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MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO FACULTY of EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature Chinese Loans in English Bachelor thesis Brno 2012 Author: Helena Juřicová Supervisor: Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. Declaration I proclaim that this bachelor thesis was done by my own and I used only the materials that are stated in the bibliography. I agree with the placing of this thesis in Masaryk University Brno in the library of the Department of English Language and Literature and with the access for studying purposes. In Brno Helena Juřicová ………………………………… Prohlášení „Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů.“ V Brně dne Helena Juřicová …………………………………….. Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D., for his valuable advice, time and encouragement that he provided me with during work on this thesis. I would also like to express great thanks to my husband and children for their loving support and help during my studies. Helena Juřicová Abstract This bachelor thesis aims to examine words in English originated in Chinese. Firstly, the theoretical part deals with the process of borrowing in general, introduces terminology and terms. Both languages, English and Chinese, are described on the levels of typology, lexis and other characteristic relating to borrowing. Secondly, the practical part analyzes loanwords assorted from two test corpora: Oxford English Dictionary Online and The Economist. Loanwords are commented with regard to their orthography, forms, grammar, source and transmission languages and semantic fields. Finally, the outcomes are evaluated from the perspective of linguistic as well as social and cultural phenomena. Key words Borrowing, loanword, loan translation, donor language, recipient language, lexicon, pinyin, text corpus. Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá čínskými výpůjčkami v angličtině. Teoretická část popisuje proces přejímání obecně a uvádí do příslušné terminologie. Dále klasifikuje angličtinu a čínštinu z hlediska typologického, stručně popisuje jejich slovní zásobu a její rozšiřování a další charakteristiky týkající se přejímání. Praktická část analyzuje přejatá slova obsažená ve dvou jazykových korpusech. První korpus představují nové čínské výpůjčky v Oxfordském slovníku přístupném na internetu. Druhý korpus obsahuje slova čínského původu, která byla použita v textech časopisu The Economist. V závěru jsou slova přejatá z čínštiny zhodnocena z hlediska jazykovědného, jakož i sociálního a kulturního. Klíčová slova Přejaté slovo, výpůjčka, transliterace, zdrojový jazyk, cílový jazyk, slovní zásoba, pinyin, textový korpus. Content 1. Introduction …1 2. Terminology of borrowing; characteristics of English and Chinese in relation to borrowing process …3 2.1 Loans and borrowings…3 2.2 English…13 2.2.1 Typology…14 2.2.2 Writing system …15 2.2.3 Vocabulary and its enlargement…15 2.2.4 Characteristics related to the borrowing process…18 2.3 Chinese…20 2.3.1 Typology…20 2.3.2 Dialects…21 2.3.3 Writing, Romanization and transcription…22 2.3.4 Characteristics related to the borrowing process…24 2.3.5 Vocabulary and its enlargement…25 3. Practical Part…28 3.1 OED Online index of Chinese loans…25 3.1.1 New OED Corpus development…28 3.1.2 Analysis of the New OED Corpus…32 3.1.3 Summary…37 3.2 The Economist Corpus…38 3.2.1 The Economist Corpus Development…38 3.2.2 Analysis of the Economist Corpus…39 3.2.3 Summary …48 4. Conclusion…50 References Appendices Motto: 吾生也有涯，而知也无涯 Life is finite, while knowledge is infinite. Wu sheng ye you ya, er zhi ye wu ya. Zhuang Zi 1. Introduction English language is not only the lingua franca of today, but has become an integral part of our globalized lives. On the contrary, Chinese is the language of the greatest number of native speakers and has been progressively gaining its world-wide importance as well. Every language is a lively and living substance and as such it is inevitably being transformed; developing and reflecting internal and external changes. One of the leading processes causing the changes is evident where two languages interfere with each other on the level of vocabulary. The existence of human beings almost entirely depends on communication. Thus, language and namely words are the crucial means of it. The way we express ourselves and employ particular words identifies us. Therefore, mapping a territory of certain lexis may be found interesting, useful and even a thrilling pleasure, especially by those linguistically engaged. This is even truer when the intersections between languages are explored. In that case, even other elements of contribution are present, such as academics in terms of linguistics and intercultural mixing. The study of words´ origins enables scholars to make an insight into former times of contacts among language territories, and hence, contributes to other sources such as history and anthropology. The language, and its