in Arabic and distributed at the scoping sessions.

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As scheduled, the scoping sessions were held on March 27th and April 3rd. Both sessions started with an opening statement from the MWI representative, Eng. Fayez Bataineh. Following the opening statement, the Project Manager presented a description of present conditions and the proposed project. After the presentation, the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that summarizes their initial perceptions regarding significant potential environmental and social issues (see Appendix 1). Then, the participants were divided into six focus groups in Amman and three focus groups in Aqaba representing the issues to be discussed. Table 1 reflects the distribution of the focus groups.

Table 1: Focus groups distribution at Amman and Aqaba scoping sessions Amman Scoping Sessions Aqaba Scoping Session Group 1: Water Resources Focus Group Group 1: Water Resources Focus Group Group 2: Agricultural Resources Focus Group Group 2: Social Assessment Focus Group Group 3: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Focus Group 3: A-biotic Environment, Biotic Environment, Group Agricultural Resources and Archaeological Group 4: A-biotic Environment Focus Group and Cultural Heritage Focus Group Group 5: Biotic Environment Focus Group Group 6: Social Assessment Focus Group

In each focus group, discussions started with a brief explanation from the participating team member about the project and its related potential issues expected during the construction and operation periods followed by discussions within the focus group in order to reach conclusions regarding the issues of concern. Then, a representative from each focus group did a 10 minutes presentation about the conclusions and recommendations of the concerned focus group.

When the focus groups finished their presentations, the project manager presented the results of a sample of the filled questionnaires. This was followed by questions and comments on potential issues along with a clarification on the description of the project and its potential environmental and social effects. A list of the focus groups and their members along with the discussions and conclusions of each group in each session are presented in Appendix 2.

The participants commented on the various aspects of the project and the likely areas of impact. The questionnaire responses were then compiled and a summary of the results was produced (see Appendix 2). The generated results identified the significant and non-significant issues and the extent to which those issues would be addressed in the ESA.

3 RESULTS OF SCOPING ACTIVITIES

The environmental and social issues that need to be assessed were identified from the results of the scoping activities. This was mainly through the focus group discussions, scoping session questionnaire results and the issues raised during the questions and comments.

3.1 Issues Identified within the Focus Groups Discussions

The environmental and social issues of concern identified during the focus groups discussions are as follows:

A. Water Resources

• Justification of the need and necessity for conveying the Disi water. • Verification of the abstraction and quality problem by modelling.

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• Protection of watershed boundaries if needed. • Possibility of mixing Disi water with other sources for optimisation, such as Disi with Zai. • Studying the quality and quantity of water resources in Jordan taking the following into consideration: • Water is insufficient and incompatible with consumption, for example, Yarmouk Basin. • Jordan has to take advantage of all water resources (for example, desalination of ground water in different regions) and develop them to be available technically and economically. • Desalination of water in Jordan exceeds 5 MCM. • Taking advantage of surface water, implementing laws to encourage collection of rainwater, and increasing dam construction. • Public awareness in terms of water-use enlightenment for local societies. • Dealing with water losses in water systems with dependable maintained lines. • Studying industrial water-use. • Studying the Disi Aquifer in relation to: • Quality and quantity; • Present and future consumption; • Water budget; • Giving a chance for aquifers affected by oppressive pumping or water abstraction to regain their quality due to water compensation from Disi; and • Having future plans for speedy water resources for the region (Disi and Aqaba) for the coming 40 or 50 years. • Implications of the enhancement of the effluent to Jordan Valley due to improvement of the consumed water quality. • Distribution of the water according to water needs.

More details on these discussions and results of this focus group are presented in Appendix 2.

B. Agricultural Resources

• Disi farm companies. • Employment status of the local people currently working in the frams in Disi areas. • Animal production along the desert path. • Dust levels in the area extending from Jiza to Amman. • Cutting trees in the area extending from Jiza to Amman. • Reduction of soil fertility due to new imported soil in the area extending from Jiza to Amman. • Reduction of the agricultural areas or removing olive trees along the conveyor route. • Obstruction of the entrances of the farms due to construction activities. • Definition of non-sustainable agriculture according to the concept of the use of Disi non- renewable water and with respect to cost return, economical value, and social value.

More details on these discussions and results of this focus group are presented in Appendix 2.

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C. Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

• Two sites of main concern located at Segment A. These are: • Cave of Seven Sleepers • Khirbet Es-Suq Mausoleum • Activities regarded as sources of impacts on the archaeological sites include: • Destruction during digging • Vibration • Pollution • Movement of vehicles • Camping areas • Solid waste material • Borrowing areas • Pipe explosion / seepage • Cavities

More details on these discussions and results of this focus group are presented in Appendix 2.

D. A-biotic Environment

• Noise levels at nearby local communities and workers at the project construction site. • Increased dust levels in the area and the potential impact on: • Public safety for workers and local communities; • Nearby farms in the project and nearby areas. • Changing the geomorphological system of the area to a large extent. • Fluid and Solid wastes resulting from the project, including: • Cutting and demolition wastes; • Construction material wastes; • Oil and grease residues; and • Human wastes of the workers (affected by the number of employees and distance from concerned areas). • Tectonic activity in the area and its impact on the project. • Increase in traffic due to vehicles related to the project especially heavy vehicles and the traffic problems associated with them and the need to coordinate with the Ministry of Transport and the Phosphate company as well as for the Rashidiye road till the Disi triangle. • Opening temporary access roads haphazardly in order to reach to the construction sites. • Soil stability. • Air quality: • Silica and its impact on air quality; • Vehicles emissions (though it was mentioned that the Badia area has more severe and urgent problems than the potential impact from the vehicles emissions. These impacts relate to the phosphate companies and hence the impacts due to vehicles emissions during the construction phase of the project is considered not significant by the local community. However, a limit should be set for vehicles’ age in order to enhance safety conditions); and • Age of the vehicles.

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• Public safety for the workers and the local communities. • Transportation from Aqaba Port and the need to coordinate with the Port Institute. • Corrosion of the water conveyor due to effect of the soil type and the need to take precautionary measures for protection and maintenance of the conveyor.

More details on these discussions and results of this focus group are presented in Appendix 2.

E. Biotic Environment

• Issues of concern at the species level: • Destruction of vegetative cover: Acacia at Batn El-Ghoul • Impact on desert inhabitants • Disturbance • Accessibility • Increase in hunting of flora, fauna and birds by the workers on the project; • Potential impact on wildlife that exist in the desert (especially desert deer); • Accumulation of solid waste; and • Potential impact on the project of reintroduction of the Oryx. • Issues of concern at the ecosystem level: • Disturbance • Alteration and Damage to natural water flow • Disturbance of natural habitats (Hammad, Sand Dunes, Qeea’an, and wadis); • Disruption of natural habitat organization; • Potential impact and disturbance to wildlife; • Increase in dust levels and potential impact on air quality; and • Potential impact on important bird areas and important natural habitats.

Two issues were mentioned to be of high concern; these are the reintroduction of the Oryx and the fact that there are only 40 Ghazal in the Batn El-Ghoul area and these might be threatened by hunting activity by the employees.

More details on these discussions and results of this focus group are presented in Appendix 2.

F. Social Assessment

• Employment and allocation of a certain percentage of required labour for the local residents alongside the pipeline and in Disi. • Consideration of the rules for public safety during digging and construction by coordinating efforts with the Ministry of Housing and Public Works, the Municipality of Greater Amman, and the Department of Traffic. • Public awareness campaign explaining the benefits of the project before and during work. • Studying the available services and obstacles at the path of the pipeline before offering tender for the project. • Keeping away from crossroads as much as possible. • Coordinating with the various service establishments. • Public Health in terms of improving water quality which is a positive impact.

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• Economic considerations and individuals ability to pay for the water (minimal impact and the lower social groups will not be affected). • Disrupting traffic movement for residents and large vehicles. This impact is expected to be along the Desert Highway and the last third of the conveyor route. • The temporary disruption of energy sources and this is considered to be a temporary and partial impact. • Temporary disruption of water sources in terms of stopping the water pipelines and this is considered to be a temporary and partial impact. • Business shops (Qatraneh, Al Jiza, and Abu-Alanda) and taking into account the affected commercial shops owners alongside the pipeline as a result of the project, by compensating their expected financial losses. • Indigenous people (Badia area and the tribes available there) • Land acquisition (no impacts since lands were acquired in a previous stage)

More details on these discussions and results of this focus group are presented in Appendix 2.

3.2 Scoping Questionnaire Responses

The responses of the participants to the distributed questionnaires were compiled and presented in Appendix 2 in tables showing the frequency and percentage of responses to each question.

3.2.1 General Analysis of the Scoping Questionnaire Responses According to the Location of the Scoping Session

The participants in the session were mainly engineers and administrative personnel representing various institutions from governmental authorities, nongovernmental organizations, universities and private sector. The results reflected that there was a good participation of in the sessions (20-25.5 percent of the participants were women).

98 percent of the participants at Amman session and 93.3 percent of the participants at Aqaba session agree that Jordan suffers from water shortage. The higher percentage at Amman session is expectable since Amman residents have a great feel of the extent of the water shortage problem.

100 percent of the participants at both sessions mentioned that they depend on the main water supply network as the source of water at their houses. About 55 and 76 percent of the participants in Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, believe that the supplied water is of very good to good quality and only about 5 to 10 percent believe that it is be of poor quality. This difference in belief may be explained by the fact that Aqaba area depends on Disi water and on the plenty of water supply in the southern regions as compared to Amman.

About 94 and 90 percent of the participants in Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, believe that the supplied water is of more than a medium quality and, hence, they do not depend on other sources for drinking water. In Amman, those who use other sources for drinking water depend on household treatment and flirtation devices and bottled water and those in Aqaba depend on bottled water.

About 80 percent of the participants at both sessions had an idea about the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance System prior to attending the scoping sessions. The majority of those participants (40

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and 58 percent in Amman and Aqaba, respectively) knew about his project from official reports, leaflet, newspapers and magazines.

In Aqaba about 73 percent of the participants believed that they have sufficient quantities of water supplied to their houses, whereas in Amman about 59 percent of the participants mentioned that the quantity of water supplied to their houses is not sufficient.

Regarding the current water tariff, 68.6 percent of Amman participants believe that it is acceptable and only 23.5 percent perceive that it is high. A similar pattern of response was observed at Aqaba’s session where 76.7 percent of the participants responded that the water tariff is acceptable and only 20 percent responded that it is high.

About 70 to 75 percent of the participants at both sessions believed that this water conveyance is important for solving the water shortage problem in Amman in spite of the high cost as opposed to about 13 percent who do not consider this project to be important in solving Amman’s water shortage problem.

51 and 63.3 percent of the participants in Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, consider that the current water quality is one of the reasons behind the diseases affecting the family members as opposed to about 14 and 36 percent who do no believe the water quality to be among the reasons behind the diseases.

At Amman’s session, 72.5 percent mentioned that they notice impurities in their water as opposed to about 24 percent who do not. Also, at Aqaba’s session, 50 percent mentioned that they notice impurities in their water as opposed to about 47 percent who do not.

About 53 percent of the participants at both sessions mentioned that they do not clean their water storage tanks in a regular pattern. About 31 and 23 percent at Amman and Aqaba, respectively, clean the water tank once per year and about 12 and 17 percent once every six months. The rest (i.e., about 4 and 7 percent) reported that they never clean their water storage tanks.

About 86 and 97 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, believe that water of better quality should be supplied to protect the health of the community.

45 percent of Amman’s session participants answered that they would accept raising the current water tariff in return for having a better water quality supplied by the Water Authority whereas 49 percent did not agree to such a raise. At Aqaba, about 63 percent agreed to raising the current water tariff if a better water quality were to be supplied by the Water Authority and 33 percent said they wont agree to such a raise.

About 41 percent of the participants at Amman session responded that Jordan has a good water resources management compared to about 33 percent who responded that Jordan should improve its management of water resources. At Aqaba, about 33 percent believed that water resources management is good, about 33 percent said that it is acceptable, and 30 percent answered that it should be improved.

At Amman’s session, about 24 percent answered that all of the recommended measures for improving water resources management in Jordan (i.e., public awareness and encouragement of guidance, secure proper planning regarding determination of water usage priorities, rehabilitation of the damaged water supply networks, and finding new water sources, such as seawater desalination) should be adopted; of Aqaba’s session participants, about 17 percent recommended considering all the mentioned improvements.

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The majority of Amman’s session participants (about 82 percent) knew that there are agricultural practices at Disi area that depend upon the Disi Basin groundwater and about 33 percent of the participants responded that these agricultural practices are of no economic importance to the national economy and that there are no rare crops that assist in reducing the budget deficit.

At Aqaba’s session, all of the participants (100 percent) knew that there are agricultural practices at Disi area that depend upon the Disi Basin groundwater and 40 percent of the participants responded that these agricultural practices are of no economic importance to the national economy and that there are no rare crops that assist in reducing the budget deficit.

At Amman session, about 48 percent responded that agricultural activities would be moderately or highly affected by this water conveyance project. At Aqaba, 50 percent of the participants responded that the agricultural activities would be highly affected.

Only about 4 and 17 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, responded that this project would have a limited effect in reducing the water shortage problems in Jordan.

At Amman session, about 45 percent responded that the priority of supplying water from the Disi Basin should be to all the kingdom and 49 percent responded that it should be for the areas of the Kingdom that suffer from water shortage. Only 2 percent answered that the priority should be given to the Disi farms and nearby industries.

At Aqaba session, 40 percent responded that the priority of supplying water from the Disi Basin should be to all the kingdom and about 37 percent responded that it should be for the areas of the Kingdom that suffer from water shortage. Only 2 percent answered that the priority should be given to the Disi farms and nearby industries and 13 percent answered that the priority should be for the inhabitants of Aqaba and Disi areas.

About 73 and 67 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, responded that the construction of the conveyor will not affect archaeological or cultural sites. Of those who answered that such sites will be affected mentioned the concern regarding the Cave of Seven Sleepers, Zizia pool, Qatraneh Castle, Khirbet Es-Suq Mausoleum, Wadi Rum and the train railway.

About 75 and 73 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, responded that the construction of the conveyor would not affect the natural habitat along the conveyor route. Of those who expected impacts to natural habitat, answered that Batn El-Ghoul, Tarma and Wadi Rum are the areas of concern.

About 70 percent of the participants at both sessions responded that the construction of the conveyor would not affect the grazing areas along the conveyor route. Of those who expected impacts to grazing areas, answered that Disi, southern areas of the Kingdom, Batn El-Ghoul, and Jafr are the areas of concern.

About 83 percent of the participants at both sessions responded that the construction of the conveyor would not affect plants, animals or birds that are rare or of special importance. Only the participants of Aqaba session named the following as plants, animals or birds that could be impacted:

• Ghazal at Disi and Rum areas

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• Medicinal plants at Rum • Certain bird species at Disi area • Wild rabbits

About 75 and 70 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, responded that the construction of the conveyor would not affect the air quality in the areas that it will pass through. Those who expected air quality impacts expressed that it would be in all areas of the project.

About 53 and 57 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, responded that the conveyor would affect the noise levels in the areas that it will pass through during the construction phase. Those who expected the increase in noise levels during that phase expressed that it would be in all areas of the project.

Finally, about 65 and 60 percent of the participants at Amman and Aqaba sessions, respectively, responded that the conveyor would affect the noise levels in the areas that it will pass through during the operation phase. Those who expected the increase in noise levels during that phase expressed that it would be in the areas near the pumping stations.

3.2.2 Analysis of the Scoping Questionnaire Responses According to the Sex of the Participant

Almost all of the participants from both sexes agreed that Jordan suffers from water shortage where all of the female participants mentioned that whereas 95.2 percent of the male participants indicated that Jordan suffers from water shortage.

73.7 percent of the participating females indicated that they believe the potable water quality in their residential areas is good and more than good whereas 59.7 percent of the male participants indicated that it is good to more than good.

The results indicated that male participants have more information about the Disi project than female participants do where 87.1 percent of the males had an idea about the project prior to the distribution of the project handout during the session and 63.2 percent of the female women had previous idea about the project.

Both female and male participants agreed that the current water tariff is acceptable for all with the females indicating greater acceptance of that tariff. 84.2 percent of the female participants indicated acceptance of the current tariff as compared to 66.1 percent of the male participants. This may be due to the fact that in most cases men are the ones responsible for paying the tariff.

Most of the female and male participants (71 and 78.9 percent of the female and male participants, respectively) agreed that in spite of the high cost of this project, it is important for solving the current and future water problems for the city of Amman.

More than half of the participants from both sexes (57.9 and 54.8 of the female and male participants, respectively) agreed that the current water quality is one of the reasons of the diseases affecting family members.

The results revealed that the males notice more the presence of any unacceptable sediments or suspended material in their domestic water supply. 69.4 percent of the males indicated the presence of material whereas only 47.4 percent of the females indicated that. The females opinion

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varied where the same percent (47.4 percent) that indicated no presence of any unacceptable sediments or suspended material in their domestic water supply indicated that there is such material in their water.

Though the majority of the participants believe that this project is important, only 36.8 percent of the females and 46.8 percent of the males believe that the project will only result in a reduction of the severity of the water shortage problem. Only 26.3 percent of the females and 46.8 percent of the males believe that the project may greatly reduce the water shortage problem in Jordan.

3.2.3 Analysis of the Scoping Questionnaire Responses According to the Type of Work of the Participant

The majority of the participants at both scooping sessions agreed that Jordan suffers from water shortage. 100 percent of the academic people, 96.8 percent workers at non-governmental organizations, and 94.9 percent of employees in the governmental sector indicated the water shortage. The reason behind having the lower percentage of those who indicated the water shortage problem being from the governmental sector is that they do not want to exaggerate the water problem or it may be that they have a clearer picture of the water situation in Jordan.

The participants’ opinions regarding the quality of drinking water varied according to work type. 54.5 percent of the academics indicated that the drinking water quality is good, 41.9 percent of workers at non-governmental organizations and private sector indicated that it is of medium quality, and 41 percent of employees in the governmental sector indicated that the drinking water is of very good quality.

The results indicated that both workers in the governmental and non-governmental sectors had a previous idea about the project. 82.1 percent of the participants from the governmental sector and 83.9 of the participants from the non-governmental sector indicated having a previous idea about the project. A lower percentage (72.7 percent) of the academics had such a previous knowledge of the project.

It was mostly the academics who responded that the current water tariff is acceptable for everyone where 81.8 percent of them indicated this, whereas 69.2 and 67.7 percent of the workers in the governmental and non-governmental sectors, respectively, indicated that it is acceptable. This maybe due to the fact that workers in the governmental and non-governmental sectors get paid less than academics do.

The results revealed that the academics are the ones mostly aware of the importance of this project in solving the severe water shortage problem for Amman city where 81.8 percent of them indicated the importance of this project in spite of its high cost. On the other hand, 74.2 percent of the workers at the non-governmental organizations and the private sector and 69.2 percent of the workers at the governmental sector indicated the importance of the project.

Mainly the workers in non-governmental organizations (64.5 percent) believed that the current water quality is one of the reasons for the diseases affecting their family members. Of the governmental sector and academics, 51.3 and 45.5 percent, respectively, indicated that the water quality is one of the reasons.

90.9 percent of the academics notice the presence of sediments and suspended material in their domestic water supply whereas only 64.5 and 56.4 percent of those in the non-governmental organizations and governmental sector, respectively, noticed this.

Final Report Annex C2-10 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

Although the majority of the participants believe that this project is important for reducing the water shortage problem in Jordan, they have indicated that this reduction would be to a good degree and not to an excellent extent. This was indicated by 63.6 percent of the academics, 48.7 percent of the employees in the governmental sector, and by 48.7 percent of the workers in the non-governmental originations.

3.3 Questions and Comments During the Scoping Session

From the participants’ questions and comments, the following emerged as issues of concern:

• Possibility of contamination of the Disi groundwater and the need for protection of the Disi Basin watershed. • Impact on quality of the Disi groundwater due to mixing it with other sources of water. • Need to study the frequency and return periods for the 50 and 100 years floods in the project area. • Increase in water prices. • Efforts made towards finding other sources of water in order to reduce Jordan’s water shortage. • Responsibility for monitoring the implementation of the water conveyance project. • Potential impacts of increase in dust levels and drilling activities on traffic movement. • Compensation for land acquisition and damage incurred to commercial institutions. • The high voltage lines and towers bases along the route from Aqaba to Amman. • The train railway. • Pumping the Disi groundwater to the farms. • Concern for archaeological sites namely, the Cave of Seven Sleepers. • Hiring employees from the local inhabitants of the project area to work on the project construction. • Economic returns from the project to the Disi area. • Development of the Disi villages and possibility of adding a fils to the water bill to help the Disi villages.

It should be noted that several participants passed comments that the project is a national priority and that it’s negative impacts do not match up to the level of its importance. Also, it was commented that the use of groundwater for agricultural purposes is not profitable economically.

3.4 Significant Issues Identified Based on Focus Groups Discussions, Questionnaire Responses and Participants Comments

The following were identified as significant issues and would be addressed in the ESA.

A. Significant Issues for Water Resources

• Justification of the project need; and • Contribution of the Disi project to Jordan’s water budget and other alternatives considered for facing the water shortage problem.

Final Report Annex C2-11 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

B. Significant Issues for Agricultural Resources

• Impacts of the increase in dust levels on the farms within Segment A of the project area. • Sustainability of agricultural activities in the Disi area in terms of cost return, economical value and social value. • Reduction of soil fertility due to new imported soil in the area extending from Jiza to Amman. • Reduction of the agricultural areas or removal of olive trees along the conveyor route.

C. Significant Issues for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

• Impact on archaeological sites at Segment C mainly the Cave of Seven Sleepers and the Khirbet Es-Suq Mausoleum.

D. Significant Issues for A-biotic Environment

• Potential impact of noise on nearby local communities and workers at the project construction site at Segment C of the project and at Segments A and C of the project during operation the operation phase due to the pump stations. • Potential impact of increased dust levels in all segment of the project area on only during the construction phase. The concern is mainly for: • Public safety for workers and local communities; and • Nearby farms in the project and nearby areas. • Changing the geomorphological system of the Segment A area to a large extent. • Fluid and Solid wastes resulting from the construction phase at all three segments of the project, including: • Cutting and demolition wastes; • Construction material wastes; • Oil and grease residues; and • Human wastes of the workers. • Tectonic activity in the Segment A area and its impact on the project during both construction and operation phases. • Increase in traffic during construction phase along the three segments of the project area due to vehicles related to the project especially heavy vehicles and the traffic problems associated with them. • Opening temporary access roads haphazardly in order to reach to the construction sites at Segment A. • Potential impact on soil stability at Segment C of the project area. • Potential impact on air quality during the construction phase and along the three segments of the project with consideration to effects of silica and vehicles emissions. • Public safety for the workers and the local communities at all segments of the project during the construction phase. • Transportation from Aqaba Port and the need to coordinate with the Port Institute.

Final Report Annex C2-12 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

E. Significant Issues for Biotic Environment

• Destruction of vegetative cover (especially acacia at Batn El-Ghoul area). • Increase in hunting of flora, fauna and birds by the workers on the project. • Hunting of the Oryx that will be reintroduced and of the Ghazal by the workers on the project construction. • Accumulation of solid waste. • Disturbance of natural habitats (Hammad, Sand Dunes, Qeea’an, and wadis). • Potential impact on important bird areas and important natural habitats.

F. Significant Issues for Social Assessment

• Allocation of percentage of required labour for the local residents alongside the pipeline and in Disi. • Consideration of the rules for public safety during digging and construction by coordinating efforts with the Ministry of Public Works and Hosuing, the Municipality of Greater Amman, and the Department of Traffic. • Launching public awareness campaign explaining the benefits of the project before and during work. • Compensation for damage incurred to commercial institutions (especially at Qatraneh, Al Jiza, and Abu-Alanda). • Studying of the available services (especially high voltage lines and towers bases) and obstacles at the path of the pipeline before offering tender for the project. • Keeping away from cross-roads as much as possible. • Coordination with the various service establishments. • Improvement of public health due to improvement of the water quality which is a positive impact. • Disruption of traffic movement for residents and large vehicles. This impact is expected to be along the Desert Highway and the last third of the conveyor route. • Public health and safety considerations during the construction phase. • Indigenous Peoples (Badia area and the tribes available there).

Of significant importance is also the coordination with the army in order to identify possible mine areas along the route of the conveyor.

Final Report Annex C2-13 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

1 INVITATION LETTERS

1.1 Amman-Madaba Invitation Letter

تحية واحتراما, ,Dear Sir

اسم ال مشروع: الدراسة البيئية والجتماعية لمشروع نقل Project: Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System مياه الديسي-المدورة الى عمان Purpose: Environmental and Social الهدف: دراسة تقييم الثار البيئية والجتماعية Assessment الموضوع: دعوة لحضور ورشة العمل Subject: Invitation for the Scoping Session

لقد قامت وزارة المياه والري باحالة المشروع اعله The Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan has على شركة اتحاد المستشارين للهندسة والبيئة للقيام retained Consolidated Consultants for Engineering بدراسة الثار البيئية والجتماعية لمشروع نقل مياه and Environment to conduct the Environmental الديسي الى عمان. -and Social Assessment Study for the Disi Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System.

كجزء من هذه الدراسة ، سيتم عقد ورشة عمل لتحديد As part of this project, the Consultant is الثار البيئية والجتماعية المتوقعة خلل عمليات النشاء conducting an environmental and social scoping والتشغيل. المشاركون هم من الوزارات والمؤسسات session to identify environmental and social العامة والخاصة والجمعيات غير الحكومية والمجالس ,impacts that might be associated with the project البلدية والقروية وأهالي المنطقة والشركات الزراعية .both during construction and operation وكافة الطراف المعنية التي تتأثر بالمشروع. Participants will include representatives from Ministries, government organizations, affected parties, agricultural companies, and municipalities and residents of the project area.

ولذا فإنه ليسر وزارة المياه والري أن توجه لكم الدعوة The Ministry of Water and Irrigation invites you للمشاركة في ورشة عمل تقييم الثار البيئية والجتماعية to participate in this environmental and social وذلك في فندق عمان وست - عمان, يوم ااخميس scoping session. The session is to be held at الموافق 27 اذار 2003 الساعة اثامنة والنصف صباحا. Amman West Hotel - Amman, on Thursday مرفق طيا برنامج ورشة العمل. March 27th, 2003 at 8:30 a.m. Attached you will find the meeting’s agenda.

فاكس:Fax Number: 06-4612380 -461238006 مع خالص الحترام ,Yours Sincerely

المـهندس سعد البكري Eng. Sa’d Al-Bakri أمين عام وزارة المياه والري Ministry of Water and Irrgation/Secretary General

Final Report Appendix 1-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

1.2 Aqaba-Ma’an Invitation Letter

تحية واحتراما,

اسم ال مشروع: الدراسة البيئية والجتماعية لمشروع نقل Project: Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System مياه الديسي-المدورة الى عمان Purpose: Environmental and Social الهدف: دراسة تقييم الثار البيئية والجتماعية Assessment الموضوع: دعوة لحضور ورشة العمل Subject: Invitation for the Scoping Session

لقد قامت وزارة المياه والري باحالة المشروع اعله The Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan has على شركة اتحاد المستشارين للهندسة والبيئة للقيام retained Consolidated Consultants for Engineering بدراسة الثار البيئية والجتماعية لمشروع نقل مياه and Environment to conduct the Environmental الديسي الى عمان. -and Social Assessment Study for the Disi Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System.

كجزء من هذه الدراسة ، سيتم عقد ورشة عمل لتحديد As part of this project, the Consultant is الثار البيئية والجتماعية المتوقعة خلل عمليات النشاء conducting an environmental and social scoping والتشغيل. المشاركون هم من الوزارات والمؤسسات session to identify environmental and social العامة والخاصة والجمعيات غير الحكومية والمجالس ,impacts that might be associated with the project البلدية والقروية وأهالي المنطقة والشركات الزراعية .both during construction and operation وكافة الطراف المعنية التي تتأثر بالمشروع. Participants will include representatives from Ministries, government organizations, affected parties, agricultural companies, and municipalities and residents of the project area.

ولذا فإنه ليسر وزارة المياه والري أن توجه لكم الدعوة The Ministry of Water and Irrigation invites you للمشاركة في ورشة عمل تقييم الثار البيئية والجتماعية to participate in this environmental and social وذلك في أكوا مارينا II - العقبة, يوم ااخميس الموافق scoping session. The session is to be held at 3 نيسان 2003 الساعة التاسعة صباحا. مرفق طيا ,AquaMarina II - Aqaba, on Thursday April 3rd برنامج ورشة العمل. at 9:00 a.m. Attached you will find the 2003 meeting’s agenda.

فاكس:Fax Number: 06-4612380 -461238006 مع خالص الحترام ,Yours Sincerely

المـهندس سعد البكري Eng. Sa’d Al-Bakri أمين عام وزارة المياه والري Ministry of Water and Irrgation/Secretary General

Final Report Appendix 1-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

2 AGNEDAS

2.1 Amman-Madaba Agenda

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT SCOPING SESSION FOR DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM AMRA HOTEL – AMMAN 27 MARCH 2003

8:30 – 9:00 Attendance, Receiving and Welcoming

9:00 – 9:15 Opening Statements – Welcoming Remarks Ministry of Water and Irrigation

9:15 – 9:45 Presentation of the Project

9:45 – 10:00 Distribution of Questionnaire

10:00 – 10:10 Group Distribution into Focus Groups

10:10 – 10:30 Focus Groups Discussion

10:30 – 10:50 Coffee Break

10:50 – 12:00 Continuation of the Focus Groups Discussion

12:00 – 1:00 Presentations of Focus Groups Reports

1:00 – 1:50 Comments on Working Group Reports and Questionnaire Results

1:50 – 2:00 Workshop Rap-up and Conclusions

2:00 – 3:00 Lunch

Final Report Appendix 1-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

2.2 Aqaba-Ma’an Agenda

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT SCOPING SESSION FOR DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM RADISSON SAS HOTEL – AQABA 3 APRIL 2003

9:00 – 9:30 Attendance, Receiving and Welcoming

9:30 – 9:45 Opening Statements – Welcoming Remarks Ministry of Water and Irrigation

9:45 – 10:15 Presentation of the Project

10:15 – 10:30 Distribution of Questionnaire and Group Distribution into Focus Groups

10:30 – 10:50 Coffee Break

10:50 – 12:00 Focus Groups Discussions

12:00 – 1:00 Presentations of Focus Groups Reports

1:00 – 2:00 Comments on Working Group Reports and Questionnaire Results and Workshop Rap-up

2:00 – 3:00 Lunch

Final Report Appendix 1-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

3 LIST OF INVITEES

3.1 Amman-Madaba List of Invitees

Number of Invited No. Workshop Participants/Name of Institution Participants Name Individuals Ministries and Governmental Authorities Eng. Sa 'ad Bakri Eng. Fayez Bataineh Eng. Edward Qanqar 1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Eng. Nazeer Abu Arqoub 7 Eng. Mohammad Najjar Eng. Jamal Kawasmeh Eng. Sultan Mshakbeh Eng. Ahmad Abu Zayoud Eng. Munther Khleifat Eng. Saleh Milkawi 2 Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) Eng. Mohammad Al-Adily 7 Eng. Khaled AL-Qdah Zakariya Tarawneh Dr. Nawal Al-Sanaah Eng. Khayri A'mari 3 Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Eng. Farouk Kana'an 3 Eng. Fawzi Aababneh Eng. Amjad Rihani 4 Ministry of Agriculture 2 Eng. Falah A'awamleh 5 Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Eng. Mirvat Ma'moun Houbash 1 6 Ministry of Public Works and Housing Eng. Sami Halaseh 1 7 Ministry of Social Development Secretary General 1 Secretary General Mr. Raeda A'dwan 8 Ministry of Environment 3 Mr. Abdel Rahim Wreikat Mr. Ahmad Mahmoud Saeed Eng. Nabil Shawareb 9 Ministry of Rural & Municipal Affairs 2 Eng. Lamya Zoubi 10 Ministry of Transport Secretary General 1 Mr. Mohammad Al-Abadi (Head of Water Monitoring Department) 11 Ministry of Health 2 Eng. Saleh Nemrawi Mr. Salah Al Hiari Secretary General 12 Ministry of Interior 2 Amman Governor General Director 13 Greater Amman Municipality 2 Dr. Hussein Zaki 14 Department of General Antiquities General Manager 1 15 Department of Public Security Please, send your representative 1 16 Department of Civil Defense Please, send your representative 1 17 Natural Resources Authority Mr. Khaled Al-Shawabkeh 1 18 National Electricity Production Company Director General 1 19 Land and Survey Department Director General 1 20 Amman Chamber of Industry Director General 1 21 Amman Chamber of Commerce Director General 1 Ministry of Planning Secretary General 1 Organizations Dr. Mohammad Saydam 22 Royal Scientific Society 2 Dr. Mona Hindawi The Royal Society for the Conservation of 23 Mr. Maher Keshawi 1 Nature 24 National Society for Environment and Eng. Nabil Abu Shariha 2

Final Report Appendix 1-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

Number of Invited No. Workshop Participants/Name of Institution Participants Name Individuals Wildlife Mr. Mohammed Sherif Jayousi 25 Jordan Environment Society (Amman) Representative 1 26 Jordan Environment Society (Madaba) President: Mr. Mohammad Al-Hroud 1 National Society for Preservation of the 27 Mr. Akram Masarweh 1 Heritage of Madaba and its Suburbs Assembly of Social Development for Bani 28 Representative 1 Hamidah Village Ms Nawal Al-Faoury 29 Aqsa Charitable Society 1 (Mobile: 077-399256) 30 Farmers Association Mr. Bassam Al-Khasawneh (Irbid) 1 31 Kreditanstalt für Wiederaubfbau (KfW) Mr. Schmidt 1 United States Agency for International 32 Dr. Amal Hijjazi 1 Development (USAID) United Nations Development Programme Dr. Eyad Abu Mogli 33 2 (UNDP) Mr. Ove Pjerregaard 34 German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Ms Shaden Al-Qsous 1 35 UNIFEM Dr. Hayfa Abu Ghazalleh 1 36 Jordan River Foundation Ms Maha Khateeb 1 37 Noor El Hussein Foundation Ms Hana Shahine 1 Jordanian Forum for Business and 38 Ms Wijdan As-Sakett 1 Professional Women (JFBP) Jordanian Society for Family Organization 39 Representative 1 and Protection Community Representatives 40 From Abu Alanda Local Community Sheikh Bargis Al Hadeed 1 41 Alyadodeh Village Council Representative 1 42 Madaba Municipality Mayor 1 43 Aljezah Municipality Mayor 1 44 Alqastal Municipality Mayor 1 Universities 45 Jordanian University Dr. Manar Fayyad 1 46 Al-Hashimeyah University Dr. Ali Al-Naqah 1 47 Al-Balqa University Dr. Yassine Al-Zoubey 1 Dr. Ayman Bani Hani and Five of his 48 Jordan University 6 M.S. Students Private Sector and Consultants 49 Ram Farms Mr. Mikdad A'anab 1 Al-Wafa for Agricultural and Animal 50 Representative 1 Investment and Development (WADICO) Arab Company for Cereals, Forage and Meat 51 Mr. Ali Sheimat 1 (GRAMICO) Mr. Mohammad Sameih Barakat Arab International for Agricultural 52 (or) 1 Development Mr. Mohammad Nimr Barakat 53 Hydrotech Eng. Ismail Hashem 1 54 Arab Centre (ACE) Dr. Amjad Al-Barghouti 1 55 Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) Eng. Jawdat Yaghmour 1 Others Eng. Bolous Kefayeh 56 Previous Employee of Ministry of Planning 2 Dr. Eid Kefaya Total # of Participants 87

Final Report Appendix 1-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

3.2 Aqaba-Ma’an List of Invitees

Number of invited No. Workshop Participants/Name of Institution Participants Name Individuals Ministries and Governmental Authorities Eng. Fayez Bataineh 1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Eng. Mohammad Najjar 3 Eng. Jamal Qawasmeh 2 Ma'an Governorate The Governor of Ma'an 1 3 The Governor of Tafilah 1 4 Governor of Karak 1 5 The Governor of Aqaba Mr. Khalid Abu Jaid 1 Mr. Mohammad Mattar Al- 6 Qada’ Disi 1 Zaidanyine 7 Badia Force Representative 1 8 Public Security Force Representative 1 9 Disi Municipality Sheikh Mahmoud Eid Al-Maznneh 1 10 Head of Municipal Services Eng. Isam Jaradat 1 Dr. Khaled Al-Majaly 11 Ma'an Municipality 2 Eng. Souad Nayef Yousef 12 Alqatraneh Municipality Representative 1 13 Al Hasa Municipality Mr. Qasem Al-Maraghiya 2 14 Al Jafar Municipality Mr. Fares Masnad Abu Tayeh 1 15 Bair Municipality Mayor 1 Mr. Aqel Beltagi 16 President of ASEZA 2 Mr. Mohammad Balqar Dr. Bilal Al-Basheer ASEZA - Directorate of Environmental 17 Dr. Saleem Moghrabee 3 Planning - Division of Permitting & EIA Mr. Samir Dweiri Assistant to Secretary General 18 Aqaba Water Authority 2 Mr. Bilal Al-A'asi 19 Water Authority for Southern Regions Eng. Jihad Al-Sakrat 1 20 Tafileh Water Authority Eng. Khaled Al-Abddine 1 21 Karak Water Authority Eng. Malik Al-Rawashdeh 1 Eng. Walid Al-Deikh \ Eng. Ibrahim 22 Ma'an Water Authority 1 Al-Nawafleh 23 National Electricity Company Eng. Bader Tashtoush 1 Organizations 24 The Valley Society for Social Development Representative 1 25 Women Society for Valley Development Representative 1 Charitable Development Society for Youth of 26 Representative 1 Ma'an 27 Association for Charitable Societies (Ma'an) Representative 1 Society for Development of Tafileh 28 Representative 1 Govornorate Cooperation Eng. Mohammad Al-Hjouj (Aqaba) Jordan Environment Society 29 Mr. Ghazi Al-A'marine (Tafileh) 3 (Aqaba, Tafileh and Karak) Eng. Jamil Al-Ja'fra (Karak) 30 Al-Hasa Women Charitable Society Representative 1 31 Association for Charitable Societies (Tafileh) Representative 1 Al-Huseeiniah Charitable Society for Social 32 Representative 1 Work 33 Shihan Housewives Society Representative 1 Association of North Karak Villages 34 Representative 1 Cooperation (Tafileh) Jordanian Fund for Human Development (Disi 35 Ms Khawla Al-Zawaideh 1 Centre) 36 Previous Head of a Municipality Mr. Atallah Mohammad Salman Al- 1

Final Report Appendix 1-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

Number of invited No. Workshop Participants/Name of Institution Participants Name Individuals Zawaideh (Abu Muwafaqa) 37 Previous Me member of the Parliament Sheikh Nasr Salem Al-Zawaideh 1 Sheikh Obeid Mohammad Al-Qseirat 38 Community Representative 1 (Al-Zaweideh) 39 Community Representative Sheikh Nayef Jalayel A'ayal Mtlaqa 1 40 Disi Agricultural Office Eng. Omar Bashir Al-Lahham 1 41 Aqaba Agricultural Office Mr. Tayseer Shabatat 1 42 Rum Reserve Mr. Mahmoud Bdoor 1 43 Rum Valley Cooperative and Touristic Society Representative 1 Al-Saliheya and Al-Shakiriya Cooperative 44 Representative 1 Society 45 Jordanian Women Association in Aqaba Da'ad Sultan 46 Women Organization in Aqaba Ms Hanaa Trayzim 2 Universities 47 Moata University Representatives 3 Mr. Ali Hamdi Abu Slim (Faculty of 48 Al-Hussein University 2 Educational Sciences) Private Sector 49 Consolidated Consultants Eng. Rizk Hijawi 1 Total # of Participants 61

Final Report Appendix 1-8 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

4 QUESTIONNAIRE

DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT STUDY

Dear participant, Consolidated Consultants in cooperation with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is conducting an Environmental and Social Assessment Study for the Disi- Mudawarra Water Conveyance System. The purpose of this study is to determine the social and environmental impacts associated with implementing the project in the near future. A short description for the project components, the alignment of the conveyor, and the associated social and environmental impacts has been presented.

Consolidated Consultants would like to know your perspectives as a guiding tool for this study. So, please, answer the questions presented below.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Participant Name: Participant Occupation: Place of Permanent Residency:

Please, circle the answer.

1. Do you think that Jordan suffers from lack in water supplies? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

2. What is the source of water supply at your house? 1- Main water supply network 2- Buying water from water tanks 3- Collection well or a spring 4- Other

3. Do you think that the water quality in your neighborhood is: 1- Very Good Quality 2- Good Quality 3- Medium Quality 4- Poor Quality 5- Do not know

4. If the water quality in your neighborhood is of medium quality, what is the source of drinking water used at your house? 1- Water supplied from the Water Authority 2- Household Treatment and Filtration Devices 3- Buying drinking water bottles 4- Other

5. If the water quality in your neighborhood is less than medium quality, what is the source of drinking water used at your house? 1- Water supplied from the Water Authority 2- Household Treatment and Filtration Devices 3- Buying drinking water bottles 4- Other

6. Did you have any idea about the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance System before attending this workshop? 1- Yes 2- No

Final Report Appendix 1-9 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

7. If the answer to question (6) is yes, what is the source of such information? 1- Official Reports and Leaflets 2- Newspapers and magazines 3- Television 4- Other Sources

8. Is the water supplied to your place of residence sufficient? 1- Yes 2- No

9. Do you think that the current water tariff is: 1- High 2- Acceptable to everyone 3- Low

10. Amman City suffers from a severe shortage in drinking water. Do you think that implementing this project in spite of its very high cost is important for solving the water shortage problem? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

11. Do you think that the current water quality is among the reasons behind the diseases affecting family members? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

12. Do you notice that there are sediments or suspended material resulting from the source of water at your house? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

13. Does the family clean the water storage tank at the house? 1- Yes, every sixth months 2- Yes, once every year 2- Yes, but not regularly 3- Never clean the water storage tank

14. Do you think that water of better quality should be supplied for protecting the health of the community? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

15. If the Water Authority supplied a better water quality that requires a higher cost, would you accept a raise on the current water tariff? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

16. Do you think that the water resources management in Jordan is: 1- Very Good 2- Good 3- Acceptable 4- Should be improved

17. If your answer to the Question (16) is that the management of water resources in Jordan should be improved, what solutions do you recommend: (You may chose more than one) 1- Public awareness and encouragement of guidance 2- Secure proper planning regarding determination of water usage priorities 3- Rehabilitation of the damaged water supply networks 4- Finding new water sources, such as seawater desalination 5- All of the above 6- Others, please specify: ______

Final Report Appendix 1-10 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

18. In the Disi area, are there any agricultural practices that depend upon using the Disi Basin groundwater? 1- Yes 2- No 3- Do not know

19. If your answer to the Question (18) is yes, do you think that these agricultural practices are of economic importance to the national economy and that there are rare crops that assist in reducing the budget deficit? 1- Yes, of great importance 2- Yes, of medium importance 3- Yes, has an acceptable role 4- No, not important

20. Do you think that the degree by which these agricultural activities will be affected is: 1- High 2- Medium 3- Limited 4- Will not be affected

21. Do you think that the degree by which this project will reduce the water problems in Jordan is: 1- Excellent 2-Very Good 3- Good 4- Acceptable 5- Limited

22. For whom do you think should be the priority of supplying water from the Disi Basin: 1- All the population of the Kingdom 2- Cities of the Kingdom that suffer from shortage in water supplies 3- No one is entitled to have a priority for water usage 4- Disi farms and the nearby industries 5- Only the people of Aqaba including the Disi area

23. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect archaeological or cultural sites? 1- Yes 2- No

24. If your answer to Question (23) is yes, please specify the sites that might be affected: ______

25. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the natural habitat? 1- Yes 2- No

26. If your answer to Question (25) is yes, please specify the sites that might be affected: ______

27. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the rangelands that the local community depends on? 1- Yes 2- No

28. If your answer to Question (27) is yes, please specify the sites that might be affected: ______

29. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect any plants, animals or birds that are rare or of special importance? 1- Yes 2- No

Final Report Appendix 1-11 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT SPECIFIC ESA

30. If your answer to Question (29) is yes, please specify the sites and species that might be affected: Species Site Species Site

31. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the quality of air in the areas that it will pass through? 1- Yes 2- No

32. If your answer to Question (31) is yes, please specify the sites that might be affected: ______

33. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the noise levels in the areas that it will pass through during the construction phase? 1- Yes 2- No

34. If your answer to Question (33) is yes, please specify the sites that might be affected: ______

35. After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the noise levels in the areas that it will pass through during the operation phase? 1- Yes 2- No

36. If your answer to Question (35) is yes, please specify the sites that might be affected: ______

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Level of Impact Locations expected to be impacted and the Environmental Components High Medium Low modes of impact Abiotic Environment Changes in the geomorphology of the area Impacts on water courses and increasing the danger of floods Changes in land use Contamination of surface Water Contamination of groundwater Solid wastes Septage Air quality and increase in dust level Increase in noise level Archaeological and Cultural Resources Socioeconomic Conditions Employment Opportunities Tourism Residents’ Safety Impact on utilities Impact on traffic Safety of project workers Securing sufficient quantities of good quality water for the population Biological Diversity Threat to the integrity of ecosystems and natural habitats Threat to rare or endangered floral species Threat to rare or endangered faunal species Introducing non-native floral species

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AMMAN-MADABA SCOPING SESSION

1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT AMMAN SCOPING SESSION

Table 1: List of participants at Amman scoping session No. Name Institution 1 Jawdat Yaghmour Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) 2 Ahmad Qasem Amman Chamber of Commerce 3 Ms Rose Smadi Amman Chamber of Industry 4 Hussein Abu Dalbouh Amman Municipality 5 Mr. Ayman Kamal Sabri Arab International Company for Agricultural Development 6 Sharif Aljbour Birdlife International 7 Mr. Ibrahim Khader Birdlife International 8 Mohammed Yasien AL-Sobake Civil Defence Directorate 9 Abdulah Alusairat Department of Land and Survey 10 Dr. Andreas Kuck German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) 11 Dr. Ali El-Naqa Hashemite University 12 Eng. Ismael Hashem Hydrotech International 13 Ms Hala Mesmar Integrated Management and Information (IMI) 14 Ms Rabha Saafadi Jordanian Forum for Business and Professional Women (JFBP) 15 Dr.Naill Momani Jordan Environment Society 16 Eng. Shireen Abu -Dahoud Jordan Environment Society (Amman) 17 Eng. Ahmad Kofahi Jordan Environment Society (Amman) Mr. Mahmoud Atwah Salem Al- 18 Jordan Environment Society (Madaba) Hrout 19 Dr. Mona Hindyeh Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) 20 Falah Ibrahem Salah Ministry of Agriculture 21 Eng. Ahmad Saeed Ministry of Environment 22 Eng. Ahmad Al-Qatarneh Ministry of Environment 23 Mr. Bassam Al-Natsheh Ministry of Health (Department of Environmental Health) 24 Eng. Sahar Al-Soruri Ministry of Interior / Amman Governorate 25 Eng. Yvon Sahawnh Ministry of Planning (MOP) 26 Eng. Wafaa Haddadin Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPWH) 27 Eng. Mahmoud Khleifat Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPWH) 28 Eng. Lamia Al-Zoubi Ministry of Rural Affairs 29 Mohammad Ibrahim Ministry of Social Development 30 Dr. Ahmad Zyoud Ministry of Water and Irrigation 31 Eng. Nazir Abu Arquob Ministry of Water and Irrigation 32 Eng. Fayez Bataineh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 33 Eng. Edward Qanqar Ministry of Water and Irrigation 34 Eng. Mohammad Najjar Ministry of Water and Irrigation 35 Eng. Sultan Mashakbeh Ministry of Water and Irrigation/BOT 36 Hasan Abdel-Hameed National Electric Power Company 37 Khaled Shawabkheh Natural Resources Authority (NRA) 38 Eng. Bolous Kefaya Previous employee of Ministry of Planning 39 Eng. Adnan Al-Zobair Public Security Department 40 Mr. Ahmad Al-A'ajlouni Public Security Department / Criminal Laboratories 41 Eng. Fida'a Jibril Royal Scientific Society 42 Laith M. El-Moghrabi Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN) 43 Ms Lina A. Qasem 44 Dr. Amal Hijazi United Stated Agency for International Development (USAID) 45 Ms Majd Nafez Al-A'atar University of Jordan (UJ) 46 Eng. Zoulina Sawajneh University of Jordan (UJ) 47 Eng. Rawand Fawzi University of Jordan (UJ)

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Table 1: List of participants at Amman scoping session (contd.) No. Name Institution 48 Eng. Moataz A'lawi University of Jordan (UJ) Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ)/ As-Samra Wastewater Treatment 49 Eng. Mohammad Edaily Plant 50 Dr. Aiman Banihani Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ)/University of Jordan (JU) 51 Dr. Nawal Sunna Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 52 Eng. Zakaria Tarawneh Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 53 Eng. Saleh Malkawi Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 54 Dr. Sawsan Himmo Consolidated Consultants 55 Dr. Omar Rimawi Consolidated Consultants 56 Naser Al Manaseer Consolidated Consultants 57 Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi Consolidated Consultants 58 Dr. Raoul Nasr Consolidated Consultants 59 Ahmad Abu Hijleh Consolidated Consultants 60 Eng. AbdRahman Jabr Consolidated Consultants 61 Rola Quba'a Consolidated Consultants 62 Eng. Ruba Khoury Consolidated Consultants 63 Ms Soheir Al-Khateeb Consolidated Consultants 64 Eng. Khaled Murad Consolidated Consultants 65 Mr. Abdul Karim Bourini Consolidated Consultants 66 Mr. Mahmoud Hishmeh Consolidated Consultants

2 FOCUS GROUPS AT AMMAN SCOPING SESSION

2.1 Focus Group 1: Water Resources

2.1.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the water Focus Group are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: The members of the water resources focus group No. Name Institution 1. Eng. Fayez Bataineh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2. Eng. Edward Qanqar Ministry of Water and Irrigation 3. Eng. Nazeer Abu Arqoub Ministry of Water and Irrigation 4. Dr. Ahmad Al-Zyoud Ministry of Water and Irrigation 5. Dr. Nawal Al-Sunna’ Ministry of Water and Irrigation 6. Eng. Ismail Hashem Hydrotech International 7. Mr. Hasan Abdel-Hameed National Electric Power Company 8. Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi Consolidated Consultants 9. Dr. Omar Rimawi Consolidated Consultants 10. Eng. Naser Al-Manaseer Consolidated Consultants 11. Eng. Ruba Khoury Consolidated Consultants

2.1.2 Discussions within Focus Group

At the beginning of the meeting, Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi and Dr. Omar Rimawi, representing the consultant, introduced a brief summary about surface and ground water and relations to the Disi watershed.

