Introducing the Homeland Timeline Map Prehistoric Migrations in “Real-Time”
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Between West and East People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 Bc
BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt V O L U M E 8 • 2010 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373 EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Valentin V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt Second Edition ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2010 ISBN 83-86094-07-9 (print:1999) ISBN 978-83-86094-15-8 (CD-ROM) ISSN 1231-0344 BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt Translated by John Comber and Piotr T. Żebrowski V O L U M E 8 • 2010 c Copyright by B-PS and Author All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Linguistic consultation: John Comber Prepared in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword5 Introduction7 I SPACE. Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture on the Territory of Eastern Europe 16 I.1 Classification of sources . 16 I.2 Characteristics of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 18 I.2.1 Complexes of class I . 18 I.2.2 Complexes of class II . 34 I.3 Range of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 36 I.4 Spatial distinction between complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits. The eastern group and its indicators . 42 I.5 Spatial relations of the eastern and centralGlobular Amphora culture groups . -
Was There Ever a Single Grave Culture in East Denmark? Traditions and Transformations in the 3Rd Millennium BC Iversen, Rune
Was there ever a Single Grave culture in East Denmark? Traditions and transformations in the 3rd millennium BC Iversen, Rune Published in: Transitional Landscapes? The 3rd Millennium BC in Europe Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Iversen, R. (2016). Was there ever a Single Grave culture in East Denmark? Traditions and transformations in the 3rd millennium BC. In M. Furholt, R. Grossmann, & M. Szmyt (Eds.), Transitional Landscapes? The 3rd Millennium BC in Europe (pp. 159-170). Dr. Rudolf Habelt. Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie Vol. 292 Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 2 UFFE RASMUSSEN 3 Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES? RD Band 292 THE 3 MILLENNIUM BC IN EUROPE Human Development in Landscapes 9 Herausgegeben für die Graduiertenschule >Human Development in Landscapes< der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Herausgeber: Johannes Müller In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2016 TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES? RD THE 3 MILLENNIUM BC IN EUROPE Proceedings of the International Workshop "Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes III (15th – 18th April 2013)" in Kiel edited by: Martin Furholt, Ralph Großmann, Marzena Szmyt In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2016 4 UFFE RASMUSSEN 5 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Redaktion: Martin Furholt, Ralph Großmann, Marzena Szmyt Englisches Korrektorat: Eileen Küçükkaraca, Kiel Layout: Janine Cordts, Kiel Satz: Janine Cordts, Kiel Bildbearbeitung: Janine Cordts, Eileen Küçükkaraca, Kiel Umschlaggestaltung: Karin Winter, Kiel Druck: BELTZ Bad Langensalza GmbH 2016 in Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn ISBN 978-3-7749-4061-1 Titel auch als eBook (PDF) erhältlich unter www.habelt.de Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie. -
Nomadic Migrations Nomads and Their Origins
PART III Nomadic Migrations Nomads and Their Origins In this book, the term "nomad" refers only to "predatory pastoralists." The reason? Only this category was engaged in a more or less constant interac tion with areas of high civilization and the forest tribes in the Eurasian steppe and adjacent areas. Among mobile groups only they fit within the framework of this book. Anatoly Khazanov defines pastoral nomadism as "a distinct form of food producing economy in which extensive mobile pastoralism is the predomi nant activity, and in which the majority of the population is drawn into periodic pastoral migrations" (Khazanov 1994, 17). In these societies (1) pastoralism is the main form of economic activity; (2) herds graze free-range without stables, year-round; (3) seasonal mobility is contained within a spe cific grazing territory (this particular characteristic does not apply to nomads of Sahara); (4) the entire population is mobile; and (5) production is geared to subsistence (16). In principle, pastoralism does not preclude agriculture, and some schol ars even include populations for whom herding is secondary. They call these populations "semi-sedentary" (Forde 1963, 404, in Khazanov 1994, 21), distinguishing them from semi-nomadic (for whom herding is primary). The term "herdsman husbandry" is used when only a part, often significant, of the population is engaged in cattle breeding. For the purposes of this book such distinctions are not very important, although we should keep in mind that pastoralism is a continuum. Nomadism lies at one end of this continuum. It implies no or little de pendence on agriculture and a predatory stance vis-a.-vis sedentary neighbors. -
