6 How toUsethisBook the previous map. The timeline on the following two pages then yields information yields pagesthen two on following the previous map. timeline the The of how more extent geographical instance the complex increased from has societies for noting text, its introductory map reader with political the the to may study like somewhat to give graphic emphasis stylized to salient features. For any given year maps are date. All routes trade systems, or at migrations aparticular writing world maps displaying more religions, six specialized together with by atimeline, consists atlas of 49The maps, chronologically followed each political organized trends and events and trends economic and political major describes map each accompanying text Introductory "UDDHIST CULTURE !SIA TAKING WITH THEM NOT ONLY GOODS BUT ALSO (INDU AND MARINERS IN THEIR TURN INCREASED TRADE WITH 3OUTHEAST GREATLY AS A RESULT 4O SUPPLY THE 2OMAN MARKET )NDIAN 4RADE BETWEEN THE 2OMAN EMPIRE AND )NDIA INCREASED DIRECTLY FROM %GYPT TO )NDIA AND RETURN IN A SINGLE SEASON DISCOVERED HOW TO EXPLOIT THE MONSOON WINDS TO SAIL OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE KINGDOMS IN 3OUTHEAST !SIA OWING MAINLY TO THE STIMULUS AT THIS TIME WAS THE RISE OF &UNAN AND #HAMPA THE ¹ RST BETWEEN THEMSELVES !NOTHER SIGNI¹ CANT DEVELOPMENT REBELLIONS IN =@ 4HE WARLORDS WERE NOW ¹ GHTING LOCAL WARLORDS ON WHICH IT HAD RELIED TO SUPPRESS PEASANT UNDER EVER GREATER PRESSURE INCREASINGLY WELL ORGANIZED 'ERMAN TRIBES WERE PUTTING EXPANSION AND FORTI¹ ED THE NORTHERN FRONTIERS WHICH THE EMPEROR (ADRIAN R THAT THE 2OMAN EMPIRE WAS BECOMING OVER EXTENDED THE A SERIES OF DEFEATS BY 2OME AND THE +USHANS "ELIEVING AS OUTSIDERS BY THEIR 0ERSIAN SUBJECTS WAS COLLAPSING AFTER PROBLEMS 4HE PRESTIGE OF THE 0ARTHIANS ALWAYS REGARDED POINT HAD SCARECELY CHANGED BUT IN FACT ALL HAD SERIOUS IN DECLINE HIGHLY DECENTRALIZED AND BY =@ EAST«WEST TRADE ROUTES 4HE +USHAN EMPIRE WAS HOWEVER INº UENCES A REº ECTION OF ITS ROLE AS A KEY MIDDLEMAN IN BLENDING )NDIAN 0ERSIAN NOMAD AND 'RAECO 2OMAN )NDIA 4HIS EMPIRE WAS NOTABLE FOR ITS COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE PEOPLE CREATED A VAST EMPIRE IN #ENTRAL !SIA AND NORTHERN "ETWEEN =@ decline ofthehanempire reach theirgreatest extents; the romanandkushanempires AD 200 1. Rome )N THE ST CENTURY =@ 'RAECO 2OMAN MARINERS )N #HINA THE (AN DYNASTY WAS LOSING POWER TO THE 3UPER¹ CIALLY THE OTHER EMPIRES ESTABLISHED BEFORE THIS 1,000 AND THE +USHANS AN )RANIAN NOMAD Five LargestCities 2. Luoyang(to190) « HAD CALLED A HALT TO 2OMAN 420
000s ITS POWER WAS ALREADY 3. Alexandria 250 (approximate) 4. Athens 250 5. Ephesus population size population approximate to according ranked are date relevant world the in The 250 five largest cities cities largest five at the the at Dorset Inuit Aleuts Polynesians culture societies/chiefdoms Complex farming Pastoral nomads and peoples Settled farmingcultures Hunter-gatherers hunters andgatherers 150° West coastfishers, hunter-fisher- gatherers Desert hunter- different empires different