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The following are the main subjects that were laid for discussion:

1- Water resources of Jordan in terms of both, quality and quantity. 2- The Jordanian water sector and its ultimate relation to Disi. 3- Disi Aquifer with respect to: a. Quality and quantity, b. Present and Future consumption, and c. Water budget. 4- Justification of Disi water conveyance to: a. Amman, b. Southern region, and c. Along the conveyor route. 5- Implications of effluent enhancement on the Jordan Valley. 6- “Do nothing” impacts on the water sector. 7- Quality impacts on Disi Aquifer. 8- Northern Aquifers quality and quantity improvements. 9- Limited water usage for recreation along the route. 10- Electrical consumption impact and air pollution. 11- Mixing of Disi water with other sources. 12- Work safety and effect on electrical poles and high-tension lines.

2.1.3 Conclusions of the Focus Group

The following points and issues were mainly arrived at during the focus group discussions:

1- The shown numbers in the brief should be clearly identified and the graphs should be referenced; future and present values should be marked or separated in different tables. 2- The Disi-Mudawarra Conveyor is a necessity for the following reasons: a. The project is an important part of Jordan’s water vision. The project is part of the Kingdom’s strategy and policy for the water sector. b. The conveyor will reduce groundwater abstraction and reduce water deficit in aquifers especially the ones supplying Amman. Those could be proposed for enhancing both the quality and quantity of Amman-Zarqa Basin, Azraq Basin, and Mujib Basin. c. The conveyor is needed to ensure a reliable source and good quality of conveyed water. d. Disi is considered an important part of Jordan’s integrated water management system but it should be known that it is not an ultimate solution for Jordan’s water shortage. e. The Disi project will add to the use of non-conventional sources such as desalination of brackish water as it is cheaper than the desalination of seawater. Both options require conveyance but the Disi water does not require treatment. f. The project will be considered as the national water conveyor in Jordan where it will convey from the southern regions of Jordan to the northern region. 3- Issues of concern include: a. Time scale for Disi abstraction has been postponed for more than 30 years.

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b. The Disi Basin is a shared basin with Suadia Arabia, which has been using the Disi water for a long time, and its well field is coming near to Jordan’s border. c. It is a World Bank study and must be implemented as soon as possible. d. No other alternative exists for solving the shortage problems in drinking water for the time being. e. The project is a solution for protecting the ground water basins. 4- Disi water is to be conveyed to: a. South: limited to local settlements with domestic priority. b. Along the conveyor Route: Five outlets for emergency and for domestic usage only; industrial improvements are not priority in this project. c. Amman City. 5- Adverse quality impacts are limited since recharge is minimum and negligible (low penetration of water into soil, low infiltration, and high evaporation). 6- Quality of water at Disi Basin will not be affected and will stay homogeneous because there is no connection with salty water as is the case for al-Khraeem. 7- Abstraction and quality problem is minimum and needs verification by modelling. 8- Watershed boundaries for protection may be used if needed. 9- Effluent quality to the Jordan Valley will be enhanced. 10- Possibility of mixing Disi water with other sources for optimization such as: Disi with Zai, quality with respect to quantity needs management to optimize quality for largest Amman area. 11- Water usage for recreation along the route is not acceptable.

2.2 Focus Group 2: Agricultural Resources

2.2.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the Agricultural Resources Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: The members of the agricultural resources focus group No. Name Institution 1. Eng. Mohammad Najjar Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2. Eng. Saleh Milkawi Water Authority of Jordan 3. Eng. Mohammad Al-Adily Water Authority of Jordan 4. Eng. Falah A'wamleh Ministry of Agriculture 5. Dr. Ayman Bani Hani University of Jordan 6. Eng. Zoulina Sawajneh University of Jordan 7. Dr. Andreas Kuck German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) 8. Eng, Bolous Kefaya Previous Employee of the Ministry of Planning 9. Mr. Ayman Kamal Sabri Arab International for Agricultural Development 10. Dr. Raoul Nasr Consolidated Consultants 11. Eng. AbdlRahman Jabr Consolidated Consultants

2.3 Focus Group Conclusions

The focus group worked on outlining the potential environmental impacts associated with agricultural resources and determining the groups that are expected to be impacted, along with mitigation and follow up requirements. These conclusions are presented in Table 4.

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Table 4: Focus group results concerning the agricultural resources issues Stage Impact Mitigation Follow up 2002-2008 ------Contractor Disi 2008-2011 ------Contractor Companies 2011Æ Renew Contracts According to contract According to contract According to contract 2011Æ No Renew ------2002-2008 Limited Employment ------Local People 2008-2011 Limited Employment ------in Disi area 2011---- Limited Employment ------2002-2008 Desert Path 2008-2011 Animal Production Provide access Contractor 2011---- Dust Sprinkling water During Construction Contractor Jiza to Cut trees Compensation Amman Reduce soil fertility due Minimize importing soil Post Construction Contractor to new imported Soil in Construction Area

2.4 Focus Group 3: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

2.4.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: The members of the archaeological and cultural heritage focus group No. Name Institution 1. Dr. Mona Hindyeh Royal Scientific Society 2. Eng. Lamya Al-Zoubi Ministry of Rural & Municipal Affairs 3. Eng. Yvon Sahawnh Ministry of Planning (MOP) 4. Ms Wafaa Hadadine Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPWH) 5. Eng. Sahar Al-Soruri Ministry of Interior / Amman Governorate 6. Ms Rabha Safadi Jordan Forum of Business and Professional Women (JFBP) 7. Ms Majd Nafez Al-A'atar University of Jordan 8. Eng. Lina Qasem University of Jordan 9. Dr. Mohammad Waheeb Consolidated Consultants

2.4.2 Discussions within Focus Group

The focus group discussions started with a brief explanation from Dr. Mohammad Waheeb, representing the Consultant, about the project in terms of the methodology used and the preliminary assessment results.

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) has begun the implementation of proposed Disi- Mudawara project. The project aims to supply Amman with sweet water.

2.4.2.1 Methodology

The methodology adopted for the assessment of Cultural Resources Impact Assessment is based on the following:

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1- Literature study. 2- Field investigations.

The preparation process included the following steps:

1- JADIS Searching. 2- Literature Review DAJ/ACOR/BCRL...etc. 3- Field Investigation and Documentation. 4- Data Analysis.

The field investigations included detailed study conducted along the pipe alignment, registration, mapping, definition of the mitigation measures. Providing cost estimate and developing suitable implementation framework for the management of the cultural resources located within the Project.

2.4.2.2 Preliminary Assessment

35 archaeological sites were identified in the projected area as follow:

• Zone A- North 6 sites • Zone B- South 26 sites • Zone C- Middle 3 sites

The discovered archaeological sites fall under the following categories:

• Sacred sites, such as the Cave of Seven Sleepers. • Agricultural sites such as Al Qastal. • Settlement sites such as Al- Jizza. • Defensive sites such as Al- Qatraneh.

The field activities included brief description of each site such as site number, name, location, coordinates, detailed assessment and description, and recommendations based on the field investigation findings.

In addition to that policy and legal implementation framework was discussed in details showing some weakness in the existed antiquities law, for this reason and other concerns the Cultural Resources Management Procedure was adopted to overcome the difficulties and to establish the following:

1- Preventive planning 2- Planning coordination for the DAJ with Go and NGO agencies. 3- Public awareness and cultural education.

Investigated in the following phases:

1- Project definition stage. 2- Preliminary design phase. 3- Tender bidding phase.

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4- Construction phase. 5- Monitoring phase. 6- Remediation phase.

2.4.2.3 Expected Questions

• The discovered Archaeological sites, threatened or not. • Mitigation plans / budget estimate • Preservation or preventive protection. • Types of impacts. • Methodology of the study. • Literature • Field • The role of DAJ in the project.

2.4.2.4 Site No. 1

Site name: Al- Jiza Pool. PG coordinates: 240409E 1123500N

• Site description: On the right side of the airport highway toward south, a large water pool situated near the police station. The pool represents one of the important elements of the water system in Al- Jiza village during the past and recent days.

The municipality of Al- Jiza conducted a restoration project in the pool so as to reuse and develop the remains for daily usage.

The restoration project succeeded in building fence and enforcing the walls and maintain the channels and water aqueducts which drains the rain water toward the pool.

According to previous exploration the pool dated to Roman Period, while some scholars said that the pool dated back to Islamic Period (Umayyad).

• Site Assessment: Low significance. • Recommendations: The site is not directly threatened by pipeline constructions, while digging activities should be kept under control, so as to avoid the vibration which will be result from the movements of the Vehicles and heavy lorries during construction.

The anticipated threat to the pool is coming from the expected cracks in body of the pool. The contractor should avoid the area of the pool.

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2.4.2.5 Site No. 2

Site name: The Byzantine Church Site location: l- Jiza village / under modern houses PG coordinates: 40619E 1123315N

• Site description: The Byzantine remains located on the left side of Al- Jiza highway not far away from the Large pool, and just opposite the police station.

The area is well known for the local people as one of the promising locations for antiquities.

The existed remains are under control of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. According to the owner of the land where the remains located.

The discovered remains consist of medium cylindrical pillars and well cut limestone ashlars and mosaic pavement. The extension of the site still undetermined but may be extended under the modern highway toward the large pool.

Depending on the available material the site dated back to the Byzantine period, and may represent a church.

The local people reported some information about a robbed cemetery to the east of the site.

• Site Assessment: Low significance

• Recommendation: The site is not threatened by the pipe construction but the dept. of Antiquities representative should control the digging operation area the site coordinate with the contractor for chance find procedure. The existed remains may extend to the western side under the new highway, this possibility encouraged the team to ensure the DAJ representative to coordinate with the contractor to avoid any delay for construction activities and to find the appropriate procedure to protect the heritage from threats of destruction.

2.4.2.6 Site No.3

Site name: Al- Qatraneh Castle Site Location: Al-Qatraneh Village PG Coordinates:

• Site description: One of the famous castles on the right side of the main highway toward Aqaba City.

Some scholar reported limited information regarding the earliest known historical occupation on the site.

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The existed remains consist of a squared fortes of two stories, the gate opened toward south direction, while the large pool located to the east of the castle and very close to the modern highway.

Depending on the previous explorations the building was built during the Turkish rule, while other scholars dated the structure earlier to the Ayubbi-Mamluk era, and developed during the Ottoman and Turkish rule.

The castle was restored and protected by a joint project between of Antiquities of Jordan and the Ministry of Culture in Turkey, so the standing structure still represent of several Pilgrim station on the Pilgrims route from Damascus to Arabia.

• Site Assessment: Low significance

• Recommendation: The castle is not threatened by the pipe construction. The DAJ representative should control the area of the castle and coordinate with contractor regarding the dumping area, borrow area, camping area, and other locations may effected directly or indirectly by construction activities.

2.4.3 Focus Group Conclusions

2.4.3.1 Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment

Segment A: • 26 Archaeological Sites • All sites were outside of the project corridor • Non-threatened sites

Segment B: • 3 Archaeological sites. • Non-threatened sites.

Segment C: • 6 Archaeological sites • Main site: Cave of Seven Sleepers mitigation • Plan: shifting the pipeline • Main site Khirbet Es-Suq Mausoleum, mitigation • Plan: building protection wall

Anticipated impacts during construction phase: 1- Destruction during digging 2- Vibration 3- Pollution 4- Movement of Vehicles 5- Camping Areas 6- Solid waste material

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7- Borrowing Areas

Anticipated impacts during operation phase: • Pipe explosion / seepage • Vehicles Movements • Pollution

Anticipated impacts / remediation phases: • Destruction caused by digging • Vehicles movement • Cavities

Mitigation measures: • Salvage Excavations by DAJ + Contractor • Fence the Sites by DAJ + Contractor • Shifting the pipeline by MWI • Building shelter for the sites by DAJ

The positive impacts of the project on the archaeological sites are illustrated in Table 6.

Table 6: The positive impacts of the project on the archaeological sites With Project Without Project Positive Impacts on Archaeological sites Sites will be fenced Not fenced Sites will be restored Not restored Sites will be protected Not protected Improvements of the surrounding zone No improvements Increase public awareness No development Developing the sites for touristic purposes Sites will not be effected such as site No. 5 in zone A

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Table 7: Anticipated Affected Archaeological Sites and proposed mitigation and monitoring measures during both construction and operation phases of the project Impact Type (Temporary, Anticipated Direct, Proposed Anticipated Affected Monitoring Monitoring Indirect, Mitigation Responsible Impact Archaeological Indicator Methodology Accumulative, Measure Sites and Magnitude) Construction Phase Destruction Shifting the Representative Daily visit to Zone A; S. no.2 Direct DAJ + MWI & vibration pipe route of DAJ site Building a Destruction Representative Daily visit to DAJ + Zone A; S. no.5 Indirect protection & vibration of DAJ site Contractor wall Propose a butter zone Pollution & Representative Daily visit to DAJ + Zone B; S. no. 3 Indirect for the site camping of DAJ site Contractor not less than 150 m Coordination Chance find with DAJ & Representative Daily visit to DAJ + Zone B; S. no. 2 Indirect destruction the of DAJ site Contractor contractor Ensure the contractor to Borrowing Representative Daily visit to DAJ + Zone A; S. no. 6 Indirect avoid the Area of DAJ site Contractor area of the site Operation Phase Pipe explosion or Zone A; S. no. 5 Indirect Salvage dig seepage Destruction + Representative Daily visit to Zone A; S. no. 5 Indirect Salvage dig DAJ vibration of DAJ site Establish MWI Daily visit to DAJ + Camping Zone B; S. no.3 Indirect better zone Representative site Contractor

2.5 Focus Group 4: A-biotic Environment

2.5.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the A-biotic Environment Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 8.

Table 8: The members of the a-biotic focus group No. Name Institution 1. Eng. Rawand Fawzi Masoud Al-Nashwati University of Jordan 2. Ahmad Abdul Qader Qassem Amman Chamber of Commerce 3. Eng. Mahmoud Hashem Khleifat Ministry of Public Works and Housing 4. Eng. Sultan Mashakbeh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 5. Eng. Jamal Kawasmeh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 6. Ahmad Al-Koufehi Jordan Environment Society 7. Eng, Ahmad Mahmoud Saeed Ministry of Environment 8. Eng. Moutaz A’alawi University of Jordan 9. Ahmad Abu Hijleh Consolidated Consultants 10. Rola Quba’a Consolidated Consultants

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2.5.2 Discussions within Focus Group

The focus group discussions started with a brief explanation by Mr. Ahmad Abu Hijleh, representing the Consultant. Mr. Abu Hijleh started by explaining that the a-biotic environment refers to the physical environment of the project area.

It was explained that the project area is divided into three segments as follows:

• Segment A which extends from the Well Field to Joruf Al Drawish - Qatraneh Junction (Desert Highway); • Segment B which extends from Joruf Al Drawish-Qatraneh Junction to the beginning of Al Jiza Area; and • Segment C which extends from Al Jiza to Dabook and Abu Alanda Reservoirs.

A handout on the potential environmental issues during the construction and operation phases that the group leader wishes to get feedback on was distributed to the participants. This handout indicated the following:

• The physical (a-biotic) environment task, covers the following environmental issues during the construction and operation phases of the project: • The increase in noise level • The increase in dust level • The change of local geomorphology and natural landscape along the proposed project corridor • The public safety of the locals and project employees • Traffic disruption • Solid waste • Fluid waste (i.e., oil, grease, etc.)

Site visits to the proposed project corridor indicated that segment C will be impacted by the following environmental issues:

1- The increase in noise level; 2- The increase in dust level; and 3- The public safety of the locals and project employees.

Segment B will be impacted by the following environmental issues:

1- Changing the local geomorphology and natural landscape; 2- Increase in noise and dust levels in the residential parts; 3- Public safety of the locals and project employees; and 4- Traffic disruption, when crossing any of the local/National road system.

As for Segment A, it will be impacted by the following environmental issues:

1- Changing the local geomorphology and natural landscape; 2- Public safety of the locals and project employees; and 3- Traffic disruption, when crossing any of the local/national road system.

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It was explained that Segment A is all sandstone hills and flint is in many places. It is a low vegetation area with a high drainage system. The population gathering is only in Disi villages and in the farms.

It was also pointed out there will be no explosives sued during the construction phase.

2.6 Focus Group Conclusions

The focus group worked on outlining the potential environmental impacts associated with the a- biotic component and determining the level of significance of these potential issues across the three segments of the project during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. They discussed those potential impacts with reference the corridor of the project area and not the whole area.

The determined potential environmental impacts associated with the a-biotic component are as follows:

1- Potential impact of noise on nearby local communities and workers at the project construction site. 2- Potential impact of increased dust levels in the area on: a. Public safety for workers and local communities; b. Nearby farms in the project and nearby areas. 3- Changing the geomorphological system of the area to a large extent. 4- Fluid and Solid wastes resulting from the project, including: a. Cutting and demolition wastes; b. Construction material wastes; c. Oil and grease residues; and d. Human wastes of the workers. 5- Tectonic activity in the area and its impact on the project. 6- Increase in traffic due to vehicles related to the project especially heavy vehicles and the traffic problems associated with them. 7- Opening temporary access roads haphazardly in order to reach to the construction sites. 8- Potential impact on soil stability. 9- Potential impact on air quality. 10- Public safety for the workers and the local communities.

The focus group agreed that changing the geomorphological system of the area to a large extent and public safety are the most significant issues related to the project. They also pointed out that, at Segment A, tectonic activity should be considered during the design stage.

As for the level of significance of these potential issues across the three segments of the project during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases, these are presented in Table 9.

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Table 9: The level of significance of the potential a-biotic environmental issues Project Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase Decommissioning Phase Project Segment A B C A B C A B C A-biotic Environmental Issues 1- Potential impact of noise L M H M1 L M1 L M H 2- Potential impact of H H H Nil2 Nil Nil H H H increased dust levels 3- Changing the H L L Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil geomorphological system 4- Fluid and Solid wastes H H H L L L M M M 5- Tectonic activity H L L H L L - - - 6- Increase in traffic H H H Nil Nil Nil H H H 7- Temporary access roads H Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 8- Potential impact on soil L L H Nil Nil Nil stability 9- Potential impact on air H H H Nil Nil Nil H H H quality 10- Safety of the workers and H H H L Nil L H H H the local communities 1 Potential impact of noise related to the workers who have to check and maintain the pumps. 2 Nil implies that no impact is expected at all.

2.7 Focus Group 5: Biotic Environment

2.7.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the Biotic Environment Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 10.

Table 10: The members of the biotic focus group No. Name Institution 1. Mr Layth Al-Moghrabi Royal Society for Conservation of Nature 2. Mr. Sharif Al-A'badi Birdlife International - Middle East Division 3. Dr. Ibrahim Khader Birdlife International - Middle East Division 4. Mr. Mohammad Atweh Al-Hrout Jordan Environment Society (JES) 5. Ms Rose Smadi Amman Chamber of Commerce 6. Eng. Zakariya Al-Tarawneh Water Authority of Jordan 7. Mr Khaled Al-Shawabekh Head of Syndicate of Geologists 8. Dr. Nael Al-Momany Jordan Environment Society (JES) 9. Eng. Fida Jebreil Royal Scientific Society 10. Mr. Rami Salameh Hashemite University 11. Ms. Hala Mismar Hashemite University 12. Majdi Salameh Consolidated Consultants

2.7.2 Discussions within the Focus Group

The focus group discussion began with a description of project segmentation similar to that presented in the previous focus group. Mr. Majdi Salameh, representing the Consultant, presented to the participants the purpose of conducting the biological environment assessment for the proposed project. These objectives are:

• To document existing biological environment conditions along the proposed conveyor route and the well field.

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• To assess anticipated impacts on biological environment including habitats and species due to the project activities. • To suggest proper mitigation measures and monitoring activities to be conducted during the course of the project implementation.

After that, the participants were briefed on the findings of the existing biological environment within each segment of the project area including habitats, hot spots and species diversity and on the identified issues of concern to the biological environment.

The discussions started with discussing the participants’ issues of concern as per their interest and/or their experience.

2.7.3 Focus Group Conclusions

The focus group discussion concluded the following concerns:

• Issues of Concern at the Species Level • Destruction of vegetative cover: Acacia at Batn Al-Ghoul • Increased collection (Buffer zone of 1 km) • Impact on desert inhabitants • Waste Accumulation • Disturbance • Accessibility

• Issues of Concern at the Ecosystem Level • Habitat fragmentation (Buffer Zone) ƒ Hammada ƒ Sand dune • Disturbance • Alteration and damage to natural water flow • Air pollution and dusting • Important Bird Areas and Hotspots

2.8 Group 6: Social Assessment

2.8.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the Social Assessment Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 11.

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Table 11: The members of the social assessment focus group No. Name Institution 1. Orabi Ibraheem Ministry of Social Development Public Security / Criminal Laboratory 2. Ahmed Al Ajlouni Management 3. Bassam Al Natsheh Ministry of Health 4. Eng. Hussein Abu Dalbouh Municipality of Grater Amman 5. Eng. Adnan Al Zubaidy Public Security / Buildings Management 6. Mohammed Al Subaihy Civil Defense 7. Abdullah Al Nsairat Land & Surveying Department 8. Eng. Sheereen Abu Dawoud Jordan Environment Society 9. Abdul Kareem Al Bourini Consolidated Consultants 10. Eng. Suhair Al Khateeb Consolidated Consultants 11. Mahmoud Hishmah Consolidated Consultants

2.8.2 Discussions within Focus Group

The arguments which were presented for the focus group are as follows:

1- First Argument: Population The present population census and the projected numbers for the years 2010 and 2020 were introduced. The present and future numbers of people in the governorates which the project will pass through and the number of residents living directly alongside the pipeline were also presented.

2- Second Argument: Use of Labour Force It was recognized that project will need the use of a number of technical and non- technical labour to establish that pipeline. It is expected that the priority will be given to the local residents in the Disi and other areas alongside the pipeline.

3- Third Argument: General Health The importance of the project relating to health was presented, especially with the existence of many illnesses connected to pollution of water sources. This project will decrease these dangers and the expected incidences of the diseases resulting from water pollution, because it will provide good water quality, decrease soiled leakage through water networks, decrease disrupted pumping of water and increase individual’s daily water share.

4- Fourth Argument: The Native Population and Their Re-Settling The five criteria put forward by the World Bank in defining the native population were presented.

5- Fifth Argument: Land Acquisition and Population Re-settlement It was pointed out that the final designs for the project took into consideration not to have the pipeline pass through agricultural lands or owned agricultural lands in order to avoid increasing the cost of the project due to the need of owning these lands or compensating its owners. It was pointed out as well that most of the pipeline passes through lands owned by the state, including it passage through the desert road. The lands of Abu Alanda area, which will have the water tank, were possessed previously

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by the Water Authority. Therefore, no new land acquisitions will be required for the project.

6- Sixth Argument: An Explanation from the Field Study It was pointed out that the local communities in the area of Disi Basin alongside the pipeline from Disi to Amman, have expressed their opinion about having their share of Disi water because of its high quality and in order to enhance their drinking water quality. They also requested to have the priority of hiring their working force during the building of the project.

2.8.2.1 Negative Effects

The participants have pointed out some opinions toward the project especially concerning expected negative effects resulting from the project. These can be summarized as follow:

1- The problems of diggings alongside the pipeline during the building of the project: The participants believe these diggings may lead to some problems such as blocking traffic and negatively affecting the services available alongside the pipeline such as electricity, water, and telephone lines. In addition, increase in dust and noise levels may affect people especially in the populated areas.

2- Expected losses for commercial activities: The participants think that the diggings and construction activities during the project may lead to financial losses to the owners of commercial shops as a result of the difficulty for people to get to these shops because of diggings and dust.

3- Water price increase: The participants fear that the high cost of the project and the good quality of the water may lead to an increase in water prices. This is considered to be a real problem for the people of Jordan because of their economic condition which does not afford this increase in water prices.

2.8.3 Focus Group Conclusions

The participants agreed on several recommendations as solutions for the expected negative effects for the project. These are:

1- Specifying a percentage of required labour for the local residents alongside the pipeline and in Disi. 2- Taking into consideration the rules for public safety during digging and construction by coordinating efforts with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Municipality of Greater Amman, and the Department of Traffic. 3- Launching public awareness campaign explaining the benefits of the project before and during work. 4- Taking into account the affected commercial shops owners alongside the pipeline as a result of the project, by compensating their expected financial losses.

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5- Studying the available services and obstacles at the path of the pipeline before offering tender for the project. 6- Keeping away from cross-roads as much as possible. 7- Coordinating with the various service establishments.

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3 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS OF AMMAN SCOPING SESSION

Sex Frequency Percentage Males 38 74.5 Females 13 25.5 Total 51 100

Occupation Frequency Percentage Engineer 21 41.2 University Professor 6 11.8 Student 5 9.8 Syndicates 1 2 Economist 1 2 Administrative 15 29.4 Military 2 3.9 Total 51 100

Institution Frequency Percentage Governmental Agency 15 29.4 Private Sector 17 33.3 Non-Governmental Organizations 4 7.8 Universities 10 19.6 Syndicates 1 2 Greater Amman Municipality 1 2 Public Security 3 5.9 Total 51 100

Place of Residency Frequency Percentage Amman 41 80.4 Irbid 4 7.8 Madaba 1 2 Jarash 1 2 Zarqa 2 3.9 Salt 2 3.9 Total 51 100

1- Do you think that Jordan suffers from lack in water supplies? Frequency Percentage Yes 50 98 No 1 2 Do not know 0 0 Total 51 100

2- What is the source of water supply at your house? Frequency Percentage Main water supply network 51 100 Buying water from water tanks 0 0 Collection well or a spring 0 0 Poor Quality 0 0 Do not know 0 0 Total 51 100

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3- Do you think that the water quality in your neighborhood is: Frequency Percentage Very Good Quality 4 7.8 Good Quality 24 47.1 Medium Quality 20 39.2 Poor Quality 3 5.9 Do not know 0 0 Total 51 100

4- If the water quality in your neighborhood is of medium quality, what is the Frequency Percentage source of drinking water used at your house? Water supplied from the Water Authority 5 9.8 Household Treatment and Filtration Devices 8 15.7 Buying drinking water bottles 7 13.7 Other 31 60.8 Total 51 100

5- If the water quality in your neighborhood is less than medium quality, Frequency Percentage what is the source of drinking water used at your house? Water supplied from the Water Authority 1 2 Household Treatment and Filtration Devices 0 0 Buying drinking water bottles 2 3.9 Other 48 94.1 Total 51 100

6- Did you have any idea about the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance Frequency Percentage System before attending this workshop? Yes 42 82.4 No 9 17.6 Total 51 100

7- If the answer to question (6) is yes, what is the source of such information? Frequency Percentage Official Reports and Leaflets 14 27.5 Newspapers and magazines 16 31.4 Television 3 5.9 Other Sources 9 17.6 Total 42 82.4

8- Is the water supplied to your place of residence sufficient? Frequency Percentage Yes 21 41.2 No 30 58.8 Total 51 100

9- Do you think that the current water tariff is: Frequency Percentage High 12 23.5 Acceptable to everyone 35 68.6 Low 4 7.8 Total 51 100

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10- Amman City suffers from a severe shortage in drinking water. Do you think that implementing this project in spite of its very high cost is Frequency Percentage important for solving the water shortage problem? Yes 38 74.5 No 7 13.7 Do not know 6 11.8 Total 51 100

11- Do you think that the current water quality is among the reasons behind Frequency Percentage the diseases affecting family members? Yes 26 51 No 23 45.1 Do not know 2 3.9 Total 51 100

12- Do you notice that there are sediments or suspended material resulting Frequency Percentage from the source of water at your house? Yes 37 72.5 No 12 23.5 Do not know 2 3.9 Total 51 100

13- Does the family clean the water storage tank at the house? Frequency Percentage Yes, every sixth months 6 11.8 Yes, once every year 16 31.4 Yes, but not regularly 27 52.9 Never clean the water storage tank 2 3.9 Total 51 100

14- Do you think that water of better quality should be supplied for protecting Frequency Percentage the health of the community? Yes 44 86.3 No 3 5.9 Do not know 4 7.8 Total 51 100

15- If the Water Authority supplied a better water quality that requires a Frequency Percentage higher cost, would you accept a raise on the current water tariff? Yes 23 45.1 No 25 49 Do not know 3 5.9 Total 51 100

16- Do you think that the water resources management in Jordan is: Frequency Percentage Very Good 4 7.8 Good 21 41.2 Acceptable 9 17.6 Should be improved 17 33.3 Total 51 100

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17- If your answer to the Question (16) is that the management of water resources in Jordan should be improved, what solutions do you Frequency Percentage recommend: Public awareness and encouragement of guidance 1 2 Secure proper planning regarding determination of water usage priorities 2 3.9 Rehabilitation of the damaged water supply networks 2 3.9 Finding new water sources, such as seawater desalination 0 0 All of the above 12 23.5 Water management in Jordan do not need improvement 34 66.7 Total 51 100

18- In the Disi area, are there any agricultural practices that depend upon Frequency Percentage using the Disi Basin groundwater? Yes 42 82.4 No 7 13.7 Do not know 2 3.9 Total 51 100

19- If your answer to the Question (18) is yes, do you think that these agricultural practices are of economic importance to the national economy Frequency Percentage and that there are rare crops that assist in reducing the budget deficit? Yes, of great importance 5 9.8 Yes, of medium importance 8 15.7 Yes, has an acceptable role 12 23.5 No, not important 17 33.3 There are no agricultural activities 9 17.6 Total 51 100

20- Do you think that the degree by which these agricultural activities will be Frequency Percentage affected is: High 11 21.6 Medium 13 25.5 Limited 9 17.6 Will not be affected 9 17.6 There are no agricultural activities 9 17.6 Total 51 100

21- Do you think that the degree by which this project will reduce the water Frequency Percentage problems in Jordan is: Excellent 7 13.7 Very Good 15 29.4 Good 20 39.2 Acceptable 7 13.7 Limited 2 3.9 Total 51 100

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22- For whom do you think should be the priority of supplying water from the Frequency Percentage Disi Basin: All the population of the Kingdom 23 45.1 Cities of the Kingdom that suffer from shortage in water supplies 25 49 No one is entitled to have a priority for water usage 2 3.9 Disi farms and the nearby industries 1 2 Only the people of Aqaba including the Disi area 0 0 Total 51 100

23- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect archaeological or Frequency Percentage cultural sites? Yes 14 27.5 No 37 72.5 Total 51 100

24- If your answer to Question (23) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Cave of Seven Sleepers 3 5.9 Zizia Pool and Qatraneh Catsle 1 2 Khirbet Es-Suq mausoleum 2 3.9 Train Railway 1 2 Do not know / No such sites exist 44 86.3 Total 51 100

25- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you Frequency Percentage think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the natural habitat? Yes 12 23.5 No 38 74.5 Do not know 1 2 Total 51 100

26- If your answer to Question (25) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Batn Al-Ghoul and Tarma 4 7.8 Do not know / No such sites exist 47 92.2 Total 51 100

27- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the rangelands that Frequency Percentage the local community depends on? Yes 15 29.4 No 36 70.6 Total 51 100

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28- If your answer to Question (27) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Disi area 1 2 Southern regions 2 3.9 Batn Al-Ghoul and Jafr 2 3.9 Do not know / No such sites exist 46 90.2 Total 51 100

29- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect any plants, animals Frequency Percentage or birds that are rare or of special importance? Yes 9 17.6 No 42 82.4 Total 51 100

30- If your answer to Question (29) is yes, please specify the sites and species Frequency Percentage that might be affected:

Total

31- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the quality of air in Frequency Percentage the areas that it will pass through? Yes 13 25.5 No 38 74.5 Total 51 100

32- If your answer to Question (31) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: All areas of the project 4 7.8 Do not know / No such areas exist 47 92.2 Total 51 100

33- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the noise levels in the Frequency Percentage areas that it will pass through during the construction phase? Yes 27 52.9 No 24 47.1 Total 51 100

34- If your answer to Question (33) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: All project areas 9 17.6 Abu Alanda and Jiza 3 5.9 Do not know / No such areas exist 39 76.5 Total 51 100

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35- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the noise levels in the Frequency Percentage areas that it will pass through during the operation phase? Yes 18 35.3 No 33 64.7 Total 51 100

36- If your answer to Question (35) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Road to Airport and Abu Alanda 1 2 Areas near to pumping stations 4 7.8 Along the conveyor route 1 2 Do not know / No such areas exist 45 88.2 Total 51 100

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4 QUESTIONS AND COMMNETS AT AMMAN SCOPING SESSION

Q1. Was an environmental assessment study conducted during the economic feasibility study for the project in 1996?

‰ Yes, such a study was conducted.

Q2. At present, is it the Hidan or Mujib water that is pumped to Amman?

‰ At present, the Hidan water is pumped to Amman and in the future the Mujib water will be also pumped to Amman.

Q3. Does Disi Aquifer need water shed protection?

‰ At present there is no need since there is a study for the Kingdom aiming at protecting the water basins.

Q4. Impact on the expansion and upgrading of the new As-Samra wastewater treatment or/and if a new wastewater treatment plant for Zarqa is needed or upgrading of Hashimiya Pumping Station (East Zarqa pumping station) and of west Zarqa pumping station.

‰ It will have a positive impact as a better quality wastewater will reach the plant. Regarding the quality, the expansion already considers future additional flow regardless of the source of this flow. The As-Samra wastewater treatment plant is currently under expansion. In the future, the Hashimiya wastewater treatment plant will be expanded and upgraded or will be replaced by a new wastewater treatment plant.

Q5. AHL AL KAHF (The Cave of Seven Sleepers) site: relocation of the pipeline in this area since there shall be an improvement of this site.

‰ The Consultant already inspected the site and found that a new road has been constructed just couple of hundred meters away from the site and provided that new alignment to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to consider this alignment.

Q6. Will the study consider the water quantities supplied from the Wehdah Dam or other dams with those pumped from the Disi Basin in order to determine the total water quantity available and if this will impact the farm companies in the south?

‰ Yes, it is considered under the total water budget for the Kingdom. The farm companies have contracts with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation till the year 2011. After that, action will be considered.

Q7. Since the Disi-Mudawarra water conveyance system would not completely resolve the water shortage problem in Jordan: What is the current estimate of supplied water and what is the water deficit that Jordan is facing? What is the substitute in case Jordan has a very large water deficit?

‰ The current water deficit in Jordan is around 400 MCM. ‰ Other projects being considered to alleviate the water shortage problem include desalination and the Red-Dead sea project.

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Q8. Will the water from Disi be mixed with other water source or will it remain separated for drinking purposes and what is the impact of mixing on the quality of Disi water? Is the Disi-Mudawarra water conveyance system a solution to the water shortage problem or is it just a temporary action?

‰ The Disi water will be mixed with the water at Dabook and Abu Alanda. ‰ The Disi-Mudawarra water conveyance system is for reducing the water shortage problem.

Q9. What mechanism is followed for coordinating with the current water company and what is the coordination considered regarding collecting tariffs from the people given that there are two different involved entities, LEMA and the project contractor?

‰ There is no relation between LEMA and the project contractor.

Q10. What is the size of the labour force estimated for the project? Who will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of the project?

‰ It is difficult to determine now the size of the labour force. ‰ Monitoring of project implementation will be from various entities.

Q11. What are the impacts of dust resulting from drilling activities on traffic movement and accidents and the mitigation measures adopted?

‰ This is already in the technical specification of the construction contract and the contractors to submit the required mitigation measure.

Q12. Comment: All the social and environmental impacts mentioned during the presentations of the focus groups are exaggerated and does not match up to the level of importance of the project. The population along the project route from Disi till Amman is scattered and the soil is not fertile for agriculture. Also, all noise levels from the project are not significant as compared to other sources of noise in the area and human waste is no problem compared with animal wastes in the areas of the project.

Q13. Was the movement of sand dunes in Disi area and its impact on the project studied?

‰ This movement is limited.

Q14. Is there a possibility to plant the roadsides using a small portion of the water in the conveyance system passing along the highway especially that this is considered to be a precious opportunity in the presence of workers and equipment required for the process?

‰ No, it would be a waste of water given the great water shortage that Jordan is facing.

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Q15. Have you taken into consideration the risk of high voltage lines and towers bases from Aqaba to Amman?

‰ Yes and detouring of the conveyor will take place to avoid these lines.

Q16. Comment: the biotic and a-biotic groups did not specify the effect as during construction and long-term.

‰ Those issues would be clarified more in the environmental and social assessment (ESA) report.

Q17. What are the procedures for compensation for damage during construction? What are the procedures for compensation for land acquisition?

‰ There will be no compensations as land acquisition took place during the construction of the Desert Highway. As for interference with local commercial activities, these cannot be compensated as only civil laws are applicable in that case and it goes through normal court procedures.

Q18. There are no trees that would be cut or affected by the project. Also, what do they mean by livestock production as there is no impact on it? The impacts of this project would not match the magnitude of the negative environmental impacts associated with the expansion of the desert highway.

‰ True, there are no trees affected and no relation to livestock production. Of course, the impacts are less than those related to the Construction of the Desert Highway.

Q19. The water conveyance system will pass through wadis. Were the frequency and return periods for the 50 and 100 years periods for the water floods studied to identify precautionary measures against destruction of the conveyor?

‰ Yes, this has been considered in the original design by Harza when designing the crossing structures if any. The conveyor along the whole alignment will be buried and thus will not be exposed to natural disasters.

Q20. A representative from the train railway should attend in order to give information on the degree of impact of this project on the train railway.

‰ The Ministry of Transport were invited and they confirmed that the Secretary General would attend. The Consultant has no idea why he was not represented.

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Q21. Jordan’s water resources are scarce and the Disi-Mudawarra project is not enough to cover the water shortage. Therefore, the responsible authorities should also look into implementing the Wehdah Dam and the Red-Dead sea projects along with this project. So, will other projects be executed along with the Disi project in order to supply water for the Kingdom areas and all the sectors of water use? If the Disi basin is considered as a groundwater source replenished by rainwater, why have the time period of 100 years been given to the depletion of this water source in spite the fact that it could be recharged by rainwater?

‰ There is a complete integrated development of water resources in Jordan which incorporate the above-mentioned projects in addition to the Disi water conveyance project. ‰ Yes, other projects will be implemented and Al-Wehdeh Dam has been awarded to a contractor and the construction will start very soon. ‰ 100 years were considered not more as the rate of recharge is much lower than extracted water based in calculation carried out for the specific characteristics of the aquifer.

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AQABA-MA’AN SCOPING SESSION

1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT AQABA-MA’AN SCOPING SESSION

Table 1: List of participants at Aqaba scoping session No. Name Institution 1 Mr Qasem Al-Ragheya Al-Hassa Municipality 2 Ms Nadia Al-Mousa Al-Humeimeh Women Organization 3 Ms Shama Al-Mousa Al-Humeimeh Women Organization 4 Dr Ali Abu Sleem Al-Hussein University 5 Mr. Fayeq Mohammad Hasan Al-Tarawneh Al-Husseineih Organization for Charitable Work -Karak 6 Eng. Rabab Al-Kabarini Aqaba Agricultural Office 7 Mr. Khaldoun Ahmad Al-Momani Aqaba Governorate 8 Dr. Bilal Al-Basheer Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 9 Dr. Salim Mahmoud Al-Moghrabi Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 10 Eng. Khaled El-Soukhni Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 11 Eng. Mohammad Al-A'zab Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 12 Mr Ahmad Jabri Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 13 Mr A'la Waradat Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 14 Mr Ali Abu Huweila Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 15 Mr. Mahmodu Bdour Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 16 Ms Taghreed Abdallah Al-Ma'aita Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) 17 Eng. Bilal Al-Assi Aqaba Water Authority 18 Ms Hana Kraizem Aqaba Women Charitable Society 19 Mr. Ahmad AbdRahman Abu Saleh Association of Charitable Organizations - Ma'an 20 Mr. Ahmad Mahmoud Al-Hemran Association of Charitable Organizations - Tafileh 21 Hasan Al-Zanni Badia Forces - Rum 22 Eng. Omar Bashir Al-Laham Disi Agricultural Office (Manager) Disi Centre for Human Development / The Hashemite 23 Ms Khawla Al-Zawaideh Jordanian Fund for Human Development 24 Ms Najat Al-Hilawi Eilah Organization for Social Development 25 Mr Fares Abu Tayeh Jafr Municipality 26 Eng. Mohammad Salim Abu Mouas Jordan Environment Society 27 MS Mona Toukan Jordan Environment Society 28 Eng. Khaled Za'al Al-Majjali Ma'an Municipality 29 Eng. Ibrahim Al-Nawafleh Ministry of Water and Irrigation - Petra 30 Eng. Fayez Bataineh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 31 Eng. Mohammad Najjar Ministry of Water and Irrigation 32 Eng. Nazir Abu Arquob Ministry of Water and Irrigation 33 Mr Harb Salem Al-Zawaideh Municipality of Disi Villages 34 Mr Bader Mousa Tashtoush National Electricity Company - Aqaba 35 Mr Awad Mohammad Al-Mazneh Rum Valley 36 Eng.Emad Zureikat Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 37 Eng. Jehad Saqarat Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ)- Tafileh 38 MS Da'd Najeh Sultan Women Association - Aqaba 39 Dr. Sawsan Himmo Consolidated Consultants 40 Dr.Adnan Al-Salihi Consolidated Consultants 41 Eng. AbdRahman Jabr Consolidated Consultants 42 Eng. Hasan Nassif Consolidated Consultants 43 Eng. Raushan Ramadan Consolidated Consultants

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Table 1: List of participants at Aqaba scoping session (contd.) No. Name Institution 44 Eng. Tarek Abbadi-Saleh Consolidated Consultants 45 Majdi Salameh Consolidated Consultants 46 Mr. Abdul Karim Bourini Consolidated Consultants 47 Mr. Abdul Karim Bourini Consolidated Consultants 48 Rola Quba'a Consolidated Consultants 49 Safa Rousan Consolidated Consultants

1.1 Focus Group 1: Water Resources

1.1.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the water Focus Group are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: The members of the water resources focus group No. Name Institution 1. Eng, Mohammad Najjar Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2. Eng. Taghrid Abdallah Al-Ma'aitah Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 3. Eng. Mohammad Al-A'zeb Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 4. Eng. Khaled Al-Soukhni Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 5. Mr. Awad Mohammad Al-Mazni Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 6. Ms Hanaa DayfAllah Kreizim Aqaba Women Organization 7. Mr. Harb Salem Al-Zawaideh Disi Municipality 8. Eng. Khaled Za'al Al-Mjali Ma'an Municipality 9. Eng. Ibrahim Al-Nawafleh Ma'an Water Authority 10. Eng. Khaled Jamil Al-Abddine Tafileh Water Authority 11. Eng. Jihad Al-Saqarat Water Authority for Southern Regions 12. Ms Da'ad Najeh Sultan Women Association-Aqaba 13. Mr. Fayeq Mohammad Hasan Al-Tarawneh Al-Husseineih Organization for Charitable Work -Karak 14. Mr. Rami Salameh Hashemite University 15. Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi Consolidated Consultants 16. Eng. Raushan Ramadan Consolidated Consultants 17. Eng. Tarek Abbadi-Saleh Consolidated Consultants

1.1.2 Discussions within Focus Group

At the beginning of the meeting, Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi, representing the Consultant, introduced a brief summary about surface and ground water and relations to the Disi Watershed.