The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1. -
Were the Baltic Lands a Small, Underdeveloped Province in a Far
3 Were the Baltic lands a small, underdeveloped province in a far corner of Europe, to which Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Russians brought religion, culture, and well-being and where no prerequisites for independence existed? Thus far the world extends, and this is the truth. Tacitus of the Baltic Lands He works like a Negro on a plantation or a Latvian for a German. Dostoyevsky The proto-Balts or early Baltic peoples began to arrive on the shores of the Baltic Sea nearly 4,000 years ago. At their greatest extent, they occupied an area some six times as large as that of the present Baltic peoples. Two thousand years ago, the Roman Tacitus wrote about the Aesti tribe on the shores of the #BMUJDBDDPSEJOHUPIJN JUTNFNCFSTHBUIFSFEBNCFSBOEXFSFOPUBTMB[ZBT many other peoples.1 In the area that presently is Latvia, grain was already cultivated around 3800 B.C.2 Archeologists say that agriculture did not reach southern Finland, only some 300 kilometers away, until the year 2500 B.C. About 900 AD Balts began establishing tribal realms. “Latvians” (there was no such nation yet) were a loose grouping of tribes or cultures governed by kings: Couronians (Kurshi), Latgallians, Selonians and Semigallians. The area which is known as -BUWJBUPEBZXBTBMTPPDDVQJFECZB'JOOP6HSJDUSJCF UIF-JWT XIPHSBEVBMMZ merged with the Balts. The peoples were further commingled in the wars which Estonian and Latvian tribes waged with one another for centuries.3 66 Backward and Undeveloped? To judge by findings at grave sites, the ancient inhabitants in the area of Latvia were a prosperous people, tall in build. -
Neolithic Farmers in Poland - a Study of Stable Isotopes in Human Bones and Teeth from Kichary Nowe in the South of Poland
Neolithic farmers in Poland - A study of stable isotopes in human bones and teeth from Kichary Nowe in the south of Poland Master thesis in archaeological science Archaeological Research Laboratory Stockholm University Supervisors: Kerstin Lidén and Gunilla Eriksson Author: Staffan Lundmark Cover photo: Mandible from the Kichary Nowe site, photo taken by the author Abstract: The diet of the Stone Age cultures is a strong indicator to the social group, thus farmers and hunters can be distinguished through their diet. There is well-preserved and well excavated Polish skeletal material available for such a study but the material has not previously been subject to stable isotopes analyses and therefore the questions of diets has not been answered. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the cultures in the Kichary Nowe 2 area in the Lesser Poland district in southern Poland. Through analysis of the stable isotopes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur in the collagen of teeth and skeletal bones from the humans in the Kichary Nowe 2 grave-field and from bones from the fauna, coeval and from the same area, the study will establish whether there were any sharp changes of diets. The material from the grave-field comes from cultures with an established agricultural economy, where their cultural belonging has been anticipated from the burial context. The results from my study of stable isotopes from the bone material will be grouped by various parameters, culture, attribution to sex and age. The groups will then be compared to each other to investigate patterns within and between the groups. -
Languages and Migrations in Prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe Summer Seminar
Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–12 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark & the University of Copenhagen Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–10 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark Festsalen Ny Vestergade 10 Prinsens Palæ DK-1471 København K 11–12 August 2018 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities (KUA) Multisalen (Room 21.0.54) Emil Holms Kanal 6 The Roots of Europe Summer Seminar Preface The Roots of Europe Research Center has its origins in a so-called Programme of Excellence funded by the University of Copenhagen and hosted by the De- partment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. The founding members were a group of historical linguists specializing in Indo-European Studies, a disci- pline that goes back two centuries at the University of Copenhagen, to