by periods, later or, for development economic and cultural by either defined society, of atype representing colour key Colour-coded plateau Central 120° Empires Uninhabited kingdoms Urbanized societies/ ZAPOTECS gatherers Sub-Arctic caribouhunters farmers Maize bison hunters Basketmaker Great Plains cultures MAYA CITY TEOTIHUACÁN STATES Fishers andmarine Dorset Inuit MOCHE mammal hunters culture Eastern Woodlands hunter-gatherers to the map, each each map, the to mound traditions Hopewell burial 90° Nazca hunters andgatherers Caribbean fishers, chiefdoms Andean TIWANAKU Pampas hunters farmers Manioc Dorset Inuit culture Savanna hunter- 60° gatherers 30° reference at end of section the book. the found be the in can and timelines mapsthe or texts mentioned introductory the in and nations shown on peoples, cultures information aboutbackground particular and monuments works of Further with art from era. that is illustrated timeline question. year in Each up years, leading decades highlighted the to or the centuries events and developmentstheon specific the world’sin evolution cultural during letters, all others in upper and lower lower and upper in others all letters, empires andpastoralists Savanna cerealfarmers Tropical forest State-level societies State-level yam farmers Celts Berbers (purple) labelled in capital capital in labelled (purple) 0° culture
GARAMANTES Nok R
O
M A Germanic
peoples N
Major migration Major
1
Rome E and pastoralists Athens
gatherers Bantu farmers hunter- M San Libyans
Balts P Sami Alexandria
4 I (blue) and and (blue)
are shown on many maps many on shown are R 5 pastoralists
30° E Ephesus Nilotic MEROË pastoralists Khoikhoi Slavs 3 Finns Sarmatians case Ethiopian 4 highland farmers and and 5 3 1 pastoralists Cushitic 2 Arabs HIMYARITE KINGDOM PARTHIAN trade routes routes trade Finno-Ugrians EMPIRE Alans HADRAMAUT 60° 3 2 1 ARMENIA IBERIA COLCHIS KINGDOM SAKA KUSHAN EMPIRE CHOLAS
1 Samoyed s reindeer herders
t
c
e SATAVAHANA
n
t
The The u 6 5 4 r
y Huns
A MAGADHA AXUM NABATAEA ANURADHAPURA Tibetan transhumant D KINGDOMS five largest cities largest five pastoralists Tocharians 90° 6 HINDU are marked are Tungusic reindeer Tuyuhun herders Burmese Pyu Mons Tais Turks EMPIRE Xiongnu Malays HAN (Khmers) FUNAN Luoyang
120° CHAMPA 2 (Chams) Khitans Palaeo-Siberians Uninhabited areas Uninhabited SILLA Australian Aborigines KOGURYO Tungus Tasmanians chiefdoms
(Japanese) Yayoi Ainu 150° Papuans shown in in shown Micronesians white Melanesians 180° Dorset Inuit culture Tropic ofCapricorn Tropic ofCancer Arctic Circle Equator 45° 75° 45° Po lyne sia ns Copyrighted Material up to the headline date headline the to up leading period the in achievements and events cultural major text Introductory OF POTTERY MANUFACTURE IN THIS PERIOD TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IS NOT GUARANTEED THEY LOST THE SKILL #HINA 4HE 0OLYNESIANS HOWEVER PROVIDE A REMINDER THAT REPLACE BAMBOO STRIPS AS THE MAIN MEDIUM FOR WRITING IN CLUMSY SCROLL IN THE 2OMAN EMPIRE AND PAPER BEGAN TO 4HE CODEX A BOOK OF SEWN PAGES