The following are the main subjects that were laid for discussion:

1- Water resources of Jordan in terms of both, quality and quantity. 2- The Jordanian water sector and its ultimate relation to Disi. 3- Disi Aquifer with respect to: a. Quality and quantity, b. Present and Future consumption, and c. Water budget. 4- Justification of conveying Disi water to Amman, to the regions along its route and to the project region.

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5- Implications of effluent enhancement on the Jordan Valley due to improvement of the consumed water quality.

1.1.3 Conclusions of the Focus Group

The following points and issues were mainly arrived at during the focus group discussions:

1- Quality and quantity of the water resources of Jordan: a. Water is insufficient and incompatible with consumption; example is the Yarmouk Basin. b. Jordan has to take advantage of all water resources and develop them to be available technically and economically (e.g., desalination of ground water in different regions). c. Desalination of water in Jordan exceeds 5 MCM. d. Take advantage of surface water, implement laws to encourage collection of rainwater, and increase dam construction. e. Enlighten local societies about water usage. f. Deal with water losses in water systems with dependable maintained lines. g. Study industrial water-use.

2- Water sector and its intimate relation to the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance System.

3- Address the Disi Aquifer in terms of: a. Its water quality and quantity; b. Present and Future water consumption; c. Water budget; d. Giving priority to take advantage of Disi Water. e. Giving a chance for aquifers affected by oppressive pumping or water abstraction to regain their quality due to water compensation from Disi Basin. f. Having future plans for speeding water resources for the region (Disi and Aqaba) to 40 or 50 years to come is a must.

4- Justification of conveying Disi water to Amman, regions along its route and to the project region. This justification should indicate the following: a. Water is a national fortune and everybody has the right to have access to it. b. Rationalization in water consumption. c. The economical feedback in 1 m3 of water consumption on agriculture and industry. d. Aqaba and the regions’ right in the Disi water. e. The water scarcity that the Disi region is suffering from. f. Enforce part of the litre price to develop the Disi region regarding with respect to the water aspect. g. Share the region in the water policies specified for Disi. h. The participants expressed their concern that the ranches or agricultural lands in the Disi region exceed or violate the contracts of pumping water from Disi Basin and the type of crops irrigated or planted.

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5- Implications of effluent enhancement to the Jordan Valley due to improvement of the consumed water quality. a. Enhancement of consumed water quality in Amman leads to increase in water consumption and therefore enhancement of the effluent water quality from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). b. The group does not agree about the idea of increasing consumption depends on the price of 1 m3. c. Enhancement of effluent quality improves planting with better economic income. d. Increase the benefit of treated water consumption (which, is of better quality due to consumption of Disi water), by using it for industry, and therefore will have better economic income than agriculture. For example, the industrial compound in Aqaba currently consumes 3 MCM of clean fresh Disi water; this will be altered so that the industrial compound would consume treated water from the Aqaba WWTP (that is currently under construction), which will increase in the future. e. The group agreed that the conveyor route regions would be supplied with water according to their need (if there is a “Need” the location and quantity of this “Need” must be defined in order to cover it).

1.2 Focus Group 2: Social Assessment

1.2.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the Social Assessment Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: The members of the social assessment focus group No. Name Institution 1. Eng. Nazeer Abu Arqoub Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2. Ms Khawla Attallah Al-Zawaideh Hashemite Jordanian Fund for Human Development 3. Ms Shama Al-Mousa Al-Humeimeh Women Organization 4. Eng. Ali Abu Howeileh Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 5. Mr. A'la Wardat Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 6. Dr. Bilal Assi Aqaba Water Authority 7. Ms Nadia Al-Moussa Aqaba Women Organization 8. Mr. Ahmad AbdRahman Abu Saleh Association of Charitable Societies of Ma'an 9. Al-Raed Hasan Edreizi Al-Zebn Badia Forces 10. Ms Najat samih Al-Hilawi Eilah Organization for Social Development 11. Mr. Ali Hamdi Abu Sleem Hussein University 12. Eng. Bader Mousa Tashtoush National Electricity Company - Aqaba 13. Mr. Abdul Karim Bourini Consolidated Consultants 14. Eng. AbdRahman Jabr Consolidated Consultants 15. Eng. Hasan Nassif Consolidated Consultants

1.2.2 Discussions within Focus Group

The focus group discussions started with a brief explanation from Mr. Abdul Karim Bourini, who represents the Consultant, about the project.

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1.2.3 Focus Group Conclusions

The social assessment focus group concluded the following:

1- Direct social impacts and these include: a. Population (direct and indirect) b. Employment and allocation of a certain percentage of required labour for the local residents alongside the pipeline and in Disi. In this case, employment would be a positive impact. c. Implications on public health in terms of improving water quality which is a positive impact. d. Economic considerations and individuals ability to pay for the water (minimal impact and the lower social groups will not be affected).

2- Indirect social impacts and these include: a. Public Health b. Disrupting traffic movement for residents and large vehicles. This impact is expected to be along the Desert Highway and the last third of the conveyor route. c. The temporary disruption of energy sources and this is considered to be a temporary and partial impact. d. Temporary disruption of water sources in terms of stopping the water pipelines and this is considered to be a temporary and partial impact. e. Business shops (Qatraneh, Al-Jiza, and Abu Alanda) and taking into account the affected commercial shops owners alongside the pipeline as a result of the project, by compensating their expected financial losses.

3- Indigenous people (Badia area and the tribes available there).

4- No impacts in terms of land acquisition since lands were already acquired in a previous stage.

1.3 Focus Group 3: environmental, Agricultural and Cultural Resources – Aqaba Scoping Session

1.3.1 Group Members

The names of the members of the Environmental, Agricultural and Cultural Focus Group and the stakeholders they represent are shown in Table 4.

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Table 4: The members of the a-biotic focus group No. Name Institution 1. Eng. Fayez Bataineh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2. Eng. Rabab Al-Kabarity Aqaba Agricultural Office 3. Dr. Salim Moghrabi Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 4. Dr. Bilal Al-Bashir Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 5. Mr. Mahmoud Bdoor Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA)/ Rum Reserve 6. Mr Ahmad Mahmoud Al-Hammarat Association of Charitable Societies of Tafileh 7. Eng. Ahmad Adnan Jabri Consolidated Consultants 8. Eng. Omar Bashir Al-Laham Disi Agricultural Office 9. Mr. Qasem Za'al Al-Hayaya Hassa Municipality 10. Mr Fares Abu Tayeh Jafer Municipality 11. Eng. Mohammad Salim Mousa Jordan Environment Society 12. Mr. Majdi Salameh Consolidated Consultants 13. Ms Safa Rousan Consolidated Consultants 14. Ms Rola Quba'a Consolidated Consultants

1.3.2 Discussions within Focus Group

• Segment A (Southern Part) which extends from the Well Field to Joruf Al Drawish - Qatraneh Junction (Desert Highway) • Segment A-1: from Disi wells to Batn Al-Ghoul • Segment A-2: from Batn Al-Ghoul to the cross point between Jurf Al-Drawish and the Desert Highway • Segment B (Middle Segment) which extends from Joruf Al Drawish-Qatraneh Junction to the beginning of Al Jiza Area (South of Amman) • Segment B-1: from the cross point between Jurf Al-Drawish to the Qatraneh cross road • Segment B-2: from Qatraneh cross road to Al-Jiza area • Segment C (Northern Segment) which extends from Al Jiza to Dabook and Abu Alanda Reservoirs • Segment C-1: from Al Jiza to Airport bridge • Segment C-2: from Airport bridge to Abu Alanda Reservoir • Segment C-3: from Airport bridge to Dabook Reservoir

The topics to be discussed within this group were determined to include the following:

• A-biotic environment • Biotic environment • Agricultural Resources and Activities • Archaeological and Cultural Heritage • Environmental Management Plan for the project

As for water resources and social issues, these would not be addressed in this focus group.

The Consultants have conducted a field trip in which they followed the route of the conveyor. Accordingly, a list of potential impacts has been developed and written down on a flip-chart for discussion with the focus group. However, it is expected that the focus group would add to this list of potential impacts.

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Within the discussion, the participants with this focus group added the following as issues of concern:

• Access Roads • Capacity of Aqaba Port with respect to receiving the imported pipes to be used in the construction of the project • Sustainability of the conveyor with respect to corrosion. • Phosphate transport • The source of the fill material • The movement of trucks and heavy vehicles along with drilling activities that might take place near Wadi Rum. These in addition to any existing electricity generators would be a source of noise to the Rum area. • The activity at the road extending from Al-Rashidiye to Disi is a source if potential impact on wildlife.

The issue of availability of rangelands was discussed. The Aqaba Agricultural Office representative indicated that grazing activity is still carried in some areas of Segment A and this is documented in the files of Aqaba Agricultural Office.

There is a study that indicated that grazing activity in Batn Al-Ghoul has declined by about 80 percent and that rangeland property has decreased with most of the camel and livestock owners moving to Wadi Araba.

The families named to exist between Batn Al-Ghoul to Jafr are the following:

• Al-Zawaideh • Tayeh • Al-Mazzneh • Al-Howeitat • Al-Majazzi • Jurf Al-Drawish • A’tiah

1.3.3 Focus Group Conclusions

The focus group added some issues to the list of potential environmental impacts associated with the a-biotic, biotic, agricultural and archaeological and cultural components and determined the level of significance of these potential issues across the three segments of the project during the construction and operation phases.

1.3.3.1 A-biotic Environment

The determined potential impacts on the a-biotic environment are as follows:

1- Increase in noise levels. It was noted that noise levels during the construction and operation phases of the project should be according to set standards. 2- Increase in dust levels.

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3- Change in the local geomorphology and natural landscape: a. Using fill material from Rum and Disi areas. 4- Solid waste resulting from the project, including: a. Cutting and demolition wastes; b. Construction material wastes; and c. Human wastes of the workers (affected by the number of employees and distance from concerned areas). Therefore, it was mentioned that the employees camps should be well organized. 5- Fluid wastes resulting from the project, including: a. Oil and grease residues; and b. Human wastes of the workers (indicated that the cesspits for the workers should of the sealed/lined type in order not to pollute the basin’s water). 6- Potential impact on air quality. Issues of concern include: a. Silica and its impact on air quality; b. Vehicles emissions (though it was mentioned that the Badia area has more severe and urgent problems than the potential impact from the vehicles emissions. These impacts relate to the phosphate companies and hence the impacts due to vehicles emissions during the construction phase of the project is considered not significant by the local community. However, a limit should be set for vehicles’ age in order to enhance safety conditions); and c. Age of the vehicles. 7- Impact on traffic movement: this requires coordination with the Ministry of Transport and the Phosphate company as well as for the Rashidiye road till the Disi triangle. 8- Transportation from Aqaba Port: this requires coordination with the Port Institute. 9- Corrosion of the water conveyor: this is affected the soil type and taking precautionary measures for protection and maintenance of the conveyor. However, the age of the conveyor to be used is 50 years and the project life is 40 years. Also the pipe will have cathodic protection.

The level of significance of these potential issues across the three segments of the project during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: The level of significance of the potential a-biotic environmental issues Project Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase Project Segment A B C A B C A-biotic Environmental Issues 1- Increase in noise level NS* S** S S NS NS 2- Increase in dust level S S S NS NS NS 3- Changing the geomorphological S S NS system 4- Solid wastes S S S NS NS NS 5- Fluid wastes S S S S S S 6- Potential impact on air quality 7- Impact on traffic movement 8- Transportation from Aqaba Port 9- Corrosion of the water conveyor * NS = Not Significant ** S = Significant

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1.3.3.2 Biotic Environment

The determined potential impacts on the biotic environment are as follows:

1- Potential impact on the integrity of the natural ecosystem. a. Disturbance of natural habitats (Hammad, Sand Dunes, Queaan, and wadis); b. Disruption of natural habitat organization; c. Potential impact and disturbance to wildlife; d. Increase in dust levels and potential impact on air quality; and e. Potential impact on important bird areas and important natural habitats. 2- Potential impact on the level of ecological diversity: a. Destruction of vegetative cover (especially acacia); b. Increase in hunting of flora, fauna and birds by the workers on the project; c. Potential impact on wildlife that exist in the desert (especially Ghazal); d. Accumulation of solid waste; and e. Potential impact on the project of reintroduction of Oryx.

Two issues were mentioned to be of high concern; these are the reintroduction of Oryx and the fact that there are only 40 Ghazals in the Batn Al-Ghoul area and these might be threatened by hunting activity by the employees.

The level of significance of these potential issues across the three segments of the project during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases are presented in Table 6.

Table 6: The level of significance of the potential biotic environmental issues of concern Project Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase Project Segment A B C A B C A-biotic Environmental Issues 1- Disturbance of natural habitats: Hammad S S Sand Dunes S Queaan, S wadis S S S 2- Disruption of natural habitat S NS NS organization 3- Potential impact and disturbance to S NS NS wildlife 4- Increase in dust levels and potential S NS NS impact on air quality 5- Potential impact on important bird areas S NS NS and important natural habitats 6- Destruction of vegetative cover S S NS (especially acacia); 7- Increase in hunting of flora, fauna and S NS NS birds by the workers on the project; 8- Potential impact on wildlife that exist in S NS NS the desert (especially Ghazal); 9- Accumulation of solid waste 10- Potential impact on the project of

reintroduction of Oryx. * NS = Not Significant ** S = Significant

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1.3.3.3 Agricultural Resources and Activities

The determined potential impacts on the biotic environment are as follows:

1- Reducing the agricultural areas or removing olive trees along the conveyor route. 2- Potential impacts on farms due to increase in dust levels. 3- Potential impacts on the entrances of the farms due to construction activities.

The level of significance of these potential issues across the three segments of the project during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases are presented in Table 7.

Table 7: The level of significance of the potential agricultural resources issues of concern Project Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase Project Segment A B C A B C A-biotic Environmental Issues 1- Reducing the agricultural areas or removing olive trees along the conveyor route. 2- Potential impacts on farms due to S increase in dust levels. 3- Potential impacts on the entrances of the farms due to construction activities. * NS = Not Significant ** S = Significant

Regarding the definition of non-sustainable agriculture according to the concept of the use of Disi non-renewable water, it was agreed that this should be studied with regard to:

• Cost return, • Economical value, and • Social value.

The focus group reached the conclusion that on the short-term (or as long as there is water), the agricultural activity at Disi is sustainable.

Currently, the farmers at Disi do not pay for the irrigation water. At first, the farmers used to get 7 hours of irrigation water, then they started getting 4 hours and now they have 3 hours of irrigation water. Soon the farmers will be asked to pay for the irrigation water they receive.

1.3.3.4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Under this heading, the focus group members discussed the following:

1- The concept behind the environmental management plan for the project. 2- The components that should be adopted in the study. 3- The allocation of responsibility in terms of developing the plan, implementing it, coordinating the implementation f the plan, and follow-up and evaluation.

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1.3.3.5 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

The discussion was restricted due to time to determining the potential impacts in terms of archaeological and cultural heritage is low for Segment A, medium for Segment B, and high for Segment C.

Finally, it was noted that some parts of the project area contain mines. Therefore, there should be coordination with the army in order to locate these mines.

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2 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS AT AQABA SCOPING SESSION

Sex Frequency Percentage Males 24 80 Females 6 20 Total 30 100

Occupation Frequency Percentage Engineer 11 36.7 University Professor 1 3.3 Administrative 15 50 Retired 2 6.7 Military 1 3.3 Total 30 100

Institution Frequency Percentage Governmental Agency 14 46.7 Private Sector 3 10 Non-Governmental Organizations 6 20 Universities 1 3.3 Greater Amman Municipality 1 3.3 Municipalities 5 16.7 Total 30 100

Place of Residency Frequency Percentage Amman 3 10 Aqaba 18 60 Ma’an 5 16.7 Karak 2 6.7 Tafileh 2 6.7 Total 30 100

1- Do you think that Jordan suffers from lack in water supplies? Frequency Percentage Yes 28 93.3 No 2 6.7 Do not know 0 0 Total 30 100

2- What is the source of water supply at your house? Frequency Percentage Main water supply network 30 100 Buying water from water tanks 0 0 Collection well or a spring 0 0 Poor Quality 0 0 Do not know 0 0 Total 51 100

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3- Do you think that the water quality in your neighborhood is: Frequency Percentage Very Good Quality 19 63.3 Good Quality 4 13.3 Medium Quality 4 13.3 Poor Quality 3 10 Do not know 0 0 Total 51 100

4- If the water quality in your neighborhood is of medium quality, what is the Frequency Percentage source of drinking water used at your house? Water supplied from the Water Authority 1 3.3 Household Treatment and Filtration Devices 0 0 Buying drinking water bottles 3 10 Other 26 86.7 Total 30 100

5- If the water quality in your neighborhood is less than medium quality, Frequency Percentage what is the source of drinking water used at your house? Water supplied from the Water Authority 1 3.3 Household Treatment and Filtration Devices 0 0 Buying drinking water bottles 2 6.7 Other 27 90 Total 30 100

6- Did you have any idea about the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance Frequency Percentage System before attending this workshop? Yes 24 80 No 6 20 Total 30 100

7- If the answer to question (6) is yes, what is the source of such information? Frequency Percentage Official Reports and Leaflets 4 13.3 Newspapers and magazines 8 26.7 Television 3 10 Other Sources 9 30 Total 24 80

8- Is the water supplied to your place of residence sufficient? Frequency Percentage Yes 22 73.3 No 8 26.7 Total 30 100

9- Do you think that the current water tariff is: Frequency Percentage High 6 20 Acceptable to everyone 23 76.7 Low 1 3.3 Total 30 100

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10- Amman City suffers from a severe shortage in drinking water. Do you think that implementing this project in spite of its very high cost is Frequency Percentage important for solving the water shortage problem? Yes 21 70 No 4 13.3 Do not know 5 16.7 Total 30 100

11- Do you think that the current water quality is among the reasons behind Frequency Percentage the diseases affecting family members? Yes 19 63.3 No 11 36.7 Do not know 0 0 Total 30 100

12- Do you notice that there are sediments or suspended material resulting Frequency Percentage from the source of water at your house? Yes 15 50 No 14 46.7 Do not know 1 3.3 Total 30 100

13- Does the family clean the water storage tank at the house? Frequency Percentage Yes, every sixth months 5 16.7 Yes, once every year 7 23.3 Yes, but not regularly 16 53.3 Never clean the water storage tank 2 6.7 Total 30 100

14- Do you think that water of better quality should be supplied for protecting Frequency Percentage the health of the community? Yes 29 96.7 No 1 3.3 Do not know 0 0 Total 30 100

15- If the Water Authority supplied a better water quality that requires a Frequency Percentage higher cost, would you accept a raise on the current water tariff? Yes 19 63.3 No 10 33.3 Do not know 1 3.3 Total 30 100

16- Do you think that the water resources management in Jordan is: Frequency Percentage Very Good 1 3.3 Good 10 33.3 Acceptable 10 33.3 Should be improved 9 30 Total 30 100

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17- If your answer to the Question (16) is that the management of water resources in Jordan should be improved, what solutions do you Frequency Percentage recommend: Public awareness and encouragement of guidance 1 3.3 Secure proper planning regarding determination of water usage priorities 1 3.3 Rehabilitation of the damaged water supply networks 2 6.7 Finding new water sources, such as seawater desalination 0 0 All of the above 5 16.7 Water management in Jordan do not need improvement 21 70 Total 30 100

18- In the Disi area, are there any agricultural practices that depend upon Frequency Percentage using the Disi Basin groundwater? Yes 30 100 No 0 0 Do not know 0 0 Total 30 100

19- If your answer to the Question (18) is yes, do you think that these agricultural practices are of economic importance to the national economy Frequency Percentage and that there are rare crops that assist in reducing the budget deficit? Yes, of great importance 9 30 Yes, of medium importance 5 16.7 Yes, has an acceptable role 4 13.3 No, not important 12 40 There are no agricultural activities 0 0 Total 30 100

20- Do you think that the degree by which these agricultural activities will be Frequency Percentage affected is: High 15 50 Medium 8 26.7 Limited 5 16.7 Will not be affected 2 6.7 There are no agricultural activities 0 0 Total 30 100

21- Do you think that the degree by which this project will reduce the water Frequency Percentage problems in Jordan is: Excellent 3 10 Very Good 4 13.3 Good 16 23.3 Acceptable 2 6.7 Limited 2 16.7 Total 30 100

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22- For whom do you think should be the priority of supplying water from the Frequency Percentage Disi Basin: All the population of the Kingdom 12 40 Cities of the Kingdom that suffer from shortage in water supplies 11 36.7 No one is entitled to have a priority for water usage 1 3.3 Disi farms and the nearby industries 2 6.7 Only the people of Aqaba including the Disi area 4 13.3 Total 30 100

23- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect archaeological or Frequency Percentage cultural sites? Yes 10 33.3 No 20 66.7 Total 30 100

24- If your answer to Question (23) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Cave of Seven Sleepers 2 6.7 Wadi Rum 2 6.7 Khirbet Es-Suq mausoleum, Qatraneh and the Cave of Seven Sleepers 1 3.3 All of the above 2 6.7 Do not know / No such sites exist 23 76.7 Total 30 100

25- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you Frequency Percentage think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the natural habitat? Yes 8 26.7 No 22 73.3 Do not know 0 0 Total 30 100

26- If your answer to Question (25) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Rum area 3 10 Along the conveyor route 1 3.3 Do not know / No such sites exist 26 86.7 Total 30 100

27- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the rangelands that Frequency Percentage the local community depends on? Yes 9 30 No 21 70 Total 30 100

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28- If your answer to Question (27) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Disi area 1 3.3 Southern regions 3 10 All grazing areas along the conveyor route 3 10 Do not know / No such sites exist 23 76.7 Total 30 100

29- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect any plants, animals Frequency Percentage or birds that are rare or of special importance? Yes 5 16.7 No 25 83.3 Total 30 100

30- If your answer to Question (29) is yes, please specify the sites and species Frequency Percentage that might be affected: Ghazal at Disi area and Wadi Rum 2 6.7 Medicinal Plants at Wadi Rum 2 6.7 Some bird Species at Disi 1 3.3 Wild rabbits 1 3.3 Total 6 20

31- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the quality of air in Frequency Percentage the areas that it will pass through? Yes 9 30 No 21 70 Total 30 100

32- If your answer to Question (31) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: All areas of the project 6 20 Qa’ Al-Sawan area 1 3.3 Do not know / No such areas exist 23 76.6 Total 30 100

33- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the noise levels in the Frequency Percentage areas that it will pass through during the construction phase? Yes 17 56.7 No 13 43.3 Total 30 100

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34- If your answer to Question (33) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: All project areas 8 26.7 Abu Alanda and Jiza 2 6.7 Last third of the conveyor route 4 13.3 Do not know / No such areas exist 16 53.3 Total 30 100

35- After getting acquainted with the alignment of the Disi conveyor, do you think that the construction of the conveyor will affect the noise levels in the Frequency Percentage areas that it will pass through during the operation phase? Yes 12 40 No 18 60 Total 30 100

36- If your answer to Question (35) is yes, please specify the sites that might be Frequency Percentage affected: Wells and pumping stations areas 2 6.7 Areas near to pumping stations 5 16.7 Along the conveyor route 3 10 Do not know / No such areas exist 20 66.7 Total 30 100

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3 QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS AT AQABA SCOPING SESSION

Q1. Have there been any studies conducted to find additional sources of drinking water to cover the water deficit that Jordan is facing? If there are such studies, what did they conclude? It should be noted that the project is a national priority regardless of some of the bearable negative impacts associated with the project.

‰ The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is working on water projects for beyond the year 2020; for example, there is the Red-Dead, the Zara-Maein and the seawater desalination projects.

Q2. Is it possible that there would be a collapse in the basin layers as a result of water pumping?

‰ The contractor is to follow the safety measures during placing the pumps and following the indicated pumping rates from the wells. Also, the water, which will be extracted from the voids of the Disi Basin, will be replaced with air particles that will fill the voids and prevent their collapse. In addition, according to available information, no collapse has been noticed in Saudi Arabia which pumps about 700 MCM from the same basin.

Q3. Comment: The participant hopes that the other participants would support the project since the Kingdom is in bad need for additional sources of water.

Q4. The Disi water has Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 120% and will be mixed after a distance of 260 km at Swaqa with water that has TDS 600%. What is the impact of this mixing on the water quality? Also, why is it not allowed for individuals in Disi area to drill wells for agricultural purposes whereas it is allowed for companies and others to drill tens of wells which overexploit the basin’s water?

‰ The mixing that is taking place is between two water sources of quality that is suitable for drinking. This will enhance the quality of used water. The contract for these companies will expire in the year 2011 after which an action will be considered. It is the policy of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation not to provide licenses of any new wells for agricultural purposes all over the Kingdom and not just in the Disi area.

Q5. The Disi Basin is a closed aquifer. Is it possible that surface pollutants will pollute the basin’s water?

‰ There is such a possibility but it is a very slight one.

Q6. There is a new activity of pumping groundwater for new farms that are under construction. What is the negative impact of this on the basin’s groundwater and on the project?

‰ The farms would continue till the year 2011 which is the time when their licenses expire.

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Q7. Is the development of the Disi area the responsibility of the government or another specific entity?

‰ The development of the Disi area is not the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation but of other governmental authorities.

Q8. Why is it not allowed for individuals in Disi area to drill wells for agricultural purposes whereas it is allowed for companies and others to drill tens of wells which overexploit the water of the Disi Basin? And What is the future of the Disi area after fifty years when the water of the Disi Basin runs out, especially that there are no other water sources in the area? Are there economic returns from the Disi project other than the direct employment in the implementation of the project that would help in the development of the Disi area?

‰ Refer to answer of question Q4. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation has started planning for after 40 to 50 years. Also, yes there are other sources of water mainly desalination of seawater. However, it should be noted that the returns of the Disi project are social returns rather than economical returns.

Q9. There will be a slight increase in water prices for some people who will benefit from the water of the Disi project. However, there will be 80% of the people who will not be affected by the increase in water prices because the water from this project will not be delivered to them. Also, it is proposed to add a fils to the water bills as a contribution to the people who would not benefit from the water of the Disi project and for the areas through which the Disi water conveyor would pass without providing water to the inhabitants of the area. What is the Ministry’s comment on this?

‰ Applying the approach of a fils on the water bill is not considered to be beneficial. As for the raising of water prices, this will be done by assigning two prices; one for Amman City and one for the other areas of Jordan. Also, in case this was adopted, the water prices will be raised in all areas of Jordan in a fair manner.

Q10. A speaker in Group 3 (i.e., environmental focus group) mentioned that the priority in the water of the Disi Basin is for Aqaba area and its surroundings. Is there any problem with the current water supply of Aqaba?

‰ Aqaba has a good water quality and the residents of Aqaba are considered to have access to the best available water quality in Jordan.

Q11. The agricultural activities in the Disi area are not economically profitable. The water of the Disi Basin should be strictly used for drinking purposes irrespective of the local community opinion especially that the Disi project is considered a national priority and demand.

‰ The government has approved the new civil law for agriculture. Though it is agreed that the agricultural sector support to national economy has declined, it is still early to decide whether agricultural activities in the Disi area are sustainable or not; this issue is still being studied.

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Q12. Comment: The residence of the employees working on the construction of this project should be carefully sited so that this would not cause any social impacts for the inhabitants of the area.

‰ During the discussions this issue was mentioned that it would be taken into consideration.

Q13. Comment: The priority should be towards employing workers from the local inhabitants.

‰ Of Course, that is what will happen.

Q14. Comment: Add a fils or any suitable amount of money to the water bills in order to use this money for developing services in the areas of Disi Basin Villages, Rum, Al- Saliheya and Al-Shakireya.

‰ Same answer as to question Q9.

Q15. It was mentioned during the discussion that there would be no water lost during water conveyance. Will this water also be protected against loss within Amman’s water supply system and is there a study being conducted for this purpose?

‰ The available plan is to rehabilitate the entire water supply networks of the Kingdom. However, it should be noted that in general water loss cannot be reduced to less than 10%.

Q16. What is the impact of the Disi project on the local communities of Rum, Al-Saliheya and Al-Shakireya given that those communities at present do not pay in exchange for using the Disi Basin water?

‰ There are water bills for the villages of Disi area and these bills are issues according to a ministerial decree. But these bills are not being distributed to the concerned residents due to their economic conditions. There is no free water and there is a 5 JD bill for each house that does not have a water meter.

Q17. Why does water supplied to Irbid cause kidney problems and why do Irbid inhabitants depend on buying water for drinking purposes from the widely spread water vending shops?

‰ Irbid water hardness is not high to the extent that it would cause health problems. Also, the water sources of Irbid have been expanded to include sources other than Wadi Arab.

Q18. It is known that most of the Disi inhabitants are Bedouins who almost completely depend on agricultural activities of growing crops and raising livestock, and these activities in turn depend mainly on water. Does the government intend to support those citizens with a fils on each cubic meter of water or to give them priority in being employed on this project especially that the water from this project is said to run out after 50 years?

‰ This question has been answered within other previous questions.

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Q19. Why does not the Ministry of Water and Irrigation consider taking the same initiative as that of the National Electricity Company in terms of giving a 25% discount on the water bill for the charitable societies and organizations?

‰ For the National Electricity Company the employees of the company also get the same discount, whereas the employees of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation do not get a discount on their water bills.

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ANNEX C3: DRAFT ESA AND RECORD OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF APPENDICES i

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 SECOND PHASE CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY 1

3 RESULTS OF SECOND PHASE CONSULTATION 3

3.1 Issues Identified at Abu Alanda 3 3.2 Issues Identified at Amman 3 3.3 Issues Identified at Aqaba Session 4

4 QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS AT THE SECOND PHASE CONSULTATION SESSIONS 6

4.1 Questions and Comments at the Abu Alanda Consultation Session 6 4.2 Questions and Comments at Amman Consultation Session 8 4.3 Questions and Comments at Aqaba Consultation Session 13

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Environmental Scoping Session − Invitation Letters and Scoping Session Agenda − Summary of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study − Handouts Distributed at the Second Phase Consultation Sessions − List of Invitees − List of Attendees

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1 INTRODUCTION

The construction of the Disi-Mudawarra water conveyance system will affect all of the current and future population in the project area and to a certain extent the natural and the built up environment as well as the status of water resources in Jordan. Towards the end of the environmental and social assessment study of this project, three public consultation sessions on the findings of the draft ESA (second phase consultation) were implemented in the areas of Abu- Alanda, Amman and Aqaba. The following are the main objectives of the public second phase consultation sessions:

• To present to project-affected groups the findings of the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Study; • To provide the consulted groups with the relevant ESA material; and • To inform the public that the ESA study will be made available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

2 SECOND PHASE CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY

Three second phase consultation sessions were held in Abu-Alanda, Amman and Aqaba consecutively. The aim of these sessions was to inform the community representatives of the areas influenced by the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance project, of the results of the water sector assessment and the environmental and social assessment of the project. Abu-Alanda consultation session targeted the areas of Abu Alanda, Khirbet Es-Suq, and El-Quesmeh whereas Amman session targeted Amman, Madaba and Al Jiza areas. Aqaba consultation session hosted the target population of Disi, Aqaba, Tafileh, Ma’an and Alqatraneh areas.

For Amman and Aqaba second phase consultation sessions, the preparations involved formal invitation letters from the Client to attend the sessions at 9:30 A.M. on Tuesday, November 18th, 2003 at Amra Hotel in Amman, and at 10:00 A.M. on Thursday, November 20th, 2003 at the Radisson SAS Hotel in Aqaba. These invitations were circulated to the potentially concerned agencies, NGOs, and community representatives (see Appendix 1). An agenda for the sessions and a summary of the study results were sent with the formal letters by fax in order to give the invitees an overview of the consultation sessions beforehand (see Appendix 1). For the purpose of the sessions, background material to the project was presented and described in a handout prepared in both, Arabic and English, and distributed at the consultation sessions (see Appendix 1).

Abu-Alanda second phase consultation session was scheduled at 10:00 A.M. on Thursday, November 13th, 2003 at Abu-Alanda Municipality Hall. Invitation to the session was done by door-to-door visits to randomly selected residences and commercial shops along the portion of the conveyor route passing through the areas of Abu-Alanda, Khirbet Es-Suq, and El-Quesmeh. The Consultants stopped at each of the randomly selected residences and commercial shops where they presented to the individuals a briefing about the project, informed them about the purpose, the date, and place of the consultation session, and had a discussion with them about their concerns regarding the project especially its implementation phase.

As scheduled, the second phase consultation sessions were held on November 13th, 18th and 20th. In Abu-Alanda, 43 people attended (see Appendix 1). The session started with a presentation of the project details and the environmental and social assessment by Dr. Sawsan Himmo project team leader from the Consolidated Consultants. After that, the attendees raised several issues that will be discussed in the next section.

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In Amman, 93 people were invited; however, 48 attended from several ministries, universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and companies (see Appendix 1). The session started with an opening statement from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) representative, Eng. Fayez Bataineh, who highlighted the Ministry’s efforts in pursuing projects that would augment Jordan’s water resources and assist in meeting the country’s water demand. Following the opening statement, Dr. Sawsan Himmo presented a description of the project and the results of its environmental and social assessment.

In Aqaba, 49 people were invited but 28 attended (see Appendix 1). The session proceeded in a similar procedure as that of Amman. But after the end of the session, the Sheikhs of Disi area were requested to stay and have an open discussion with the Consultants about their concerns regarding the Disi project and about any issue that they might require further clarification.

The participants in all the areas commented on the various aspects of the project and the likely areas of impact. Those comments are discussed in the section of the “Results of the Second Phase Consultation Sessions” below.

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3 RESULTS OF SECOND PHASE CONSULTATION

The environmental and social issues of concern identified during the three second phase consultation sessions are presented below.

3.1 Issues Identified at Abu Alanda

The discussions during the door-to-door invitations for Abu Alanda second phase consultation session revealed some issues that were of particular concern to the inhabitants of the session’s target areas. These are summarized as follows:

• Contractor compliance to proper procedures of implementation and construction. • Issue of holes being dug and left open for a long time without any protection and without providing access roads to pass at places where these holes interrupt entrance into commercial shops along the road. • Issue of damaging utilities and interrupting the services provided by those utilities. • Concern that at the end of the construction the Contractor does not restore the streets back to their original conditions.

The environmental and social issues of concern identified during the consultation session discussions were as follows:

• Duration of the implementation period. • The difference in water level between Disi and Amman. • Problems faced in Libya during the execution of a similar water project. • The funding source for the project. • The total cost of implementing the project. • Whether the contractor is local or international Contractor. • Concern towards the fact that the Disi water is a non-renewable resource. • Whether the Disi project will lead to a change in the water tariff. • The effect of the project on the Cave of Seven Sleepers area, the Mosque and the people in the area. • Whether the project is still under study or in the tendering phase.

3.2 Issues Identified at Amman

The environmental and social issues of concern identified during the discussions at Amman consultation session were as follows:

• Whether the Disi project will lead to a change in the water tariff. • The need to have coordination between the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Public Works and Housing regarding the route of the Disi Conveyor. • The date of execution of the project. • Emphasis on the role and the need for coordination with the Ministry of Environment regarding the Environmental and Social Assessment study of the Disi project. • Definition of the role and the support requested from the NGOs regarding the Disi project.

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• The psychological impact of conveying the Disi water to Amman on the people of the Disi area and whether there will be any compensation or income generation to the locals of the Disi area. • The study of the combined effect of the gas pipeline project and the Disi water project, since they have the same route. • The environmental and psychological impacts on the local people in the Disi area because of the termination of contracts for agricultural farms and the consequent loss of work opportunities. • Benefits to be gained by the residents of Al Jiza area and the locals of Disi area. • Request to re-look into the number of Jordanian workers employed by those agricultural farms and the economic returns associated with investing part of Disi water in agricultural activities. • Availability of water after 100 years. • Impact of mixing the Disi water at Dabouq water tank in Amman. • Adequacy of the distance between the Disi conveyor and the electricity poles. • Emphasis of the need to take measures to reduce water loss in the conveyor and distribution network. • Importance of agriculture for the Jordanians. • Concern for the sustainability of the Disi environmental and social assessment study. • Highlight on the benefits of increasing the water quantities supplied to Amman. • At present, the Disi project is the cheapest way of providing water for Amman. • The belief that development should be encouraged in the water resources rich areas instead of investing in conveying water resources to areas with water scarcity.

3.3 Issues Identified at Aqaba Session

There was active participation at Aqaba’s session and several important issues were raised. These were as follows:

• Request to provide training for locals from Disi area in order to employ them in the operation of the Disi project. Also, it was suggested that the project Contractor allocates a number of annual scholarships for university and technical education. • To have the wells, pumping stations and any other project structure that is visible within the boundaries of the Rum Reserve designed to be in harmony with their surrounding environment especially that the area is a touristic one. • The need for coordination between the National Electricity Company and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation regarding the visual impact of the electricity poles to be erected for the purpose of the Disi project. • The coordination between the gas pipeline project and the Disi water project. • The long term benefits of the Disi project. • The addition of one fils on the water bill (Fils of Disi) for the purpose of development of the Disi area. • The alternative sources of water for the Disi people since the Disi water is nonrenewable. • Request to provide Disi people with employment opportunities. • The right of the Disi people to have drinking water and give the organizations the right to dig alternative wells for agricultural activities and livestock.

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• Provide shades on the conveyor road for the herders. • The effect of the project on the quality of the Disi water. • Issue of land acquisition and who will be responsible for acquiring the needed areas. • The Sheikhs of the Disi area emphasized their request to have social development in their area. • Measures that will be adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to ensure that the Contractor conforms to the environmental and social management plan. • Whether the Disi project will lead to a change in the water tariff. • The effect of the project on small-scale agriculture. • The privatization of the Aqaba Water Authority.

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4 QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS AT THE SECOND PHASE CONSULTATION SESSIONS

4.1 Questions and Comments at the Abu Alanda Consultation Session

Q1. What is the duration of the project construction?

‰ The duration of the project implementation is 4.5 years starting from the end of the year 2003.

Q2. What is the difference in the water conveyance level between Disi area and Amman?

‰ Water will be pumped from Dubaydeb well field to the control tank at Batn El -Ghoul and then by gravity to Amman. The pumping head in each station is 160 m and the details of the pumps are present in the handouts provided.

Q3. During the execution of the Great Man Made River in Libya, problems were faced with the geology of the land and some changes had to be done to the project route. This necessitated further acquisition of land and compensations to the land owners. Are measures considered in case similar problems arise regarding the Disi project?

‰ A geotechnical study has already been done starting from the well fields to the water tank then to Amman. But this does not exempt the contractor from his responsibility to verify the geotechnical parameters.

Q4. Who is the funding agency for the Disi project?

‰ The project will be implemented according to the “Build, Own and Transfer” (BOT). 50% of the project will be funded by the Jordanian Government, who will be guaranteed by the World Bank, and the other 50% will be paid by the Contractor who will own the project for 40 years.

Q5. Why did Libya withdraw from funding the project?

‰ Libya did not withdraw.

Q6. What is the cost of the project?

‰ The cost of the project is around 450 million Jordanian Dinars (JD).

Q7. Will the contracting company be a local or international one?

‰ The contracting company will be international company with a local subcontractor, but the responsibility will be on the international contractor. ‰ Other projects being considered to alleviate the water shortage problem include desalination and the Red-Dead Sea project.

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Q8. Is the Disi water a non-renewable water resource?

‰ Yes, the Disi water is a non-renewable resource. However, if the water is drawn at a rate of 100 MCM/year, the water will be enough for 100 years. But the project will be operated for a period of 40 years. If the estimates were wrong, it is possible to use the pipeline to convey desalinated water from Aqaba.

Q9. In Libya, the first study of the Great Man Made River project revealed that the water was fresh. However, later on they discovered that it was saline. So what about the Disi water?

‰ Many water quality studies were conducted and all of them indicated that the Disi water is of high quality.

Q10. Will the cost of water change?

‰ The Jordanian Government will fund 50% of the project’s cost in order to make sure that the water price will not rise.

Q11. What are the impacts of the project on the Cave of Seven Sleepers area, the Mosque and the people there?

‰ The conveyor route was supposed to pass by Amman-Madaba Bridge and the Cave Of Seven Sleepers. But it was deviated to pass in a small road with small shops and pass around the area of the Cave to prevent any negative impacts.

Q12. Is the project still under study since there is no contractor yet?

‰ The final design of project will be prepared by the contractor under the BOT contract.

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4.2 Questions and Comments at Amman Consultation Session

Q1. What route the conveyor follows and what is the relation between it and the roads for which the Ministry of Public Works and Housing is responsible?

‰ Part of the route passes through the desert and another part runs along the desert highway before reaching Amman. Coordination between the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Public Works and Housing took place since the beginning of the project. Official letters are available and recently coordination was resumed to ensure efficient implementation of the project with the minimal disruption and damage. During the final design of the project by the contractor, coordination with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing will continue.

Q2. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing commented that sometimes water projects pass through urban areas and when the Water Authority is requested to change the alignment, the reply is always that there is no enough budget. Therefore, it is better to coordinate from the beginning.

‰ Coordination was established from the beginning of the project in the nineties and will continue. The design drawings are already available at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing.

Q3. When will the project execution start?

‰ It is expected to start next year. This project will be implemented using the BOT. The contractors’ offers are now under evaluation, once completed a decision will be made to select the successful bidder and the agreement will be signed.

Q4. Representative of the Ministry of Environment commented that there has not been any coordination with the MOE and according to the new environmental law, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation should provide MOE with the Terms of Reference for the project but that did not take place. Why?

‰ The Terms of Reference was issued prior to establishing MOE. Nevertheless, The Ministry of Environment was invited to participate in the consultation session in addition to sending a copy of the final draft of the report to get its approval. Then MOE sent a letter stating that it has no objections and requesting copies of the final report, which will be sent as soon as it is ready.

Q5. What is the role of the non-governmental organizations (NGOs)? Will they be asked for assistance?

‰ The NGOs were invited for the first phase consultation session and now to the second phase consultation session. The NGOs were informed about the Disi project in order to get their feedback on both positive and negative impacts and it is expected that they will play a big role in transmitting the information to the affected people. Yes, they will be asked for assistance during the project implementation.

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Q6. What is the psychological effect of drawing the Disi water on the people of Disi? Is there any compensation for drawing the water from their area?

‰ It is not expected to have any effects as the population in the Disi area does not exceed hundreds and even if we included the area of Aqaba and Ma’an, these areas use only16 MCM of the Disi water which represents part of the quantity to be pumped to Amman. The people will continue to get their share and no compensation will be given as all natural resources are owned by the Government.

Q7. It was suggested that it is better to relocate people according to water rich areas and not draw water to where people are living.

‰ Development and relocation is not the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The role of the Ministry is only to provide water to the people wherever they live.

Q8. Will the 100 MCM of water which will be drawn from the Disi basin be renewed and what is the geological effect of drawing the water?

‰ No, the Disi aquifer is non-renewable. If the water is drawn at an average rate of 100 MCM/yr it will be sufficient for 100-150 years. As for the geological effect, such studies are available and no damages were recorded.

Q9. The gas pipeline project will be implemented along the same route as that of the Disi water project. Was the combined effect of the two projects studied?

‰ The gas pipeline is not implemented by MWI; nevertheless this has been taken into consideration. For a distance of 100 km, both projects will be on the same line. Therefore, coordination between the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources took place to identify the distance between the two lines, which will be 20 m.

Q10. The share of water in Amman is a big one. In 2011 the Disi farms will be closed. What will be the environmental and psychological effect on the local people there?

‰ Although most of the area residents are farmers, less than 10% of the large-scale farms employees are Jordanian. However, the damage caused by agriculture because of the use of the high quality Disi water exceeds the returns from these farms. Nevertheless, the project will try as much as possible to absorb the unemployed people.

Q11. How do the people along the conveyor route in Madaba and Amman benefit from the project?

‰ The Ministry provides with its share of water and then the distribution of water to other area is its responsibility. The people will be affected by the excavation works, but we have to cooperate in order to mitigate these impacts as much as possible. The contractor will not start execution unless he is committed to all the environmental safety issues. Providing water to Amman does not mean giving Amman the priority but Jordan financial status is not a good one and it is hard to get funding and that is why the Ministry of Water and Irrigation decided to implement the project in the BOT contract.