the days when the linguist and philologist Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) carried out 2 his ground-breaking research. The programme marked a new epoch in modern-day Indo-European stud- ies in that it began to incorporate the findings of archaeology and genetics in its quest to understand the prehistorical spread of the Indo-European lan- guages. This was not the first attempt to relate the many branches of the fam- Preface ily tree to material cultures and, indeed, genes. However, previous attempts were abandoned, after the field was, figuratively speaking, taken hostage by a nefarious alliance of pseudoscientific researchers and politicians around the turn and first half of the 20th century. After the Second World War, collaborations between archaeologists and linguists became rare and generally frowned upon. -
First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)
First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations) Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan The foundation legends of the first capitals of Armenia and Georgia – Armawir and Armazi – have several common features. A specific cult of the moon god is attested in both cities in the triadic temples along with the supreme thunder god and the sun god. The names of Armawir and Armazi may be associated with the Anatolian Arma- ‘moon (god).’ The Armenian ethnonym (exonym) Armen may also be derived from the same stem. The sacred character of cultic localities is extremely enduring. The cults were changed, but the localities kept their sacred character for millennia. At the transition to a new religious system the new cults were often simply imposed on the old ones (e.g., the old temple was renamed after a new deity, or the new temple was built on the site or near the ruins of the old one). The new deities inherited the characteristics of the old ones, or, one may say, the old cults were simply renamed, which could have been accompanied by some changes of the cult practices. Evidently, in the new system more or less comparable images were chosen to replace the old ones: similarity of functions, rituals, names, concurrence of days of cult, etc (Petrosyan 2006: 4 f.; Petrosyan 2007a: 175).1 On the other hand, in the course of religious changes, old gods often descend to the lower level of epic heroes. Thus, the heroes of the Armenian ethnogonic legends and the epic “Daredevils of Sasun” are derived from ancient local gods: e.g., Sanasar, who obtains the 1For numerous examples of preservation of pre-Urartian and Urartian holy places in medieval Armenia, see, e.g., Hmayakyan and Sanamyan 2001). -
Amber Discs with Cross Decoration in the South Eastern Baltic
Adomas Butrimas Amber Discs with cross decoration in the South Eastern Baltic A Ö Vilnius Academy of Arts Press, 2Ū1 8 Lietuvos mokslo taryba This research was funded by the Lithuanian Research Council, project No. MIP-036/2015 A book review by Prof. Dr. Albinas Kuncevičius Dr. Marius Iršėnas Designer Martynas Gintalas Illustrators: Rūta Spelskytė, Martynas Gintalas Photographers: Jogailė Butrimaitė, Stasė Butrimienė, Vaidotas Aukštaitis, Kazimieras Mizgiris, Arūnas Baitėnas Copy editor: S. C. Rowell, Teresė Valiuvienė Assistant Laima Spelskienė Vilnius Academy of Arts Press Dominikonų str. 1 5, LT-01131, Vilnius Printed by Standartų spaustuvė Dariaus ir Girėno g. 39, Vilnius ISBN 978-609-447-310-4 CONTENT Foreword \ 9 The corpus of amber discs with cross decoration \ 11 Research problems \ 16 Manufacture \ 18 The amber discs without cross decoration in the Eastern Baltic \ 25 The discs with cross decorations, Materials from excavations in Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine \ 32 Topography of the Daktariškė 5 Neolithic settlement \ 32 Cultural layers, stratigraphy, spatial research \ 34 Finds and chronology \ 36 Description of the ornamented disc \ 44 Typology, distribution geography and chronology of cruciform-decorated discs \ 57 Distribution Geography \ 60 Find Circumstances (context) \ 62 Investigation of Stone Age amber discs and rings by the Methods of Natural Science \ 64 Use-wear analysis \ 66 FTIR and micro FT-Raman spectral analysis of disc with cross ornamentation \ 70 Interpreting the symbolic the meaning of discs \ 77 Discs as prestige objects \ 77 Discs - between the sun and the moon, the mysteries of Light and Dark \ 83 Conclusions \ 89 Catalogue of discs \ 90 References \ 97 Index \ 112 Fig. I. Cross-section of a resin-producing tree trunk. -
How to Use This Book
