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AN OVERVIEW of LATIN MORPHOLOGICAL CALQUES on GREEK TECHNICAL TERMS: FORMATION and SUCCESS by ELEANOR DETREVILLE (Under the Dire

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AN OVERVIEW of LATIN MORPHOLOGICAL CALQUES on GREEK TECHNICAL TERMS: FORMATION and SUCCESS by ELEANOR DETREVILLE (Under the Dire AN OVERVIEW OF LATIN MORPHOLOGICAL CALQUES ON GREEK TECHNICAL TERMS: FORMATION AND SUCCESS by ELEANOR DETREVILLE (Under the Direction of Jared S. Klein) ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the composition and success of Latin morphological calques on Greek technical terminology in the vocabulary of poetry and literature, rhetoric, philosophy, grammar, medicine, and early Christianity by studying the construction of these calques, including their individual morphemes and, where relevant, their Indo-European origins; and it compares the composition of the corresponding Greek terms. Considerable attention is given to trends in composition in each terminology field, such as suffixes and types of compound formations. Additionally, the study discusses those factors which appear to have played the greatest role in the success of morphological calques over competing Greek loan words, semantic calques, and synonyms. INDEX WORDS: Latin, Ancient Greek, Morphological calque, Loan translation, Morphology, Historical linguistics. AN OVERVIEW OF LATIN MORPHOLOGICAL CALQUES ON GREEK TECHNICAL TERMS: FORMATION AND SUCCESS by ELEANOR DETREVILLE B.A., University of North Carolina at Asheville, 2012 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2015 © 2015 Eleanor deTreville All Rights Reserved AN OVERVIEW OF LATIN MORPHOLOGICAL CALQUES ON GREEK TECHNICAL TERMS: FORMATION AND SUCCESS by ELEANOR DETREVILLE Major Professor: Jared S. Klein Committee: Jonathan Evans Keith Langston Electronic Version Approved: Julie Coffield Interim Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2015 iv DEDICATION To my family and friends. Thank you for your love and support. To Christopher Amato. Thank you for your love, support, and patience. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Methodology ........................................................................ 1 1.2 The Historical Relationship of Greek and Latin .............................................. 7 1.3 Morphological Calques and Their Alternatives ............................................. 11 1.4 A Note on Analysis ...................................................................................... 16 2 POETIC AND LITERARY CALQUES ................................................................... 17 3 RHETORICAL CALQUES ..................................................................................... 40 4 PHILOSOPHICAL CALQUES ............................................................................... 50 5 GRAMMATICAL CALQUES ................................................................................ 60 6 MEDICAL CALQUES ............................................................................................ 71 7 EARLY CHRISTIAN CALQUES ........................................................................... 81 8 ADDITIONAL TERMINOLOGY FIELDS ............................................................. 89 9 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 94 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDICES A LIST OF MORPHOLOGICAL CALQUES ........................................................... 105 B AUTHOR AND TITLE LIST ................................................................................ 130 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Methodology This paper discusses the formation of Latin morphological calques on Greek technical terms. When the data is available, either through the Perseus corpus or through earlier scholarship, I also discuss where these morphological calques compete with Greek loan words, synonyms, or semantic calques. A morphological calque is traditionally defined as a morpheme-by-morpheme translation of another culture’s lexical item into one’s own language. In the literature, references to Latin morphological calques on Greek technical terms are scattered. When references are available, they may offer the Greek word upon which the Latin word is calqued, but they offer little historical and morphological analysis. One exception, Robert Coleman’s 1989 article “The Formations of Specialized Vocabularies in Philosophy, Grammar and Rhetoric,” which discusses the circumstances under which Greek loanwords, semantic calques, and morphological calques succeed in Latin, is focused on limited vocabulary spheres and words. An overall compilation of these words, which would provide insight into word formation in Latin and the relationship of Latin with Greek, does not yet seem to exist. In this study, I have compiled all Latin morphological calques I have been able to find in recent scholarship, across a number of Roman technical disciplines. I discuss trends that seem to appear in each semantic sphere in regard to morphological calquing, such as frequent suffixes, and circumstances which seem to allow the morphological calque to replace or be replaced by competing terminology. In Appendix A, I 2 have provided a comprehensive list of calques playing a role in the discussion, the Greek words upon which the terms are calqued, the prefixes, suffixes, and bases which compose the Latin words, the first known appearance of these calques, and, when available from the online Latin text database, Perseus, the number of times the words appear in Latin literature following their coinage. I have decided to focus on morphological calques due to the creative capacity expressed by Roman writers when forming new words. As bilingual speakers, Roman writers had several means to supply a term when they encountered a new concept, such as borrow the Greek word directly (loan word); expand the definition of an extant Latin word to include that of a corresponding Greek word (semantic calque); translate the Greek word, morpheme by morpheme, to create a new Latin word (morphological calque); or utilize more than one word (periphrasis) (Coleman 1989: 77-8, Powell 1995: 288, Anttila 1989: 140). While I focus on the creation and success of morphological calques, some of which ousted a competing word, others of which were ousted, I will also discuss relevant competing loan words and semantic calques in this study. To gather a large number of Latin morphological calques, I searched online and in the library databases with the terms ‘Latin morphological calque’, ‘Latin loan translation’, ‘Latin calques’, ‘Latin Greek calques’, ‘Latin neologisms’, ‘Latin word creation’, and additional combinations. Many sources I found in this way provide one or two morphological calques, such as Nisula (2012: 18), who provides con-cupiscent-ia. However, other sources survey Latin grammatical, rhetorical, and medical terminology as a whole, such as Schad’s A Lexicon of Latin Grammatical Terminology and Lausberg’s Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. Additional sources, such as Powell’s Cicero the Philosopher, discuss the language of certain authors, several of 3 whom were prolific in word creation. As I reviewed these sources, I collected not only morphological calques confirmed by these scholars, but also words I thought had the potential to be morphological calques, a number of which I later determined to be semantic calques or ‘near- translations’ of Greek terms. Once I had gathered this list, I removed a number of words which were not strict morphological calques through comparing the Latin morphemes with the corresponding Greek morphemes. However, I kept several words in the discussion which were not strict calques, out of interest and the insight they provide into the Latin word-creation process. Determining whether a word was a strict morphological calque was often challenging. Many scholars employ the term “calque” to refer to both semantic calques and morphological calques. Moreover, several words I had collected that at first appeared to be morpheme-by- morpheme translations of Greek terms were not true morphological calques, as the meaning of a Greek morpheme in a word did not actually share a meaning with the corresponding morpheme in the Latin word. I removed many of these words from the study, but I kept several examples, which I acknowledge below to be not strict morphological calques. In addition, there were instances where the base verb of a morphological calque in the Latin and the Greek differed semantically, but the prefixed verbs in the Latin and the Greek shared semantics, as in the case of re-flexiō ( e-fle - iō) ‘a bending back, reflection, returning of the proposition’ for ἀνά-κλα-σις. The verbal base of the Latin word, flectere, means ‘to bend’, the base of the Greek, κλᾶν, means ‘to break off’. However, the prefixed verb reflectere means ‘to bend back’, similar to the meaning of ἀνακλᾶν. I acknowledge in the discussion that one would not want to count such words as strict morphological calques, but I have kept them in the study since many are important words in their respective fields and they provide insight into how the Romans formed 4 words based on the Greek. There are a few instances where the Latin contained a prefixed word, while the Greek did not, as in the case of i - i- e c-us ‘having a curved neck’ for κυρτ- αύχην. I have also included such cases in this study out of interest and the insight they provide into the formation of morphological calques,
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