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The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914 The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914 Lamar Cecil PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Copyright © 1976 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey in the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book This book has been composed in Linotype Caledonia Printed in the United States of America bv Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey For LINDSEY AND DICK HUDDLESTON JANE AND DONALD MATHEWS MAXINE AND DICK SOLOWAY with affection and gratitude Contents List of Tables Vlll Preface IX Acknowledgment XI Abbreviations X!ll CHAPTER I The Organization of the Foreign Office 3 CHAPTER II Intelligence and Income 21 CHAPTER in Birth and Background 58 CHAPTER IV Diplomats and Soldiers 104 CHAPTER v Careers 147 CHAPTEThe CrowR VnI 190 CHAPTER VII Bismarck, the Succession, and the Foreign Office 226 CHAPTER VM Caprivi and Hohenlohe 257 CHAPTER IX Biilow and Bethmann Hollweg 289 CHAPTER x Diplomats and Deputies 320 BibliographIndex y of Manuscript Sources 333279 vii List of Tables Table 1 Personnel in Foreign OfBce Divisions 10 Table 2 Foreign Office Personnel 19 Table 3 Foreign Office Work Load, 1907 20 Table 4 Legal Degrees of Foreign Office Personnel 27 Table 5 Pay Scales of Selected Posts 46 Table 6 Distribution of Diplomatic Posts to Nobles and Bourgeois 68 Table 7 Geographical Origin of Recruits to the Diplomatic Service 76 Table 8 Social Class of Fraternity Pledges 80 Table 9 Citizenship and Social Class of Envoys' Wives 93 Table 10 Religious Identity of Noble Diplomats 96 Table 11 Military Service of Foreign Office Recruits 112 Table 12 Military Personnel in Foreign Office Positions, 1871-1914 113 Table 13 Military Personnel in Foreign Office Positions, 1871-1914 114 Table 14 Kommandirt Positions 117 Table 15 Military Envoys 120 Table 16 Geographical Origin of Envoys 175 Table 17 Geographical Origin of Envoys 175 Table 18 Crop Areas in East Elbian Prussia in Hectares 179 Table 19 Animal Husbandry in East Elbian Prussia 179 Table 20 Agricultural Profile of Envoys 180 Table 21 Agricultural Profile of Envoys 181 Table 22 Diplomatic Positions of Noble and Bourgeois Diplomats 185 Table 23 Ancestry of Envoys 203 vdii Preface This is a book about diplomats, not about diplomacy. In investigating the German Foreign Office from 1871 to 1914 I have examined the men who conceived and executed Ger­ man diplomacy rather than the policies and stratagems through which they attempted to advance the Fatherland's interest. I have attempted to analyze a group of persons, identified by their common employment in a branch of the imperial and Prussian bureaucracy, and then to depict the circumstances under which they pursued their careers. The first chapter delineates the structure of the Foreign Office; chapters two and three deal with the conditions of entry imposed by the Wilhelmstrasse.1 Chapter four treats the association of these novice diplomats, as well as their more senior colleagues, with the military element, which after 1871 found increasing accommodation in all ranks of the diplomatic establishment. Chapter five is an analysis of the career patterns of German diplomats. The remaining four chapters portray the changing, and generally deteri­ orating, conditions under which diplomats practiced their craft, first under Bismarck and William I and thereafter under an immature monarch and a succession of epigoni. My indebtedness to various individuals and institutions is very great and it is one I am happy to acknowledge. H.S.H. Prince Otto von Bismarck, H.S.H. Prince Siegfried zu Castell-Riidenhausen, Count Paul zu Miinster and Bar­ oness Anne-Katrin von Ledebur graciously allowed me ac- 1 The Foreign Office was located at Wilhelmstrasse 76. Throughout this book the term Wilhelmstrasse, whether or not followed by this numeral, is understood to mean the Foreign OiBce and not other government agencies also located on the street. PREFACE cess to their private archives in order to examine papers of diplomat forebears or relatives. My colleagues at Chapel Hill, Richard Allen Soloway and Samuel Ruthven William­ son, Jr., manfully waded through the manuscript, purging it of many flaws and suggesting lines of investigation that I had not perceived with clarity, if at all. Hans W. Gatzke of Yale went to considerable trouble to help me deal with an aggravating problem, and the generous hospitality on different sides of the Atlantic of Hannelore Countess zu Pfaffendorf and David Dickinson made many of my re­ search missions pleasant as well as productive. I owe a par­ ticular debt to Dr. and Frau Sareyko of the Political Archive of the German Foreign OfiBce in Bonn, who sifted through inaccessible personnel records of former diplomats in order to