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Abbasid 79, 80, 159, 170, 282 Coins 10, 282 Adam of Bremen 112 Index Abbasid 79, 80, 159, 170, 282 buckle 82 coins 10, 282 equal-armed 210, 211 Adam of Bremen 112, 117, 212 oval 37, 175, 184–185, 210, 239, 240 Adventus ceremony 60, 66 penannular 175, 182–183, 212, 216–218, Agriculture 26–27, 38 233, 235–238, 244 Ainola, weapon hoard 54 ring 3 Åland 13, 126, 172, 173, 193, 206, 207, 209, 211, round 182–183, 219, 220 221, 284–285, 288–289 Scandinavian 151 hoards in 283 See also Dress; Jewellery; Pendants al-Masudi 272 Bulgars 272 Andersen, Niels 27 Volga Bulgars 97, 99, 100, 136, 159, 172 Anivehmaanmäki 173 Bulghar 272, 274 Arbman, Holger 233, 259–260, 271 Burials Ard al-Khazar 283 big barrows of the Moshchiny dirhams 283–284 culture 143 Arne, Ture J. 78, 270 boat graves 57 ar-Rus 136–162, 172, 179 chamber graves 227, 230, 231 Artsikhovskii, Artemij Vladimirovich 270 clay paw graves 209, 285 Axes 51, 127, 154, 181 collective burials 25, 32–33, 38–39 bronze axes of Akozino-Mälaren cremation 36–37, 142, 227 type/Mälaren Axes 207–208 double graves 233, 240 female graves in Kainuu 178 Baltic Finns 29, 38, 140, 153, 171–181 gender and 35, 233 artefacts of 190 horses and horse equipment in graves 9, Balts 35, 69, 82 48–70 Western Balts 51, 58 individual burials 26, 27–29, 30–34 Barrows see Burials inhumation graves 34, 126, 142, 173, 178, Barth, Fredrik 4, 91 230–231, 242 Battle axe culture 207 long barrows 51 Beloe 156, 193 male and female 54 Beloozero, lake 179–181, secondary burial customs 25 Birka 11–12, 57, 93, 97, 189, 192, 205, 213, 286 ship graves 23 Baltic-Finnish pottery at 36, 221–223 single graves 178 Byzantine coins at 99 sopka, grave 142–145, 151, 156, 158 cemetaries at 228, 230 stone cist graves 23–25, 28 graves at 230, 231, 233, 242 stone graves in Estonia 51, 52 identity of 95–97, 243–244 tarand graves 22–25, 28, 31, 33, 208 periods of 224–227 urn burials 143 Björkö see Birka Votic graves 54 Boat axe culture see Battle axe culture warrior burials 28, 30–34 Boguslavskii, Oleg Igorevitj 150 weapons in graves 25–28, 30–34, 51, 54, Bolin, Sture 79 55, 56 Borre style see Style Brooches and fibulae 173, 182–183, 184, Callmer, Johan 245 187–188, 224–226 Cargo cult of Melanesia 158 beaked 82 Chernyakov culture 64, 66 <UN> 294 Index Christianization 12, 56, 111–112 Dress accessories see Brooches and fibulae; in Finland 178 Jewellery; Pendants See also Crusades Drinking horn, iconography 60, 62–64, 67 Cimmerians 58, 65 Dvina Northern, river 180 Clay paws see Burials Dvina Western, river 140 Coins D’yakovo Culture 140 ‘Abbasid 10, 282 Anglo-Saxon 286 Egalitarian/collective social model 19–20, Byzantine 99 38 coin pendant 240 Ehmja, stone grave at 51 Combed ware culture 206 Engels, Friedrich 18 Corded ware culture 206–207 Ethnic identity/ Ethnicity 3–5, 91–92, 243, Crosses 127 See also Cultural identity; Salient Pendants 176, 181 identities Crusades 125–127, 129, 178, 196 Ethnicity, definition 91 Cult of Ikanhoe 110 Eura 173, 178, 209, 230 Cult of St Olav 110, 112–114, 125–127 Evolutionist worldview 8–9, 17–20 Cultural identity 2–3 See also Ethnic identity; Salient identities Feldt, Björn 23 Cultural patterns 3 Fewster, Derek 21 Cultural translation, theory 65–66 Fibulae see Brooches and fibulae Curonia 37 Finland Proper 125, 127, 173, 175, 178, 189, settlement 23 209–211, 213 Curonians 55 Finno-Ugrians 51 settlement 23 pendants of 52 Finns 82, 84, 126, 170 Danes 117, 178 See also Baltic Finns Danube Fortifications 138 area 51, 65 Franklin, Simon 94–95 river 51, 58 Fried, Morton 18 Daugava, river 23, 54 Fuglesang, Signe Horn 260 scandinavian colony at 37 Funnel beaker culture 27 sword find near 270 pottery 206 See also Dvina Western, river Furs 10, 12, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 153, 155, 159, 169, Demography 152–153 170, 172, 179, 180, 181, 193, 194, 196, 209, contraction of 172 234, 271, 272, Dental caries 26–27 Dirhams 13, 79–80, 85, 159, 161 Gamla Uppsala see Uppsala hoards of 138, 153–154, 281–289 Gender relations 35, 38 Khazarian dirhams 283–284 Ģinters, Valdemārs 217 See also Coins; Hoards Glazov type neck rings see Jewellery, neck Dnepr, river 100, 140 rings sword finds 270 Gnezdovo 94, 100 Dogs sword finds at 101, 270 grave goods 56 Gorodishche 212 iconography 68 settlement at 141 Dress 94, 97–98, 151–152, 214 Gotland 56, 57, 60, 69 female ceremonial 161 hoards at 286–287 See also Brooches and fibulae; Jewellery; penannular brooches from 212, 216 Pendants picture stones 60–62, 65–68 <UN>.
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