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Q12. The data on the agricultural companies are not accurate. The contracts end in 2015 and the percentage of workers is not 10%. In the southern companies there are 500-600 employees; 90% of them are Jordanian and 50% are locals from the area. When we came into Mudawarra, it was a desert. But now it is green and gives returns and it saved Jordan 10 billion USD of export.

‰ The information we got is different from what is stated. Nevertheless, we are ready to meet and check this information and these companies will not be closed haphazardly. ‰ The agreements with these companies have been signed by the Ministry of Finance. The information available in the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) state that the contracts end in 2011 and what happens after that is the responsibility of the Government. ‰ The Disi project is not against investment; on the contrary it encourages it by providing water to the people ‰ The cost of the southern farms is high because of the high cost of water

Q13. Because of the exaggerated pumping of water in the area, the level of water has decreased. Are the companies of the south responsible for this loss (40 wells)?

‰ To a certain extent yes, as the withdrawal for domestic purposes is only 16MCM while the farm are pumping more than 75 MCM/year.

Q14. Will the water be available after 100 years? Will the coming water be mixed with that in the Dabouk tank? And how will the water bill be affected and how will the pumping be? Have the water networks been studied?

‰ The water can be available for 100 years and the contractor will transfer the project after 40 years to MWI. There is an assessment of the pumping and the draw down of the project to reflect the availability of Disi water. ‰ Yes, the water will be mixed with the water available at Dabuk reservoir. ‰ The pumping will increase but it will not reach 7 days a week and but there will be a reliability for 48 hours of pumping. Whether the cost will increase or decrease is another issue. ‰ The water supply networks in Amman and other areas have been studied under separate projects and are currently being rehabilitated.

Q15. MWI declared that there will be an increase in the cost of water. Have the effect of this increase been studied? Why did no the study tackle this issue?

‰ The willingness to pay has been studied in a separate study and it was revealed that the citizen is not willing to pay more. However, the increase will take into consideration the poor by having block rates. There is a complete modification of the water tariff in Jordan.

Q16. What are the distances from the electricity poles? What are the measures to reduce the water loss?

‰ The maps have been sent to the three electricity distribution companies especially that these companies will be responsible for providing electricity for the project. The distance from the electrical poles has been studied and the ratio is acceptable. ‰ There will be water loss but it will not exceed 3.5 – 4.5% and this is a result of operating the system and not a breakage in the pipe. Any breakage will result in

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stopping the operation of the whole Disi pipeline. In addition, the contractor will operate the project and all water losses will be translated into financial losses to him. So the Contractor will want to make sure to take measures to make the loss as minimal as possible.

Q17. What is the price of the cubic meter of water?

‰ Will be defined later.

Q18. Comment: Most of the areas take more water per capita than Jordan.

Q19. Why does the agricultural sector have to be reduced especially when our country is neither an industrial nor a touristic one?

‰ The point is to reduce the use of fresh water and replace it with treated wastewater for the agricultural sector not to deprive it from getting water. The Ministry is also implementing rehabilitation projects for the water supply network to reduce the water.

Q20. The Azraq Oasis water has been reduced because of the excessive pumping although there was an environmental study for pumping the water. What if Disi environmental and social study failed to reflect the accurate consequences as did the Azraq Oasis study?

‰ In the case of Azraq, there was no environmental impact assessment that covers the water pumping to Amman. This study is the first in the region to cover all issues and it tackled the issues based on that the water is non-renewable. The presentation covers all the mitigation measures. ‰ There is planning in Jordan but the political situation in Jordan between 1976-1991 lead to an unexpected population increase, but the Ministry managed to cover the required demand of the sudden population increases by increasing the pumping rates.

Q21. Comment: The increase in the provision of water for the citizens will be beneficial since the amount of wastewater will increase and thus the Jordan Valley will have access to greater quantity of treated wastewater. Thus, if the fresh water has decreased we should encourage the farmers to use treated wastewater in addition to adopting the option of cash crops, which will increase the income of farmers.

Q22. Comment: Currently, the Disi project is the cheapest option available for Jordan. So if we did not make use of it now what would be its benefit after 50 years? In addition, the pipeline has been studied in a condensed and accurate way. The project is the result of planning in the Ministry of Water and Irrigation for Jordan which is one of the most developed countries in the field of water. Leakage might happen in a pump or tap but will be minimal and controlled. Moreover, the reduction in the leakage from 50% to 40% is not a simple matter. There are policies and strategies for water developed by the MWI. Also a budget of one billion cubic meters of water is very low and so fresh water used for agriculture has to be replaced by treated wastewater. If after 40 years the Disi water is unavailable, desalinated water from Aqaba will replace it and will be conveyed through the Disi Conveyor to Amman.

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Q23. Has the nutritional value of the crops been studied?

‰ We should think first of the drinking water and then think about food security. Agriculture consumes 65% of the water and contributes only 2.5% in the national GDP. But for social reasons it is still present. Reclaimed wastewater from treatment plants is useful for agriculture.

Q24. Were the local community consulted? Will they benefit from the project?

‰ The area of the project is not a populated area. Despite the fact that the location of the pipeline is far from the locals, the project will try to employ as many people as possible during execution and operation for 40 years and it will also give the people of Disi the priority to work in the project. As for sustainable development, it is not the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation.

Q25. WAFA Company for agriculture has received a letter from the consultant asking about the number of workers which shows that the study is not complete yet. We have come to enrich the project and not to attack it.

‰ To double check the number of workers provided by related authorities, these letters was sent. The study is reaching its end and these sessions are held to inform the people about the results and take any additional feed back. There is an agreement between the government and the farmers. When we first planned for the project we looked at the agreements and they were valid till 2011. After that, the government has the right to end these contracts. The farms of Disi pump 70 MCM. So we do not oppose agriculture; we are just saying that the agricultural pattern will change. ‰ Consolidated Consultants provided the Ministry with the number of workers to reveal facts. Furthermore, the Disi project is not related to farmers and agriculture. Agriculture is controlled by agreements. The project will also improve the water of the King Talal Dam and benefit the farms of the Jordan Valley and improve the water quality there.

Q26. Is there a signature from Saudi on pumping the water?

‰ The area of the Disi basin is 60,000 km2, the share of Jordan is only 3,000 km2. Saudi Arabia has welcomed the project.

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4.3 Questions and Comments at Aqaba Consultation Session

Q1. The Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority thanked the Ministry and the Consultant for coming back to present the final study results. A brief was provided on the water sector in Aqaba and that the authority is in the process of establishing a private water company. The positive impacts of the Disi Project are more than the negative impacts, which will mainly occur during the construction phase. It is essential to have coordination with Aqaba Port Authority as mentioned in the presentation to have easier flow of pipes. It is also important to have coordination with the authority responsible for construction of the gas pipeline, which will reduce duplication of efforts.

Q2. What is the long term benefit of the project especially that some projects were implemented in the Disi and Queira area but did not benefit the area?

‰ The project starts from Disi but its objective is not social development of the Disi area. We cannot control the contractor regarding individuals he employs. But the rules of employment ensure the benefit of Jordanians. Consequently, it is logical that the contractor will employ the locals in Disi area.

Q3. Why not to add the “Fils” of the Disi on the water bill? Is the basin non- renewable? If it is non-renewable, what are the other options for the locals?

‰ This is a political issue. The cost of water desalination has decreased dramatically to 0.3-0.4 JD. If it decreased further, the government kept its right to save the Disi non- renewable water source and replace it with desalinated water.

Q4. Comment: The people in the area are not Bedouins anymore. They became farmers. There remains a need to find alternatives for the people who will lose their jobs because of closing the Disi farms.

Q5. Comment: If the Disi water was for the Disi people they would not have agreed on drawing the water. For Bedouins, water should be shared with all people and not only for the residents of the area. However, they do request that the residents of the area to have a share in the employment. And since the Disi water is non- renewable and will be exploited, we want the drinking water to be available to the Disi people and give the agricultural cooperations the right to dig alternative wells.

Q6. Comment: Provide shades for the herders. Also implement the “Fils” of Disi so that it can be used to develop the area.

‰ As far as the “fils” is concerned, this is an issue controlled by regulations that we cannot interfere with. But the issue of providing employment for the people of Disi will be given special attention. ‰ As for the shades for the herders, when plans are laid we plan for all people without differentiating between people living in Amman and others. But to be realistic, Amman is the capital and the industrial and commercial centre and therefore is a special case. ‰ There is a plan for 10 years and that’s why 5 emergency outlets to be installed.

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Q7. Will the project affect the quality of the water negatively?

‰ The “Dhuleil” basin was exploited and its water quality was greatly degraded due to agricultural activities. 90% of the Disi is non-renewable. So the effect is the reduction in the water level. However, Aqaba has been using the water since 1991 and so is Saudi Arabia and the water quality has not been affected.

Q8. Will there be protection of the pipeline from land ownership?

‰ Yes.

Q9. Did you study using the Red-Dead Sea water instead of the Disi?

‰ There is difference between the two projects. The Disi project is a Jordanian one but the Intersea project is a regional one and its cost is very high. Jordan cannot afford it alone and the main objective of this inertsea project is protecting the Dead Sea.

Q10. Is the basin to Taima’ and Saudi the same as that of Disi?

‰ Yes. But the bigger ratio is for Saudi Arabia and they welcomed the project.

Q11. Will the project benefit the local people of Disi in terms of employment? And how?

‰ There is no such regulation placed for the contractor because it would impose a high financial burden. However, from financial, political and security aspects, it is easier for the contractor to employ the locals.

Q12. Comment: It is advised that the locals be employed in the project.

‰ Just for information, this project is not a development project but employing the people will be a benefit from the project.

Q13. Electrical technicians are needed in the project, which the contractor will operate. Thus, it is suggested that the contractor gives 5 university education scholarships and 20 technicians in order to get the people educated and trained to work in the project.

‰ There is a plan to train the Jordanian workers during the execution of the project but we can not force the contractor to provide scholarships for university education.

Q14. Are there any close pumping stations to the wells?

‰ There is one pump in the area of Batn El-Ghoul.

Q15. Will the design of the project and the wells be in harmony with the environment specially in Wadi Rum which is a touristic area?

‰ Yes. The contractor will be requested to keep the structural appearance of the pump stations in harmony with the appearance of Rum Reservation area. No approval will be granted until his designs are within specifications.

Final Report Annex C3-14 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Q16. Comment: It is important for us to know the exact location of the pumping station and any exposed building.

‰ The design will be done by the contractor. So we will ask him to design and implement the pumping station in accordance with the nature of the area and we will present it to the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority and the Rum Reserve to get their opinion.

Q17. Comment: It appears that the ESA study has taken into account all the negative impacts on the project area and the archaeological sites by which the conveyor will pass and provided mitigation measures to eliminate or minimise their effects.

Q18. As mentioned by the representative of Rum Reserve, it was requested that the design of the pumping stations and any building related to the Disi project to be designed in harmony with the setting of the site and responsive to the prevailing conditions. This aspect should be part of the Terms of Reference to the Contractor.

‰ Yes it will be part of the terms of Reference.

Q19. Will the road from Disi to Mudawarra be paved with asphalt?

‰ It is a benefit to the Contractor to have a paved the road from Disi to Mudawarra. Also, one of the Contractors has suggested developing a pipe factory in Jordan. This is encouraged by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation especially that in case such a factor is developed it will be in areas near the project route. However, it should be emphasized that the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System is not a social development project.

Q20. Was the National Electricity Company informed about the conveyor route? Also, the Contractor should take the approval of the Planning Agency with respect to the Electricity Transmission Lines in order to ensure that the locations of those transmission lines do not intervene with the delineation of lands and cause negative impacts on the environment.

‰ Yes they were informed and coordination with the National Electricity Company and the Electricity Distribution Companies took place as they will provide the electricity for the different components of the project. Steps will be taken to ensure the coordination with the planning authorities regarding the transmission lines to avoid negative impacts on the environment.

Q21. To what extent will the Ministry be able to commit the Contractor to the environmental aspects of the project and the issues of land acquisition?

‰ First of all, the land acquisition has already been completed by the government and the Contractor is not responsible for the issue of land acquisition. With respect to the environmental aspects, the Contractor will be provided with the Environmental and Social Assessment Study and will be requested to abide by all the mitigation measures identified. Discussions will be held between the Contractor and the Ministry to ensure that the contractor plan is developed in conformity with ESMP provided in the study and that it includes all identified mitigation measures. The contractor will be requested to provide his commitment to consider all environmental aspects identified in the ESA

Final Report Annex C3-15 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

reports. This commitment will be part of the construction contract as well as the operation contract.

Q22. Most of the residents of Disi area depend on agricultural activities for living. Will the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance System affect the small scale agricultural activities in the Disi area?

‰ First, there should be a differentiation between agriculture as a social activity and that as an economic activity. Also water use is determined by the policy of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The Ministry in general responds to the demands of the distant areas. So, if the residents of the area gathered and formed a social corporation and then presented a request for water well for the corporation, the government will be responsive to their demands.

Q23. At which stage is the project now?

‰ The project was proposed in 2001, but it was delayed due to certain regional conditions such as the War on Iraq. However, now technical offers have been submitted along with the financial offers. The revision of the technical offers will be finalized within one month, after which the financial offers will be opened and the winning bidder announced. The bidders are consortiums of mainly international companies. The duration of project implementation is 56 months.

Q24. Will the Disi project affect the future water prices?

‰ There will be a revision of the water tariffs all over Jordan.

Q25. Comment: In response to the idea that water should be a free commodity, it should be noted that these days water is a commodity and the government can no longer deliver it to the people free of charge. In addition, the average price of 0.3-0.4 JD/m3 charged by the government is below the actual water cost. Most important, it should be noted that when the concerned authorities develop the water pricing policies, they account for social factors.

Final Report Annex C3-16 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

1 INVITATION LETTERS

1.1 Abu Alanda Invitation

As mentioned in the Draft ESA and Record of Public Consultation Report, invitations to Abu Alanda session were done by door-to-door visits to random selection of residences and commercial shops along the portion of the conveyor route passing through the areas of Abu Alanda, Khirbet Es-Suq, and El-Quesmeh. Although there was no official form of an invitation letter, a brief description of the project and its expected positive and negative impacts were presented to different invited groups.

1.2 Amman-Madaba Invitation Letter

تحية واحتراما, ,Dear Sir

ا سم ال م شروع: الدرا سة البيئ ية والجتماع ية لم شروع ن قل Project: Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System مياه الديسي-المدورة الى عمان Purpose: Environmental and Social الهدف: دراسة تقييم الثار البيئية والجتماعية Assessment الموضوع: دعوة لحضور جلسة تقديم النتائج النهائية Subject: Invitation for the Draft ESA Public Consultation Session

لقد قامت وزارة المياه والري باحالة المشروع اعله على The Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan has شركة اتحاد المستشارين للهندسة والبيئة للقيام بدراسة retained Consolidated Consultants for Engineering الثار البيئية والجتماعية لمشروع نقل مياه الديسي الى and Environment to conduct the Environmental عمان. -and Social Assessment Study for the Disi Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System.

كجزء من هذه الدراسة ، سيتم عقد جلسة لتقديم النتائج As part of this project, the Consultant is النهائية التي توصلت لها الدراسة البيئية والجتماعية conducting a public consultation session to inform للمشروع. المشاركون هم من الوزارات والمؤسسات the project stakeholders about the results of the العامة والخاصة والجمعيات غير الحكومية والمجالس .environmental and social assessment study Participants will include representatives from البلدية والقروية وأهالي المنطقة والشركات الزراعية وكافة Ministries, government organizations, affected الطراف المعنية التي تتأثر بالمشروع. parties, agricultural companies, and municipalities and residents of the project area.

ولذا فإنه ليسر وزارة المياه والري أن توجه لكم الدعوة The Ministry of Water and Irrigation invites you للمشاركة في جلسة تقديم النتائج النهائية وذلك في فندق to participate in this consultation session. The عمرة - كراون بلزا, عمان, يوم ااثلثاء الموافق session is to be held at Amra-Crown Plaza Hotel - 18 Amman, on Tuesday November 18th, 2003 at 9:30 2003 تشرين الثاني الساعة التاسعة والنصف صباحا. a.m. Attached you will find a briefing about the مرفق طيا نبذة عن النتائج. .project results

فاكس:Fax Number: 06-4612380 -461238006

مع خالص الحترام ,Yours Sincerely

المـهندس سعد البكري Eng. Sa’d Al-Bakri اللمين العام Secretary General

Final Report Appendix 1-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

1.3 Aqaba-Ma’an Invitation Letter

تحية واحتراما, ,Dear Sir

ا سم ال م شروع: الدرا سة البيئ ية والجتماع ية لم شروع ن قل Project: Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System مياه الديسي-المدورة الى عمان Purpose: Environmental and Social الهدف: دراسة تقييم الثار البيئية والجتماعية Assessment الموضوع: دعوة لحضور جلسة تقديم النتائج النهائية Subject: Invitation for the Draft ESA Public Consultation Session

لقد قامت وزارة المياه والري باحالة المشروع اعله على The Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan has شركة اتحاد المستشارين للهندسة والبيئة للقيام بدراسة retained Consolidated Consultants for Engineering الثار البيئية والجتماعية لمشروع نقل مياه الديسي الى and Environment to conduct the Environmental عمان. -and Social Assessment Study for the Disi Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System.

كجزء من هذه الدراسة ، سيتم عقد جلسة لتقديم النتائج As part of this project, the Consultant is النهائية التي توصلت لها الدراسة البيئية والجتماعية conducting a public consultation session to inform للمشروع. المشاركون هم من الوزارات والمؤسسات the project stakeholders about the results of the العامة والخاصة والجمعيات غير الحكومية والمجالس .environmental and social assessment study Participants will include representatives from البلدية والقروية وأهالي المنطقة والشركات الزراعية وكافة Ministries, government organizations, affected الطراف المعنية التي تتأثر بالمشروع. parties, agricultural companies, and municipalities and residents of the project area.

ولذا فإنه ليسر وزارة المياه والري أن توجه لكم الدعوة The Ministry of Water and Irrigation invites you للمشاركة في جلسة تقديم النتائج النهائية وذلك في فندق to participate in this consultation session. The راديسون ساس - العقبة, يوم ااخميس الموافق 20 تشرين -session is to be held at Radisson SAS Hotel Aqaba, on Thursday November 20th, 2003 at 10:00 2003 الثاني الساعة العاشرة صباحا. مرفق طيا نبذة عن a.m. Attached you will find a briefing about the النتائج. .project results

فاكس:Fax Number: 06-4612380 -461238006

مع خالص الحترام ,Yours Sincerely

المـهندس سعد البكري Eng. Sa’d Al-Bakri اللمين العام Secretary General

Final Report Appendix 1-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

2 LIST OF INVITEES

2.1 Abu Alanda Invitees

As invitations to Abu Alanda session were done by door-to-door visits, the invitees were a random selection of inhabitants and businesses along the conveyor alignment.

2.2 Amman-Madaba List of Invitees

Table 1: List of invitees at Amman consultation session Number of Workshop Participants/Name of Participants Name Invited Institution Individuals Ministries and Governmental Authorities 1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Eng. Sa 'ad Bakri Eng. Fayez Bataineh Eng. Edward Qanqar Eng. Nazeer Abu Arqoub 7 Eng. Mohammad Najjar Eng. Jamal Kawasmeh Eng. Sultan Mshabkeh 2 Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) Eng. Ahmad Abu Zayoud Eng. Munther Khleifat Eng. Saleh Milkawi Eng. Mohammad Al-Adily 7 Eng. Khaled AL-Qdah Zakariya Tarawneh Dr. Nawal Al-Sanaah Eng. Jihad Abu Jamous 3 Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) Eng. Khayri A'mari Eng. Farouk Kana'an 3 Eng. Fawzi Aababneh 4 Ministry of Agriculture Secretary General 2 Eng. Falah A'awamleh 5 Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Eng. Mirvat Ma'moun Houbash 1 6 Ministry of Public Works and Housing Eng. Sami Halaseh Eng. Wafaa Hadaddine 3 Eng. Rawan Mobarak 7 Ministry of Social Development Secretary General 2 Mr. Khalyl Halalat 8 Ministry of Environment Secretary General Mr. Raeda A'dwan 4 Mr. Abdel Rahim Wreikat Mr. Ahmad Mahmoud Saeed 9 Ministry of Municipal Affairs Minister of Municipal Affairs Secretary General 4 Eng. Nabil Shawareb Eng. Lamya Zoubi 10 Ministry of Transport Secretary General 1 11 Ministry of Health Mr. Mohammad Al-Abadi (Head of Water Monitoring Department) 2 Eng. Saleh Nemrawi Mr. Salah Al Hiari 12 Ministry of Interior Secretary GeneralAmman GovernorLieutenant Colonel Eng. Oudeh 3 Al-Khalayleh

Final Report Appendix 1-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Number of Workshop Participants/Name of Participants Name Invited Institution Individuals 13 Greater Amman Municipality General Director 2 Dr. Hussein Zaki 14 Department of General Antiquities General Manager 1 15 Department of Public Security Representative 1 16 Department of Civil Defense Colonel Ahmad Ali Al-Momani 2 Lieutenant Colonel Khaled Dabbad 17 Natural Resources Authority Mr. Khaled Al-Shawabkeh 1 18 National Electricity Production Director General Company Eng. Hassan Abed ELHamid 3 Eng. Suleiman Al-Hiari 19 Land and Survey Department Director General 1 20A Amman Chamber of Industry Director General 1 20B Amman Chamber of Commerce Director General 1 21 Ministry of Planning Secretary General 2 Dr. Kamal Khdier Organizations 22 Royal Scientific Society Dr. Mohammad Saydam 1 23 The Royal Society for the Conservation Mr. Maher Keshawi 1 of Nature 24 National Society for Environment and Eng. Nabil Abu Shariha 2 Wildlife Mr. Mohammed Sherif Jayousi 25 Jordan Environment Society (Amman) Representative 1 26 Jordan Environment Society (Madaba) President: Mr. Mohammad Al-Hroud 1 27 National Society for Preservation of the Mr. Akram Masarweh 1 Heritage of Madaba and its Suburbs 28 Assembly of Social Development for Representative 1 Bani Hamidah Village 29 Aqsa Charitable Society Ms Nawal Al-Faoury 1 (Mobile: 077-399256) 30 Farmers Association Mr. Bassam Al-Khasawneh (Irbid) 1 31 Kreditanstalt für Wiederaubfbau (KfW) Mr. Schmidt 1 32 United States Agency for International Dr. Amal Hijjazi 1 Development (USAID) 33 United Nations Development Boualem Aktouf 1 Programme (UNDP) 34 German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Ms Shaden Al-Qsous Thomas Ziegelmayer 3 Dr. Andreas Kuck 35 UNIFEM Dr. Hayfa Abu Ghazalleh 1 36 Jordan River Foundation Ms Maha Khateeb 1 37 Noor El Hussein Foundation Ms Hana Shahine 1 38 Jordan Forum of Business and Ms Wijdan As-Sakett 1 Professional Women 39 Jordanian Society for Family Representative 1 Organization and Protection Community Representatives 40 Alyadodeh Village Council Representative 1 41 Madaba Municipality Mayor 1 42 Aljezah Municipality Mayor 1 43 Alqastal Municipality Mayor 1 Universities 44 Jordanian University Dr. Manar Fayyad Dr. Fawzi Rayyan 3 Dr. Ayman Bani Hani 45 Al-Hashimeyah University Dr. Ali Al-Naqah 1 46 Al-Balqa University Dr. Yassine Al-Zoubey 1 47 Jordan University of Science and Dr. Mona Hindieh 1 Technology

Final Report Appendix 1-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Number of Workshop Participants/Name of Participants Name Invited Institution Individuals Private Sector and Consultants 48 Rum Farms Mr. Mikdad A'anab 1 49 Al-Wafa for Agricultural and Animal Mr. Ibrahim Hassan, General Manager Investment and Development 1 (WADICO) 50 Arab Company for Cereals, Forage and Mr. Ali Sheimat 1 Meat (GRAMICO) 51 Arab International for Agricultural Mr. Mohammad Sameih Barakat Development (or) 1 Mr. Mohammad Nimr Barakat 52 Hydrotech Eng. Ismail Hashem 1 53 Arab Center (ACE) Dr. Amjad Al-Barghouti 1 54 Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) Eng. Jawdat Yaghmour 1 Others 55 Previous Employee of Ministry of Eng. Bolous Kefayeh 1 Planning 56 Japan International Cooperation Agency Hani AlKurdi 2 (JICA) Kobayashi Tsutomu 57 European Union (EU) Mario Mariani 1 58 LEMA-Executive Manager Philippe Odievre 1 Total number of Invitees 93

Final Report Appendix 1-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

2.3 Aqaba-Ma’an List of Invitees

Table 2: List of invitees at Aqaba consultation session Workshop Participants/Name of Number of invited Participants Name Institution Individuals Ministries and Governmental Authorities 1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Eng. Fayez Bataineh 3 Eng. Mohammad Najjar Eng. Jamal Qawasmeh 2 Ma'an Governorate The Governor of Ma'an 1 3 Tafilah Governorate The Governor of Tafilah 1 4 Karak Governorate Governor of Karak 1 5 The Governor of Aqaba Mr. Khalid Abu Jaid 1 6 Disi District Mr. Mohammad Mattar Al- 1 Zaidanyine 7 Badia Force Representative 1 8 Public Security Force Representative 1 9 Disi Municipality Sheikh Mahmoud Eid Al-Maznneh 1 10 Head of Municipal Services Eng. Isam Jaradat 1 11 Ma'an Municipality Dr. Khaled Al-Majaly 2 Eng. Souad Nayef Yousef 12 Alqatraneh Municipality Representative 1 13 Al Hasa Municipality Mr. Qasem Al-Maraghiya 2 14 Al Jafar Municipality Mr. Fares Masnad Abu Tayeh 1 15 Bair Municipality Mayor 1 16 President of ASEZA Mr. Aqel Beltagi 2 Mr. Mohammad Balqar 17 ASEZA - Directorate of Environmental Dr. Bilal Al-Basheer 3 Planning - Division of Permitting & EIA Dr. Saleem Moghrabee Mr. Samir Dweiri 18 Aqaba Water Authority Assistant to Secretary General 2 Mr. Bilal Al-A'asi 19 Water Authority for Southern Regions Secretary General 2 Eng. Jihad Al-Sakrat 20 Tafileh Water Authority Eng. Khaled Al-Abddine 1 21 Karak Water Authority Eng. Malik Al-Rawashdeh 1 22 Ma'an Water Authority Eng. Walid Al-Deikh \ Eng. 2 Ibrahim Al-Nawafleh 23 National Electricity Company Eng. Bader Tashtoush 1 Organizations 24 The Valley Society for Social Development Representative 1 25 Women Society for Valley Development Representative 1 26 Charitable Development Society for Youth Representative 1 of Ma'an 27 Association for Charitable Societies (Ma'an) Representative 1 28 Society for Development of Tafileh Representative 1 Govornorate Cooperation 29 Jordan Environment Society (Aqaba, Tafileh Eng. Mohammad Al-Hjouj 3 and Karak) (Aqaba) Mr. Ghazi Al-A'marine (Tafileh) Eng. Jamil Al-Ja'fra (Karak) 30 Al-Hasa Women Charitable Society Representative 1 31 Association for Charitable Societies Representative 1 (Tafileh) 32 Al-Huseeiniah Charitable Society for Social Representative 1 Work 33 Shihan Housewives Society Representative 1 34 Association of North Karak Villages Representative 1 Cooperation (Tafileh) 35 Jordan Fund for Human Development (Disi) Ms Khawla Al-Zawaideh 1 36 Previous Head of a Municipality Mr. Atallah Mohammad Salman 1

Final Report Appendix 1-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Workshop Participants/Name of Number of invited Participants Name Institution Individuals Al-Zawaideh (Abu Muwafaqa) 37 Previous Member of the Parliament Sheikh Nasr Salem Al-Zawaideh 1 38 Community Representative Sheikh Obeid Mohammad Al- 1 Qseirat (Al-Zaweideh) 39 Community Representative Sheikh Nayef Khalyl A'ayal 1 Mtlaqa 40 Disi Agricultural Office Eng. Omar Bashir Al-Lahham 1 41 Aqaba Agricultural Office Mr. Tayseer Shabatat 1 42 Rum Reserve Mr. Mahmoud Bdoor 1 43 Rum Valley Cooperative and Touristic Representative 1 Society 44 Al-Saliheya and Al-Shakiriya Cooperative Representative 1 Society 45 Jordanian Women Association in Aqaba Da'ad Sultan 1 46 Women Organization in Aqaba Ms Hanaa Trayzim 1 46B Association of Beneficiary Organizations / Representative 1 Aqaba Universities 47 Moata University Representative 1 48 Al-Hussein University Mr. Ali Hamdi Abu Slim (Faculty 1 of Educational Sciences) Total number of Invitees 61

Final Report Appendix 1-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

3 AGNEDAS

3.1 Amman-Madaba Agenda

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DRAFT ESA PUBLIC CONSULTATION SESSION FOR DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM AMRA HOTEL – AMMAN 18 NOVERMBER 2003

9:30 – 10 :00 Registration

10:00 – 10:15 Opening Statements – Welcoming Remarks Ministry of Water and Irrigation

10:15 – 11:45 Presentation of the Project Results

11:45 – 1:30 Discussion of the Results

1:30 – 2:00 Session Rap-up

Please confirm your attendance by calling number 4612377 (extension 511) or send by fax number 4612516.

Final Report Appendix 1-8 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

3.2 Aqaba-Ma’an Agenda

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DRAFT ESA PUBLIC CONSULTATION SESSION FOR DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM RADISSON SAS HOTEL – AQABA 20 NOVERMBER 2003

10:00 – 10 :15 Registration

10:15 – 10:30 Opening Statements – Welcoming Remarks Ministry of Water and Irrigation

10:30 – 11:45 Presentation of the Project Results

11:45 – 1:30 Discussion of the Results

1:30 – 2:00 Session Rap-up

Please confirm your attendance by calling phone number 06-4612377 (Extension 511) or send by fax number 06-4612516.

Final Report Appendix 1-9 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

4 SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT STUDY Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System

Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Draft ESA Public Consultation Session

Outline • Objectives of Public Consultation Session • Objectives & Description of the Project • Environmental & Social Assessment Process • Jordan’s Policy & Legal Framework • World Bank Operational Policies • Results of Public Consultation Sessions • Water Sector Assessment • Project Specific Environmental & Social Assessment

Objectives of Public Consultation Session • To present to project-affected groups the findings of the Water Sector Assessment and the Environmental & Social Assessment (ESA) Study • To provide the consulted groups with the relevant ESA material • To inform the public that the ESA study will be made available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups & local non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Project Objectives • To supply additional high quality water to Greater Amman from the deep fossil Disi Aquifer in southern Jordan • To reduce groundwater abstractions in Greater Amman region & allow partial restoration of renewable resources in this region • To provide 5 emergency turn-outs from the conveyance pipeline to make available a reliable supply of water to urban areas along the pipeline under emergency conditions & for short durations

Need for the Environment and Social Assessment (ESA) • Jordanian Government Requirement − Compliance with national regulations − Informing decision makers of the environmental & social risks associated with the project • World Bank (WB) Requirement − Environmentally & socially sound & sustainable • Transparency & public participation in the decision making process

Objective of the Assignment • Main objectives of the ESA are to: − Identify & recommend actions to avoid &/or mitigate potential adverse environmental & social impacts that will be integrated into Project design, construction & operation − Conduct a formal process of public participation & consultation, including public information meetings & consultation on the scope of the work for the ESA, & timely consultation of draft ESA reports

Final Report Appendix 1-10 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Extended Area of Influence • Main zone of populations benefiting from & affected by the project − Greater Amman region − Urban Areas along the pipeline corridor & the natural habitat areas along the pipeline route • Areas Affected by the water & irrigation policy & framework of Jordan − This covers surface & ground water users within Jordan

Significant Issues for Water Resources • Justification of project need • Contribution of the Disi project to Jordan’s water budget & other alternatives considered for facing the water shortage problem

Significant Issues for Social Component • Allocation of percentage of required labour for local residents alongside the pipeline & in Disi • Public health & safety considerations during construction phase • Launching public awareness campaign explaining the benefits of the project before & during work • Compensation for damage incurred to commercial institutions (especially at Qatraneh, Al- Jiza, & Abu Alanda) • Studying available services (especially high voltage lines & tower bases) & obstacles at the path of the pipeline before offering tender for the project • Keeping away from cross-roads as much as possible • Coordination with various service establishments • Public health improvement due to water quality improvement • Disruption of traffic movement for residents & large vehicles along Desert Highway & last third of the conveyor route • Indigenous people (Tribes at Badia area) • Coordination with the army in order to identify possible mine areas along route of the conveyor

Overview Water Sector • In trying to meet the country’s growing water demand, groundwater aquifers are being exploited at more than double their sustainable yield in average • For a number of years supply has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman Area & WAJ has had no option but to implement a water rationing program during summer months • The Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System will result in a reliable water supply to Amman especially during the summer • However, the Disi project would cover only part of the water shortage problem but would not close the country’s growing water gap

Potential Impacts • Direct − Supply additional domestic water to Greater Amman Area − Increase per capita share for domestic demand − Relief over exploited aquifers & elevate water table level in relieved aquifers − Reliable water quantity & better water quality will have positive implications on health aspects of the society

Final Report Appendix 1-11 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

• Indirect − Reduction in damage to groundwater quality in relief aquifers − Reduction in abstraction will enhance renewable process of Azraq aquifer & associated wetland which in turn would enhance biodiversity at Azraq Oasis − Treated wastewater will be of better quality & of reliable quantity due to characteristics of Disi source & treated wastewater in KTDR will be acceptable for irrigation purposes for most crops planted in Jordan Valley

Socio-Economic Conditions • Traffic Disturbance − Increased traffic density & disturbance − Partial &/or total closure of: − local road systems Desert Highway Railway at several locations − Diverting traffic through temporary access roads or by detours through residential areas & congested areas • Effect on Locals & Employees Public Safety: − Car accidents & Vehicular-pedestrian conflicts − Deep excavations close to residential areas & open trenches in Abu Alanda, Aljiza & Qatraneh areas − Stored materials including fuel & other chemicals − Ignorance & non compliance with the construction workers safety requirements − Movement & operation of heavy equipments within construction corridor of Desert Highway - Rum-Disi road • Infrastructure Utilities & Social Disturbances − The proposed pipe route crosses & passes close to a large number of utilities/facilities that serves residential areas − Many utilities are anticipated to impose specific constrains on the work design & execution. • Disturbance to local societies : − Pipeline trench (4m by 4m) might be hazardous to pedestrians particularly children − Disturbance to water supply & wastewater services − Disturbance to power supply especially − Business disruption

Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Sites • Direct threat of damage to: − Area of Cave of Seven Sleepers − Cave of the Seven Sleepers − Mausoleum • Indirect impacts or accidents might affect: − Al - Qatraneh Castle − Press − Al - Juwayda Mausoleum − Al- Qastal;Al - Jiza Pool − The Byzantine Church

Final Report Appendix 1-12 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

5 HANDOUTS DISTRIBUTED AT DRAFT ESA PUBLIC CONSULTATION SESSIONS

5.1 English Handout

Outline  Objectives of Consultation Session Disi-Mudawarra to Amman  Objectives & Description of the Project Water Conveyance System  Environmental & Social Assessment Process  Jordan’s Policy & Legal Framework

Environmental and Social Assessment  World Bank Operational Policies  Results of Public Consultation Sessions (ESA)  Water Sector Assessment Draft ESA Consultation Session  Project Specific Environmental & Social Assessment

Consolidated Consultants 14/12/2003 Engineering & Environment 14/12/2003 2

Objectives of Project Objectives Public Consultation Session  To supply additional high quality water to Greater Amman from the deep fossil Disi  To present to project-affected groups the Aquifer in southern Jordan findings of the Water Sector ESA and the  To reduce groundwater abstractions in Greater Project Specific ESA Amman region & allow partial restoration of  To provide the consulted groups with the renewable resources in this region relevant ESA material  To provide 5 emergency turn-outs from the  To inform the public that the ESA study will be conveyance pipeline to make available a made available at a public place accessible to reliable supply of water to urban areas along project-affected groups & local non- the pipeline under emergency conditions & for governmental organizations (NGOs) short durations

14/12/2003 4 14/12/2003 4

Need for the ESA Objective of the Assignment

 Jordanian Government Requirement  Main objectives of the ESA are to: . Compliance with national regulations . Identify & recommend actions to avoid &/or mitigate potential adverse environmental & . Informing decision makers of the environmental & social impacts that will be integrated into Project social risks associated with the project design, construction & operation  World Bank (WB) Requirement . Conduct a formal process of public participation . Environmentally & socially sound & sustainable & consultation, including public information meetings & consultation on the scope of the  Transparency & public participation in the work for the ESA, & timely disclosure of draft & decision making process final ESA reports

14/12/2003 6 14/12/2003 5

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Extended Area of Influence Significant Issues for Water Resources  Main zone of populations benefiting from & affected by the project  Justification of project need . Greater Amman region . Urban Areas along the pipeline corridor & the  Contribution of the Disi project to Jordan’s water natural habitat areas along the pipeline route budget & other alternatives considered for  Areas Affected by the water & irrigation policy & facing the water shortage problem framework of Jordan . This covers surface & ground water users within Jordan

14/12/2003 8 14/12/2003 7

Significant Issues for Significant Issues for Social Component Social Component (contd.)  Allocation of percentage of required labour for local  Studying available services (especially high voltage residents alongside the pipeline & in Disi lines & tower bases) & obstacles at the path of the pipeline before offering tender for the project  Public health & safety considerations during construction phase  Keeping away from cross-roads as much as possible  Launching public awareness campaign explaining the benefits of the project before & during work  Coordination with various service establishments  Compensation for damage incurred to commercial institutions (especially at Qatraneh, Al-Jiza, & Abu  Public health improvement due to water quality Alanda) improvement

14/12/2003 10 14/12/2003 9

Significant Issues for Overview Water Sector Social Component (contd.)  In trying to meet the country’s growing water  Disruption of traffic movement for residents & demand, groundwater aquifers are being large vehicles along Desert Highway & last third exploited at more than double their sustainable of the conveyor route yield in average  Indigenous people (Tribes at Badia area)  For a number of years supply has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman  Coordination with the army in order to identify Area & WAJ has had no option but to possible mine areas along route of the conveyor implement a water rationing program during summer months

14/12/2003 12 14/12/2003 11

Final Report Appendix 1-14 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Overview (contd.) Potential Impacts

 The Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water  Direct Conveyance System will result in a reliable . Supply additional domestic water to Greater water supply to Amman especially during the Amman Area summer . Increase per capita share for domestic demand . Relief over exploited aquifers & elevate water  However, the Disi project would cover only part table level in relieved aquifers of the water shortage problem but would not . Reliable water quantity & better water quality will close the country’s growing water gap have positive implications on health aspects of the society

14/12/2003 14 14/12/2003 13

Potential Impacts (contd.) Socio-Economic Conditions

 Indirect  Traffic Disturbance . Reduction in damage to groundwater quality in . Increased traffic density & disturbance relief aquifers . Reduction in abstraction will enhance renewable . Partial &/or total closure of: process of Azraq aquifer & associated wetland . local road systems which in turn would enhance biodiversity at Azraq Oasis . Desert Highway . Railway at several locations . Treated wastewater will be of better quality & of reliable quantity due to characteristics of Disi source & treated wastewater in KTDR will be . Diverting traffic through temporary access roads acceptable for irrigation purposes for most crops or by detours through residential areas & planted in Jordan Valley congested areas

14/12/2003 16 14/12/2003 15

Socio-Economic Conditions (contd.) Socio-Economic Conditions (contd.)  Effect on Locals & Employees Public Safety: . Car accidents & Vehicular-pedestrian conflicts . Deep excavations close to residential areas & open  Infrastructure Utilities & Social Disturbances trenches in Abu Alanda, Aljiza & Qatraneh areas . The proposed pipe route crosses & passes . Stored materials including fuel & other chemicals close to a large number of utilities/facilities that . Ignorance & non compliance with the construction serves residential areas workers safety requirements . Many utilities are anticipated to impose specific . Movement & operation of heavy equipments within constrains on the work design & execution. construction corridor of Desert Highway - Rum-Disi road

14/12/2003 18 14/12/2003 17

Final Report Appendix 1-15 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Socio-Economic Conditions Archaeological & (contd.) Cultural Heritage Sites  Direct threat of damage to:  Disturbance to local societies : . Area of Cave of Seven Sleepers . Pipeline trench (4m by 4m) might be hazardous . Cave of the Seven Sleepers to pedestrians particularly children . Mausoleum . Disturbance to water supply & wastewater  Indirect impacts or accidents might affect: services . Al - Qatraneh Castle . Disturbance to power supply especially . Press . Business disruption . Al - Juwayda Mausoleum . Al- Qastal;Al - Jiza Pool . The Byzantine Church 14/12/2003 20 14/12/2003 19

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5.2 Arabic Handout

مشروع نقل مياه الديسي- المدوره الى عمان

تقييم الثر البيئي والجتماعي ورشة عمل – الجلسة الثانية لصحاب العلقة

الطار العام للجلسة

• أهداف الجلسة • أهداف ووصف المشروع • طريقة تقييم الثر البيئي والجتماعي • إطار العمل الداري والقانوني في الردن • سياسات العمليات للبنك الدولي • نتائج جلسات العمل لستشارة أصحاب العلقة • تقييم قطاع المياه • دراسة تقييم الثر البيئي والجتماعي للمشروع

الهداف الرئيسة للجلسة

• تقديم نتائج دراسة تقييم الثر البيئي والجتماعي للمجموعات المعنية بالمشروع • تزويد المجموعات المستشارة بالمعلومات ذات الصلة بالموضوع • إعلم أصحاب العلقة بأن الدراسة ستكون متوفرة للمعنيين بالمشروع وللجمعيات الغير حكومية

الهداف الرئيسة لمشروع الديسي

• تزويد مياه عالية الجودة من حوض الديسي الى منطقة عمان الكبرى • تقليل استنزاف المياه الجوفية من المناطق التي تزود منطقة عمان الكبرى بالمياه مما يساهم في تغذية المياه الجوفية المتجدده • وضع خمس مخارج فرعية لتزويد المياه للمناطق المدنية على طول الخط في حالت الطوارئ وهي الجفر، معان، الطفيله، الكرك، ومأدبا

Final Report Appendix 1-17 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

أهداف الدراسة

• ان الهداف الرئيسية من القيام بدراسة بيئية واجتماعية هي: • التعريف والتوصية بنشاطات لتجنب و/أو معالجة المخاطر البيئية والجتماعية الناتجة عن تصميم وبناء وتشغيل المشروع • تطبيق عملية منهجية لمشاركة العامة واستشارتهم عن إطار العمل في الدراسة

إمتداد المساحات المتأثرة بالمشروع

المراكز الرئيسة للسكان التي تتأثر بالمشروع: • منطقة عمان الكبرى • المناطق السكانية حول مسار الخط • مناطق الموائل الطبيعية حول المسار • الراضي المتأثرة بالسياسات المائية والزراعية في الردن وتشمل مستخدمي المياه السطحية والجوفية ضمن الردن

العوامل الساسية للحالة الجتماعية

• تخصيص نسبة مئوية من العمالة للسكان المحليين • العتناء بالسلمة العامة أثناء النشاء • تطبيق برامج التوعية حول أهمية المشروع • التعويض عن الضرار الناجمة عن المشروع • تحديد العوائق على خط سير الخط الناقل مثل خطوط الضغط العالي

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العوامل الساسية للحالة الجتماعية (يتبع)

• التقليل من قطع الطرق قدر المكان • التنسيق مع الجهات المعنية • رفع المستوى الصحي نتيجة لتحسن نوعية المياه • إعاقة المرور على الطريق الصحراوي • التأثير على السكان المحليين (قبائل البدو) • التنسيق مع الجيش لتحديد مواقع اللغام على طول الخط الناقل

نظرة عامة حول وضع المياه في الردن

• في ظل تلبية احتياجات المملكة المتزايدة للمياه، تم استنفاذ أحواض المياه الجوفية بما يزيد عن ضعف قدرتها النتاجية • تبنت سلطة المياه مشروع ترشيد استهلك المياه بعد أن فاقت احتياجات المياه الكميات المتوفرة في محافظة عمان الكبرى لسنوات عديدة

نظرة عامة حول وضع المياه في الردن (يتبع)

• ان مشروع جر مياه الديسي الى عمان سيؤدي الى توفر كمية مياه ثابتة خاصة خلل فصل الصيف

• يجدر الشارة هنا أن مياه الديسي سوف تغطي جزء من العجز المائي ولن تغلق النقص المتزايد الذي يواجهه الردن

Final Report Appendix 1-19 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

المشاريع التي يتم تنفيذها في قطاع المياه

• نقل مياه الديسي- المدوره الى عمان • استخدام المياه العادمة المعالجة لغراض الري بدل عن مياه نهر اليرموك • سد الوحدة ومشروع وادي الموجب • تحلية المياه القليلة الملوحة في الحسبان, زارة - ماعين • مياه اتفاقية السلم • تحديث شبكات المياه لتقليل فاقد المياه في مدينة عمان والمدن الخرى

مصادر المياه المتوفرة للردن

• الكميات الناتجة عن ادارة المياه • المياه الجوفية • المياه السطحية • المياه العادمة المعالجة • تحلية المياه القليلة الملوحة • تحلية المياه Marginal • مياه حوض الديسي • مياه مشروع البحر الحمر-البحر الميت • استيراد المياه

الثار المتوقعة للمشروع الثار المباشرة • تزويد محافظة عمان بكميات اضافية من مياه الستخدام المنزلي • زيادة معدل الستهلك للفرد • تخفيف الضغط عن الحواض المائية المستخدمة وزيادة معدل مستوى المياه فيها • سيكون لكمية المياه الثابتة ونوعيتها الجيدة تأثير ايجابي على صحة الفراد في المجتمع