provide me with many biographical details. The exemplary staff of the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz, and in par­ ticular Professor Dr. Kahlenberg and Dr. Reiser, as usual went out of the way to expedite the use of its vast collec­ tions. R. Miriam Brokaw and Scotia W. MacRae of Prince­ ton University Press shepherded the manuscript through the process of publication with masterful acumen. Finally, the Research Council of the University of North Carolina helped sustain me in Germany amidst the painful and be­ wildering distress inflicted by the collapse of the dollar. LAMAK CECIL Chapel Hill October 20,1975 χ Acknowledgment I am indebted to Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlagsbuch- handlung for permission to quote from Rudolf Vierhaus, ed., Das Tagebuch der Baronin Spitzemberg geb. Freiin v. Varnbiiler: Aufzeichnungen aus der Hofgesellschaft des Hohenzollernreiches, 2ded. (Gottingen, 1960). Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the footnotes. The sources are described more fully in the bibliography. Persons: BvB Bernhard von Biilow (1899, Count; 1905, Prince von Biilow) FvH Friedrich von Holstein HvB Count Herbert von Bismarck KvR Count Kuno von Hantzau OvB Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schonhausen PzE Count (1900, Prince) Philipp zu Eulenburg-Hertefeld W2 William II, German Emperor and King of Prussia Sources: Asseverat 45 Eulenburg Nachlass, Asseverat 45 BisN Bismarck Nachlass BiiN Biilow Nachlass BuschN Busch Nachlass CN Castell-Riidenhausen Nachlass Dd 122 Deutschland 122 No. 2 Dd 135 Deutschland 135 No. 1, no. 1 Dd 149 Deutschland 149 EN Eulenburg Nachlass GN Gebhardt Nachlass Gen 1 AA.a.40 Generalia 1 AA.a. 40 Gen 1 AA.a.61 Generalia 1 AA.a.61 Gen 1 AA.a.68 Generalia 1 AA.a. 68 Xlll ABBREVIATIONS GW Herman von Petersdorff et al., eds., Bismarck: die gesammelten Werke, 15 vols. (Berlin, 1923-33). HA Haus Archiv HardenN Harden Nachlass HepkeN Hepke Nachlass HHStA Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv HohN Hohenlohe Nachlass HolN Holstein Nachlass HP Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher, eds., The Holstein Papers, 4 vols. ( Cambridge, 1955-63) KayserN Kayser Nachlass Kl.Erwb. Kleine Erwerbung KWN Kiderlen-Wachter Nachlass LoebellN Loebell Nachlass MichahellesN Michahelles Nachlass MiquelN Miquel Nachlass MiinsterN Munster Nachlass PourtalesN Pourtales Nachlass Reichstag Stenographische Berichte iiber die Ver- handlungen des Reichstags (Berlin, 1871 IF.) RichthofenN Richthofen Nachlass RottenburgN Rottenburg Nachlass SchlozerN Schlozer Nachlass StoedtenN Lucius von Stoedten Nachlass ThimmeN Thimme Nachlass TN Treutler Nachlass xiv The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914 CHAPTER I The Organization of the Foreign Office The broad sweep of the Unter den Linden from the Bran­ denburg Gate to the Royal Palace defined the northern perimeter of the heart of imperial Berlin. South of the thor­ oughfare, between the Tiergarten and the palace, imposing public edifices, great department stores, and banking houses were wedged among the stately mansions of the newly rich and those still the property of royalty and of an­ cient noble families such as Arnim, Redern, Pless, Hatz- feldt-Wildenburg, and Stolberg-Wernigerode. The most ele­ gant address in the area was the Wilhelmstrasse, a narrow street running south from the Linden. It took its name from King Frederick William I, who had ordered it laid out at the turn of the eighteenth century. In the 1870s, the Wil­ helmstrasse was unpaved except for a narrow spur of cob­ blestones down the middle reserved for court carriages. The street was bordered by embassies, private residences as well as government buildings, many of them converted relics of aristocratic pretension. The most important of these bureaucratic offices were the three contiguous houses at numbers 75, 76, and 77. Number 76 had been built in 1736 by a Prussian colonel as a comfortable and unimposing house for his family. Sev­ enty years later, Max von AIopaus, the envoy to Berlin of Tsar Alexander I, acquired the property. He considerably enlarged the house and made a number of decorative al­ terations reflecting the prevailing Egyptian craze. In 1819, the Russian government sold the building, together with its furnishings, to Prussia for 80,000 thalers. The residence be­ came the headquarters of the Prussian Ministry for Foreign GERMAN DIPLOMATIC SERVICE Affairs, which after 1871 acquired the codesignation of For­ eign Office of the German Empire. The only entrance was through the wide wooden doors of the carriageway, over which was affixed a blue enameled plaque with the number 76. No inscription or fluttering ensign revealed the official nature of the premises. In 1874, the imperial government purchased the equally
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