described changing forms, is not only “a means” to register information, but is the source for study in itself. This thesis is an attempt to study this particular portion of lexicon from the academic viewpoint of linguistics; to compile, classify and describe properties of this stock of words. It will comprise loanwords, loan translations and eventually any other subcategories belonging to the process of borrowing. Firstly, the general processes leading to loans and borrowing will be dealt with. 1 Secondly, both languages, English and Chinese, will be introduced on the levels of typology, lexis and some other specifics which can later elucidate the morphological and other structures of the studied lexis. The core of the thesis will be the practical part divided into two sections. The first one contains a revised and commented index of Chinese loanwords presently comprised in the Oxford English Dictionary Online. This “yin” must be completed with its “yang”, which is the corpus of Chinese loanwords and words of Chinese origin assorted from The Economist weekly in 2011. Morphological, grammatical and semantic properties of the words will be examined. This thesis aims to provide an outline of words in English that originate from Chinese and to detail facts of their linguistic background. It should also demonstrate the process of language intercourse and consequently “physical penetrating” of one into the other. Additionally, it will try to evaluate cultural and social phenomena related to the topic. Figure 1. World Language Map Note: Map of world languages according to the number of speakers. 2 2. Terminology of borrowing; characteristics of English and Chinese in relation to borrowing process 2.1 Loans and borrowings Whenever and wherever there are contacts of any sort between the speakers of different languages, speakers will make use of words from other languages to refer to things, processes, and the ways of behaviour, organization, or thinking for which words or phrases were not available or convenient in their own language hitherto. (Robins, 2000, p. 354) Before the principal terms of this work, a loanword/a borrowing, will be dealt with, its “predecessor” should first be mentioned here. Renowned linguist Einar Haugen in his famous “The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing” introduces a rather metaphorical term “mixture” (p. 210) used by the linguists of older generations, namely Hermann Paul, William Dwight Whitney and Hugo Schuchardt. In Haugen´s view “mixture implies the creation of an entirely new entity,” (p. 211) which is the reason why the term was soon abandoned and a “borrowing” and took its place. What is a loanword/ a borrowing The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provides a concise definition of a loanword, “a word taken into one language from another.” (www.ldoceonline.com) This definition is simple and clear, but raises questions whether the form of a borrowed word must be changed or may remain the same and whether the whole lexical item is to enter the process of borrowing or only some of its components – a written form, a phonetic shape or a meaning. The Collins English Dictionary definition says more on the topic “a word adopted, often with some modification of its form, from one language into another.” To consult, The Oxford Dictionary of English states, “loanword is a word adopted from a foreign language with little or no modification”. The latter two definitions cover both possibilities; words modified as well as unchanged. According to The Oxford Dictionary of English a borrowing is “a word or an idea taken from another language, person, or source and used in one’s own language or work”. 3 This would suggest that not only entire words, but also their semantic meaning can be transferred between the languages; e.g. semantic loans. To compare and complete the definitions, Haugen’s interpretation of a borrowing states, “the attempted reproduction in one language of patterns previously found in another.” (p. 212) The terms “attempted” and “reproduction” may signal that loanwords rather tend to go through modification than remain unchanged. Other linguistic terms for the loanword are “adaption” or “lexical borrowing”. The latter points out to the process itself – borrowing – in which a recipient language ´borrows´ a word or an expression from a donor language and this ´borrowing´ is consequently adapted and naturalized in its ´host´ language. Obviously, in most of the cases the borrowings are never returned back 1 , which might be viewed as semantically misleading. According to Haugen, the process can be called “an adaptation” and concerning borrowing he goes as far as to call it a sort of “stealing”, although analogously the “owner” does not miss any of his property. He also suggests another term for the process, which is “diffusion”, usually related to the spread of non-cultural items, so in this context “linguistic diffusion” may suit.
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