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الثار المتوقعة للمشروع

الثار غير المباشرة • التخفيف من الضرار لنوعية المياه الجوفية في الحواض التي سيتم تخفيف الضغط عنها • تخفيف الضخ من حوض الزرق سيساهم في عملية التجدد الطبيعية للحوض و المنطقة الرطبة في الزرق وبالتالي يساهم في اعادة التنوع الحيوي في واحة الزرق

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6 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

6.1 List of Participants at Abu Alanda Consultation Session

Table 3: List of participants at Abu Alanda consultation session No Name Profession . 1 Atef Al-Hneiti Greater Amman Municipality 2 Hamad Al-Hneiti Greater Amman Municipality 3 Mahmoud Al-Zoubi Greater Amman Municipality 4 Faten Al-Shawabkeh Typist 5 Fayez Mahmoud Receptionist Typist at Directorate of El-Quesmeh, Juwaida, Abu Alanda and Ruqaim/ 6 Mohammad Zayyan Greater Amman Municipality Greater Amman Municipality 7 Firas Al-Badawi Typist 8 Ibrahim Oudeh Draftsman Engineer at Directorate of El-Quesmeh, Juwaida, Abu Alanda and Ruqaim/ 9 Eyad Hilal Al-Hneiti Greater Amman Municipality Greater Amman Municipality 10 Ahmad Oudeh Al-Rakkad Typist Typist at Directorate of El-Quesmeh, Juwaida, Abu Alanda and Ruqaim/ 11 Karim Abdullah Greater Amman Municipality Greater Amman Municipality 12 Daoud Al-Badawi Government employee Head of Dept. at Directorate of El-Quesmeh, Juwaida, Abu Alanda and Ruqaim/ 13 Ziyad Al-Nimmer Greater Amman Municipality 14 Dr. Aawad Al-Rawashdeh Resident of Abu Alanda 15 Fares Al-Bann Government employee 16 Mahmoud Hussein Government employee 17 Hussein Abedullah Saleh Government employee 18 Mohammad Khaled Al-Haddid Public Notary 19 Amer Al-Raboubi Typist 20 Fadiya Riyad Salem Government employee 21 Randa Al-Shawbaki Data Entry 22 Nariman Ali Al-Qahyawi Typist 23 Nadiya Faleh Al-Shawabki Government employee 24 Mohammad Al-Shakhabteh Government employee 25 Talaat Mahmoud Office Boy 26 Omar Mohammad Office Boy 27 Assem Abed Rahman Accountant 28 Lutfy Al-Dasoqi General Manager of Al-Gowhra Factory 29 Aby Yasser Al-Huneiti Manager of Ammar Institution for retail 30 Hassan Mohammad Said Inspector 31 Mona Al-Ramini Engineer 32 Abdullah Salem Al-Hneiti Farmer 33 Mahmoud Hishmeh Consultant 34 Darwish Hassan Al-Hawari Teacher 35 Mohammad Abed Al-Mneam Mansour Trader 36 Aazmi Abu Qasem Engineer 37 Mohammad Raqqad Employee 38 Mefleh Al-Dabousi Employee 39 Salwa Al-Qatatsheh Accountant Sub-Total: 39 Consultants and MWI Representative 40 Eng. Sultan Mashakbeh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 41 Dr. Sawsan Himmo Consolidated Consultants 42 AbdRahman Jaber Consolidated Consultants 43 Lama El-Awad Consolidated Consultants 44 Majdi Salame Consolidated Consultants 45 Rola Quba'a Consolidated Consultants Total: 45

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6.2 List of Participants at Amman Consultation Session

Table 4: List of participants at Amman consultation session No. Name Profession 1 Nazir Abu-Arqoub Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) 2 Jamal Kawasmeh Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) 3 Fayez Bataineh Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) 4 Sultan Mahsabkeh Ministry of Water and Irrigation 5 Saleh Malkawi Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 6 Falah Ibrahim Salah Ministry of Agriculture 7 Dr. Wael Sartawi Ministry of Agriculture 8 Khaled Al-Kodah Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 9 Nawal Sunna' Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 10 Jehad Abu-Jamous Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 11 Zakaria Tarawneh Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 12 Mohammad Adily Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 13 Wafa Haddadin Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) 14 Sami Halasa Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)/Director 15 Eng. Rawan Al-Moubark Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) 16 Maha Al- Zubi Ministry of Planning 17 Eng. Saleh Nemrawy Ministry of Health 18 Bassam Natsheh Ministry of Health 19 Khalil Helalat Minsitry of Social Development 20 Eng. Naim Al-Saud Ministry of Environment 21 Sabri Khassib Amman Chamber of Commerce 22 Odeh Alkhalayleh Public Security Directorate 23 Hasan Abdel-Hameed National Electric Power Company 24 Khaled Dabas Civil Defence 25 Ahmad Al-Momani Civil Defence 26 Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi University of Jordan 27 Mohammad Waheeb Hussein University 28 Dr. Amal Hijazi USAID 29 Hivoyuki Hagiwara Japan International Coperation Agency (JICA) 30 Ryurichi Fukuhar Japan International Coperation Agency (JICA) 31 Eng. Fida'a Jibril Royal Scientific Society 32 Eng. Rana Abu-Saade Jordan Environment Society 33 Abdalla Abu Ata Jordanian Family Planning Association 34 Mohammad Ataw Madaba 35 Akram Massarweh National Society for Preservation of the Heritage of Madaba and its Suburbs 36 Ibrahim Al-Hassan Alwafa Company 37 Ayman Kamal Sabri The Arabic International Company for Agricultural Development 38 Ibrahim Al-Khader Envirotech 39 Philippe Odivere LEMA company 40 Bashar Al-Ali Jordan Forum-WEPIA 41 Amjad Barghouti ACES-Private Consulting Firm 42 Hisham M. Qattan News 43 Dr. M.J. Juneidi News Sub-Total: 43 Consultants and WMI Representatives 44 Dr. Sawsan Himmo Consolidated Consultants 45 AbdRahman Jaber Consolidated Consultants 46 Lama El-Awad Consolidated Consultants 47 Majdi Salame Consolidated Consultants 48 Rola Quba'a Consolidated Consultants Total: 48

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6.3 List of Participants at Aqaba Consultation Session

Table 5: List of participants at Aqaba consultation session No. Name Profession 1 Nazir Abu-Arqoub Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) 2 Fayez Bataineh Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) 3 Jehad Sagarat Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 4 Malek Y. Al-Rawashdeh Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) 5 Khaled Abu-Reeshah Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 6 Khaled Al-Sahni Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 7 Samar Malkawi Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 8 Abdulla Ghutheen Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 9 Mohammad Al-Azab Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 10 Mazen Haobsha Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 11 Dr. Farouk Irslan Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 12 Dr. Bilal Al-Basheer Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 13 Eng. Ali Nimr Ibrahim Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZA) 14 Eng. Ibrahim Al-Nawafleh Aqaba Water Authority 15 Eng. Bilal Al-Asi Aqaba Water Authority 16 Mamdouh Yousef Al-Faqeer Tafilah Governorate 17 Salam Naser Al-Zawaydeh Representative of Disi area 18 Atallah Al-Zawaydeh Representative of Disi area 19 Mohamad Mattar Al-Zaydanieh Disi District 20 Eng. Said Abu-Al'ara Disi Municipality 21 Awwad Mutawa’ Al-Nueimat Al-Jafar Municipality 22 Eng. Walid Al-Deikh Ma'an Water Authority 23 Mahmoud Al-Budour Rum Natural Reserve 24 Ahmad Ali Al-Hilalat Regional Affairs Surveyor 25 Eng. Omar Bashir Al-Lahham Disi Agricultural Office 26 Mouna Toukan Jordan Environment Society-Aqaba 27 Dr. Saleh Fayez Al-Sharari Al-Hussein Bin Tala University Sub-Total: 27 Consultants and WMI Representatives 28 Dr. Sawsan Himmo Consolidated Consultants 29 Majdi Salameh Consolidated Consultants 30 Rola Quba'a Consolidated Consultants 31 Husam Al-Huwwari Consolidated Consultants Total: 31

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ANNEX C4: DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR DISCLOSURE OF THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ESA STUDY

A complete copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study will be disclosed at the following locations:

• Ministry of Water and Irrigation • Ministry of Environment • Aqaba Special Economic Zone

The Executive Summaries in English and Arabic for the Disi Environmental and Social Assessment Study will be disclosed at the following locations:

• Ministry of Public Works and Housing • Ministry of Health • Ministry of Municipal Affairs • Ministry of Agriculture • Royal Society for Conservation of Nature • Department of Antiquities • Governorates of Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Madaba

The Executive Summary in Arabic and English and the Main Report in English will also be disclosed at the InfoShop of the World Bank in Washington, D.C.

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ANNEX C8: FLOOD FLOW CALCULATIONS

Peak Flow for Mujib and Wala North Catchment using (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 10-Yr A q p = 11.3 t c Watershed Characteristics Catchment Length of Ground Elevation at Average Curve Runoff Kirpich Izzard Area Watercourse Divide Outlet Slope Number Coefficient Condition Ret. Coeff. ( km2 ) ( km ) ( masl ) ( m / m ) CN 422.002 34.66 900 750 0.0056 75.0 0.25 3 0.046

Lca to Cent. Kinematic Kerby 14.69 Overl. Rou. Manning

0.01 0.3 Time of Concentration Calculations Time of Concentration ( min ) Iteration for Kinematic and Izzard California Kirpich Kerby Bransby SCS Izzard Kinematic Federal Min. Time Intensity tc Culverts Williams lag Eq. Aviation of Conct. Kinematic 4.2 623.5 0.0 496.2 448.8 364.6 777.6 2175.6 3262.8 623.5 625.8 364.6 Izzard 1.6 3262.8 0.0 6.076 hr

Intensity 1000-Yr 200-Yr 100-Yr 10-Yr Record Formula a b a b a b a b Years Period Irbid School 186.250 0.5893 27 1971-1999

Station Effective Percentage Irbid School 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

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Snyder Adjusted C t 0.85

Unit-Hydrograph t L 5.51 t d 1.002 1.00 hr C p 4.5 m3/s m3/s q p 215.980 t La 5.51 t p 6.01 q p 344.462 Low q p , Long t p

t p 4.07 hr Adjusted for 1 hr Ratios tqVolume tq m3/s m3/s UH-MujibUH- and Wala North t/t p q/q p hr m3 hr 0000 00.00 0.1 0.030 0.41 6.479 4747.8 1.00 30.00 250120 0.2 0.100 0.81 21.598 20573.8 2.00 100.00 Adjusted for 0.3 0.190 1.22 41.036 45895.4 3.00 185.00 0.21 hr hr 0.4 0.310 1.63 66.954 79130.0 4.00 215.00 100 200 0.5 0.470 2.04 101.510 123442.8 5.00 195.00 0.6 0.660 2.44 142.547 178833.9 6.00 150.00 0.7 0.820 2.85 177.103 234224.9 7.00 97.00 80 0.8 0.930 3.26 200.861 276955.1 8.00 65.00 150 /s)/s) 0.9 0.990 3.66 213.820 303859.3 9.00 44.00 33 1.0 1.000 4.07 215.980 314937.5 10.00 29.00 60 1.1 0.990 4.48 213.820 314937.5 11.00 21.00

Flow (mFlow (m 100 1.2 0.930 4.89 200.861 303859.3 12.00 13.50 1.3 0.860 5.29 185.742 283285.5 13.00 9.00 40 1.4 0.780 5.70 168.464 259546.5 14.00 6.00 1.5 0.680 6.11 146.866 231059.7 15.00 4.00 50 20 1.6 0.560 6.51 120.949 196242.5 16.00 3.00 1.7 0.460 6.92 99.351 161425.3 17.00 2.50 1.8 0.390 7.33 84.232 134521.0 18.00 2.00 0 1.9 0.330 7.73 71.273 113947.2 19.00 1.50 001234565 10 15 20 25 2.0 0.280 8.14 60.474 96538.6 20.00 0.75 2.2 0.207 8.96 44.708 154145.3 21.00 0.00 TimeTime (hr)(hr) 2.4 0.147 9.77 31.749 112048.1 Adjust ? 2.6 0.107 10.58 23.110 80396.1 2.8 0.077 11.40 16.630 58239.7 3.0 0.055 12.21 11.879 41780.7 3.2 0.040 13.03 8.639 30069.4 3.4 0.029 13.84 6.263 21839.9 3.6 0.021 14.66 4.536 15826.0 3.8 0.015 15.47 3.240 11394.7 4.0 0.011 16.28 2.376 8229.5 4.5 0.005 18.32 1.080 12660.8 5.0 0 20.35 0 3956.5 1.00 One cm.

Final Report Annex C8-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Storm Hytrograph 10-Yr 0.2 S (mm) 16.9 Time Intensity Rainfall Inc Rain Inc Rain Acc Rain Acc Exc Excess Time Design Design Storm Hyetograph 50-Yr10-Yr hr mm/hr mm mm sort Rain Rain hr Storm 000 00 14.0 2.5 1.00 16.7 16.7 16.68 1.55 1.55 0 0 1.0 0.74 12.0 2.00 11.1 22.2 5.49 1.71 3.26 0 0 2.0 0.88 2.0 10.0 3.00 8.7 26.2 4.02 1.94 5.20 0 0 3.0 1.18 1.5 4.00 7.4 29.5 3.28 2.28 7.48 0 0 4.0 2.01 8.0 1.0 5.00 6.5 32.3 2.83 2.83 10.31 0 0 5.0 1.67 6.0

6.00 5.8 34.8 2.51 4.02 14.33 0 0 6.0 0.99 4.0 0.5

7.00 5.3 37.1 2.28 16.68 31.01 2.01 2.01 7.0 0.80 Effective Rainfall (mm) 2.0 0.0 8.00 4.9 39.2 2.09 5.49 36.50 3.67 1.67 0 1.02.03.04.05.06.07.0 0.0 9.00 4.6 41.1 1.94 3.28 39.79 4.86 1.18 0 0.2 0.4Duration 0.6 0.8 (hr) 1 1.2 1.4 10.00 4.3 42.9 1.82 2.51 42.30 5.85 0.99 11.00 4.1 44.7 1.71 2.09 44.39 6.72 0.88 12.00 3.9 46.3 1.62 1.82 46.21 7.52 0.80 13.00 3.7 47.8 1.55 1.62 47.83 8.26 0.74

Final Report Annex C8-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total Flood Hydrograph for 10-Yr Return Period 3 t Design Unit Hydrograph q (m /s) hr Storm (cm) 30.000 100.000 185.000 215.000 195.000 150.000 97.000 65.000 44.000 29.000 21.000 13.500 000 1.0 0.074 2.2209 2.0 0.088 2.628 7.4030 3.0 0.118 3.551 8.761 13.6955 4.0 0.201 6.018 11.838 16.208 15.9164 5.0 0.167 5.002 20.061 21.901 18.836 14.4358 6.0 0.099 2.970 16.674 37.113 25.452 17.084 11.1045 7.0 0.080 2.395 9.899 30.847 43.132 23.085 13.141 7.1809 8.0 0.826 7.982 18.314 35.849 39.119 17.757 8.498 4.8119 9.0 Sum (cm) 14.767 21.283 32.514 30.092 11.483 5.695 3.2573 10.0 17.162 19.303 25.011 19.459 7.695 3.855 2.1469 11.0 15.565 14.849 16.174 13.040 5.209 2.541 1.5546 12.0 11.973 9.602 10.838 8.827 3.433 1.840 0.9994 13.0 7.743 6.434 7.336 5.818 2.486 1.183 14.0 5.188 4.356 4.835 4.213 1.598 15.0 3.512 2.871 3.502 2.708 16.0 2.315 2.079 2.251 17.0 1.676 1.336 18.0 1.078 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0

Final Report Annex C8-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total (m3/s) 9.000 6.000 4.000 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 0.750 Hydrograph Mujib and Wala North Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr) 0 8 Peak Flow 3 2.221 132.33 m /s 140 10.031 7 26.008 120 49.981 6 80.236 100 110.397 5 129.679 /s) 3 132.331 80 4 119.091

94.632 60 Flow (m 3 68.932 47.513 (mm) Rainfall Effective 2 40 0.6663 31.667 0.788 0.4442 21.423 20 1.065 0.526 0.2961 14.480 1 1.806 0.710 0.350 0.2221 9.733 1.501 1.204 0.474 0.2628 0.1851 6.638 0 0 0.01.02.0 3.04.05.06.07.0 8.09.010.11.12.13. 14.15.16.17.18.19. 20.21.22.23.24. 25.26.27. 0.891 1.000 0.802 0.3551 0.2190 0.1481 4.494 Time (hr) 0.718 0.594 0.667 0.6018 0.2960 0.1752 0.1110 3.163 0.479 0.396 0.5002 0.5015 0.2368 0.1314 0.0555 2.300 0.319 0.2970 0.4168 0.4012 0.1776 0.065707 1.678 0.2395 0.2475 0.3335 0.3009 0.088787 1.210 0.1996 0.1980 0.2501 0.150459 0.798 0.1596 0.1485 0.125054 0.433 0.1197 0.074244 0.194 0.059867 0.060 0.000

Final Report Annex C8-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Peak Flow for Qatrana Catchment using (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 10-Yr A q p = 11.3 t c Watershed Characteristics Catchment Length of Ground Elevation at Average Curve Runoff Kirpich Izzard Area Watercourse Divide Outlet Slope Number Coefficient Condition Ret. Coeff. ( km2 ) ( km ) ( masl ) ( m / m ) CN 59.877 9.94 850 750 0.0088 75.0 0.25 3 0.046

Lca to Cent. Kinematic Kerby 5.11 Overl. Rou. Manning

0.01 0.3 Time of Concentration Calculations Time of Concentration ( min ) Iteration for Kinematic and Izzard California Kirpich Kerby Bransby SCS Izzard Kinematic Federal Min. Time Intensity tc Culverts Williams lag Eq. Aviation of Conct. Kinematic 9.7 184.2 0.0 137.1 144.1 183.1 247.7 639.0 869.2 184.2 288.3 137.1 Izzard 4.9 869.2 0.0 2.285 hr

Intensity 1000-Yr 200-Yr 100-Yr 10-Yr Record Formula a babababYears Period El-Mazar 93.282 0.4343 27 1964-1998

Station Effective Percentage El-Mazar 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Final Report Annex C8-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Snyder Adjusted C t 0.85

Unit-Hydrograph t L 2.76 t d 0.502 0.5 hr C p 4.5 m3/s m3/s q p 81.502 t La 2.76 t p 3.01 q p 97.606 Low q p , Long t p

t p 1.53 hr Adjusted for 0.4 hr Ratios tqVolume tq m3/s m3/s UH-QatranaUH-Hisban t/t p q/q p hr m3 hr 0000 00.00 0.1 0.030 0.15 2.445 673.7 0.40 13.00 90120 0.2 0.100 0.31 8.150 2919.2 0.80 41.50 AAdjusteddjusted for for 0.3 0.190 0.46 15.485 6512.0 1.20 75.00 80 0.40.2 hr hr 0.4 0.310 0.61 25.266 11227.6 1.60 81.50 100 0.5 0.470 0.77 38.306 17515.0 2.00 69.50 70 0.6 0.660 0.92 53.792 25374.3 2.40 50.00 0.7 0.820 1.07 66.832 33233.6 2.80 30.00 6080 0.8 0.930 1.22 75.797 39296.5 3.20 20.00 /s)/s)

0.9 0.990 1.38 80.687 43113.8 3.60 13.00 33 50 1.0 1.000 1.53 81.502 44685.7 4.00 8.50 60 1.1 0.990 1.68 80.687 44685.7 4.40 5.75 40 Flow (mFlow (m 1.2 0.930 1.84 75.797 43113.8 4.80 4.00 1.3 0.860 1.99 70.092 40194.7 5.20 2.50 3040 1.4 0.780 2.14 63.572 36826.4 5.60 1.60 1.5 0.680 2.30 55.422 32784.5 6.00 1.20 20 1.6 0.560 2.45 45.641 27844.4 6.40 0.80 20 1.7 0.460 2.60 37.491 22904.2 6.80 0.50 10 1.8 0.390 2.76 31.786 19086.9 7.20 0.30 00 1.9 0.330 2.91 26.896 16167.7 7.60 0.05 02468101234560 2.0 0.280 3.06 22.821 13697.6 8.00 0.00 2.2 0.207 3.37 16.871 21871.3 Adjust ? TimeTime (hr) (hr) 2.4 0.147 3.67 11.981 15898.2 2.6 0.107 3.98 8.721 11407.2 2.8 0.077 4.29 6.276 8263.5 3.0 0.055 4.59 4.483 5928.2 3.2 0.040 4.90 3.260 4266.5 3.4 0.029 5.20 2.364 3098.8 3.6 0.021 5.51 1.712 2245.5 3.8 0.015 5.82 1.223 1616.8 4.0 0.011 6.12 0.897 1167.7 4.5 0.005 6.89 0.408 1796.4 5.0 0 7.65 0 561.4 1.00 One cm.

Final Report Annex C8-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Storm Hytrograph 10-Yr 0.2 S (mm) 16.9 Time Intensity Rainfall Inc Rain Inc Rain Acc Rain Acc Exc Excess Time Design Design Storm Hyetograph 50-Yr10-Yr hr mm/hr mm mm sort Rain Rain hr Storm 000 0.00 0 14.0 0.80

0.40 23.5 9.4 9.38 1.91 1.91 0 0 0.40 0.652 0.70 12.0 0.80 17.4 13.9 4.51 2.10 4.01 0 0 0.80 0.669 0.60 10.0 1.20 14.6 17.5 3.58 2.36 6.37 0 0 1.20 0.694 0.50 1.60 12.8 20.6 3.09 2.77 9.13 0 0 1.60 0.679 8.0 0.40 0.30 2.00 11.7 23.3 2.77 3.58 12.71 0 0 2.00 0.660 6.0 0.20 2.40 10.8 25.9 2.53 9.38 22.10 0.30 0.297 2.40 0.297 4.0 0.10 2.80 10.1 28.2 2.36 4.51 26.60 0.99 0.694 Effective Rainfall (mm) 2.0 0.00 3.20 9.5 30.4 2.21 3.09 29.69 1.67 0.679 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 0.0 3.60 9.0 32.5 2.10 2.53 32.23 2.34 0.669 0 0.2 0.4Duration 0.6 0.8 (hr) 1 1.2 1.4 4.00 8.6 34.5 2.00 2.21 34.44 3.00 0.660 4.40 8.3 36.4 1.91 2.00 36.44 3.65 0.652

Final Report Annex C8-8 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total Flood Hydrograph for 10-Yr Return Period 3 t Design Unit Hydrograph q (m /s) hr Storm (cm) 13.000 41.500 75.000 81.500 69.500 50.000 30.000 20.000 13.000 8.500 5.750 4.000 2.500 000 0.40 0.065 0.8479 0.80 0.067 0.869 2.7067 1.20 0.069 0.903 2.776 4.8916 1.60 0.068 0.883 2.882 5.016 5.3156 2.00 0.066 0.858 2.820 5.208 5.451 4.5329 2.40 0.030 0.386 2.739 5.096 5.659 4.648 3.2611 2.80 0.365 1.232 4.950 5.537 4.826 3.344 1.9566 3.20 Sum (cm) 2.227 5.379 4.722 3.472 2.006 1.3044 3.60 2.420 4.587 3.397 2.083 1.338 0.8479 4.00 2.064 3.300 2.038 1.389 0.869 0.5544 4.40 1.485 1.980 1.359 0.903 0.568 0.3750 4.80 0.891 1.320 0.883 0.590 0.385 0.2609 5.20 0.594 0.858 0.578 0.399 0.268 0.1631 5.60 0.386 0.561 0.391 0.278 0.167 6.00 0.252 0.380 0.272 0.174 6.40 0.171 0.264 0.170 6.80 0.119 0.165 7.20 0.074 7.60 8.00 8.40 8.80 9.20 9.60 10.00

Final Report Annex C8-9 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total (m3/s) 1.600 1.200 0.800 0.500 0.300 0.050 Hydrograph Qatrana Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr) 0 Peak Flow 0.848 3.5 24 21.85 m3/s 3.576

8.570 3.0 20 14.097 18.869 2.5 21.789 16

21.847 /s) 3 19.111 2.0 14.673 12 10.215 1.5 6.670 8 Flood Flow (m 4.330 Effective Rainfall (mm) Rainfall Effective 1.0 2.859 0.1044 1.887 4 0.5 0.107 0.0783 1.263 0.111 0.080 0.0522 0.848 0.109 0.083 0.0535 0.0326 0.562 0.0 0 0.00.40.81.21.62.02.42.83.23.64.04.44.85.25.66.06.46.87.27.68.08.48.89.29.610. 0.106 0.082 0.0555 0.0334 0.0196 0.370 Time (hr) 0.048 0.079 0.0544 0.0347 0.0201 0.0033 0.239 0.036 0.0528 0.0340 0.0208 0.0033 0.147 0.0238 0.0330 0.0204 0.0035 0.081 0.0148 0.0198 0.0034 0.038 0.0089 0.0033 0.012 0.0015 0.001 0.000

Final Report Annex C8-10 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Peak Flow for Mujib and Wala South Catchment using (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 10-Yr A q p = 11.3 t c Watershed Characteristics Catchment Length of Ground Elevation at Average Curve Runoff Kirpich Izzard Area Watercourse Divide Outlet Slope Number Coefficient Condition Ret. Coeff. ( km2 ) ( km ) ( masl ) ( m / m ) CN 736.337 36.31 950 800 0.0274 75.0 0.25 3 0.046

Lca to Cent. Kinematic Kerby 25.77 Overl. Rou. Manning

0.01 0.3 Time of Concentration Calculations Time of Concentration ( min ) Iteration for Kinematic and Izzard California Kirpich Kerby Bransby SCS Izzard Kinematic Federal Min. Time Intensity tc Culverts Williams lag Eq. Aviation of Conct. Kinematic 2.9 460.9 0.0 523.5 252.4 257.1 560.8 1020.8 2606.1 460.9 377.5 252.4 Izzard 1.0 2606.1 0.0 4.207 hr

Intensity 1000-Yr 200-Yr 100-Yr 10-Yr Record Formula a babababYearsPeriod Hasa Tan. 116.920 0.6020 26 1969-1999

Station Effective Percentage Hasa Tan. 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Final Report Annex C8-11 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Snyder Adjusted C t 0.85

Unit-Hydrograph t L 6.62 t d 1.20 1.25 hr C p 4.5 3 3 q p 544.313 m /s t La 6.63 t p 7.26 q p 499.774 m /s Low q p , Long t p

t p 2.82 hr Adjusted for 0.75 hr Ratios tqVolume tq m3/s m3/s UH-MujibUH-Hisban and Wala South t/t p q/q p hr m3 hr 0000 00.00 0.1 0.030 0.28 16.329 8284.3 0.75 93.00 120600 0.2 0.100 0.56 54.431 35898.6 1.50 290.00 Adjusted for 0.3 0.190 0.85 103.419 80081.4 2.25 510.00 0.750.2 hr hr 0.4 0.310 1.13 168.737 138071.4 3.00 541.00 100500 0.5 0.470 1.41 255.827 215391.4 3.75 455.00 0.6 0.660 1.69 359.246 312041.4 4.50 320.00 0.7 0.820 1.97 446.336 408691.4 5.25 190.00 40080 0.8 0.930 2.25 506.211 483250.0 6.00 128.00 /s)/s)

0.9 0.990 2.54 538.870 530194.3 6.75 80.00 33 1.0 1.000 2.82 544.313 549524.3 7.50 53.00 30060 1.1 0.990 3.10 538.870 549524.3 8.25 33.50 Flow (mFlow (m 1.2 0.930 3.38 506.211 530194.3 9.00 23.00 1.3 0.860 3.66 468.109 494295.7 9.75 16.00 20040 1.4 0.780 3.95 424.564 452874.3 10.50 11.00 1.5 0.680 4.23 370.133 403168.6 11.25 7.00 1.6 0.560 4.51 304.815 342417.1 12.00 5.00 10020 1.7 0.460 4.79 250.384 281665.7 12.75 2.50 1.8 0.390 5.07 212.282 234721.4 13.50 1.00 0 1.9 0.330 5.36 179.623 198822.8 14.25 0.00 01234560246810121416 2.0 0.280 5.64 152.408 168447.1 Adjust ? 2.2 0.207 6.20 112.673 268963.1 TimeTime (hr)(hr) 2.4 0.147 6.76 80.014 195509.1 2.6 0.107 7.33 58.241 140280.6 2.8 0.077 7.89 41.912 101620.6 3.0 0.055 8.46 29.937 72901.7 3.2 0.040 9.02 21.773 52467.1 3.4 0.029 9.58 15.785 38107.7 3.6 0.021 10.15 11.431 27614.3 3.8 0.015 10.71 8.165 19882.3 4.0 0.011 11.27 5.987 14359.4 4.5 0.005 12.68 2.722 22091.4 5.0 0 14.09 0 6903.6 1.00 One cm.

Final Report Annex C8-12 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Storm Hytrograph 10-Yr 0.2 S (mm) 16.9 Time Intensity Rainfall Inc Rain Inc Rain Acc Rain Acc Exc Excess Time Design Design Storm Hyetograph 50-Yr10-Yr hr mm/hr mm mm sort Rain Rain hr Storm 000 00 14.0 0.14 0.75 11.8 8.9 8.87 0.77 0.77 0 0 0.75 0.105 12.0 0.12 1.507.811.72.820.861.630 0 1.500.123 0.10 10.0 2.256.113.72.050.972.600 0 2.250.124 0.08 3.005.115.41.671.143.750 0 3.000.1238.0 0.06 3.754.516.81.431.435.180 0 3.750.1196.0 0.04 4.504.018.11.272.057.220 0 4.500.0454.0 0.02 5.25 3.7 19.2 1.14 8.87 16.09 0 0 (mm) Effective Rainfall 2.0 0.00 6.00 3.4 20.3 1.05 2.82 18.90 0.045 0.0448 0 0.75 1.50 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.50 0.0 6.75 3.1 21.3 0.97 1.67 20.57 0.150 0.1049 00.20.40.60.811.21.4Duration (hr) 7.50 3.0 22.2 0.91 1.27 21.84 0.268 0.1186 8.25 2.8 23.0 0.86 1.05 22.89 0.391 0.1226 9.00 2.6 23.8 0.81 0.91 23.80 0.515 0.1236 9.75 2.5 24.6 0.77 0.81 24.61 0.638 0.1232

Final Report Annex C8-13 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total Flood Hydrograph for 10-Yr Return Period 3 t Design Unit Hydrograph q (m /s) hr Storm (cm) 93.000 290.000 510.000 541.000 455.000 320.000 190.000 128.000 80.000 53.000 33.500 23.000 000 0.75 0.0105 0.9757 1.50 0.0123 1.141 3.0424 2.25 0.0124 1.149 3.557 5.3504 3.00 0.0123 1.146 3.583 6.255 5.6756 3.75 0.0119 1.103 3.573 6.302 6.635 4.7734 4.50 0.0045 0.417 3.439 6.283 6.685 5.580 3.3571 5.25 0.064 1.300 6.048 6.665 5.622 3.925 1.9933 6.00 Sum (cm) 2.287 6.416 5.606 3.954 2.330 1.3428 6.75 2.426 5.396 3.942 2.348 1.570 0.8393 7.50 2.040 3.795 2.341 1.582 0.981 0.5560 8.25 1.435 2.253 1.577 0.989 0.650 0.3514 9.00 0.852 1.518 0.986 0.655 0.411 0.2413 9.75 0.574 0.949 0.653 0.414 0.282 10.50 0.359 0.629 0.413 0.284 11.25 0.238 0.397 0.283 12.00 0.150 0.273 12.75 0.103 13.50 14.25 15.00 15.75 16.50 17.25 18.00

Final Report Annex C8-14 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total (m3/s) 16.000 11.000 7.000 5.000 2.500 1.000 Hydrograph Mujib and Wala South Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr) 0 1 Peak Flow 30 3 0.976 25.76 m /s 0.9 4.183 25 10.056 0.8 16.660 22.386 0.7 20 25.762 0.6 25.554 /s) 3 21.936 0.5 15 16.521

11.295 0.4 Flow (m 7.255 10 4.663 Effective Rainfall (mm) 0.3 0.1679 3.040 0.2 0.196 0.1154 1.996 5 0.198 0.135 0.0734 1.324 0.1 0.197 0.136 0.086 0.0525 0.894 0.190 0.136 0.086 0.0613 0.0262 0.602 0 0 0.0 0.8 1.5 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10. 11. 12. 12. 13. 14. 15. 15. 16. 17. 18. 0.072 0.130 0.086 0.0618 0.0307 0.0105 0.391 Time (hr) 0.049 0.083 0.0616 0.0309 0.0123 0.237 0.031 0.0593 0.0308 0.0124 0.134 0.0224 0.0296 0.0123 0.064 0.0112 0.0119 0.023 0.0045 0.004 0.000

Final Report Annex C8-15 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Peak Flow for Hasa Catchment using (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 10-Yr A q p = 11.3 t c Watershed Characteristics Catchment Length of Ground Elevation at Average Curve Runoff Kirpich Izzard Area Watercourse Divide Outlet Slope Number Coefficient Condition Ret. Coeff. ( km2 ) ( km ) ( masl ) ( m / m ) CN 115.981 10.50 900 880 0.0019 75.0 0.25 3 0.046

Lca to Cent. Kinematic Kerby 7.50 Overl. Rou. Manning

0.01 0.3 Time of Concentration Calculations Time of Concentration ( min ) Iteration for Kinematic and Izzard California Kirpich Kerby Bransby SCS Izzard Kinematic Federal Min. Time Intensity tc Culverts Williams lag Eq. Aviation of Conct. Kinematic 2.8 496.2 0.0 271.2 271.2 268.6 332.6 1436.4 5765.4 496.2 493.6 268.6 Izzard 0.6 5765.4 0.0 4.477 hr

Intensity 1000-Yr 200-Yr 100-Yr 10-Yr Record Formula a babababYears Period Hasa Tan. 116.920 0.6020 26 1969-1999

Station Effective Percentage Hasa Tan. 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Final Report Annex C8-16 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Snyder Adjusted C t 0.85

Unit-Hydrograph t L 3.15 t d 0.57 0.75 hr C p 4.5 3 3 q p 80.564 m /s t La 3.19 t p 3.57 q p 163.420 m /s Low q p , Long t p

t p 3.00 hr Adjusted for 1 hr Ratios tqVolume tq 3 3 UH-HisbanUH-Hasa t/t p q/q p hr m /s m3 hr m /s 0000 00.00 0.1 0.030 0.30 2.417 1304.9 1.00 17.00 12090 0.2 0.100 0.60 8.056 5654.4 2.00 62.00 AdjustedAdjusted for for 0.3 0.190 0.90 15.307 12613.7 3.00 80.50 80 0.2 hr1 hr 0.4 0.310 1.20 24.975 21747.8 4.00 67.00 100 0.5 0.470 1.50 37.865 33926.6 5.00 40.00 70 0.6 0.660 1.80 53.172 49150.1 6.00 22.50 0.7 0.820 2.10 66.063 64373.5 7.00 13.00 8060 0.8 0.930 2.40 74.925 76117.4 8.00 7.50 /s) /s)

0.9 0.990 2.70 79.759 83511.6 9.00 4.50 33 50 1.0 1.000 3.00 80.564 86556.3 10.00 2.75 60 1.1 0.990 3.30 79.759 86556.3 11.00 1.75 40 Flow (m (m Flow Flow 1.2 0.930 3.60 74.925 83511.6 12.00 0.89 1.3 0.860 3.90 69.285 77857.2 13.00 0.75 4030 1.4 0.780 4.20 62.840 71332.8 14.00 0.35 1.5 0.680 4.50 54.784 63503.6 15.00 0.00 20 20 1.6 0.560 4.80 45.116 53934.6 Adjust ? 10 1.7 0.460 5.10 37.060 44365.5 1.8 0.390 5.40 31.420 36971.3 00 1.9 0.330 5.70 26.586 31316.9 -1135791113150123456 2.0 0.280 6.00 22.558 26532.3 2.2 0.207 6.60 16.677 42364.7 TimeTime (hr) (hr) 2.4 0.147 7.20 11.843 30794.9 2.6 0.107 7.80 8.620 22095.8 2.8 0.077 8.40 6.203 16006.4 3.0 0.055 9.00 4.431 11482.8 3.2 0.040 9.60 3.223 8264.2 3.4 0.029 10.20 2.336 6002.4 3.6 0.021 10.80 1.692 4349.6 3.8 0.015 11.40 1.208 3131.7 4.0 0.011 12.00 0.886 2261.8 4.5 0.005 13.50 0.403 3479.7 5.0 0 15.00 0 1087.4 1.00 One cm.

Final Report Annex C8-17 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Storm Hytrograph 10-Yr 0.2 S (mm) 16.9 Time Intensity Rainfall Inc Rain Inc Rain Acc Rain Acc Exc Excess Time Design Design StormDesign Hyetograph Storm Hyetograph 50-Yr 10-Yr hrmm/hrmmmmsort RainRainhrStorm 000 00 14.0 0.18 1.00 9.9 9.9 9.94 1.09 1.09 0 0 1.0 0.068 12.0 0.16 2.00 6.5 13.1 3.16 1.28 2.37 0 0 2.0 0.154 10.0 0.14 3.00 5.1 15.4 2.29 1.60 3.98 0 0 3.0 0.158 4.00 4.3 17.3 1.87 2.29 6.27 0 0 4.0 0.158 8.0 0.12

5.00 3.8 18.9 1.60 9.94 16.21 0 0 5.0 0.140 6.0 0.10 0.08 6.00 3.4 20.3 1.42 3.16 19.37 0.068 0.068 4.0 7.00 3.1 21.6 1.28 1.87 21.24 0.208 0.140 0.06 2.0 8.00 2.8 22.7 1.18 1.42 22.66 0.363 0.154 0.04 0.0 (mm) Rainfall Effective 9.00 2.6 23.8 1.09 1.18 23.84 0.520 0.158 0.020 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

10.00 2.5 24.9 1.02 1.02 24.86 0.678 0.158 0.00 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Duration (hr)

Final Report Annex C8-18 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total Flood Hydrograph for 10-Yr Return Period 3 t Design Unit Hydrograph q (m /s) hr Storm (cm) 17.000 62.000 80.500 67.000 40.000 22.500 13.000 7.500 4.500 2.750 000 1.0 0.0068 0.1160 2.0 0.0154 0.262 0.4231 3.0 0.0158 0.268 0.957 0.5494 4.0 0.0158 0.268 0.978 1.242 0.4573 5.0 0.0140 0.238 0.978 1.270 1.034 0.2730 6.0 0.068 0.869 1.269 1.057 0.617 0.1536 7.0 Sum (cm) 1.128 1.056 0.631 0.347 0.0887 8.0 0.939 0.631 0.355 0.201 0.0512 9.0 0.560 0.355 0.205 0.116 0.0307 10.0 0.315 0.205 0.118 0.069 0.0188 11.0 0.182 0.118 0.071 0.042 12.0 0.105 0.071 0.043 13.0 0.063 0.043 14.0 0.039 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0

Final Report Annex C8-19 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total (m3/s) 1.750 0.890 0.750 0.350 Hydrograph Hasa Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr) 0 0.116 2 5 0.685 Peak Flow 3 1.774 1.8 3.97 m /s 4.5 2.945 1.6 4 3.792 3.965 1.4 3.5 3.251

1.2 3 /s) 2.176 3 1.267 1 2.5 0.727 0.8 2 0.0119 0.426 Flow (m 0.6 1.5 0.027 0.0061 0.252

0.028 0.014 0.0051 0.153 Effective Rainfall (mm) 0.4 1 0.028 0.014 0.012 0.0024 0.094 0.2 0.5 0.025 0.014 0.012 0.005 0.056 0.012 0.012 0.006 0.030 0 0 0.011 0.006 0.016 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 0.005 0.005 Time (hr) 0.000

Final Report Annex C8-20 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Peak Flow for Abu Turfa et al. Catchment using (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 10-Yr A q p = 11.3 t c Watershed Characteristics Catchment Length of Ground Elevation at Average Curve Runoff Kirpich Izzard Area Watercourse Divide Outlet Slope Number Coefficient Condition Ret. Coeff. ( km2 ) ( km ) ( masl ) ( m / m ) CN 4033.623 73.87 1500 875 0.0077 75.0 0.25 3 0.046

Lca to Cent. Kinematic Kerby 31.29 Overl. Rou. Manning

0.01 0.3 Time of Concentration Calculations Time of Concentration ( min ) Iteration for Kinematic and Izzard California Kirpich Kerby Bransby SCS Izzard Kinematic Federal Min. Time Intensity tc Culverts Williams lag Eq. Aviation of Conct. Kinematic 1.5 1359.7 0.0 686.4 710.9 481.9 1240.7 3398.8 8985.9 1359.7 821.7 481.9 Izzard 0.4 8985.9 0.0 8.031 hr

Intensity 1000-Yr 200-Yr 100-Yr 10-Yr Record Formula a babababYears Period Ma'an 161.660 0.6994 21 1971-1999 Wadi Mousa 164.080 0.6054 30 1969-2001 Wadi Wala 177.930 0.6197 24 1971-1999

Station Effective Percentage Ma'an Wadi Mousa Wadi Wala 57.9% 14.6% 27.4%

Final Report Annex C8-21 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Snyder Adjusted C t 0.85

Unit-Hydrograph t L 8.68 t d 1.58 1.75 hr C p 4.5 m3/s m3/s q p 1561.796 t La 8.72 t p 9.60 q p 2080.585 Low q p , Long t p

t p 5.38 hr Adjusted for 1.5 hr Ratios tqVolume tq m3/s m3/s UH-AbuUH-Hisban Turfa et al. t/t p q/q p hr m3 hr 0000 00.00 0.1 0.030 0.54 46.854 45381.0 1.50 270.00 1201800 0.2 0.100 1.08 156.180 196650.9 3.00 900.00 AAdjusteddjusted forfor 0.3 0.190 1.61 296.741 438682.8 4.50 1500.00 1600 0.21.5 hrhr 0.4 0.310 2.15 484.157 756349.7 6.00 1550.00 100 0.5 0.470 2.69 734.044 1179905.5 7.50 1225.00 1400 0.6 0.660 3.23 1030.785 1709350.3 9.00 750.00 0.7 0.820 3.77 1280.673 2238795.1 10.50 475.00 120080 0.8 0.930 4.30 1452.470 2647224.0 12.00 310.00 /s)/s)

0.9 0.990 4.84 1546.178 2904382.9 13.50 200.00 33 1000 1.0 1.000 5.38 1561.796 3010271.8 15.00 125.00 60 1.1 0.990 5.92 1546.178 3010271.8 16.50 80.00 800 Flow (mFlow (m 1.2 0.930 6.46 1452.470 2904382.9 18.00 50.00 1.3 0.860 7.00 1343.145 2707731.9 19.50 25.00 40600 1.4 0.780 7.53 1218.201 2480827.0 21.00 20.00 1.5 0.680 8.07 1062.021 2208541.1 22.50 15.00 400 1.6 0.560 8.61 874.606 1875747.3 24.00 7.20 20 200 1.7 0.460 9.15 718.426 1542953.4 25.50 5.30 1.8 0.390 9.69 609.100 1285794.5 27.00 0.00 00 1.9 0.330 10.22 515.393 1089143.6 Adjust ? 01234560 5 10 15 20 25 30 2.0 0.280 10.76 437.303 922746.6 2.2 0.207 11.84 323.292 1473369.2 Time (hr) 2.4 0.147 12.91 229.584 1070991.2 2.6 0.107 13.99 167.112 768451.3 2.8 0.077 15.07 120.258 556673.4 3.0 0.055 16.14 85.899 399352.6 3.2 0.040 17.22 62.472 287412.9 3.4 0.029 18.30 45.292 208752.5 3.6 0.021 19.37 32.798 151269.9 3.8 0.015 20.45 23.427 108914.4 4.0 0.011 21.52 17.180 78660.4 4.5 0.005 24.21 7.809 121016.0 5.0 0 26.90 0 37817.5 1.00 One cm.