Copyrighted Material EUROPE CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA How to Use this Book Key map showing world East Asia Date markers and regions defined in different MIDDLE EAST AMERICAS SOUTHEAST ASIA images are colour- colours (see right) that relate AND AUSTRALASIA coded according to The atlas consists of 49 chronologically organized political maps, each followed on the specific events and developments in the world’s cultural evolution during to colours of images and date AFRICA the world region to markers on the timeline which they refer Political and military by a timeline, together with six more specialized maps displaying world religions, the years, decades or centuries leading up to the highlighted year in question. Each events appear in the top band of the timeline writing systems, trade routes or migrations at a particular date. All maps are timeline is illustrated with works of art and monuments from that era. Further somewhat stylized to give graphic emphasis to salient features. For any given year background information about particular peoples, cultures and nations shown on the reader may like to study the political map with its introductory text, noting for the maps or mentioned in the introductory texts and timelines can be found in the Selected entries have illustrations instance how the geographical extent of more complex societies has increased from reference section at the end of the book. Timeline arranged in horizontal bands covering, from top to bottom, colour-coded according to the world Religious developments Politics & Economy, -
The Balts and the Finns in Historical Perspective: a Multidisciplinary Approach
ACTA MEDICA LITUANICA. 2004. VOLUME 11 No. 3. P. 814 ©8 Lietuvos mokslø akademija, 2004 Gintautas Èesnys, Vaidutis Kuèinskas © Lietuvos mokslø akademijos leidykla, 2004 The Balts and the Finns in historical perspective: a multidisciplinary approach Gintautas Èesnys1, Introduction. Ethnic history of human populations is a too complicated pheno- 2 menon to elucidate it on the basis of several gene frequencies. It is obligatory Vaidutis Kuèinskas to compile all data on molecular genetics and serology, to add new ones, to 1 Department of Anatomy, request services of paleopopulation comparisons, facts of anthropological odon- Histology and Anthropology tology, craniology, and anthropology of the modern population of the area as Faculty of Medicine, well as linguistic and archaeological information. A multidisciplinary approach to Vilnius University, elucidating historical relations between the Balts and the Finns is the goal of the present report. Materials and methods. Approx. 800 blood samples from Lithua- Vilnius, Lithuania nia were examined in order to investigate Lithuanian population according to 2 Department of Human and different genetic markers. Discrete cranial traits of 6,426 skulls from Lithuania Medical Genetics, and adjacent territories as well as 3,734 skulls belonging to the Neolithic, Bronze Faculty of Medicine, Age, 2,000 YBP and 1,000 YBP were investigated. We disposed of data on the Vilnius University, ethnic odontology of 4,993 modern Lithuanians as well as of 1446 skulls dated Vilnius, Lithuania to 2,000 YBP and 1,000 YBP. Results. Two separate clusters consisting conse- quently of four Baltic and two Finnish groups emerged in the dendrogram (Fig. 1). The mesocranial Mesolithic population in Lithuania might be related to the Middle-European kernel of mesocranes. -
The Spread of the Indo-Europeans
THE SPREAD OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS Frederik Kortlandt The publication of Mallory’s book (1989) has rendered much of what I had to say in the present contribution superfluous. The author presents a carefully argued and very well written account of a balanced view on almost every aspect of the prob- lem. Against this background, I shall limit myself to a few points which have not received sufficient attention in the discussion. First of all, the relation between archaeology and linguistics is a precarious and asymmetrical one (cf. already Schmitt 1974). Mallory’s lucid discussion of the problem (1989: 164-168) should be required reading for anybody who ventures into this realm of shadows. It is a methodologically legitimate activity to look for archaeological traces of a linguistic group, but the converse does not hold. Specu- lations about the linguistic affinity of a prehistoric culture are futile because it is reasonable to assume that the vast majority of prehistoric linguistic groups have vanished without leaving a trace. Thus, it is certainly attractive to assign the an- cestors of the speakers of Proto-Tocharian to the Afanasievo culture (cf. Mallory 1989: 62 and 225), but we must never forget that the very existence of the Tochar- ian texts which have survived is a purely accidental fact of history, due to a num- ber of factors which happened to concur thousands of years after the eastward mi- grations of the Indo-Europeans. It is not merely possible, but very probable that many groups of Indo-Europeans migrated eastward before the ancestors of the Indo-Iranians, and that the distinguishing feature of the Tocharians is merely the preservation of their historical records.