Final Report Annex C8-22 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Storm Hytrograph 10-Yr 0.2 S (mm) 16.9 Time Intensity Rainfall Inc Rain Inc Rain Acc Rain Acc Exc Excess Time Design Design Storm Hyetograph 50-Yr10-Yr hr mm/hr mm mm sort Rain Rain hr Storm 000 0 0.000 14.0 0.40

1.50 8.6 12.9 12.90 0.67 0.67 0 0 1.5 0.161 0.35 12.0 3.00 5.5 16.4 3.50 1.12 1.79 0 0 3.0 0.283 0.30 10.0 4.50 4.2 18.9 2.48 1.33 3.12 0 0 4.5 0.378 0.25 6.00 3.5 20.9 1.99 1.69 4.80 0 0 6.0 0.319 8.0 0.20

7.50 3.0 22.6 1.69 2.48 7.28 0 0 7.5 0.259 6.0 0.15 0.10 9.00 2.7 24.0 1.48 12.90 20.18 0.12 0.120 9.0 0.120 4.0 0.05 10.50 2.4 25.4 1.33 3.50 23.68 0.50 0.378 (mm) Rainfall Effective 2.0 0.00 12.00 2.2 26.6 1.21 1.99 25.67 0.82 0.319 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 0.0 13.50 2.1 27.7 1.12 1.48 27.15 1.10 0.283 0 0.2 0.4Duration 0.6 0.8 (hr) 1 1.2 1.4 14.50 2.0 28.4 0.70 1.21 28.36 1.36 0.259 15.50 1.9 29.1 0.67 0.70 29.06 1.52 0.161

Final Report Annex C8-23 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total Flood Hydrograph for 10-Yr Return Period 3 t Design Unit Hydrograph q (m /s) hr Storm (cm) 270.000 900.000 1500.000 1550.000 1225.000 750.000 475.000 310.000 200.000 125.000 80.000 50.000 000 1.5 0.0161 4.3382 3.0 0.0283 7.642 14.4608 4.5 0.0378 10.214 25.472 24.1013 6.0 0.0319 8.611 34.047 42.453 24.9047 7.5 0.0259 6.991 28.705 56.744 43.868 19.6827 9.0 0.0120 3.246 23.302 47.841 58.636 34.670 12.0506 10.5 0.152 10.819 38.837 49.436 46.341 21.227 7.6321 12.0 Sum (cm) 18.032 40.131 39.070 28.372 13.443 4.9809 13.5 18.633 31.717 23.921 17.969 8.774 3.2135 15.0 14.726 19.418 15.150 11.727 5.660 2.0084 16.5 9.016 12.298 9.887 7.566 3.538 1.2854 18.0 5.710 8.026 6.379 4.729 2.264 0.8034 19.5 3.727 5.178 3.987 3.026 1.415 21.0 2.404 3.236 2.552 1.891 22.5 1.503 2.071 1.595 24.0 0.962 1.295 25.5 0.601 27.0 28.5 30.0 31.5 33.0 34.5

Final Report Annex C8-24 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total (m3/s) 25.000 20.000 15.000 7.200 5.300 Hydrograph Abu Turfa et al. Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr) 0 Peak Flow 4.338 3.0 200 179.75 m3/s 22.102 180 59.787 2.5 110.016 160 155.991 140 179.746 2.0

174.292 /s) 120 3 144.030 104.227 1.5 100 68.690 43.591 80 Flood Flow (m 27.912 1.0 Effective Rainfall (mm) Effective Rainfall 60 0.4017 17.735 0.708 0.3214 11.113 40 0.5 0.946 0.566 0.2410 6.921 20 0.797 0.757 0.425 0.1157 4.350 0.647 0.638 0.567 0.2038 0.0852 2.743 0.0 0 0.301 0.518 0.478 0.2724 0.1500 1.719 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10. 12. 13. 15. 16. 18. 19. 21. 22. 24. 25. 27. 28. 30. 31. 33. 34. 0.240 0.388 0.2296 0.2005 1.059 Time (hr) 0.180 0.1864 0.1690 0.536 0.0866 0.1372 0.224 0.0637 0.064 0.000

Final Report Annex C8-25 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Peak Flow for Batn El Ghol Catchment using (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method 10-Yr A q p = 11.3 t c Watershed Characteristics Catchment Length of Ground Elevation at Average Curve Runoff Kirpich Izzard Area Watercourse Divide Outlet Slope Number Coefficient Condition Ret. Coeff. ( km2 ) ( km ) ( masl ) ( m / m ) CN 66.281 16.92 1100 900 0.0119 75.0 0.25 3 0.046

Lca to Cent. Kinematic Kerby 7.39 Overl. Rou. Manning

0.01 0.3 Time of Concentration Calculations Time of Concentration ( min ) Iteration for Kinematic and Izzard California Kirpich Kerby Bransby SCS Izzard Kinematic Federal Min. Time Intensity tc Culverts Williams lag Eq. Aviation of Conct. Kinematic 3.9 333.1 0.0 194.1 193.3 218.7 392.9 841.1 3954.9 333.1 340.2 193.3 Izzard 0.6 3954.9 0.0 3.222 hr

Intensity 1000-Yr 200-Yr 100-Yr 10-Yr Record Formula a babababYearsPeriod Aqaba Airp. 358.650 0.7783 25 1967-1991

Station Effective Percentage Aqaba Airp. 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Final Report Annex C8-26 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Snyder Adjusted C t 0.85

Unit-Hydrograph t L 3.62 t d 0.66 0.75 hr C p 4.5 m3/s m3/s q p 63.972 t La 3.64 t p 4.02 q p 81.901 Low q p , Long t p

t p 2.16 hr Adjusted for 0.5 hr Ratios tqVolume tq m3/s m3/s UH-BatnUH-Hisban El Ghoul t/t p q/q p hr m3 hr 0000 00.00 0.1 0.030 0.22 1.919 745.7 0.50 8.50 70120 0.2 0.100 0.43 6.397 3231.4 1.00 25.50 AAdjusteddjusted for for 0.3 0.190 0.65 12.155 7208.5 1.50 53.00 0.50.2 hr hr 60 0.4 0.310 0.86 19.831 12428.5 2.00 64.00 100 0.5 0.470 1.08 30.067 19388.5 2.50 62.00 0.6 0.660 1.30 42.221 28088.4 3.00 51.00 50 0.7 0.820 1.51 52.457 36788.4 3.50 35.00 80 0.8 0.930 1.73 59.494 43499.8 4.00 23.00

/s) /s) 40

0.9 0.990 1.94 63.332 47725.5 4.50 16.50 33 1.0 1.000 2.16 63.972 49465.5 5.00 11.00 60 1.1 0.990 2.37 63.332 49465.5 5.50 7.50 30 Flow (mFlow (m 1.2 0.930 2.59 59.494 47725.5 6.00 5.00 1.3 0.860 2.81 55.016 44494.1 6.50 3.50 40 20 1.4 0.780 3.02 49.898 40765.5 7.00 2.25 1.5 0.680 3.24 43.501 36291.3 7.50 1.75 20 1.6 0.560 3.45 35.824 30822.7 8.00 1.25 10 1.7 0.460 3.67 29.427 25354.2 8.50 1.00 1.8 0.390 3.89 24.949 21128.5 9.00 0.75 00 1.9 0.330 4.10 21.111 17897.1 9.50 0.50 0246810120123456 2.0 0.280 4.32 17.912 15162.8 10.00 0.35 2.2 0.207 4.75 13.242 24210.8 10.50 0.15 TimeTime (hr) (hr) 2.4 0.147 5.18 9.404 17598.8 11.00 0.00 2.6 0.107 5.61 6.845 12627.4 Adjust ? 2.8 0.077 6.04 4.926 9147.4 3.0 0.055 6.48 3.518 6562.3 3.2 0.040 6.91 2.559 4722.8 3.4 0.029 7.34 1.855 3430.3 3.6 0.021 7.77 1.343 2485.7 3.8 0.015 8.20 0.960 1789.7 4.0 0.011 8.63 0.704 1292.6 4.5 0.005 9.71 0.320 1988.6 5.0 0 10.79 0 621.4 1.00 One cm.

Final Report Annex C8-27 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Storm Hytrograph 10-Yr 0.2 S (mm) 16.9 Time Intensity Rainfall Inc Rain Inc Rain Acc Rain Acc Exc Excess Time Design Design Storm Hyetograph 50-Yr10-Yr hr mm/hr mm mm sort Rain Rain hr Storm 000 00 14.0 0.07 0.50 25.4 12.7 12.71 0.39 0.39 0 0 0.5 0.0001 12.0 0.06 1.00 14.8 14.8 2.11 0.45 0.85 0 0 1.0 0.048 0.05 1.50 10.8 16.2 1.39 0.53 1.38 0 0 1.5 0.055 10.0 0.04 2.00 8.6 17.3 1.07 0.66 2.04 0 0 2.0 0.065 8.0 0.03 2.50 7.3 18.2 0.88 0.88 2.91 0 0 2.5 0.060 6.0 0.02 3.00 6.3 18.9 0.75 1.39 4.31 0 0 3.0 0.055 4.0 0.01 3.50 5.6 19.6 0.66 12.71 17.01 0.0001 0.0001 3.5 0.051 (mm) Effective Rainfall 2.0 0.00 4.00 5.0 20.1 0.59 2.11 19.12 0.06 0.055 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 4.50 4.6 20.7 0.53 1.07 20.19 0.12 0.065 0 0.2 0.4Duration 0.6 0.8 (hr) 1 1.2 1.4 5.00 4.2 21.2 0.49 0.75 20.94 0.18 0.060 5.50 3.9 21.6 0.45 0.59 21.53 0.24 0.055 6.00 3.7 22.0 0.42 0.49 22.02 0.29 0.051 6.50 3.5 22.4 0.39 0.42 22.44 0.34 0.048

Final Report Annex C8-28 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total Flood Hydrograph for 10-Yr Return Period 3 t Design Unit Hydrograph q (m /s) hr Storm (cm) 8.500 25.500 53.000 64.000 62.000 51.000 35.000 23.000 16.500 11.000 7.500 5.000 3.500 000 0.5 0.00001 0.0001 1.0 0.0048 0.041 0.0002 1.5 0.0055 0.047 0.123 0.0004 2.0 0.0065 0.056 0.141 0.255 0.0005 2.5 0.0060 0.051 0.167 0.294 0.308 0.0005 3.0 0.0055 0.047 0.154 0.347 0.355 0.298 0.0004 3.5 0.0051 0.044 0.141 0.320 0.419 0.344 0.245 0.0003 4.0 0.034 0.131 0.292 0.386 0.406 0.283 0.168 0.0002 4.5 Sum (cm) 0.272 0.353 0.374 0.334 0.194 0.111 0.0001 5.0 0.329 0.342 0.308 0.229 0.127 0.079 0.0001 5.5 0.319 0.281 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.053 0.0001 6.0 0.262 0.193 0.139 0.108 0.061 0.036 0.0000 6.5 0.180 0.127 0.100 0.072 0.042 0.024 0.0000 7.0 0.118 0.091 0.066 0.049 0.028 0.017 7.5 0.085 0.061 0.045 0.033 0.019 8.0 0.057 0.041 0.030 0.023 8.5 0.039 0.028 0.021 9.0 0.026 0.019 9.5 0.018 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0

Final Report Annex C8-29 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Total (m3/s) 2.250 1.750 1.250 1.000 0.750 0.500 0.350 0.150 Hydrograph Batn El Ghoul Total Flood Hydrograph (10-Yr) 0 0.50 2.0 0.0001 Peak Flow 0.041 0.45 1.8 1.67 m3/s 0.170 0.40 1.6 0.452 0.820 0.35 1.4 1.201 /s) 1.512 0.30 1.2 3 1.666 0.25 1.0 1.638 1.414 0.20 0.8

1.106 Flood Flow (m

0.799 Effective Rainfall (mm) 0.15 0.6 0.544 0.10 0.4 0.0000 0.369 0.011 0.0000 0.254 0.05 0.2 0.012 0.008 0.0000 0.172 0.00 0.0 0.015 0.010 0.0060 0.0000 0.118 0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.510.10.11.11.12.12.13.13.14. 0.014 0.011 0.0069 0.0048 0.0000 0.082 Time (hr) 0.012 0.011 0.0082 0.0055 0.0036 0.0000 0.058 0.012 0.010 0.0075 0.0065 0.0042 0.0024 0.0000 0.042 0.009 0.0069 0.0060 0.0049 0.0028 0.001683 0.0000 0.031 0.0064 0.0055 0.0045 0.0033 0.001940 0.000721 0.022 0.0051 0.0041 0.0030 0.002291 0.000831 0.015 0.0039 0.0028 0.002111 0.000982 0.010 0.0026 0.001929 0.000905 0.005 0.001799 0.000827 0.003 0.000771 0.001 0.000

Final Report Annex C8-30 Consolidated Consultants Environmental and Social Assessment Part B: Water Sector ESA Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System

Table 3: Characteristics of the Rainfall Stations with Effective Area for Disi Basin according to Isohyital Lines

Area of Station Area Station Name Rainfall 2 1991/1992 1992/1993 1993/1994 1994/1995 1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000 2000//20012001//2002 Effective ID Area (m ) 2 (km ) Rainfall ED0015 FASSU'A ST. 20,62 594481523 10,80733 11,6 3,6 54,8 32,2 7,2 27,4 26 7 4,6 37,4 15 ED0016 WADI RATMA 30,30 607353451 11,04133 0 0 96,6 72,6 26,4 30,6 3,6 22,13264 13,6 39,6 20 ED0017 WADI NASIF 16,15 432423105 7,8612 46 200001543,4 8 2 28,4 14,8 ED0018 WADI MAS'ADA 30,44 62202392,8 1,130803 28 13,2 90,4 59,8 24 14 47 11 2 35,77396 15 ED0019 WADI ARADA 22,42 292179999 5,311662 25,6 8 49,6 24,8 8 18 47,6 20 5,6 24,4 15 ED0020 QA'KHREIM 17,34 2283857072 41,51919 13 4,4 27 13 3,8 14,8 53,6 13 20 20,37846 10,8 ED0021 WADI SABIT 29,06 57096474,2 1,037981 26 13 74,2 73 21 12,6 42,2 16,4 1 34,15214 11,2 ED0022 WADI MUQUR 42,64 768644308 13,97351 33,2 24,8 93,4 64,8 41,6 18,2 46,4 47,6 29 44 26 ED0023 QA'EL-GHAL 18,64 402488145 7,317 13 7,7 51,6 18,9 9,4 14 27,8 13,61559 6 26 12 TOTAL 5500726469 100 17,804 8,526123 49,05236 30,08244 12,68585 18,47663 40,88913 18,23123 15,28161 29,2137 15,07067 23,2 127,67 Rainfall Volume Annual Runoff 30 MCM 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Assumption 1 0,235 Coefficient Recharge 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 23,2 Assumption 2 0,3916 50 MCM Annual(It seems Runofftoo 10 MCM Assumption 3 0,0783 Coefficient Recharge (It seems

Annual Rainfall Trend Line Draught Periods for Disi Rainfall

60 60 Draught Period

y = -0.2521x + 526.59 50 50 R2 = 0.0044 Downward Slope 0.25

40 40

Annual Rainfall 30 30 Average Rainfall Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm/year) Rainfall 20 20

10 10

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Time (Years) Year

Final Report Annex C7-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C6: CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC ALONG THE PROJECT CORRIDOR

Table 1: Annual Minimum Temperature for selected stations along the proposed project route Station 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Q.A.I.Airport -5.4 -2.8 -3.0 -4.6 -5.4 -2.2 -2.8 -1.7 -6.0 -3.4 -4.0 Al Rabbah -3.6 -2.2 -4.0 -5.2 -2.8 -0.4 -1.2 -0.4 -3.6 -1.8 -0.2 Mu`tah University -5.0 -3.0 -5.5 -6.0 -5.0 -2.0 -2.0 1.0 -5.0 -3.0 0.0 Qetraneh -6.0 -4.0 -3.4 -6.4 -4.0 -3.0 -3.5 -3.0 -3.4 -1.2 -5.0 Hasanat/Tafiela -5.2 -3.3 -6.0 -5.0 -3.5 -2.0 -2.0 -2.2 -5.0 -3.0 -0.5 Al Jafer -7.0 -4.6 -5.0 -6.8 -7.6 -4.4 -2.4 -3.5 -6.0 -3.5 -6.0 Ma`an -7.2 -5.2 -4.4 -4.0 -7.4 -4.2 -2.4 -2.8 -6.5 -3.4 -3.5 Dhab`ah -4.0 -3.0 -1.0 -4.0 -1.8 0.0 0.9 1.0 -3.0 - 3.0 Aqaba Airport 2.0 5.6 4.5 2.0 3.8 5.0 5.0 6.0 3.5 5.0 6.5

Table 2: Annual Maximum Temperature for selected stations along the proposed project route Station 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Q.A.I.Airport 39.6 40.0 37.5 40.2 40.5 41.4 40.0 41.0 38.1 43.8 39.2 Al Rabbah 35.4 36.8 35.8 37.4 37.8 39.6 37.0 39.2 35.4 40.4 38.0 Mu`tah University 34.0 36.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.9 37.5 37.0 37.0 40.0 36.5 Qetraneh 37.6 38.4 38.2 39.8 40.0 41.0 40.0 41.0 37.6 43.2 38.6 Hasanat/Tafiela 36.6 36.5 35.5 36.5 38.0 37.6 37.2 38.0 35.5 39.8 370 Al Jafer 40.2 39.6 40.0 39.6 40.0 41.4 40.3 41.0 39.5 44.6 40.5 Ma`an 38.6 38.5 39.0 37.6 38.0 40.0 38.6 39.5 37.4 41.5 39.0 Dhab`ah 39.0 39.0 36.0 38.8 39.0 39.8 39.4 40.0 37.0 - 25.0 Aqaba Airport 44.6 43.2 43.0 44.4 46.0 43.5 45.3 46.0 43.6 44.0 44.2

Table 3: Annual Mean Temperature for selected stations along the proposed project route Station 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Q.A.I.Airport 16.0 16.4 16.4 14.9 16.2 16.7 16.4 16.9 15.9 17.3 17.3 Al Rabbah 15.9 16.0 16.0 14.8 16.1 16.3 16.3 16.7 15.9 17.3 17.6 Mu`tah University 15.2 15.8 15.5 14.3 16.2 15.9 17.3 17.4 15.4 16.8 16.9 Qetraneh 16.6 16.9 17.0 15.9 17.0 17.3 17.1 17.6 16.8 18.2 18.0 Hasanat/Tafiela 15.6 16.1 15.6 14.4 16.4 15.6 16.1 16.6 15.5 17 17.4 Al Jafer 18.2 18.4 18.4 17.2 18.4 18.6 18.6 19.1 17.9 19.5 19.0 Ma`an 17.2 17.4 17.4 16.1 17.4 17.5 17.6 18.4 17.0 18.7 18.4 Dhab`ah 16.7 17.2 17.1 15.7 17.9 18.2 17.4 18.1 17.0 - 11.7 Aqaba Airport 23.8 24.2 24.2 23.2 24.1 24.5 24.1 24.7 24.0 25.2 25.0

Final Report Annex C6-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 4: Annual Rainfall for Selected Stations Within the Project Area Station (Rainfall) 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Q.A.I.Airport 99.0 156.0 197.0 275.0 123.0 224.0 56.9 157.7 193.0 83.1 57.5 Al Rabbah 342.0 304.0 639.0 575.0 239.0 518.0 1240 286.2 410.0 243.9 163.0 Mu`tah University 304.0 313.0 624.0 653.0 205.0 522.0 130.0 188.6 385.0 247.7 183.0 Qetraneh 79.5.0 89.8 122.0 135.0 92.3 137.0 22.3 89.3 86.9 103.7 23.5 Hasanat/Tafiela 126.0 159.0 407.0 306.0 87.8 395.0 86.0 189.0 251.0 161.1 110.0 Al Jafer 33.4 24.9.0 42.2 16.4 27.7 68.9 17.6 42.7 35.6 17.4 14.7 Ma`an 35.0 34.1 57.2 27.7 56.8 91.0 24.2 53.0 77.7 47.4 18.7 Dhab`ah 98.1 104.0 146.0 219 84.9 186.0 47.3 143.3 106.0 - - Aqaba Airport - 48.3 38.9 15.2 46.9 52.7 11.1 2.1 41.1 8.7 30.9

Final Report Annex C6-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C9: IDF-CURVES

IDF-Curves for Hasa Tannour Rainfall Station

100.0

10.0 Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity

1.0 I = 163.15t-0.5367 I = 148.06t-0.5528 R2 = 0.8937, 1000-Yr R2 = 0.9387, 200-Yr

I = 141.44t-0.5614 I = 134.61t-0.5713 I = 124.91t-0.587 R2 = 0.9552, 100-Yr R2 = 0.9695, 50-Yr R2 = 0.9846, 20-Yr

I = 116.92t-0.602 I = 107.49t-0.621 I = 90.256t-0.6605 R2 = 0.9927, 10-Yr R2 = 0.9976, 5-Yr R2 = 0.999, 2-Yr

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Final Report Annex C9-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

IDF-Curves for El Mazar Rainfall Station

100 I = 244.99t-0.5003 I = 176.67t-0.4696 I = 152.9t-0.4578 R2 = 0.9887, 1000-Yr R2 = 0.9929, 200-Yr R2 = 0.9937, 100-Yr

I = 132.04t-0.4476 I = 108.41t-0.4375 R2 = 0.994, 50-Yr R2 = 0.9935, 20-Yr

I = 80.252t-0.4378 R2 = 0.9921, 5-Yr I = 93.282t-0.4343 R2 = 0.9927, 10-Yr

I = 66.902t-0.4693 R2 = 0.9931, 2-Yr

10 Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Final Report Annex C9-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

IDF-Curves for Irbid School Rainfall Station

1000

I = 533.26t-0.6888 I = 405.64t-0.6639 I = 352.4t-0.6507 R2 = 0.9625, 1000-Yr R2 = 0.9697, 200-Yr R2 = 0.9733, 100-Yr

I = 300.64t-0.6356 I = 234.22t-0.6116 I = 186.25t-0.5893 R2 = 0.9773, 50-Yr R2 = 0.9831, 20-Yr R2 = 0.9879, 10-Yr

I = 140.59t-0.5621 I = 85.028t-0.5169 R2 = 0.9929, 5-Yr R2 = 0.9977, 2-Yr 100 Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity

10

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Final Report Annex C9-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Aqaba Airport Station

1000.0

I = 763.93t-0.763 I = 637.95t-0.7675 R2 = 0.9867, 1000-Yr R2 = 0.9884, 200-Yr

I = 581.88t-0.7701 I = 524.08t-0.7731 R2 = 0.9893, 100-Yr R2 = 0.9903, 50-Yr

100.0 I = 444.57t-0.7783 R2 = 0.9918, 20-Yr

I = 380.45t-0.7835 R2 = 0.9931, 10-Yr

10.0

I = 311.51t-0.7911 Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity R2 = 0.9945, 5-Yr

I = 202.94t-0.8092 R2 = 0.9961, 2-Yr 1.0

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Final Report Annex C9-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

IDF-Curves for Wadi Wala Rainfall Station

100.0

10.0

I = 345t-0.5779 R2 = 0.9912, 1000-Yr

I = 277.93t-0.5774 Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity R2 = 0.9909, 200-Yr

1.0 I = 251.85t-0.5803 I = 227.76t-0.5862 R2 = 0.9907, 100-Yr R2 = 0.9907, 50-Yr

I = 198.28t-0.6006 I = 177.93t-0.6197 R2 = 0.991, 20-Yr R2 = 0.9915, 10-Yr

I = 158.74t-0.6507 I = 131.75t-0.7343 R2 = 0.9925, 5-Yr R2 = 0.9945, 2-Yr

0.1 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Final Report Annex C9-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

IDF-Curves for Wadi Musa Rainfall Station

100.0

I = 325.53t-0.5828 I = 250.6t-0.5727 R2 = 0.9742, 1000-Yr R2 = 0.9823, 200-Yr

I = 221.91t-0.5693 I = 195.04t-0.5666 R2 = 0.985, 100-Yr R2 = 0.9872, 50-Yr

I = 161.93t-0.5645 I = 138.35t-0.5648 R2 = 0.989, 20-Yr R2 = 0.9894, 10-Yr

I = 115.61t-0.5678 R2 = 0.9884, 5-Yr

I = 85.853t-0.5854 10.0 R2 = 0.9827, 2-Yr Intensity (mm/hr) Intensity

1.0 10 100 1000 10000 Duration (min)

Final Report Annex C9-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Cross Section Cross Section for Irregular Channel

ANNEX C10: FLOW SECTIONS

Project Description Worksheet Wadi Hasa Flow Element Irregular Channel Method Manning's Formula Solve For Channel Depth

Section Data Mannings 0.050 Coefficient Slope 0.19% Water Surface 2.43 m Elevation Elevation Range 0.00 to 37.10 Discharge 3.965 m³/s

40.00

35.00 30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00 0+00 0+10 0+20 0+30 0+40 0+50 0+60 0+70 0+80 0+90

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Final Report Annex C10-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Cross Section Cross Section for Irregular Channel

Project Description Worksheet Qatrana Flow Element Irregular Channel Method Manning's Formula Solve For Channel Depth

Section Data Mannings 0.050 Coefficient Slope 0.88% Water Surface 1.59 m Elevation Elevation Range 0.00 to 28.50 Discharge 21.847 m³/s

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00 0+00 0+05 0+10 0+15 0+20 0+25 0+30 0+35 0+40 0+45 0+50 0+55 0+60

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Final Report Annex C10-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Cross Section Cross Section for Irregular Channel

Project Description Worksheet Abu Turfa 1 Flow Element Irregular Channel Method Manning's Formula Solve For Channel Depth

Section Data Mannings 0.050 Coefficient Slope 0.77% Water Surface 3.65 m Elevation Elevation Range 0.00 to 25.40 Discharge 179.7460 m³/s

30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 0+00 0+20 0+40 0+60 0+80 1+00 1+20 1+40 1+60

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Final Report Annex C10-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Cross Section Cross Section for Irregular Channel

Project Description Worksheet Abu Turfa 2 Flow Element Irregular Channel Method Manning's Formula Solve For Channel Depth

Section Data Mannings 0.050 Coefficient Slope 0.77% Water Surface 6.52 m Elevation Elevation Range 0.00 to 23.40 Discharge 179.7460 m³/s

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00 0+00 0+10 0+20 0+30 0+40 0+50 0+60 0+70

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Final Report Annex C10-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION ED1001 MNEISHEER QD-1 /M10 (RUM CO.) 890.490 208.170 1996 30000 ED1001 MNEISHEER QD-1 /M10 (RUM CO.) 890.490 208.170 1997 416335 ED1001 MNEISHEER QD-1 /M10 (RUM CO.) 890.490 208.170 1999 78576 ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 892.810 204.400 2000 1128611 ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 892.810 204.400 1996 1068229 ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 892.810 204.400 1997 1076264 ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 892.810 204.400 1998 422520 ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 892.810 204.400 1999 986248 ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 892.810 204.400 2001 1052061 ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 893.680 204.050 2000 311228 ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 893.680 204.050 1996 967745 ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 893.680 204.050 1997 624663 ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 893.680 204.050 1998 460224 ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 893.680 204.050 1999 718423 ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 893.680 204.050 2001 518004 ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 894.260 203.200 2000 311228 ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 894.260 203.200 1996 967745 ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 894.260 203.200 1997 624662 ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 894.260 203.200 1998 616896 ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 894.260 203.200 1999 718423 ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 894.260 203.200 2001 518004 ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 894.780 202.360 2000 311228 ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 894.780 202.360 1996 967745 ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 894.780 202.360 1997 624662 ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 894.780 202.360 1998 360012 ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 894.780 202.360 1999 718423 ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 894.780 202.360 2001 518004 ED1007 MNEISHEER QD-7 /M11 (RUM CO.) 889.975 207.225 1996 1341900 ED1007 MNEISHEER QD-7 /M11 (RUM CO.) 889.975 207.225 1997 616666 ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 883.320 217.220 2000 1677228 ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 883.320 217.220 1996 1891020 ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 883.320 217.220 1997 767964 ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 883.320 217.220 1998 944544 ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 883.320 217.220 1999 109020 ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 883.320 217.220 2001 502896 ED1102 SAHL EL SUWAN E-2(SS9) 882.570 216.330 1996 685500 ED1104 SAHL EL SUWAN E-4(SS8) 880.950 217.780 1996 802760 ED1104 SAHL EL SUWAN E-4(SS8) 880.950 217.780 1997 95012 ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 2000 261063 ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 1996 327630 ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 1997 351010 ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 1998 349008 ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 1999 271681 ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 2001 150569 ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 2000 680261 ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 1996 103750 ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 1997 515129 ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 1998 648144 ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 1999 719407 ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 2001 660867 ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 2000 470500 ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 1996 402685 ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 1997 622814 ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 1998 549996 ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 1999 458305 ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 2001 543547 ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 2000 378913

Final Report Annex C11-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 1996 439653 ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 1997 421644 ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 1998 331272 ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 1999 438878 ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 2001 243641 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 2000 1009620 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 1996 1196940 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 1997 1432783 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 1998 1883256 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 1999 2270988 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 2001 2340840 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 2000 1128611 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 1996 1068229 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 1997 1076264 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 1998 996840 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 1999 986248 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 2001 1052061 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 889.200 209.320 2000 1128611 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 889.200 209.320 1996 1068229 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 889.200 209.320 1997 1076264 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 889.200 209.320 1998 1476708 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 889.200 209.320 1999 986248 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 889.200 209.320 2001 1052061 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 2000 1128611 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 1996 1068229 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 1997 1076264 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 1998 1573044 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 1999 986248 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 2001 1052061 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 2000 1128611 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 1996 1068229 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 1997 1076264 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 1998 1428636 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 1999 1306395 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 2001 1052061 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 2000 1128611 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 1996 1068229 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 1997 1076264 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 1998 1278576 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 1999 1306395 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 2001 1052061 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 2000 1128611 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 1996 1068229 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 1997 1076264 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 1998 1564152 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 1999 1306395 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 2001 1052061 ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 884.320 217.520 2000 1716336 ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 884.320 217.520 1996 910120 ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 884.320 217.520 1997 1023397 ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 884.320 217.520 1998 1957488 ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 884.320 217.520 1999 1039452 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 2000 568728 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 1996 1017464 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 1997 326360 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 1998 843456 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 1999 241464 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 2001 378036 ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 2000 2152452

Final Report Annex C11-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 1996 2628783 ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 1997 985820 ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 1998 1329012 ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 1999 714144 ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 2001 948996 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 2000 953844 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 1996 1818288 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 1997 810370 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 1998 1035252 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 1999 770820 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 2001 331104 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 881.560 220.640 2000 1298808 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 881.560 220.640 1996 1733100 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 881.560 220.640 1997 372650 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 881.560 220.640 1998 366216 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 881.560 220.640 1999 69192 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 881.560 220.640 2001 256164 ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 880.820 218.840 2000 1200780 ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 880.820 218.840 1996 1388880 ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 880.820 218.840 1997 251698 ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 880.820 218.840 1998 714900 ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 880.820 218.840 1999 760812 ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 880.820 218.840 2001 197832 ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 2000 940908 ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 1996 1178823 ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 1997 1150397 ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 1998 803064 ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 1999 1418400 ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 2001 590400 ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM CO.) 892.590 208.000 2000 316464 ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM CO.) 892.590 208.000 1996 910530 ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM CO.) 892.590 208.000 1997 760224 ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM CO.) 892.590 208.000 1998 493356 ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM CO.) 892.590 208.000 1999 651444 ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM CO.) 892.590 208.000 2001 805080 ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM CO.) 892.815 205.780 2000 1618896 ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM CO.) 892.815 205.780 1996 1015908 ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM CO.) 892.815 205.780 1997 1946282 ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM CO.) 892.815 205.780 1998 1436844 ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM CO.) 892.815 205.780 1999 1850688 ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM CO.) 892.815 205.780 2001 1607748 ED1535 MNEISHEER M9 (RUM CO.) 891.250 206.092 1996 804169 ED1535 MNEISHEER M9 (RUM CO.) 891.250 206.092 1997 1412525 ED1535 MNEISHEER M9 (RUM CO.) 891.250 206.092 1998 174660 ED1535 MNEISHEER M9 (RUM CO.) 891.250 206.092 1999 365364 ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 2000 1344888 ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 1996 2005300 ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 1997 2093885 ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 1998 1400676 ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 1999 1786272 ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 2001 2102928 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 2000 708564 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 1996 1257910 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 1997 819067 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 1998 1038180 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 1999 1288632 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 2001 843240 ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 882.400 217.500 2000 889116 ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 882.400 217.500 1996 186900

Final Report Annex C11-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 882.400 217.500 1997 1261342 ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 882.400 217.500 1998 789660 ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 882.400 217.500 1999 913224 ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 882.400 217.500 2001 819156 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 2000 110988 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 1996 389600 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 1997 242482 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 1998 125892 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 1999 159108 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 2001 79356 ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.350 223.150 2000 691056 ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.350 223.150 1996 625186 ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.350 223.150 1997 250447 ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.350 223.150 1998 994668 ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.350 223.150 1999 985956 ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.350 223.150 2001 360480 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 2000 1010208 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 1996 736200 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 1997 242444 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 1998 761676 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 1999 1065684 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 2001 275424 ED1611 M 15 (RUM CO.) 892.210 209.500 2000 144552 ED1611 M 15 (RUM CO.) 892.210 209.500 1998 739620 ED1611 M 15 (RUM CO.) 892.210 209.500 1999 1112748 ED1611 M 15 (RUM CO.) 892.210 209.500 2001 67728 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 2000 113736 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 1996 794715 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 1997 1258987 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 1998 591204 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 1999 1005840 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 2001 802248 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 2000 776460 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 1996 972800 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 1997 337960 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 1998 810276 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 1999 847764 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 2001 396444 ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 2000 860724 ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 1996 1009400 ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 1997 369710 ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 1998 632664 ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 1999 830784 ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 2001 382428 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 2000 1409304 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 1996 1448240 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 1997 1133087 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 1998 1360884 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 1999 1433688 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 2001 1229616 ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 2000 1309308 ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 1996 1839971 ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 1997 679107 ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 1998 852396 ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 1999 1461108 ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 2001 1303608 ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 891.300 209.200 2000 837720 ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 891.300 209.200 1996 454400 ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 891.300 209.200 1997 523653

Final Report Annex C11-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 891.300 209.200 1998 433584 ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 891.300 209.200 1999 557388 ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 891.300 209.200 2001 768168 ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 2000 1128611 ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 1996 1068229 ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 1997 1076264 ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 1998 1142604 ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 1999 1306395 ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 2001 1052061 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 886.220 211.900 2000 1128611 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 886.220 211.900 1996 1068229 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 886.220 211.900 1997 1076264 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 886.220 211.900 1998 1143000 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 886.220 211.900 1999 1306395 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 886.220 211.900 2001 1052061 ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 897.400 196.260 2000 393632 ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 897.400 196.260 1997 31787 ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 897.400 196.260 1998 208008 ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 897.400 196.260 1999 264561 ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 897.400 196.260 2001 383203 ED3057 W13 (EL GHAL) 887.320 208.388 2000 1128611 ED3057 W13 (EL GHAL) 887.320 208.388 1997 1076264 ED3057 W13 (EL GHAL) 887.320 208.388 1998 1245744 ED3057 W13 (EL GHAL) 887.320 208.388 1999 1306395 ED3057 W13 (EL GHAL) 887.320 208.388 2001 1052061 ED3067 W 17 DISI 884.734 212.360 2000 1128611 ED3067 W 17 DISI 884.734 212.360 2001 1052061 K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 2000 839904 K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 1996 864000 K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 1997 1614650 K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 1998 873996 K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 1999 1351200 K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 2001 1655004 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 2000 378000 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 1996 72000 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 1997 2168820 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 1998 1149996 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 1999 1266420 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 2001 1103076 K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 2000 848856 K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 1996 984980 K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 1997 1061526 K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 1998 1118004 K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 1999 1480944 K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 2001 587976 K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 857.300 244.550 2000 1179504 K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 857.300 244.550 1996 1080000 K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 857.300 244.550 1997 683542 K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 857.300 244.550 1998 1155000 K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 857.300 244.550 1999 1027764 K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 857.300 244.550 2001 1296948 K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 2000 973800 K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 1996 576000 K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 1997 2245707 K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 1998 1314996 K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 1999 1503108 K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 2001 1280412 K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 2000 1146024 K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 1996 768000

Final Report Annex C11-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 1997 2365096 K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 1998 885000 K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 1999 1670268 K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 2001 1077156 K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 2000 204000 K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 1996 720000 K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 1997 1019694 K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 1998 1136004 K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 1999 1533828 K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 2001 693600 K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 2000 1033740 K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 1996 1020000 K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 1997 1917600 K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 1998 1020000 K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 1999 953400 K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 2001 655680 K 1028 WAFA 2 860.300 251.300 1996 1020000 K 1028 WAFA 2 860.300 251.300 1997 1020000 K 1028 WAFA 2 860.300 251.300 1998 985500 K 1028 WAFA 2 860.300 251.300 1999 0 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 2000 830004 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 1996 1237500 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 1997 720000 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 1998 1178004 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 1999 648576 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 2001 863004 K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 2000 104004 K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 1996 843750 K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 1997 1338750 K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 1998 978996 K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 1999 390000 K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 2001 896004 K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 2000 984000 K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 1996 843750 K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 1997 1068750 K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 1998 1062996 K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 1999 980004 K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 2001 590004 K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 2000 1176996 K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 1996 1788750 K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 1997 1203750 K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 1998 1193004 K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 1999 492144 K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 2001 918000 K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 2000 507996 K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 1996 1316250 K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 1997 1226250 K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 1998 995004 K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 1999 1104132 K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 2001 744996 K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 2000 263004 K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 1996 956250 K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 1997 1878750 K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 1998 951996 K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 1999 686172 K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 2001 855504 K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 856.700 239.850 2000 1805004 K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 856.700 239.850 1996 843750

Final Report Annex C11-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 856.700 239.850 1997 1316250 K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 856.700 239.850 1998 1235004 K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 856.700 239.850 1999 1356000 K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 856.700 239.850 2001 879000 K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 2000 1812996 K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 1996 843750 K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 1997 1293750 K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 1998 1200000 K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 1999 1213260 K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 2001 950004 K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 2000 264996 K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 1996 843750 K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 1997 1282500 K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 1998 839004 K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 1999 725004 K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 2001 777000 K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 2000 603996 K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 1996 1012500 K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 1997 1057250 K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 1998 960000 K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 1999 782856 K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 2001 806004 K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1)857.000 245.700 2000 788004 K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1)857.000 245.700 1996 1296000 K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1)857.000 245.700 1997 1418920 K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1)857.000 245.700 1998 1256004 K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1)857.000 245.700 1999 439200 K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1)857.000 245.700 2001 416496 K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 2000 2095500 K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 1996 780000 K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 1997 3015029 K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 1998 992004 K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 1999 1562712 K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 2001 1702056 K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 855.500 245.000 2000 1505004 K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 855.500 245.000 1996 1020000 K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 855.500 245.000 1997 2164968 K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 855.500 245.000 1998 1074996 K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 855.500 245.000 1999 1292532 K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 855.500 245.000 2001 1634904 K 1043 WAFA 3 859.800 251.500 2000 376548 K 1043 WAFA 3 859.800 251.500 1996 1020000 K 1043 WAFA 3 859.800 251.500 1998 1016496 K 1043 WAFA 3 859.800 251.500 1999 865800 K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 2000 1021356 K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 1996 1020000 K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 1997 1203600 K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 1998 735000 K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 1999 1004796 K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 2001 454644 K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 2000 356064 K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 1996 2108000 K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 1997 1040000 K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 1998 263004 K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 1999 819996 K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 2001 689064 K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 2000 27867 K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 1996 88800

Final Report Annex C11-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C11: GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION FROM DISI- MUDAWARRA WELLS DURING 1996-2001 (CONTD.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME PALESTINE_NORTHPALESTINE_EAST YEAR PRODUCTION K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 1997 51000 K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 1998 48000 K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 1999 39920 K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 2001 43130 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 2000 3600 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 1996 5600 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 1997 4000 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 1998 3504 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 1999 3996 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 2001 1500 K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 856.350 250.200 2000 1250004 K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 856.350 250.200 1997 1316000 K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 856.350 250.200 1998 1268004 K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 856.350 250.200 1999 1185996 K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 856.350 250.200 2001 1200000 K 3024 MUDAWWARA NO.1 861.700 248.300 2000 27867 K 3024 MUDAWWARA NO.1 861.700 248.300 2001 43130

Final Report Annex C11-8 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C12: GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN DISI-MUDAWARRA WELLS

Depth to Depth to Depth to Water STATION_ID STATION NAME Easting Northing Aquifer Type Aquifer Top Aquifer Bottom (m) (m) (m) ED0003 RAM P.POST 191.000 887.500 ED0012 RAM(QA'DISI) EVAP.ST 199.800 896.000 ED0015 FASSU'A ST. 236.200 908.500 ED0017 WADI NASIF 209.000 902.000 ED0019 WADI ARADA 225.000 899.000 ED0020 QA'KHREIM 220.000 882.000 ED0022 WADI MUQUR 193.000 872.000 ED0023 QA'EL-GHAL 208.000 882.400 ED1001 MNEISHEER QD-1 /M10 (RUM Co.) 208.170 890.490 RAM ED1002 MNEISHEER QD-2 205.267 889.310 70.20 RAM ED1003 Q'A EL DISI QD-3 204.400 892.810 RAM ED1004 Q'A EL DISI QD-4 204.050 893.680 RAM ED1005 Q'A EL DISI QD-5 203.200 894.260 RAM ED1006 Q'A EL DISI QD-6 202.360 894.780 RAM ED1007 MNEISHEER QD-7 /M11 (RUM CO.) 207.225 889.975 RAM ED1101 SAHL EL SUWAN E-1(SS10) 217.220 883.320 84.65 RAM 85 1251 ED1102 SAHL EL SUWAN E-2(SS9) 216.330 882.570 RAM ED1104 SAHL EL SUWAN E-4(SS8) 217.780 880.950 RAM ED1201 MNEISHEER MW-1 (OBS.) 208.240 890.070 RAM ED1202 MNEISHEER MW-2 (OBS.) 206.050 895.540 RAM ED1203 Q'A ABU SUWANA MW-3 (OBS) 214.400 887.340 87.40 RAM 87 270 ED1204 Q'A EL DISI MW-4 (OBS.) 196.270 897.400 75.67 RAM ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 204.460 889.040 72.00 RAM 72 350 ED1303 SAHL EL SUWAN S-3 OBS. 217.420 884.220 RAM ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 208.000 882.440 RAM ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 198.980 895.400 70.80 RAM ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 201.720 895.400 RAM ED1328 Q'A KHREIM (S-28) OBS. 223.500 878.400 95.00 RAM 157 543 ED1335 UM SAHEM (S 35) 215.450 866.000 195.50 RAM ED1349 WADI EL HISWA (S-49) 218.800 893.500 206.50 RAM ED1387 Q'A EL DISI S-87 201.250 893.370 74.00 RAM 74 238 ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO) 207.450 891.200 81.41 RAM 81 408 ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 207.065 889.246 70.21 RAM 70 402 ED1405 MNEISHEER W-5 209.320 889.200 73.79 RAM 74 403 ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 208.949 886.574 63.27 RAM 63 407 ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 211.222 887.415 68.81 RAM 69 402 ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 210.780 884.920 65.62 RAM 66 411 ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 213.213 885.375 66.81 RAM 67 412 ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 217.520 884.320 88.40 RAM 88 454 ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 218.150 884.180 89.10 RAM 89 452 ED1503 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-3 219.220 883.030 91.80 RAM 92 454 ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 218.650 881.850 86.73 RAM 87 453 ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 220.000 881.560 86.40 RAM 86 452 ED1506 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-6 220.640 881.560 RAM ED1507 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-7A 218.840 880.820 RAM ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM Co) 210.200 891.965 90.50 RAM ED1509 Q'A ABU SUWANA M2 (RUM Co) 208.000 892.590 82.86 RAM ED1510 Q'A ABU SUWANA M1 (RUM Co) 205.780 892.815 77.07 RAM ED1525 WADI HARAD (S33) 231.700 888.300 242.00 RAM 422 454 ED1535 MNEISHEER M9 (RUM CO.) 206.092 891.250 75.00 RAM

Final Report Annex C12-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C12: GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN DISI-MUDAWARRA WELLS (CONTD.)

Depth to Water Depth to Depth to STATION_ID STATION NAME Easting Northing Aquifer Type (m) Aquifer Top Aquifer Bottom ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 208.020 891.550 85.00 RAM 85 811 ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 206.306 889.580 73.00 RAM 73 500 ED1550 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-11 217.500 882.400 89.10 RAM 89 475 ED1555 WADI HAFEER (S31) 197.000 902.000 104.00 RAM 104 141 ED1584 D 1 220.100 875.040 109.00 RAM ED1586 D 3 222.000 874.300 106.00 RAM 106 700 ED1588 D 2 221.120 874.850 106.00 RAM ED1590 D 4 222.250 873.280 106.00 RAM 120 700 ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 222.650 885.560 185.00 - ED1607 SS23 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 223.150 883.350 ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 220.050 884.300 RAM ED1609 SS3B (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 219.300 882.950 89.00 RAM 200 860 ED1610 SS12 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 220.350 880.350 ED1611 M 15 (RUM CO.) 209.500 892.210 83.00 RAM 83 652 ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 207.300 893.100 82.00 RAM 82 699 ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 221.300 883.600 RAM ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 219.900 884.500 RAM ED1617 M 20 (RUM CO.) 206.900 898.600 ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 205.310 889.300 73.75 - ED1622 M 7A (RUM CO.) 207.020 892.040 82.08 - ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 210.650 890.310 88.51 - ED1624 M 5 (RUM CO.) 209.200 891.300 85.25 - ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 210.133 886.336 76.70 RAM 77 486 ED3030 W 15 (EL GHAL) 211.900 886.220 76.20 RAM ED3031 BH7B 207.800 899.900 134.00 RAM ED3032 BH8 219.960 896.490 220.89 RAM 129 690 ED3033 BH8A 219.950 896.450 219.70 RAM ED3034 BH8B 219.990 896.460 220.40 RAM 129 830 ED3035 BH12 223.500 878.400 100.16 RAM ED3036 BH13 215.450 866.000 177.20 RAM ED3048 S4 223.500 872.200 96.20 RAM ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 196.260 897.400 77.00 RAM 77 258 ED3057 W13 (EL GHAL) 208.388 887.320 79.40 RAM 79 486 ED3066 W 16 DISI 212.580 886.633 81.15 RAM 82 394 ED3067 W 17 DISI 212.360 884.734 77.60 RAM 78 385 ED3068 DISI QD 8 204.000 893.370 94.90 RAM 95 400 ED3070 CW 6 OBSERVATION 209.000 886.522 73.00 RAM 73 407 ED3071 CW 11 OBSERVATION 213.130 885.517 66.86 RAM 67 513 ED3075 WADI YUTUM 16 A 212.450 886.780 RAM ED3076 WADI YUTUM 18 211.880 885.435 74.50 RAM 75 ED3077 DISI 19 212.615 883.360 RAM ED3078 DISI 20 213.430 883.843 RAM ED3079 DISI 21 212.483 880.208 ED3080 DISI W-18 212.695 884.179 ED3082 DISI 16A 212.450 886.780 RAM ED3084 DISI 19 A 213.440 880.375 76.00 RAM 405 K 0001 EL-MUDAWWARA EVAP.ST 249.000 859.000 K 0003 MUHEISH 234.000 866.000 K 0004 WADI DUREIBA 215.000 866.000 K 1000 WADI TABILAH (S43) 258.300 869.100 70.50 RAM K 1005 WADI MUHAISH (S36) 234.000 866.000 66.00 RAM 271 379

Final Report Annex C12-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C12: GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN DISI-MUDAWARRA WELLS (CONTD.)

Depth to Water Depth to Depth to STATION_ID STATION NAME Easting Northing Aquifer Type (m) Aquifer Top Aquifer Bottom K 1010 AUJA (S 46) 281.300 899.700 RAM K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 246.030 855.250 12.00 RAM 408 682 K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 246.350 857.100 RAM K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 243.500 856.200 RAM K 1022 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 4 244.550 857.300 5.00 RAM K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 246.350 856.150 5.00 RAM K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 244.900 855.050 4.00 RAM K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 246.200 858.300 11.00 RAM K 1027 WAFA 1 250.500 859.100 -6.00 RAM 321 825 K 1028 WAFA 2 251.300 860.300 56.00 RAM 363 770 K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 243.600 853.950 RAM K 1030 GRAMCO G 11 248.550 852.350 0.01 RAM K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 241.450 859.750 RAM K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 240.400 861.500 6.00 RAM K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 243.250 855.050 RAM K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 242.100 856.600 RAM K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 243.200 859.200 RAM K 1036 GRAMCO G 8 239.850 856.700 9.00 RAM K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 240.400 857.450 RAM K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 242.950 857.900 RAM K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 241.500 858.950 5.00 RAM K 1040 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. OBS (A1) 245.700 857.000 8.20 RAM K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 245.500 856.400 RAM K 1042 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 8 245.000 855.500 RAM K 1043 WAFA 3 251.500 859.800 57.00 RAM 250 800 K 1044 WAFA 4 250.700 860.800 RAM K 1045 WAFA 5 250.900 861.000 RAM K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 252.500 849.600 -20.00 RAM 229 279 K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 248.100 859.000 RAM K 3002 BH1 260.530 879.390 102.57 RAM 918 1150 K 3003 BH1A 260.560 879.350 142.70 RAM 900 1150 K 3004 BH2 271.900 887.400 115.00 RAM 1198 1509 K 3005 BH2A 271.875 887.420 173.00 RAM 1198 1509 K 3006 BH4 242.000 881.000 165.10 RAM 542 129 K 3007 BH4A 241.970 880.980 165.00 RAM K 3008 BH4B 241.965 881.020 165.70 RAM 542 750 K 3009 BH5 256.300 869.100 88.99 RAM 565 1459 K 3010 BH5A 256.270 869.080 114.94 RAM K 3011 BH6 278.500 870.500 82.57 RAM 926 1150 K 3012 BH6A 278.500 870.500 113.00 RAM K 3013 BH9 242.490 890.420 249.17 RAM 710 897 K 3014 BH9A 242.470 890.470 RAM 710 897 K 3015 BH9B 242.530 890.450 250.49 RAM 710 785 K 3016 BH10A 243.300 854.100 4.00 RAM 1 141 K 3017 BH10C 243.070 854.120 2.62 ALL 3 16 K 3018 BH11A 252.500 848.354 21.55 RAM K 3019 BH11P 252.495 848.405 17.39 RAM 322 410 K 3020 BH11S1 252.500 848.400 17.40 RAM 322 701 K 3021 HALET A'MMAR 1 (HA1) 252.455 848.320 KHR K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 250.200 856.350 RAM K 3024 MUDAWWARA NO.1 248.300 861.700 81.95 RAM 82 450

Final Report Annex C12-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C13: GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY-WATER QUALITY OF DISI-MUDAWARRA AQUIFER SYSTEM

1 DISI-MUDAWARRA AQUIFER SYSTEMS

Based on the outcrop geology of the Mudawarra Southern Desert groundwater basin, the different rock units overlying the basement complex of the Precambrian Era are subdivided into two main groups; the lower group is called Rum Group and the upper group is the Khreim Group. The Rum Group represents the main aquifer system which consists from different formations. These formations, from bottom to top, are Saleb, Burj, Um Ishrin, Disi and Um Sahm formations. On the other hand, the Khreim Group consists, form bottom to top, of Sahl Suwaan, Um Tarifa, Trabeel, Batra and Alna formations. The rock formations constituting the Rum Group compose the Rum Aquifer System, which is the dominant fresh aquifer system in Southern Jordan while the rock formations constituting the Khreim Group represent the confining layer where Sahl Suwaan Formation occur. The rest of the formations form a leaky aquitard containing relatively highly saline water.

The Rum Aquifer System represents an unconfined aquifer system in the area in which no deposition of Khreim Group occuring and it represents a confined aquifer system in the areas where Khreim Group overlies the Rum Sandstone deposits. The aerial distribution of unconfined – confined aquifer type of the Rum Aquifer System is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Geology of the Disi-Mudawarra area (Source: Haiste and Scott Wilson, 1995)

1.1 Geology and Hydrogeology of Disi-Mudawarra

According to the exposed rock formations in Southern Jordan presented in Figure 1, the Precambrian basement complex represents the base of the Rum Aquifer System. The Rum aquifer system represents an unconfined aquifer in the areas between where it directly overlies the basement and it directly underlies the Khreim Group (Figure 1). Generally, the Disi- Mudawarra area (Figure 1) is bisected by many faults with different directions. The two major directions are Northwest-Southeast and Northeast – Southwest and the two minor fault systems

Final Report Annex C13-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA are in the direction of North – South and East-West. The inter-relationship between the Rum Aquifer and Khreim Aquitard is represented in a simplified hydrogeological cross section (Figure 2). The Rum Group is extended to the south where it is exposed in Saudi Arabia and similarly forms unconfined and confined aquifer systems. The Rum aquifer system in southern Jordan is extended into Saudi Arabia where it is known as Saq Aquifer System and both actually form one aquifer system. Generally, the groundwater flows from the Saudi Arabia in the south towards north east Jordan and in Central Jordan it deviates to north west and lastly towards west where it discharges its water in the Dead Sea and in the deep wadis draining the eastern highlands towards the Rift Valley (Figure 3). The most important feature of the Rum Aquifer is its homogeneity in the grain size of the different formations constituting the aquifer except local lateral finer grains especially in Um Sahm formation. The total thickness of the Rum Aquifer is about 1,200 m and this thickness is usually decreased towards its marginal exposure in the west. A confining layer, the Haswa Shale of Khreim Group, overlies the Rum Aquifer. The thickness of this confining layer is almost uniform of 50 m. The rest of the formations of the Khreim Group represent a leaky layer of a thickness ranging between 400 m and 1,200 m and normally contain saline water. The depths to be penetrated to reach the top of the Rum Aquifer in Disi-Mudawarra area are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 2: Simplified hydrogeological cross-section showing the inter-relationship between Rum Aquifer and Khreim Aquitard (Source: Haiste and Scott Wilson, 1995)

Final Report Annex C13-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Figure 3: A generalized groundwater flow of the Rum Aquifer in Saudi Arabia, Southern and Central Jordan (Source: Haiste and Scott Wilson, 1995)

Final Report Annex C13-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

270

260

250

240

230

220

210

200

850 860 870 880 890 900 Figure 4: Penetrated depths to reach the Rum Aquifer (Depth in meters)

1.2 Aquifer System

In the area located between Disi-and Mudawarra, there are more than 80 wells drilled during the last five decades. Most of these wells were drilled during the last two decades. The abstracted water from these wells are used for domestic industrial purposes for Aqaba, domestic local communities distributed all over the area, and most of the abstracted amount is used for agricultural purposes utilized by many agricultural companies such as Rum Company, GRAMECO, Wafa and Arab Agriculture Company. Table 1 presents the total amounts that were abstracted from the wells and distributed all over the area for different purposes during the last 6 years.

Table 1: Abstraction amounts from Disi-Mudawarra area Year Abstracted Amount MCM/year No. of Wells 1996 69.8 71 1997 72.9 72 1998 65.2 71 1999 66.3 72 2000 61.6 71 2001 55.3 69

The abstracted amounts from the Disi-Mudawarra area were taken from both the unconfined aquifer in Disi-Sahl Suwaan area and the confined aquifer in the Mudawarra area.

Final Report Annex C13-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

1.2.1 Dubaydib Well Field

Due to the nature of the water quality that occurs in the confining layer of the Rum Aquifer, the study conducted by Brown and Root suggested locating the well field to produce the necessary amount of water in Dubaydib. As mentioned before, the water quality in this area is considered excellent water and there is no deposits of the Khreim Group present in the area where the water occurs in unconfined conditions.

For more emphasis on the nature of the aquifer and water type present in Dubaydib well field area, three wells were located and drilled under the supervision of Scott Wilson Company and a detailed report was submitted to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (Scott Wilson, 2002). Two wells of these three wells were drilled and tested and the third one is drilled as an observation well in Dubaydib area. A summary of these wells is presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Hydrogeological summary of the recently drilled wells in Dubaydib area Water Specific Water Aquifer Borehole Depth Transmissivity Storage quality Borehole 2 Capacity Level System Type (mbgl*) (m /d) coefficient 3 EC (m /d/m) (mbgl) pH (µS/cm) Test / DBP-1 Rum 500 1,100 – 2,400 0.02-0.06 360 123.6 350 6.9 production DBO-1 Rum Observation 400 2,900 – 4,000 0.005 - 121.7 310 8.0 Test / DBP-2 Rum 500 300 – 1,400 0.006 100 88.7 365 6.9 production * mbgl: meters below ground level

The hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer encountered in the OBP-1, OBPO-1 and OBP-2 were calculated from the well testing supervised by Scott Wilson and Kirkpatrick & Co. Ltd. (Scott Wilson, 2002). The obtained results were found to be correspondent to the unconfined nature of the encountered aquifer in OBP-1 and OBPO-1 wells, and this is clearly indicated in the storage coefficient (specific yield) of this aquifer in these wells (OBP-1 and OBPO-1). Comparing the storage coefficients of these two wells (0.02-0.06 for OBP1 and 0.005 for OBPO-1) with the specific yields of the Disi unconfined aquifer from the previous studies UNDP (1972), Humphreys (1976) and Scott Wilson (1995) which were 0.07 – 0.1, 0.001 – 0.36 and 0.1 respectively, it is noted that the recent values (Scott Wilson, 2002) are smaller than the published values in previous studies. This is attributed to the lithological nature of the Disi aquifer in the area of Dubaydib where it contains traces of kaolinite and micaceous silt intercalated the medium to coarse clean sandstone.

The OBP-2 well is drilled in Dubaydib in the area where the aquifer is confined in nature. In the locality of OBP-2, the confining layer of the Khreim Group is the Haswa Formation, which is composed of shale, sandstone and claystone of about 100m in thickness. Due to this the calculated storage coefficient of the aquifer in OBP-2 (0.006) represents a confined aquifer.

A complete description of the well design is present in the Scott Wilson report (2002). The hydraulic characteristics of the Rum Aquifer obtained from the drilled wells are consistent with the known previous characteristics discussed before. The results on the water quality are also consistent with the water quality of the unconfined aquifer of Rum Group. The water quality changes of the two production wells (DBP1 and DBP2) during eight day pumping test duration are presented in Table 3 and Table 4.

Final Report Annex C13-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 3: Water quality changes of DBP1 during the pumping test Results Parameter Units Constant Rate Test Airlift Development Day 10 Day 6 Day 1 Sample 1 (05/06/2002) (01/06/2002) (26/05/2002) (22/05/2002) PH (-) 7.01 6.80 7.53 7.93 Electrical µS/cm 347 347 349 400 Conductivity Ca meq/L 1.96 1.96 1.94 1.39 Mg meq/L 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.71 Na meq/L 0.75 0.75 0.88 1.92 K meq/L 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.12 Cl meq/L 0.76 0.77 0.75 0.93 SO4 meq/L 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.56 meq/L HCO3 1.89 2.03 2.08 2.42 as CaCO3 meq/L NO3 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 as NO3

Table 4: Water quality changes of DBP2 during the pumping test Results Parameter Units Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 15 (17/07/2002) (18/07/2002) (19/07/2002) (20/07/2002) (27/07/2002) pH (-) 6.92 6.81 6.81 6.30 6.82 Electrical µS/cm 383 383 380 383 351 Conductivity Ca meq/L 1.66 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.93 Mg meq/L 0.68 0.70 0.68 0.58 0.47 Na meq/L 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.20 1.02 K meq/L 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.04 Cl meq/L 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.07 1.13 SO4 meq/L 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 meq/L HCO3 as 1.72 1.78 1.59 1.62 1.57 CaCO3 meq/L NO3 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.16 as NO3

These two tables (Table 3 and Table 4) show that the water quality is excellent and acceptable for drinking purposes.

1.2.2 Disi Aquifer System

The Disi Aquifer System, which corresponds to Rum Aquifer System of the recent nomenclature of Natural Resources Authority of Jordan, was intensively explored since mid sixties. During the early stages of exploration, the unconfined aquifer was examined and exploited for local utilization and later for the different uses for Aqaba.

Throughout the pumping tests of drilled wells during the different periods, the hydraulic properties of this aquifer were determined while in the later stages specially the study carried out by Scott Wilson in 1995, beside the pumping tests, laboratory measurements and geophysical logs interpretation were determined. The different hydraulic characteristics of this aquifer either in the confined or in the unconfined area of the aquifer are presented in Table 9. Annex C12 and

Final Report Annex C13-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9 present the well location, total depth, depth to water level, ground elevation, aquifer depth, discharge (m3/hr), permeability or transmissivity, etc..

A generalized hydrogeological summary of the drilled boreholes in Dubaydib area, which is one of the proposed areas to drill the new well field to supply Amman with 100-150 MCM/year, is presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Hydrogeological summary of the Dubaydib area Specific Water Aquifer Borehole Depth Transmissivity Storage Borehole capacity level System Type (m bgl) (m2/d) Coefficient (m3/dlm) (m bgl) DBP1 Rum Test/Prod. 500 1,100-2,400 0.02-006 360 123.6 DBO1 Rum Observ. 400 2,900-4,000 0.005 - 121.7 DBP2 Rum Test/Prod. 500 300-1,400 0.006 100 88.7 S36 Rum Observ. 380 1,300-2,000 0.005 - 88.34

The water level decline was very limited during the last decade as indicated in the observation wells distributed in the confined and unconfined areas of the Rum Aquifer System. The recorded water level fluctuations carried out in the observation wells are presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Water level, well location and aquifer type of the observation wells Well Idn. East North Depth to water Aquifer Type K 3008 241.965 881.020 165.70 Confined K 3016 243.300 854.100 4.00 Confined K 3007 241.970 880.980 165.00 Confined K 1005 234.000 866.060 6.00 Confined K 1000 258.300 869.100 70.50 Confined ED 3071 213.130 885.517 66.86 Unconfined ED 1202 206.050 895.540 - Unconfined ED 1203 214.400 887.340 87.40 Unconfined ED 1204 196.270 897.400 75.67 Unconfined ED 1303 217.440 884.220 - Unconfined ED 1328 223.500 878.400 95.00 Unconfined ED 3070 209.000 893.370 73.00 Unconfined

The available water level fluctuations recorded in the observation wells presented in Table 6 are shown in Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, and Figure 8 in relation with the average abstraction rates from the production wells that are shown in Figure 9.

Final Report Annex C13-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

706.2 706.1 706.0 705.9 705.8 705.7 705.6

SWL m asl m SWL K3008 705.5 705.4 705.3 705.2 Sep - Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep - Dec- Mar- Jun- Sep - Dec- 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 Date

706.0 705.5 705.0 704.5 704.0 703.5 K 3016

SWL m asl m SWL 703.0 702.5 702.0 701.5 Mar-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Nov-01 May-02 Dec-02 Jun-03 Date

711.20

711.00

710.80

710.60 K 3007

SWL m asl m SWL 710.40

710.20

710.00 Mar-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Nov-01 May-02 Dec-02 Jun-03 Date

Figure 5: Water level fluctuation of the observation wells (K3008, K3016 and K 3007)

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731.0 730.5 730.0 729.5 729.0 K1005 SWL m asl m SWL 728.5 728.0 727.5 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

658.6 658.4 658.2 658.0 657.8 657.6 K 1000 SWL m asl m SWL 657.4 657.2 657.0 656.8 Mar-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Nov-01 May-02 Dec-02 Jun-03 Date

720.0 719.5 719.0 718.5 718.0 717.5 717.0

SWL m asl m SWL ED 3071 716.5 716.0 715.5 715.0 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

Figure 6: Water level fluctuation of the observation wells (K1005, ED1000 and ED 3071)

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717.0

716.5

716.0

715.5 ED 1202

SWL m asl m SWL 715.0

714.5

714.0 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

729.0 728.0 727.0 726.0 725.0 724.0 ED 1203 SWL m asl m SWL 723.0 722.0 721.0 720.0 Jun-94 Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

722.5 722.0 721.5 721.0 720.5 ED 1204 SWL m asl m SWL 720.0 719.5 719.0 Jun-94 Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

Figure 7: Water level fluctuation of the observation wells (ED1202, ED1203 and ED1204)

The jumps observed in the records of water level fluctuations of the observation wells ED1202 and ED1203 shown in Figure 7 are attributed to the modifications carried out at the two wellheads when the automatic water level gauges were constructed and installed.

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739.0

738.0

737.0

736.0 ED 1328

SWL m asl m SWL 735.0

734.0

733.0 Jun-94 Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

716.0 715.0

714.0 713.0 712.0

SWL m asl m SWL 711.0 ED 3070 710.0 709.0 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 Date

Figure 8: Water level fluctuation of the observation wells (ED1303, ED1328 and ED3070)

Figure 9: Abstraction aerial distribution from the Disi-Midawwara area

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Generally the water level withdrawal during the last three years ranged between 1-4 m in the confined aquifer and between 1-2 m in the unconfined aquifer.

One of the most important characteristics of the water resources of the Rum aquifer is the limited water quality variation either in the aerial or vertical distribution of the aquifer. The examined total section of the Rum aquifer was found through geophysical logs to contain almost consistent water salinity. The water quality available at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is presented in Table 9. Selected quality fluctuations of one groundwater well during the last decade are shown in Figure 10. The electrical conductivity ranged between 360 µS/cm and 460 µS/cm. These values correspond to 230 and 295 mg/L of total dissolved solids. Generally, the EC-values of the groundwater resources of the Rum confined and unconfined aquifer range between 277 and 500 µS/cm. Exceptional values were recognized in Mneisheer wells where the EC values reached 950 µS/cm (unconfined) and 2,550 µS/cm in Mudawarra Wind mill well (Confined).

480 460 ED 1322 440 420 400 380

EC µS/cm 360 340 320 300 Jun-94 Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02

Date

130 120 ED1322 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Concentration (mg/L) 10 0 Jun-94 Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Date HCO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/L Na mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L

Figure 10: Water quality fluctuation of the observation wells (ED1322)

The water quality of the Dubaydib area, as indicated in the recently drilled well DBP1 (Scott Wilson, 2002), presented in Table 7 reveals that the water is of calcium-bicarbonate type and of an electrical conductivity of 347 µS/cm (220 mg/L).

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Table 7: Water quality of DBP1 (Dubaydib area) DBP1 DBP2 Date 5/6/2002 27/7/2002 pH 7.01 6.90 EC (µS/cm) 347.00 365.00 Ca (meq/L) 1.96 1.75 Mg (meq/L) 0.54 0.71 Na (meq/L) 0.75 1.06 K (meq/L) 0.02 0.05 Cl (meq/L) 0.76 1.16 SO4 (meq/L) 0.44 0.68 HCO3 (meq/L) 1.89 1.59 NO3 (meq/L) 0.22 0.16 Sulfate reducing bacteria < 1 CFU/200 ml

1.2.3 Khreim Aquifer System

As mentioned before, the Khreim Group consists of two main parts; the lower most part overlying the Rum Group (Aquifer) consists of Sahl Suwaan Shale forming a confining layer of the Rum Aquifer, and the Upper part which consists of a heterogeneous sequence of interbedded fine grained sandstones, siltstones and silty shale where this part as a result of the constituents represent a leaky layer. The thickness of the second part (leaky layer) ranges between 400 m and 1,200 m.

Due to the heterogeneity in the constituents of the leaky part, the hydraulic characteristics vary in a wide range. For example, the transmissivity ranges between 112 and 4,143 m2/d, and the horizontal permeability ranges between 0.7 and 4.1 m/d.

The water quality of the Khreim leaky aquifer as documented in the Scott Wilson Report (1995) from boreholes that penetrated this aquifer is presented in Table 8.

Table 8: Water quality of the Khreim Group Measured Parameter Result Normal Range EC (µS/cm) 685 – 41,300 2,000-11,000 pH 6.65 - 11.5 7.1 - 8.0 Temperature (°C) 23 - 40 Ca (mg/L) 20 - 40 Mg (mg/L) 12 - 588 Na (mg/L) 115 - 184 K (mg/L) 8 - 39 Cl (mg/L) 167 – 3,300

SO4 (mg/L) 43 – 2,980 HCO3 (mg/L) 92 - 530

The water quality of the Khreim leaky aquifer varies vertically as indicated in Figure 11. The lowest recorded value of EC and consequently the contents of the other 10 constituents were found to occur just above the upper boundary of the Rum Group. This is attributed to the dilution effect from the underlying Rum Aquifer, which has a piezometric head much higher than the Khreim Leaky aquifer.

Final Report Annex C13-13 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Figure 11: Water quality variations in the Khreim Aquifer with depth (Source: Haiste and Scott Wilson, 1995)

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Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTINGDATE EC µS/cm pH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/L K mg/L Cl mg/LSO4 mg/LNO3 mg/L ED1007 MNEISHEER QD-7 /M11 (RUM CO.)889.975 207.225 08/03/95 339 7.97108.58 0.00 37.27 4.86 18.40 1.17 32.31 20.16 11.42 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTINGDATE EC µS/cm pH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/L K mg/L Cl mg/LSO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1204 Q'A EL DISI MW-4 (OBS.) 897.400 196.270 06/04/99 392 7.7899.43 0.00 40.48 3.89 23.46 1.96 43.67 9.60 15.53 05/07/99 390 8.13110.41 0.00 40.39 8.76 23.92 1.96 42.96 24.00 17.67 08/11/99 397 7.60109.80 0.00 39.78 9.12 25.07 1.96 40.12 22.08 16.26 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTINGDATE EC µS/cm pH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/L K mg/L Cl mg/LSO4 mg/LNO3 mg/L ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 01/05/95 776 7.97115.29 0.00 72.34 14.71 61.87 2.35 89.82 149.28 11.70 23/05/95 764 8.02 1.15 103.22 85.56 11.10 25/06/95 775 7.81103.70 0.00 74.95 14.71 60.49 1.96 85.91 45.12 11.96 03/07/95 810 7.95 11.74 12/08/95 11.74 27/09/95 892 7.89106.14 0.00 80.36 14.84 68.77 2.35 88.04 184.32 11.92 24/10/95 885 7.88104.31 0.00 81.36 12.65 65.78 1.96 97.98 172.32 11.12 30/10/95 894 7.80107.36 0.00 81.36 14.11 67.62 2.35 102.60 170.40 11.78 29/11/95 893 7.56 12.23 04/01/96 794 7.84111.02 0.00 75.95 14.47 57.96 1.96 94.08 131.04 11.87 10/01/96 938 7.90117.12 0.00 86.97 14.84 72.22 2.35 116.09 156.00 12.18 06/02/96 912 12.18 28/02/96 929 7.86 12.67 27/03/96 944 7.43 12.58 29/05/96 950 7.85117.12 0.00 85.37 16.90 77.97 3.13 114.67 190.56 11.83 26/06/96 939 8.03 11.60 02/07/96 906 8.02112.24 0.00 87.78 13.86 75.67 3.52 110.76 188.16 11.96 30/07/96 950 7.90 12.67 05/08/96 12.31 12/09/96 931 7.81 12.40 10/10/96 944 7.96101.26 0.00 89.98 15.69 75.67 3.52 107.21 215.52 12.49 12/11/96 918 7.80103.09 0.00 84.57 15.81 75.67 3.52 107.21 194.88 12.31 09/01/97 952 7.63123.22 0.00 85.37 4.38 72.91 3.13 116.09 161.28 12.31 26/02/97 938 8.21 12.35 18/03/97 935 7.48124.44 0.00 85.17 14.84 69.92 4.69 103.66 176.16 12.11 27/03/97 940 7.85111.02 0.00 87.37 15.20 74.06 3.13 107.92 192.00 12.30 01/04/97 0.00 10/07/97 888 7.62106.14 0.00 82.56 13.38 69.00 2.74 98.34 178.56 11.13 11/09/97 896 7.86109.19 0.00 83.97 16.17 73.37 3.13 103.66 178.56 11.96 12/11/97 875 7.54 10.83

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Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTINGDATE EC µS/cm pH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/L K mg/L Cl mg/LSO4 mg/LNO3 mg/L ED1302 MNEISHEER S-2 889.040 204.460 06/12/97 10.31 29/12/97 924 7.90115.29 0.00 88.18 14.23 74.06 3.52 102.24 191.52 10.22 18/01/98 901 8.03121.39 0.00 85.37 18.12 74.29 3.52 99.05 202.56 10.75 28/04/98 892 7.99114.07 0.00 84.57 14.84 72.68 3.13 95.85 72.00 10.61 28/05/98 869 8.03109.80 0.00 84.57 14.84 67.16 3.13 95.85 180.00 9.98 15/06/98 908 7.86 10.05 29/07/98 899 7.90105.53 0.00 75.75 19.94 71.76 3.52 97.63 199.20 10.99 06/04/99 919 7.60103.70 0.00 84.97 16.78 79.12 2.35 102.24 201.60 10.18 08/11/99 947 7.60116.51 0.00 81.40 19.94 80.27 2.35 96.21 199.68 14.12 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTINGDATE EC µS/cm pH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/L K mg/L Cl mg/LSO4 mg/LNO3 mg/L ED1307 Q'A EL GHAL S-7 882.440 208.000 08/03/95 451 7.83115.90 0.00 49.70 6.08 26.91 1.17 49.70 40.80 14.53 06/08/95 446 8.02109.19 0.00 45.69 6.44 28.06 1.17 50.06 31.20 14.57 30/10/95 444 7.77123.83 0.00 47.90 6.32 30.59 0.78 48.64 36.48 14.04 10/09/96 422 7.90117.12 0.00 52.10 5.84 23.92 1.96 45.44 29.76 13.47 18/03/97 422 7.50123.22 0.00 46.29 8.76 25.07 1.96 50.41 24.00 13.07 06/04/99 408 7.68112.24 0.00 55.71 1.82 22.31 1.56 42.96 27.84 12.25 05/07/99 413 7.65122.61 0.00 51.00 5.84 22.31 1.56 40.12 30.24 14.66 08/11/99 418 7.30116.51 0.00 47.74 6.32 23.00 1.17 35.50 26.40 14.92 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHING EASTINGDATE EC µS/cm pH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/L K mg/L Cl mg/LSO4 mg/LNO3 mg/L ED1319 Q'A EL DISI S-19 895.400 198.980 01/02/95 470 7.77117.73 0.00 47.90 9.73 29.44 1.56 54.67 31.68 17.20 08/03/95 496 7.77117.73 0.00 49.90 9.73 28.52 1.56 46.86 45.12 16.80 03/05/95 467 7.95111.63 0.00 49.50 7.42 29.44 1.56 49.35 36.48 16.60 03/07/95 479 8.00 16.83 03/09/95 472 8.00114.07 0.00 44.69 8.63 31.05 1.17 58.22 34.08 17.28 30/10/95 473 7.72113.46 0.00 46.49 9.00 29.21 1.56 56.80 21.60 16.83 06/02/96 476 7.48 17.06 02/07/96 467 7.94114.68 0.00 45.89 9.85 28.52 2.74 58.93 33.12 16.79 10/09/96 462 7.90116.51 0.00 49.30 8.03 27.37 2.35 54.32 33.12 16.61 18/03/97 455 7.27109.19 0.00 42.28 8.76 28.52 2.35 53.96 20.16 16.47 28/07/98 456 7.75112.24 0.00 42.48 6.93 27.37 2.35 48.64 30.24 14.86 06/04/99 449 7.72104.92 0.00 45.69 9.00 28.52 1.96 53.96 31.68 15.06 08/11/99 462 7.40113.46 0.00 43.45 6.93 29.67 2.35 48.28 28.80 17.35

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Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1322 Q'A EL DISI S-22 (TWEISEH) 895.400 201.720 02/01/95 358 7.75 106.14 0.00 35.27 7.30 24.15 1.17 36.92 16.80 6.99 08/03/95 359 7.93 103.70 0.00 36.07 7.30 24.15 1.17 41.89 30.72 6.68 01/05/95 363 8.11 104.31 0.00 40.68 3.89 24.84 1.17 39.76 28.80 6.42 23/05/95 362 8.01 25.53 1.17 44.02 6.33 03/07/95 370 8.14 0.00 6.16 03/09/95 373 7.81 104.92 0.00 35.67 5.72 24.15 1.17 42.60 23.04 6.95 30/10/95 369 7.85 103.09 0.00 35.27 6.57 24.84 1.17 39.41 26.40 6.73 29/11/95 361 7.80 107.36 0.00 37.07 7.42 25.07 1.17 42.25 17.28 6.69 10/01/96 368 7.89 100.65 0.00 35.87 5.23 25.30 1.17 39.41 29.76 6.60 06/02/96 362 7.00 6.65 28/02/96 361 7.74 6.82 27/03/96 370 7.45 6.78 29/05/96 370 7.95 109.19 0.00 38.68 5.23 25.76 1.96 40.83 25.44 6.16 26/06/96 366 8.02 60.20 02/07/96 360 8.25 106.75 0.00 32.67 9.24 24.61 2.35 43.31 29.76 6.79 10/09/96 364 7.98 109.19 0.00 37.07 9.12 23.00 2.35 45.09 23.52 6.33 12/09/96 372 7.70 6.78 10/10/96 376 8.00 100.04 0.00 37.88 7.66 24.84 1.96 38.70 46.56 6.42 12/11/96 365 7.90 95.77 0.00 36.07 6.20 25.30 1.96 44.73 20.64 6.64 09/01/97 374 7.66 104.92 0.00 33.87 5.23 27.60 1.96 36.21 34.56 6.05 26/02/97 364 8.50 6.02 27/03/97 372 7.76 108.58 0.00 37.07 6.81 26.22 1.96 41.89 18.24 5.25 01/04/97 0.00 06/05/97 361 7.82 109.80 0.00 37.68 7.42 21.16 1.96 31.95 18.24 11.62 13/05/97 369 8.02 98.21 0.00 33.07 9.85 25.53 1.96 41.18 31.20 5.95 10/07/97 368 7.31 106.14 0.00 35.67 5.84 24.61 1.96 44.02 15.36 5.39 11/09/97 380 7.93 103.09 0.00 36.07 7.17 28.75 3.13 40.83 34.56 6.64 06/12/97 4.69 29/12/97 404 7.97 123.22 0.00 45.49 6.08 24.61 1.96 46.15 20.16 5.41 18/01/98 394 8.02 115.90 0.00 44.49 3.28 27.83 2.35 43.67 18.72 5.19 28/04/98 399 7.96 104.92 0.00 39.28 6.08 29.21 2.74 41.18 31.68 6.01 28/05/98 389 8.13 107.36 0.00 39.28 6.08 26.68 2.74 46.51 32.64 5.49 28/07/98 400 7.85 100.04 0.00 38.08 5.11 26.91 1.96 42.96 27.36 7.25 06/04/99 388 7.67 93.33 0.00 37.27 6.20 27.60 1.96 46.51 25.92 5.06 05/07/99 395 7.55 110.41 0.00 44.88 4.13 28.52 1.96 45.44 31.20 10.61 08/11/99 405 7.40 109.80 0.00 38.35 5.23 29.21 1.96 41.89 30.24 10.50 04/04/00 411 7.85 106.75 0.00 42.48 5.47 33.81 1.56 46.51 33.60 11.13 09/04/01 453 7.36 104.92 0.00 37.13 9.85 31.28 1.17 49.35 28.80 7.68

Final Report Annex C13-17 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1402 MNEISHEER W-2 /M 8 (RUM CO.) 891.200 207.450 02/01/95 718 7.66 107.36 0.00 69.14 12.16 56.58 1.96 77.39 130.08 12.10 07/03/95 810 7.95 0.00 11.74 08/03/95 732 7.82 104.92 0.00 70.14 10.94 56.58 1.96 80.23 144.00 11.51 01/05/95 383 7.96 124.44 0.00 41.08 8.51 24.38 3.52 38.70 26.88 10.50 03/07/95 810 7.95 11.74 04/12/95 394 7.97 116.51 0.00 40.88 8.63 24.38 1.17 40.47 37.92 9.39 10/09/96 925 7.75 112.85 0.00 88.38 14.23 74.06 5.08 110.05 189.60 12.85 08/10/96 416 8.00 119.56 0.00 40.68 9.24 25.76 1.96 40.12 29.76 11.03 18/03/97 935 7.48 124.44 0.00 86.77 14.84 69.92 4.69 103.66 176.16 12.11 06/05/97 397 7.54 209.82 0.00 77.84 13.38 51.53 3.92 81.71 53.74 10.29 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1403 MNEISHEER W-3 889.246 207.065 30/10/95 323 7.72 106.14 0.00 35.67 5.47 17.02 0.78 30.53 6.24 11.43 29/12/97 334 8.03 111.63 0.00 42.69 4.86 16.56 1.96 30.18 24.96 10.05 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1406 MNEISHEER W-6 886.574 208.949 08/03/95 346 7.86 112.24 0.00 38.48 7.30 17.71 1.17 31.24 20.64 13.51 30/10/95 344 7.76 109.80 0.00 36.87 6.57 17.94 0.78 31.60 20.64 12.98 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1408 MNEISHEER W-8 887.415 211.222 08/03/95 373 7.85 115.90 0.00 42.69 6.08 18.86 1.17 35.50 23.04 14.79 02/10/95 306 7.91 114.68 0.00 33.67 10.34 15.18 0.39 32.66 18.24 7.53 18/03/97 362 7.54 115.29 0.00 45.49 3.28 20.01 1.96 34.08 20.16 10.77 29/12/97 410 8.02 123.83 0.00 46.69 6.08 23.46 1.96 44.73 18.72 8.97 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1409 MNEISHEER W-9 884.920 210.780 06/08/95 377 7.95 110.41 0.00 42.08 6.08 20.47 1.17 35.50 20.16 14.66 30/10/95 372 7.56 115.90 0.00 42.08 6.57 19.09 0.78 34.44 24.00 14.35 10/09/96 375 7.86 123.83 0.00 41.08 7.42 19.78 2.35 35.50 24.00 14.75 18/03/97 338 7.60 109.19 0.00 44.69 4.01 18.63 1.56 33.02 20.16 11.17 29/12/97 810 15.85 361.70 0.00 152.85 23.36 62.80 3.92 118.99 76.78 25.02 29/07/98 805 15.68 229.36 0.00 82.56 12.65 42.09 3.52 69.23 49.92 25.60 06/04/99 365 7.78 112.24 0.00 42.48 7.05 19.09 1.96 35.86 16.80 12.91 05/07/99 373 8.51 118.00 0.00 19.55 1.96 32.31 23.52 32.31 23.52 15.77 08/11/99 372 7.70 115.29 0.00 40.39 8.51 19.55 1.17 29.82 23.52 15.86 04/04/00 374 8.00 120.17 0.00 42.48 8.39 23.23 1.56 33.02 24.96 16.89

Final Report Annex C13-18 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1411 MNEISHEER W-11 885.375 213.213 06/08/95 351 8.10 111.63 0.00 35.67 6.81 19.55 0.78 33.37 19.20 11.21 30/10/95 347 7.83 116.51 0.00 39.08 8.15 18.17 0.78 33.02 25.44 10.94 10/09/96 344 7.95 104.92 0.00 39.88 6.20 18.40 1.96 30.53 20.16 10.81 29/12/97 356 7.95 112.85 0.00 42.69 7.30 18.40 1.96 32.31 33.12 9.88 29/07/98 353 7.88 109.80 0.00 36.07 6.32 18.40 1.56 28.40 19.68 10.06 06/04/99 338 7.97 106.14 0.00 39.48 6.81 18.40 1.56 32.31 19.20 9.21 05/07/99 340 7.51 120.17 0.00 40.39 8.27 18.40 1.56 30.18 21.60 13.12 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1501 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-1 884.320 217.520 02/01/95 331 7.67 120.78 0.00 40.28 7.30 16.33 0.78 28.76 23.04 12.60 01/05/95 351 7.90 122.00 0.00 40.28 7.30 16.10 1.17 33.02 11.52 13.00 06/05/97 350 7.75 113.46 0.00 38.88 8.39 17.94 1.96 30.18 18.24 12.82 06/04/99 343 7.71 116.51 0.00 41.28 7.30 16.79 1.96 29.47 16.32 11.19 04/04/00 348 8.01 122.61 0.00 40.88 8.88 20.01 1.17 27.69 22.08 15.60 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1502 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-2 884.180 218.150 08/03/95 335 7.92 120.78 0.00 40.08 6.08 14.72 1.17 28.40 14.88 12.40 24/04/96 344 7.93 124.44 0.00 38.48 7.78 16.79 1.96 31.95 6.24 12.53 06/04/99 332 7.92 117.12 0.00 43.09 5.72 16.10 1.96 28.05 15.36 10.57 09/04/01 359 7.48 115.90 0.00 38.76 7.54 16.33 1.17 24.50 20.64 13.77 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/LCO3 mg/LCa mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1504 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-4 881.850 218.650 02/01/95 341 7.71 122.00 0.00 43.09 4.86 16.10 1.17 29.47 22.08 13.20 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1505 SAHL EL SUWAN SS-5A 881.560 220.000 01/05/95 333 7.58 120.17 0.00 40.08 8.63 15.18 1.17 29.47 14.40 12.40 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1508 Q'A ABU SUWANA M3 (RUM CO.) 891.965 210.200 02/01/95 445 8.01 118.34 0.00 48.30 7.30 27.60 1.17 56.45 32.64 11.90 01/05/95 444 7.98 153.11 0.00 48.30 7.54 27.37 1.17 49.70 12.48 11.60 02/10/95 430 7.74 109.80 0.00 44.69 9.00 25.99 1.17 56.80 33.60 10.85 04/12/95 438 7.85 119.56 0.00 47.29 7.42 29.67 1.17 53.25 37.92 11.78 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1535 MNEISHEER M9 (RUM CO.) 891.250 206.092 02/07/95 308 7.88 100.65 0.00 35.87 4.86 21.16 0.78 32.31 25.92 7.92 03/09/95 313 7.82 97.60 0.00 33.67 3.53 17.25 0.78 22.37 15.36 7.15 04/12/95 308 7.85 105.53 0.00 35.47 5.72 16.56 0.78 29.47 13.44 9.19 08/10/96 319 8.01 100.04 0.00 37.07 5.35 17.48 1.56 28.05 24.00 8.37 06/05/97 309 7.85 97.60 0.00 36.47 3.28 17.48 1.56 28.40 9.60 7.63 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1540 MNEISHEER M6 (RUM CO.) 891.550 208.020 03/09/95 346 7.73 111.63 0.00 35.67 4.38 21.16 0.78 32.31 19.20 8.15 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1545 MNEISHEER M12A (RUM CO.) 889.580 206.306 02/01/95 277 7.86 99.43 0.00 31.66 4.86 14.26 0.78 27.34 3.84 6.24 08/11/99 287 7.70 97.60 0.00 16.12 15.69 15.87 2.74 23.43 19.68 11.16

Final Report Annex C13-19 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1606 SS22 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 885.560 222.650 01/05/95 359 8.08 111.02 0.00 37.27 6.57 21.39 1.17 31.95 16.32 10.50 03/09/95 368 7.84 107.97 0.00 37.88 5.11 21.85 1.17 35.15 23.04 9.66 02/10/95 336 7.90 114.68 0.00 38.88 8.03 14.26 0.78 30.89 14.40 12.00 04/12/95 378 7.77 115.29 0.00 38.68 8.03 22.77 1.17 36.92 24.48 10.72 24/04/96 372 7.92 112.24 0.00 36.67 7.66 22.54 1.96 44.73 18.72 9.92 02/07/96 358 8.00 117.12 0.00 37.07 6.32 22.08 2.35 35.50 10.56 9.39 06/05/97 367 7.78 107.36 0.00 32.67 10.09 21.62 1.96 35.50 31.20 10.03 29/07/98 373 7.71 109.80 0.00 38.48 7.05 21.62 2.35 30.89 26.88 9.89 05/07/99 466 7.41 125.05 0.00 49.78 10.46 30.82 1.96 47.93 38.40 19.62 08/11/99 362 7.20 110.41 0.00 37.54 8.76 21.16 1.17 28.76 26.40 14.03 04/04/00 361 7.91 111.02 0.00 37.07 9.24 25.30 1.17 32.66 29.76 13.64 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1608 SS24 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.300 220.050 06/05/97 361 7.82 109.80 0.00 37.07 7.42 21.16 1.96 31.95 18.24 11.62 05/07/99 355 7.56 120.17 0.00 41.62 7.54 19.78 1.96 28.05 25.44 13.17 08/11/99 357 6.90 115.29 0.00 38.76 8.03 20.01 1.17 27.34 24.00 13.12 04/04/00 359 8.02 120.17 0.00 40.88 8.88 23.46 1.17 30.18 27.36 14.93 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1612 M 14 (RUM CO.) 893.100 207.300 02/01/95 333 7.80 106.14 0.00 35.27 24.32 21.16 0.78 31.24 9.60 8.06 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1613 SS21 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 883.600 221.300 24/04/96 340 8.12 124.44 0.00 38.68 10.58 17.48 1.96 31.60 6.24 12.58 02/07/96 333 8.05 126.27 0.00 40.48 5.96 15.18 2.35 29.47 9.12 11.43 08/10/96 378 8.00 104.31 0.00 37.07 10.21 21.16 1.56 36.21 29.76 10.85 06/05/97 340 7.83 114.68 0.00 37.27 7.66 17.25 1.96 28.40 11.52 12.03 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1614 SS20 (SAHL EL SUWWAN) 884.500 219.900 01/05/95 453 7.98 124.44 0.00 49.50 6.32 29.44 1.56 52.90 28.80 19.30 03/09/95 476 7.84 112.85 0.00 47.09 5.59 31.05 1.17 52.90 28.32 20.64 24/04/96 512 7.99 129.32 0.00 48.10 10.58 36.57 2.74 61.06 33.12 23.21 30/07/97 661 8.07 231.19 0.00 52.91 29.31 35.19 2.74 78.10 18.72 15.57 05/07/99 625 7.59 120.17 0.00 62.83 9.24 47.84 2.35 78.46 61.92 27.27 04/04/00 654 7.81 121.39 0.00 57.31 13.74 54.51 1.96 82.01 69.12 31.23 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1621 M 13 (RUM CO.) 889.300 205.310 04/04/00 399 7.93 114.07 0.00 43.69 6.93 27.14 1.17 44.02 33.12 13.41 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED1623 M 4 (RUM CO.) 890.310 210.650 06/04/99 362 7.94 113.46 0.00 41.08 9.00 20.70 1.56 36.21 30.24 9.25 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED3029 W 14 (EL GHAL) 886.336 210.133 05/07/99 362 7.72 120.00 0.00 46.10 6.08 18.86 1.96 30.89 23.52 13.96 08/11/99 366 7.70 115.29 0.00 40.39 8.51 18.86 1.17 29.82 21.60 14.87 04/04/00 363 8.01 120.17 0.00 41.68 6.69 23.23 1.17 30.18 22.56 14.61

Final Report Annex C13-20 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED3034 BH8B 896.460 219.990 14/10/95 482 6.13 109.19 0.00 45.29 12.28 39.79 5.08 60.00 61.92 11.87 11/12/95 370 8.01 78.69 0.00 31.46 9.00 1.15 143.89 53.96 39.36 7.84 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED3036 BH13 866.000 215.450 24/05/95 384 7.66 151.28 0.00 47.90 7.66 18.40 1.56 25.92 27.84 43.41 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L ED3056 SHAKRIYEH MW4A 897.400 196.260 16/03/96 412 7.90 115.90 0.00 41.28 9.12 29.21 1.56 49.35 23.52 18.29 20/03/96 826 16.16 211.67 0.00 74.15 19.46 27.14 1.17 102.60 30.72 36.77 04/04/00 394 7.93 111.63 0.00 38.48 9.12 27.83 1.56 41.18 24.48 18.31 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1016 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 1 855.250 246.030 02/05/95 350 7.56 87.84 0.00 35.47 4.86 22.54 1.17 42.60 27.84 5.31 24/03/96 348 7.68 81.13 0.00 37.68 4.62 23.46 1.17 44.73 37.44 5.54 23/06/98 352 8.18 81.13 0.00 33.67 6.20 22.31 1.96 39.05 27.84 5.08 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1018 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 2 857.100 246.350 07/02/95 354 8.13 0.00 4.87 02/04/95 335 7.53 87.84 0.00 36.27 4.86 23.00 0.78 42.25 34.08 5.13 02/07/95 354 8.13 4.87 25/06/97 349 7.49 96.38 0.00 39.08 4.62 21.16 1.96 39.76 20.16 3.20 05/07/99 337 7.32 88.45 0.00 35.90 7.05 21.62 1.56 37.99 28.32 9.23 09/11/99 341 6.90 83.57 0.00 32.23 7.05 21.85 0.78 33.73 24.00 9.14 10/04/01 360 7.31 91.50 0.00 32.23 7.54 22.08 0.78 40.12 25.92 6.23 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1020 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 3 856.200 243.500 02/04/95 347 7.82 92.72 0.00 39.08 4.86 22.54 0.78 40.83 25.92 5.36 25/06/97 341 7.63 94.55 0.00 37.68 4.26 21.85 1.96 39.76 20.16 4.25 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1024 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 5 856.150 246.350 24/03/96 352 7.62 86.01 0.00 36.47 6.57 22.77 1.17 43.31 38.40 5.36 23/06/98 350 7.95 83.57 0.00 34.07 5.96 22.08 1.96 37.99 27.36 4.87 05/07/99 343 7.25 88.45 0.00 18.16 15.93 21.85 1.56 39.05 28.80 9.41 09/11/99 341 7.00 93.33 0.00 34.27 6.93 22.31 0.78 33.73 26.40 9.44 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1025 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 7 855.050 244.900 07/02/95 361 8.10 0.00 4.78 02/05/95 346 7.84 92.72 0.00 36.27 4.86 22.54 0.78 39.76 33.60 5.31 02/07/95 361 8.10 4.78 23/06/98 352 7.96 93.94 0.00 33.47 6.81 22.31 1.96 37.63 27.36 4.97 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1026 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 6 858.300 246.200 02/05/95 346 7.87 92.11 0.00 36.67 4.86 22.08 0.78 39.05 28.80 5.27 09/11/99 340 6.90 96.38 0.00 33.86 9.12 21.85 0.78 35.15 27.36 9.60

Final Report Annex C13-21 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1027 WAFA 1 859.100 250.500 23/06/98 328 7.54 88.45 0.00 32.26 6.69 19.55 1.96 37.28 17.28 4.90 09/11/99 322 7.10 87.23 0.00 31.42 8.27 20.24 0.78 31.24 24.00 9.26 05/04/00 354 7.53 98.82 0.00 35.07 6.93 26.22 1.17 42.25 30.24 9.99 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/LCO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1028 WAFA 2 860.300 251.300 23/06/98 373 8.26 84.79 0.00 41.68 2.07 25.30 2.74 45.44 21.60 8.81 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/LCO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1029 GRAMCO G 10 853.950 243.600 24/03/96 369 7.63 89.67 0.00 36.07 6.08 25.07 1.17 45.80 34.56 5.36 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/LCO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1031 GRAMCO G 3 859.750 241.450 02/05/95 346 8.02 81.74 0.00 36.67 4.86 22.31 1.17 38.70 26.88 5.18 24/03/96 342 7.53 81.13 0.00 34.47 5.35 22.08 1.17 38.70 36.48 5.40 25/06/97 353 7.62 98.82 0.00 37.68 6.32 21.85 1.96 43.31 20.16 3.83 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/LCO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1032 GRAMCO G 5 861.500 240.400 23/06/98 349 8.17 83.57 0.00 31.26 6.93 24.61 2.35 37.63 27.84 5.26 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/LCO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1033 GRAMCO G 9 855.050 243.250 07/02/95 352 8.11 0.00 4.87 02/04/95 333 7.84 89.06 0.00 36.67 3.65 21.39 0.78 39.05 27.84 5.31 02/07/95 352 8.11 4.80 25/06/97 334 7.00 91.50 0.00 37.68 5.47 21.16 1.96 40.83 20.16 3.35 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1034 GRAMCO G 6 856.600 242.100 07/02/95 350 7.90 0.00 4.56 02/04/95 338 7.66 84.18 0.00 36.67 3.65 22.54 0.78 42.96 28.32 5.13 02/05/95 328 7.86 90.28 0.00 36.27 3.65 21.62 0.78 36.57 16.80 5.36 02/07/95 350 7.90 4.56 24/03/96 338 7.58 86.01 0.00 34.07 5.59 21.85 0.78 38.34 35.52 5.45 25/06/97 335 7.66 91.50 0.00 37.68 6.20 20.93 1.96 42.60 18.72 4.14 05/07/99 327 7.24 85.40 0.00 34.68 6.32 21.16 1.56 35.50 26.88 9.31 09/11/99 326 7.00 83.57 0.00 32.64 5.84 21.39 0.78 33.02 26.40 9.79 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1035 GRAMCO G 1 859.200 243.200 02/07/95 351 7.80 87.84 0.00 35.07 4.62 22.54 0.78 40.12 31.68 4.87 05/07/99 330 7.28 85.40 0.00 35.09 6.57 21.62 1.56 36.57 27.36 9.23 05/04/00 333 7.88 82.96 0.00 33.27 6.32 25.99 1.17 36.92 28.80 9.80 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1037 GRAMCO G 7 857.450 240.400 09/11/99 349 7.00 86.01 0.00 32.64 7.54 23.46 1.17 34.08 28.80 10.02 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1038 GRAMCO G 2 857.900 242.950 05/04/95 339 7.77 91.50 0.00 38.28 3.65 24.15 1.17 40.83 24.00 5.40 02/05/95 344 7.97 89.06 0.00 34.27 6.08 23.00 1.17 39.05 27.84 5.27 05/04/00 329 7.90 99.43 0.00 34.07 5.96 22.77 1.17 36.21 28.32 9.75

Final Report Annex C13-22 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1039 GRAMCO G 4 858.950 241.500 05/07/99 363 7.25 94.55 0.00 37.54 6.08 25.76 1.96 41.18 33.12 9.35 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/LCa mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1041 ARAB AGRICULTURE CO. 9 856.400 245.500 07/02/95 365 7.92 0.00 4.92 02/04/95 351 7.80 86.62 0.00 36.67 6.08 23.69 1.17 42.96 27.84 5.40 02/07/95 365 7.92 4.91 24/03/96 357 7.60 88.45 0.00 36.87 4.86 23.00 1.17 44.73 26.88 5.54 25/06/97 353 7.61 92.72 0.00 40.28 4.01 22.08 1.17 45.09 23.52 4.36 23/06/98 355 8.17 87.84 0.00 33.87 5.84 23.00 1.96 39.41 27.84 5.27 05/07/99 342 7.49 88.45 0.00 34.27 7.05 22.08 1.56 40.47 29.28 9.45 05/04/00 347 7.71 84.18 0.00 34.07 7.05 26.91 1.17 40.47 30.24 9.88 10/04/01 370 7.31 82.96 0.00 33.86 7.78 22.54 1.17 41.54 27.84 6.01 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1043 WAFA 3 859.800 251.500 07/02/95 384 7.83 0.00 5.00 02/04/95 370 7.66 98.21 0.00 40.48 4.86 26.22 1.17 48.99 24.00 5.40 02/07/95 384 7.83 5.00 23/06/98 381 7.96 99.43 0.00 39.28 4.74 23.23 2.35 44.73 17.28 5.32 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1044 WAFA 4 860.800 250.700 02/05/95 376 7.97 106.14 0.00 40.08 6.08 23.69 1.17 39.05 36.48 5.67 24/03/96 367 7.53 101.87 0.00 37.68 8.76 24.61 1.17 46.86 31.68 5.80 25/06/97 365 7.75 100.04 0.00 37.68 6.57 23.23 2.35 44.38 22.56 3.53 09/11/99 356 6.80 76.25 0.00 30.60 7.78 25.76 1.17 40.47 29.76 10.09 05/04/00 352 7.70 86.01 0.00 34.47 6.81 27.37 1.17 41.54 29.76 10.06 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 1045 WAFA 5 861.000 250.900 07/02/95 351 8.00 0.00 4.43 02/04/95 322 7.63 99.43 0.00 38.28 4.86 18.63 0.78 37.99 11.52 4.91 02/07/95 351 8.00 4.43 11/03/96 320 24/03/96 317 7.43 79.30 0.00 34.87 6.08 18.86 0.78 38.70 28.80 5.09 09/11/99 384 7.30 86.01 0.00 30.19 7.05 19.78 12.12 31.60 32.64 22.70 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 3000 HALET A'MMAR 2 (HA2)/W16 849.600 252.500 24/03/96 806 7.87 176.90 0.00 19.24 4.86 138.69 7.82 117.51 65.28 0.35 25/06/97 740 7.99 181.17 0.00 17.64 7.66 133.40 7.82 111.83 60.96 0.00 23/06/98 820 8.18 182.39 0.00 16.43 9.12 136.62 8.21 123.90 58.56 0.73 05/07/99 796 7.85 178.12 0.00 12.24 9.61 134.55 5.87 115.73 62.88 5.97

Final Report Annex C13-23 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 9: Water quality of Disi-Mudawarra groundwater resources (contd.)

STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 3001 MUDAWWARA OLD (WIND MILL) 859.000 248.100 05/07/99 2550 7.96 326.96 0.00 28.56 25.05 494.27 16.81 402.22 394.08 41.15 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 3009 BH5 869.100 256.300 31/03/96 419 7.43 220.82 0.00 39.88 5.59 28.98 1.56 53.25 37.92 4.29 STATION_ID STATION_NAME NORTHINGEASTING DATE EC µS/cmpH HCO3 mg/L CO3 mg/L Ca mg/L Mg mg/LNa mg/LK mg/L Cl mg/L SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L K 3023 SULEIMAN MAR'I EL A'TANEH 856.350 250.200 05/04/00 365 7.95 84.18 0.00 34.07 4.50 30.59 1.56 43.67 32.16 9.93

Final Report Annex C13-24 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C14: IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS (IBAS) CRITERIA

These standardized criteria are designed to identify IBAs of Global significance (‘level A’ criteria). They allow, however, for additional criteria to be ‘nested’ within them, so as to enable the international importance of sites to be identified and categorized at the regional level (‘B’ criteria) and\or sub-regional level (‘C’ criteria), and thus permit meaningful comparison to be made between sites across regions of the world.

Using the global criteria, IBAs are selected based on the presence of:

• Bird species of global conservation concern; • Assemblages of restricted-rang bird species; • Assemblages of biome-restricted bird species; and • Concentrations of numbers of congregatory bird species.

Globally threatened species- category Ai The site regularly holds significant numbers of a globally threatened species, or other species of global conservation concern.

1 Restricted-range species-Category Aii The sites is known or thought to hold a significant component of a group of species whose breeding distributions define an Endemic Bird Area (EBA) or Secondary Area.

2 Biome-restricted assemblages-Category Aiii The site is known or thought to hold a significant component of the group of species whose distributions are largely or wholly confined to one biome.

3 Globally important congregations-category Aiv The site may qualify on any one or more of the four criteria listed below:

I. The site is known or thought to hold, on a regular basis, 1% or more of a biogeography population of a congregatory waterbird species. II. The site is known or thought to hold, on a regular basis, 1% or more of a biogeography population of a congregatory seabird or terrestrial species. III. The site is known or thought to hold, on a regular basis, at least 20,000 waterbirds, or at least 10,000 pairs of seabirds, of one or more species. IV. The site is known or thought to be a ‘bottleneck site’ where at least 20,000 pelicans (pelecanidae) and/or stroks (Ciconiidae) and/or raptors (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) and/or cranes (Gruidae) pass requarly during spring and/or autumn migration.

Final Report Annex C14-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Summary of global criteria for selection of Important Bird Areas Category Criteria Notes Ai The site regularly significant The site qualifies if it is known, estimated or thought to Species of numbers of globally threatened hold a population of a species categorized as Criteria or global species, or other species of Endangered. Population-size thresholds for Vulnerable, conservation global conservation concern Conservation Dependent, Data Deficient and Near concern Threatened species are set regionally, as appropriate, to help in site selection. Aii The site is known or thought to The site has to form one of a set selected to ensure that, Assemblage of hold a significant component of as far as possible, all restricted-rang species of an EBA restricted-rang the restricted-rang species whose or SA are present in significant numbers in at least one species breeding distributions define an site in the set and, preferably, in more. Endemic Bird Area (EBA) or Secondary Area (SA). Aiii The site is known or thought to The site has to form one of set selected to ensure that, as Assemblage of hold a significant component of far as possible, all species restricted to a biome are biome-restricted the group of species whose adequately represented. species distributions are largely or wholly confined to one biome. Aiv (i) the site is known or thought to This applies to waterbird species as defined by Rose and Congregation hold , on a regular basis, >1% of Scott(1997). Thresholds are generated in some instances a biogeographic population of a by combining flyway populations within a biogeographic congregatory waterbird species. region, but for other species but for other species that lack quantitative data, thresholds are set regionally or inter-regionally or inter-regionally, as appropriate. In such cases, thresholds will be taken as estimates of 1% of the biogeographic population. Or (ii) The site is known or This includes those seabird species not covered by Rose thought to hold, on a regular and Scott (1997). Where quantitative data are lacking, basis, > 1% of global population numerical thresholds for each species are set regionally of a congregatory seabird or or inter-regionally, as appropriate. In such cases, terrestrial species thresholds will be taken as estimates of 1% of global population. Or (iii) The site is known or For waterbirds, this is the same as Ramsar Convention thought to hold, on a regular Criteria category 5. basis, > 20.000 waterbirds or > 10.000 pairs of seabirds of one or more species. Or (iv) The site is known or Numerical thresholds are set regionally or inter- thought to exceed thresholds set regionally, as appropriate. for migratory species at bottleneck sites (see Box 7 for definition)

Final Report Annex C14-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C15: FLORA ALONG THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT

Table 1: Floral species of Segment A Segment A Species Family Remarks Blepharis ciliaris Acanthaceae Sandy habitats (Wadi Rum, Disi) Aizoon canariensis Aizoaceae Wadi Rum Eastern Plateaus Aizoon hispanica Aizoaceae Wadi Rum Eastern Plateaus Opophytum forskahlii Aizoozceae Wadi Rum/Mudawarra, Eastern Plateaus Aerva javanica Amaranthaceae Wadi Rum Pancratium sickenbergeri Amryllidaceae Wadi Rum Pergularia tementosa Asclepiadaceae Batn El-Ghoul Preiploca aphylla Asclepiadaceae Wadi Hassa Leontice leontopetalum Berberidaceae Ma’an Area Arnebia hispidissima Boraginaceae Easter Plateaus Cleom africana Capparaceae Wadi Rum/Disi Cleome arabica Capparaceae Wadi Rum/Disi Herneiaria hirsuta Caryophyllaceae Eastern Plateaus Paronychia sinaica Caryophyllaceae Ma’an Anabasis setifra Chenopodiaceae Rum Area, Eastern plateaus Anabasis syriaca Chenopodiaceae Ma’an/Rum Atriplex halimus Chenopodiaceae Ma’an, Road, Wadi Abyad Halocnemum strobilaceum Chenopodiaceae Rum/Disi Hammada salicornica Chenopodiaceae Batn El-ghoul Traganum nudatum Chenopodiaceae Rum/Disi Achillea fragrantissima Compositae Eastern Plateaus, gullies Anthemis haussknechtii Compositae Eastern Plateaus, gullies Aoronsohnia factorovskyi Compositae Eastern Plateaus, gullies Artemisia monosperma Compositae Batn El-ghoul Artemisia herba-alba Compositae Eastern plateaus/runoffs, Disi Artemisia judaica Compositae Batn El-ghoul Asteriscus pygmaeus Compositae Rum, Eastern plateaus Calendula tripterocarpa Compositae Eastern plateaus Gymnarrhena micrantha Compositae Eastern plateaus Launaea capitata Compositae Eastern plateaus Pallenis spinosa Compositae Disi Reichardia tingitatna Compositae Rum, Eastern desert Senecio glaucus Compositae Eastern desert Anastatica heirochuntica Cruciferae Disi area Diplotaxis acris Cruciferae Eastern Plateaus/Abu Tarfa Farsetia aegyptiaca Cruciferae Disi area Maresia pygmaeae Cruciferae Eastern Plateaus/Abu Tarfa Mathiola aspera Cruciferae Eastern desert/Abu Tarfa/Ma’an, Disi Zilla spinosa Cruciferae Eastern plateaus/ Abu-Tarfa Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Disi area Acacia raddiana Leguminosae Disi area Asphodelus tenuifolius Leguminosae Disi area Astragalus cruciatus Leguminosae Wadi Abu Tarfa Astragalus spinosa Leguminosae Wadi Abu Tarfa Retama raetam Leguminosae Disi area

Final Report Annex C15-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 1: Floral species of Segment A (contd.) Segment A Species Family Remarks Trionella stellata Leguminosae Eastern plateaus Malva parviflora Malvaceae Eastern Plateus Plantago ovata Plantaginaceae Abu-Tarfa Rheum palaestinum Polygonaceae Eastern Plateus Rumex vescyularis Polygonaceae Abu-Tarfa Anagalis arvensis Primulaceae Abu-Tarfa Adonis dentata Rananculaceae Abu-Trafa Hyoscyamus desertorum Scrophulariaceae Dis area Linaria haeleva Scrophulariaceae Disi area/Batn El-Ghoul Peganum harmalla Zygophyllaceae Easter desert

Final Report Annex C15-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 2: Floral species of Segment B Segment B Species Family Remarks Campanula strigosa Campanulaceae Irano-Turanian/Rift margins Capparis parviflora Capparaceae Irano-Turanian /Daba’a Gypsophyla arabica Caryophyllaceae Wadi Abyad Anabasis syriaca Chenopodiaceae Road sides Atriplex halimus Chenopodiaceae Ma’an, Road, Wadi abyad Atriplex halimus Chenopodiaceae Ma’an, Road, Wadi abyad Atriplex leucoclada Chenopodiaceae Wadi Abyad Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Road sides Salsola aegyptiaca Chenopodiaceae Wadi Abyad Achillea fragrantissima Compositae Wadi Abyad Aoronsohnia factorovskyi Compositae Wadi Abyad Artemisia herba-alba Compositae Wadi Abyad Calendula tripterocarpa Compositae Wadi Abyad Centaurea sp. Compositae Wadi Abyad Gymnarhena mychrantha Compositae Wadi Abyad Pallenis spinosa Compositae Wadi Abyad Reichardia tingitana Compositae Wadi Abyad Xanthium sp. Compositae Wadi Abyad Chardaria draba Cruciferae Wadi Abyad Sinapis arvensis Cruciferae Wadi Abyad Zilla spinosa Cruciferae Wadi Abyad Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Road sides Erodium sp. Geraniaceae Wadi Abyad Erodium sp. Geraniaceae Wadi Abyad Aegilops sp. Gramineae Road sides Avena sterilis Gramineae Road sides Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Road sides Hordeum bulbosum Gramineae Road sides Schismus barbatus Gramineae Wadi Abyad Gynandriris sisyrinchium Iridaceae Wadi Abyad Gynandriris sisyrinchium Iridaceae Qatraneh Iris aucheri Iridaceae Qatraneh Iris nigricans Iridaceae Ader/East of raod Aaastragalus spinosus Leguminosae Wadi Abyad Astragalus corragatus Leguminosae Qatraneh Oxalis corniculata Leguminosae Road sides Trigonella stellata Leguminosae Wadi Abyad Malva parviflora Malvaceae Road sides Adonis dentata Rananculaceae Wadi Abyad Tamarix nilotica Tamaricaceae Wadi Abyad

Final Report Annex C15-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 3: Floral species of Segment C Segment C Species Family Remarks Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Road sides Ancusa strigosa Boraginaceae Roads/fields Atriplex halimus Chenopodiaceae Road afforestation Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Road sides Centaurea iberica Compositae Amman fallow lands Inula viscose Compositae Road sides Notobasis syriaca Compositae Road sides/fields Picnomon acarna Compositae Road sides Capsella sp. Cruciferae Road sides Eruca sativa Cruciferae Road sides Sinapis arvensis Cruciferae Road sides Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Road ways, Amman Cupressus sp. Cupressaceae Road afforestation Euphorbia heirosolymitana Euphorbiaceae Pumping area Erodium gruinum Geraniaceae Road sides Erodium sp. Geraniaceae Road sides Aegilops sp. Gramineae Road sides Avena sterilis Gramineae Road sides Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Road sides Hordeum bulbosum Gramineae Road sides Lamium amplexicaulis Labiatae Road sides Acacia lanceolata Leguminosae Road afforestation Astragalus spinosus Leguminosae Road sides Ceratonia siliqua Leguminosae Road afforestation Medicago Leguminosae Road sides Oxalsi corniculata Leguminosae Road/Amman Trifolium sp. Leguminosae Road sides Trigonella Leguminosae Road sides Asphodeline lutea Liliaceae Roads/rocky areas Urginea maritima Liliaceae Roads/rocky areas Pinus halepensis Pinaceae Road afforestation Plantago ovata Plantaginaceae Road sides Polygonum sp. Polygonaceae Road sides Tamarix sp. Tamaricaseae Road afforestation

Final Report Annex C15-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C16: HERPETOFAUNA ALONG THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT

Species Notes on Conservation status Remarks Amphibians Bufo viridis (Green Toad) Expanding species All segments, attracted by agriculture Northern segment Rana bedriagae (Levantine Frog) Middle segment (Wadi Al-Hasa)

Turtles Testudo graeca terrestris (Mediterranean Tortoise) CITES II Northern segment

Lizards Middle segment (Al-Jafr) Bunopus tuberculatus (Arabian Desert Gecko) Southern segment (Wadi Rum) All segments (Al jafr, Al-Qatraneh, Wadi Rum, Hemidactylus turicus turicus (Mediterranean Gecko) Expanding species Amman) Pristurus rupestri (Dwarf Rock Gecko) Southern segment (Aqaba and Wadi Rum) Middle segment (Madaba and Qatraneh) Southern Ptyodactylus guttatus (Spotted Fan-footed Gecko) segment (Wadi Rum) Ptyodactylus hasselquistii (Egyptian Fan-footed Gecko) Southern segment (Aqaba, Wadi Rum, Disi) Southern segment (Sandy areas at Wadi Rum, Disi, Stenodactylus doriae (Doria’s Comb-fingered Gecko) Mudawarrah) Stenodactylus grandiceps (Large-headed, Thin-toed Gecko) Middle & southern segments (Ma’an and Al-Hasa) Only reported from Batn El-Goul and Mudawwarah, Stenodactylus slevini (Arabian Thin-toed Gecko) (Disi, 2002) Stenodactylus sthenodactylus sthenodactylus (Elegant Thin- Southern segment (Wadi Rum) toed Gecko) CITES II. Jordan represents the All segments (Amman, Sahab, Qatraneh, Madaba, Camaeleo camaeleon (European Cameleon) southern most limit of distribution Wadi Rum) Laudakia stellio brachydactyla (Broad-toed Agama) Restricted to southern Jordan Wadi Rum

Final Report Annex C16-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C16: HERPETOFAUNA ALONG THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT (CONTD.)

Species Notes on Conservation status Remarks Lizards Phrynocephalus arabicus (Arabian toed-headed Agama) Restricted to southern Jordan Wadi Rum, Mudawwarah, Disi Pseudotrapelus sinaitus (Sinai Agama) Southern segment (Wadi Rum) Middle segment (Wadi Daba’a) Trapelus pallidus agentae (Changeable Agama) Southern segment (Ma’an) Jordan represents the southern most Trapelus ruderatus (Olivier’s Agama) Northern segment (Sahab) limit of distribution Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis (Egyptian Dab, Spiny-tailed CITES II Southern segment (Wadi Rum, Disi) Lizard) Middle segment (Qatraneh, Wadi Al-Abyad) Acanthodactylus boskianus (Bosc’s Fringe-toed Lizard) Southern segment (Al-Jafr, Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Middle segment (Qatraneh) Acanthodactylus grandis (Giant Fringe-toed Lizard) Southern segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Middle segment (Qatraneh, Wadi Al-Abyad) Southern Acanthodactylus opheodurus (Snake-like Lizard) segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Acanthodactylus schmidti (Schmidt’s fringe-toed Lizard) Restricted range Southern segment (Mudawwarah, Disi, Wadi Rum) Acanthodactylus acutellatus (Nidua Spiny-footed Lizard) Restricted range Only at Wadi Rum and Batn El-Ghoul (Disi, 2002) Acanthodactylus tilburyi (Tilbury’s Spiny-footed lizard) Restricted range Only Mudawwarah (Disi, 2002) Mesalina brevirostris (Short-nosed Desert Lizard or Racer) Southern segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Southern segment (Ma’an, Al-Jafr, Al-Hasa, Wadi Mesalina guttulata guttulata (Small-spotted Desert Racer) Rum) Mesalina olivieri (Olivier’s desert Racer) Southern segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Chalcides ocellatus ocellatus (Eeyed Skink) Endemic to Eastern Mediterranean Southern segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Middle segment (Qatraneh) Eumeces schneiderii (Golden skink) Southern segment (Ma’an) Endemic to east Jordan Scincus scincus meccensis (Sandfish Skink) Southern segment (Mudawwarah, Wadi Rum) Restricted range Varanus griseus (Desert Monitor) CITES I Southern segment (Wadi Rum, Disi, Mudawwarah)

Final Report Annex C16-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C16: HERPETOFAUNA ALONG THE PROJECT ALIGNMENT (CONTD.)

Species Notes on Conservation status Remarks Snakes Leptotyphylops macrorhynchus (Beaked Thread Snake) Southern segment (Wadi Rum) Eryx jaculus (Javeline Sand Boa) Northern segment (Amman area) Coluber elegantissimus (The most Beautiful Snake) Endemic to Southern Jordan Southern segment (Wadi Rum) Coluber rhodorhachis rhodorhachis (Jan’s Desert Racer) May cause Envenomation Southern segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Jordan represents the southern most Coluber rubriceps (Red Whip Sanke) Southern segment (Ma’an) limit of distribution Coluber Sinai (Sinai Banded Snake) Endemic to Southern Jordan Southern segment (Wadi Rum) Eirenis coronella (crowned Peace Snake) Northern segment (Amman area) Lytorhymchus diadema (Crowned Leaf-nosed Snake) Southern segment (Wadi Rum, Disi, Mudawwarah) Malpolon moilensis (Moila Snake) May cause Envenomation Southern segment (Al-Hisa, Ma’an) Psammophis schokari (Tree Snake) May cause Envenomation Southern segment (Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Middle segment (Qatraneh) Spalerosophis diadema cliffordi (Clifford’s Snake) May cause Envenomation Southern segment (Al-Jafr, Ma’an, Wadi Rum) Jordan represents the southern most Telescopus nigriceps (Black-headed Cat Snake) Northern segment (Amman area, Sahab) limit of distribution

Venomous Snakes (Disi, 2002) Southern segment (Mudawarrah, Disi, Batn El-Ghoul, Cerastes gasperettii gasperettii (Sand Horned Viper) Restricted range: Sandy habitats Wadi Rum) Atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis Southern segment Middle segment (Qatraneh) Pseudocerastes fieldi (False Horned Viper) Southern segment (Al-Jafr, Ma’an, Wadi Rum)

Final Report Annex C16-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C17: AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY WITHIN THE PROJECT ZONE OF EFFECT/PROJECT AREA

Common Name Scientific Name Black Stork Ciconia nigra White Stork Ciconia ciconia Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus Black Kite Milvus migrans Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes Buzzard Buteo buteo Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Verreaux's Eagle Aquila verreauxii Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus Merlin Falco columbarius Hobby Falco subbuteo Sooty Falcon Falco concolor Lanner Falco biarmicus Saker Falco cherrug Peregrine Falco peregrinus Barbary Falcon Falco pelegrinoides Sand Partridge Ammoperdix heyi Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata Spotted Sandgrouse Pterocles senegallus Rock Dove Columba livia Stock Dove Columba oenas Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis

Final Report Annex C17-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C17: AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY WITHIN THE PROJECT ZONE OF EFFECT/PROJECT AREA (CONTD.)

Common Name Scientific Name Namaqua Dove Oena capensis Eagle Owl Bubo bubo Little Owl Athene noctua Hume's Tawny Owl Strix butleri Long-eared Owl Asio otus Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Nubian Nightjar Caprimulgus nubicus Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius Swift Apus apus Pallid Swift Apus pallidus Alpine Swift Apus melba Little Swift Apus affinis Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops superciliosus Bee-eater Merops apiaster Hoopoe Upupa epops Wryneck Jynx torquilla Bar-tailed Desert Lark Ammomanes cincturus Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla Lesser Short-toed Lark Calandrella rufescens Crested Lark Galerida cristata Temminck's Horned Lark Eremophila bilopha Sand Martin Riparia riparia Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris Swallow Hirundo rustica Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica House Martin Delichon urbica Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava White Wagtail Motacilla alba Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas galactotes Robin Erithacus rubecula Bluethroat Luscinia svecica White-throated Robin Irania gutturalis Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Blackstart Cercomela melanura Whinchat Saxicola rubetra Stonechat Saxicola torquata Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti

Final Report Annex C17-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C17: AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY WITHIN THE PROJECT ZONE OF EFFECT/PROJECT AREA (CONTD.)

Common Name Scientific Name Finsch's Wheatear Oenanthe finschii Red-rumped Wheatear Oenanthe moesta Mourning Wheatear Oenanthe lugens Hooded Wheatear Oenanthe monacha White-crowned Black Oenanthe leucopyga Wheatear Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Redwing Turdus iliacus Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus Scrub Warbler Scotocerca inquieta Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephalus Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Whitethroat Sylvia communis Garden Warbler Sylvia borin Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor Southern Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus Brown-necked Raven Corvus ruficollis Raven Corvus corax Tristram's Grackle Onychognathus tristramii House Sparrow Passer domesticus Rock Sparrow Petronia petronia Linnet Carduelis cannabina Desert Finch Rhodospiza obsoleta Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus Sinai Rosefinch Carpodacus synoicus Rock Bunting Emberiza cia House Bunting Emberiza striolata

Final Report Annex C17-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C18: POPULATION PROJECTIONS IN THE PRIMARY ZONE OF INFLUENCE / RIGHT - OF – WAY AND IN THE EXTENDED ZONE OF INFLUENCE / GOVERNORATE

Table 1: Projected population by Locality in the Primary Zone of Influence 1994 – 2020 First assumption: Growth Rate is equal to 2.8% Population Census Department of Statistics Population Areas 2010(3) 2020(3) 1994(1) Estimates of 2002(2) Amman Governorate Quaismeh & Abu Alanda 66,873 87,940 104,026 137,111 Khraibet Essooq 20,791 26,686 32,342 42,628 Yadoodeh 10,933 14,032 17,007 22,416 Jawa 8,492 10,901 13,210 17,411 Um Qsair & Moqabaleen 19,337 26,450 30,080 39,647 Jizeh 3,513 4,510 5,465 7,203 Mshairfet El-Jizeh 433 555 674 888 Badou Jizeh 252 324 392 517 Qastal 1,973 2,533 3,069 4,045 Swaqah 123 157 191 252 Um El-kindam 58 74 90 119 Total 132,778 174,162 206,546 272,237 Karak Governorate Qetraneh 3,620 4,566 5,631 7,422 Saad Essoltani 1,605 2,025 2,497 3,291 Wadi Abyadh 542 684 843 1,111 Total 5,767 7,275 8,971 1,1824 Tafileh Governorate Hasa 8,388 10,825 13,048 17,198 Jorof 655 845 1019 1,343 Aliah 134 173 209 275 Badou El-hasa 613 791 954 1,257 Badou El-jorof 292 376 454 599 Total 10,082 13,010 15,684 20,672 Ma'an Governorate Maan 22,989 30,003 35,761 47,135 Batn El-Ghool 184 241 286 377 Hussiniyyeh 4,335 5,657 6,743 8,888 Hashemiyyeh 1,138 1,486 1,770 2,333 Enaizeh 102 133 159 209 Fjaij 17 23 27 35 Total 28,765 37,543 44,746 58,977 Aqaba Governorate Dieseh 1,206 1,626 1,876 2,473 Badou El-Dieseh 20 27 31 41 Twaiseh 620 834 965 1,271 Badou El-Twaiseh 63 84 98 129 Ghal 143 192 223 293 Mnaishier 281 378 437 576 Total 2,333 3,141 3,630 4,783 Direct zone of influence 179,725 235,131 279,577 368,493 (1) Department of statistics - Population Census 1; (2) Department of statistics - Estimates 2002; (3) Projected Population Final Report Annex C18-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 2: Projected population by Locality in the Primary Zone of Influence 1994 – 2020 Second assumption: Growth Rate is equal to 3.2% Population Census Department of Statistics Population Areas 2010(3) 2020(3) 1994(1) Estimates of 2002(2) Amman Governorate Quaismeh & Abu Alanda 66,873 87,940 110,695 151,678 Khraibet Essooq 20,791 26,686 34,415 47,157 Yadoodeh 10,933 14,032 18,097 24,798 Jawa 8492 10,901 14,057 19,261 Um Qsair & Moqabaleen 19,337 26,450 32,008 43,859 Jizeh 3,513 4,510 5,815 7,968 Mshairfet El-Jizeh 433 555 717 982 Badou Jizeh 252 324 417 572 Qastal 1,973 2,533 3,266 4,475 Swaqah 123 157 204 279 Um El-kindam 58 74 96 132 Total 132,778 174,162 219,787 301,161 Karak Governorate Qetraneh 3620 4566 5,992 8,211 Saad Essoltani 1605 2025 2,657 3,640 Wadi Abyadh 542 684 897 1,229 Total 5,767 7,275 9,546 13,080 Tafileh Governorate Hasa 8,388 10,825 13,885 19,025 Jorof 655 845 1,084 1,486 Aliah 134 173 222 304 Badou El-hasa 613 791 1,015 1,390 Badou El-jorof 292 376 483 662 Total 10,082 1,010 16,689 22,867 Ma'an Governorate Maan 22,989 30,003 38,054 52,143 Batn El-Ghool 184 241 305 417 Hussiniyyeh 4,335 5,657 7,176 9,832 Hashemiyyeh 1,138 1,486 1,884 2,581 Enaizeh 102 133 169 231 Fjaij 17 23 28 39 Total 28,765 37,543 47,616 65,243 Aqaba Governorate Dieseh 1,206 1,626 1,996 2,735 Badou El-Dieseh 20 27 33 45 Twaiseh 620 834 1,026 1,406 Badou El-Twaiseh 63 84 104 143 Ghal 143 192 237 324 Mnaishier 281 378 465 637 Total 2,333 3,141 3,861 5,290 Direct zone of influence 179,725 235,131 297,499 407,641 (1) Department of statistics - Population Census 1; (2) Department of statistics - Estimates 2002; (3) Projected Population

Final Report Annex C18-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 3: Projected population by Locality in the Primary Zone of Influence 1994 – 2020 Second assumption: Growth Rate is equal to 3.5% Department of Population Statistics Population Areas Census 2010(3) 2020(3) Estimates of 1994(1) 2002(2) Amman Governorate Quaismeh & Abu Alanda 66,873 87,940 115,957 163,569 Khraibet Essooq 20,791 26,686 36,051 50,854 Yadoodeh 10,933 14,032 18,958 26,742 Jawa 8,492 10,901 14,725 20,771 Um Qsair & Moqabaleen 19,337 26,450 33,530 47,298 Jizeh 3,513 4,510 6,092 8,593 Mshairfet El-Jizeh 433 555 751 1,059 Badou Jizeh 252 324 437 616 Qastal 1,973 2,533 3,421 4,826 Swaqah 123 157 213 301 Um El-kindam 58 74 101 142 Total 132,778 174,162 230,236 324,771 Karak Governorate Qetraneh 3,620 4,566 6,277 8,854 Saad Essoltani 1,605 2,025 2,783 3,926 Wadi Abyadh 542 684 940 1,326 Total 5,767 7,275 10,000 14,106 Tafileh Governorate Hasa 8,388 10,825 14,545 20,517 Jorof 655 845 1,136 1,602 Aliah 134 173 232 328 Badou El-hasa 613 791 1,063 1,499 Badou El-jorof 292 376 506 714 Total 10,082 13,010 17,482 24,660 Ma'an Governorate Maan 22,989 30,003 39,863 56,230 Batn El-Ghool 184 241 319 450 Hussiniyyeh 4,335 5,657 7,517 10,603 Hashemiyyeh 1,138 1,486 1,973 2,784 Enaizeh 102 133 177 250 Fjaij 17 23 30 42 Total 28,765 37,543 49,879 70,359 Aqaba Governorate Dieseh 1,206 1,626 2,091 2,950 Badou El-Dieseh 20 27 35 49 Twaiseh 620 834 1,075 1,517 Badou El-Twaiseh 63 84 109 154 Ghal 143 192 248 350 Mnaishier 281 378 487 687 Total 2,333 3,141 4,045 5,707 Direct zone of influence 179725 235131 311,642 439,603 (1) Department of statistics - Population Census 1; (2) Department of statistics - Estimates 2002; (3) Projected Population

Final Report Annex C18-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 4: Projected population by governorate (1994 – 2020) First assumption: Growth Rate is equal to 2.8% Population Census Department of Statistics Governorate 2010(3) 2020(3) 1994(1) Estimates of 2002(2) Amman 1,576,238 2,027,685 2,451,950 3,231,787 Madaba 107,321 135,890 166,945 220,042 Karak 169,770 214,225 264,089 348,082 Tafileh 62,783 81,000 97,663 128,725 Ma'an 79,670 103,915 123,932 163,349 Aqaba 79,839 107,115 124,195 163,695 Total 2,075,621 2,669,830 3,228,774 4,255,680 All of Jordan 4,139,458 5,329,000 6,439,221 8,487,201 (1) Department of statistics - Population Census 1994 (2) Department of statistics - Estimates 2002 (3) Projected Population

Table 5: Projected population by governorate (1994 – 2020) Second assumption: Growth Rate is equal to 3.2% Population Census Department of Statistics Governorate 2010(3) 2020(3) 1994(1) Estimates of 2002(2) Amman 1,576,238 2,027,685 2,609,137 3,575,147 Madaba 107,321 135,890 177,648 243,420 Karak 169,770 214,225 281,019 385,064 Tafileh 62,783 81,000 103,924 142,401 Ma'an 79,670 103,915 131,877 180,704 Aqaba 79,839 107,115 132,157 181,087 Total 2,075,621 2,669,830 3,435,762 4,707,823 All of Jordan 4,139,458 5,329,000 6,852,020 9,388,920 (1) Department of statistics - Population Census 1994 (2) Department of statistics - Estimates 2002 (3) Projected Population

Table 6: Projected population by governorate (1994 – 2020) Second assumption: Growth Rate is equal to 3.5% Population Census Department of Statistics Governorate 2010(3) 2020(3) 1994(1) Estimates of 2002(2) Amman 1,576,238 2,027,685 2,733,175 3,855,413 Madaba 107,321 135,890 186,093 262,503 Karak 169,770 214,225 294,379 415,250 Tafileh 62,783 81,000 108,865 153,565 Ma'an 79,670 103,915 138,147 194,870 Aqaba 79,839 107,115 138,440 195,283 Total 2,075,621 2,669,830 3,599,099 5,076,884 All Jordan 4,139,458 5,329,000 7,177,762 10,124,943 (1) Department of statistics - Population Census 1994 (2) Department of statistics - Estimates 2002 (3) Projected Population

Final Report Annex C18-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C19: HIV/AIDS STATISTICS

Table 1: Cumulative AIDS / HIV by Locality as in 31/12/2002 Total -HIV/AIDS Jordanians Locality No % No % Amman 230 73 62 48.1 Irbid 29 9.2 23 17.8 Zarqa 21 6.7 18 14 8 2.5 6 4.7 Balqa 12 3.8 10 7.8 Ajloon 2 0.6 2 1.6 Jarash 2 0.6 2 1.6 Madaba 3 1 2 1.6 Karak 3 1 2 1.6 Tafilah 2 0.6 2 1.6 Aqaba 2 0.6 0 0 Ma'an 1 0.3 0 0 Total 315 100 129 100 * 64 deaths Source: Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Report, 2002.

Table 2: Cumulative AIDS / HIV by Nationality as in 31/12/2002 Nationality Number % Jordanian 129 41 Others 186 59 Total 315 100 Source: Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Report, 2002.

Table 3: Distribution AIDS / HIV by Place of Infection as in 31/12/2002 Place of Infection Number % Inside Jordan 37 11.7 Outside Jordan 273 86.7 Unknown 5 1.6 Total 315 0 Source: Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Report, 2002.

Final Report Annex C19-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 4: Cumulative AIDS/HIV/Seropositives as in 31/12/2002

Year of AIDS Carrier Unknown Total Jordanian Others diagnosis 1986 1 3 0 4 4 0 1987 3 6 0 9 8 1 1988 1 5 0 6 6 0 1989 6 8 0 14 12 2 1990 1 2 0 3 3 0 1991 8 412 0 20 14 6 1992 7 12 0 19 12 7 1993 8 9 0 17 7 10 1994 6 14 0 20 11 9 1995 2 8 0 10 3 7 1996 4 10 0 14 7 7 1997 12 26 0 38 14 24 1998 11 13 0 24 12 12 1999 3 19 0 22 1 21 2000 11 27 0 38 4 34 2001 9 19 0 28 2 26 2002 16 13 0 29 9 20 Total 109 206 0 315 129 186 *died 65 Source: Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Report, 2002.

Table 5: Cumulative AIDS/HIV/ by Mode of Transmission as in 31/12/2002 Number Mode of Transmission Case Carrier Total % Blood/ Blood products 36 53 89 28.3 Sexual 50 105 155 49.2 IVDUs 4 11 15 4.8 Vertical Trans 3 0 3 1 Unknown 16 37 53 16.8 Total 109 206 315 100.1 Source: Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Report, 2002.

Table 6: Cumulative AIDS/HIV/ by Age Group in Jordan as in 31/12/2002 Number Case Carrier Total Total No by Age Age Groups % Group M F M F M F

<5 1 1 3 2 4 3 7 2.2 5-14 6 1 13 0 19 1 20 6.3 15-19 1 1 3 1 4 2 6 1.9 20-29 11 3 44 40 55 43 98 31.1 30-39 40 5 50 22 90 27 117 37.1 40-49 17 3 14 1 31 4 35 11.1 50 + 17 2 10 3 27 5 32 10.2 Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 93 16 137 69 230 85 315 100 Source: Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Report, 2002.

Final Report Annex C19-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

ANNEX C20: DETAILS OF LAND ACQUISITION ALREADY COMPLETED

1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

The proposed Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System Project in Jordan will be constructed to supply additional domestic water to the Greater Amman area from the deep fossil aquifer in Disi. The project involves construction of:

1- A 325 kilometre pipeline to convey water from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman 2- Water intake structures at Disi 3- 3 water pumping stations 4- A new reservoir, at Abu Alanda, 10 km from Amman 5- Five turnouts at key locations along the route to help provide water under emergency conditions and for short duration.

2 LAND ACQUISITION / RESETTLEMENT DUE TO THE PROJECT

Most of the land required for the project is in the right of way of the existing Disi-Amman highway, and therefore does not need to be acquired. Also, most of the land required for structures/facilities that are not to be constructed in the existing right of way has already been acquired. Details of such lands are given below. Any additional land acquisition/resettlement anticipated during project construction will be carried out in accordance with a resettlement policy framework prepared by the Government and approved by the World Bank.

3 LAND ACQUISITION ALREADY COMPLETED

Land acquisition and payment of compensation has already been completed for the following sub- components:

1- Abu Alanda reservoir 2- Water Pumping Stations 3- Water Intake at Disi 4- Flow Control Stations

The details of land acquisition at the above sites are given below in Table 1.

Final Report Annex C20-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 1:Land Acquisition already completed Land Area Date of Plot % of Total Land Amount of Number of Purpose of Location Acquired Acquisition No. Holding Compensation Paid People affected Acquisition (m2) Amman-Abu 218 2447 100% 115009 * Alanda Amman-Abu 219 3869 100% 170236 * Alanda Amman-Abu 220 2465 100% 86275 * Alanda Amman-Abu 222 3835 100% 172575 * Alanda Amman-Abu 223 3961 100% 174284 * Alanda Amman-Abu 224 2818 100% 98630 * Alanda Amman-Abu 363 1057 100% 38052 1 Alanda Amman-Abu 364 1052 100% 35768 * Alanda Amman-Abu 365 824 100% 50264 1 Alanda Amman-Abu 366 825 100% 50325 1 Alanda Amman-Abu 367 816 100% 49776 1 Alanda Amman-Abu 368 817 100% 49020 * Alanda Amman-Abu 369 1113 100% 37842 1 Alanda Amman-Abu 370 1113 100% 36729 1 Alanda

Amman-Abu February 1998 371 931 100% 32585 1 Alanda Amman-Abu

372 923 100% 32305 1 Water Reservoir Abu Alanda Alanda Amman-Abu 343 788 100% 29156 * Alanda Amman-Abu 343 818 100% 29448 * Alanda Amman-Abu 344 784 100% 28224 * Alanda Amman-Abu 345 966 100% 59892 * Alanda Amman-Abu 346 972 100% 58320 * Alanda Amman-Abu 347 1041 100% 62460 * Alanda Amman-Abu 348 814 100% 49654 * Alanda Amman-Abu 349 816 100% 49776 * Alanda Amman-Abu 350 818 100% 49898 * Alanda Amman-Abu 351 919 100% 56059 * Alanda

Final Report Annex C20-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

Table 1:Land Acquisition already completed (contd.) Land Area Plot % of Total Land Amount of Number of Purpose of Date of Location Acquired No. Holding Compensation Paid People affected Acquisition Acquisition (m2) Amman-Abu 352 815 100% 30155 * Alanda Amman-Abu 353 757 100% 28009 * Alanda Amman-Abu 354 755 100% 27935 * Alanda Amman-Abu 355 751 100% 27787 * Alanda Amman-Abu 356 937 100% 34669 * Alanda February 1998 Amman-Abu 357 1326 100% 53040 * Alanda Amman-Abu Water Reservoir Abu Alanda 358 725 100% 18125 * Alanda Plot Land Area Purpose of Date of Location Land Type No Acquired (ha) Acquisition Acquisition Disi 56,000 Governmental Land Well field 1 Mudawwara 7,000 Governmental Land Well field 2 Mudawwara 2.646 Governmental Land Pump Station 1 Sahl July 1999 2.7 Governmental Land Pump Station 2 Essowwan Batn El- 2.75 Governmental Land Water reservoir Ghoul Jurf Flow Control January 2001 0.26 Governmental Land Eddraweesh Station * More than one.

With respect to the status of the proposed acquisition of land for the new road near the Abu Alanda reservoir and in which right of way the pipeline will be constructed. The Consultant contacted Greater Amman Municipality who informed the Consultant that a planned road by the Municipality exists in that area and they have identified those lands to be acquired, but have not been acquired yet. Those lands are presented in Table 2. Following regulations in Jordan, if construction starts before the Municipality acquires those lands, then MWI will be responsible for acquiring the lands and will follow regulations set forth earlier for new acquisitions as per the project’s framework for land acquisition.

Table 2: Lands to be acquisited for the proposed road Area Name Block No. Plot No. 3 6 7 89 7 90 7 96 3 125 7 127 Abu Alanda 7 131 7 132 7 134 7 135 7 136 7 138

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4 PROCESS OF LAND ACQUISITION

The process of land acquisition that was followed for acquiring land at the above sites is as follows:

Step 1: Issuing notice based on a request filed by the project.

Step 2: Negotiation and fixation of rates of compensation for land and other properties: Compensation for affected land and other assets is paid at the replacement cost of the land / assets.

Step 3: Compensation Payment.

Step 4: Taking possession of the land.

5 PROCESS FOR ADDRESSING COMPLAINTS AND GRIEVANCES

There are no outstanding complaints, grievances or court claims from any of the lands acquired for the project.

Final Report Annex C20-4 Consolidated Consultants MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION

Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System

Main Report – Part C: Project Specific Environmental & Social Assessment Maps

June 2004 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART C: PROJECT-SPECIFIC ESA

MAP C1: LOCATIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN SEGMENTS B AND C

Final Report Map C1-1 Consolidated Consultants