BEGAN TO REPLACE THE COMPASS IN #HINA AND THE INVENTION OF CAST STEEL IN )NDIA LABOUR SAVING TECHNOLOGY THE DISCOVERY OF THE MAGNETIC WHICH IS NOT USUALLY CONSIDERED TO HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN INCLUDE THE SPREAD OF WATERMILLS IN THE 2OMAN EMPIRE ,AOZI WAS DEI¹ ED ASSIMILATED WITH TRADITIONAL RELIGION )TS SUPPOSED FOUNDER STATE IDEOLOGY 4HE $AOIST SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY BECAME THE "UDDHA WERE MADE )N #HINA #ONFUCIANISM WAS THE ALSO UNDER THE +USHANS THAT THE ¹ RST REPRESENTATIONS OF IT IS NOW THE LARGEST BRANCH OF THE "UDDHIST FAITH )T WAS DEVELOPED UNDER THE TOLERANT AND ECLECTIC +USHAN RULERS )NDIA THE -AHAYANA 'REAT 6EHICLE SCHOOL OF "UDDHISM GOD -ITHRAS WHICH WON MANY CONVERTS IN THE ARMY )N EMPIRE BY ANOTHER EASTERN RELIGION THE CULT OF THE 0ERSIAN AND THE EXPULSION OF MANY *EWS FROM 0ALESTINE SUPPRESSION SAW THE DESTRUCTION OF THE 4EMPLE IN *ERUSALEM =@ PERSECUTION ! PARALLEL THREAD OF *EWISH RADICALISM LED IN AMONG GENTILES DESPITE OF¹ CIAL HOSTILITY AND OCCASIONAL SECT TO A UNIVERSALIST RELIGION WHICH BEGAN TO WIN CONVERTS C =@ IN THE 2OMAN EMPIRE 5NDER THE INº UENCE OF 3T 0AUL C ON THE TEACHINGS OF *ESUS OF .AZARETH CRUCI¹ ED AT *ERUSALEM CENTURIES =@ WAS THE BIRTH OF THE #HRISTIAN RELIGION "ASED 4HE MOST SIGNI¹ CANT CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ¹ RST TWO AD 200 200 BC 7 billion =@ TO THE :EALOT REVOLT AGAINST 2OMAN RULE ITS BLOODY )MPORTANT TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PERIOD #HRISTIANITY WAS RIVALLED IN POPULARITY IN THE 2OMAN THE RELIGION SPREAD ¹ RST AMONG THE *EWISH DIASPORA « 202 million #HRISTIANITY MADE THE TRANSITION FROM *EWISH AD 200 population over the millennia the over population world rising indicating agraph against population world total approximate Estimated World Population accompanying each timeline summarizes summarizes timeline each accompanying at the relevant date, shown shown date, relevant the at (approximate) markers to relate that right) (see colours different in defined regions map Key colours 2010 on the timeline the on showing world world showing of of
ARTS & ARCHITECTURE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY POLITICS & ECONOMY images 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 1–100 * Arts &Architecture Arts &Technology Science &Philosophy, Religion &Economy, Politics bottom, to top from covering, bands horizontal in arranged Timeline 1 1 2 !PPROXIMATE DATE <_hijChinese census]_l[ij^[fefkbWj_ede\9^_dWWi+-",-'"*&&$ timeline ended timeline timeline Each * * i^_fi^WZki[Zb[ii[\\[Yj_l[ij[[h_d]eWhiehi_Z[hkZZ[hi $ Stern-mounted rudderski[Zed9^_d[i[i^_fi fh[l_ekiboWbb Mithraismifh[WZijej^[HecWd[cf_h[\hecF[hi_W$ :[l[befc[dje\Mahayana (GreatVehicle) Buddhism$ 6 Madagascar_ii[jjb[ZXoi[W\Wh[hi\hec?dZed[i_W$ * Fejj[ho#cWa_d]ia_bbiZ_[ekj_dPolynesia$ ND CENTURY =@ BULL FROM ,ONDON KILLING THE SACRED 2ELIEF OF -ITHRAS El_Z"Metamorphoses$ 9–23 and and 9 10 =[hcWdiZ[\[WjHec[Wjj^[XWjjb[e\Teutoberg Forest$ >WdZodWijoj[cfehWh_boel[hj^hemdXoWang Mang$ 9ebbWfi[e\a_d]Zece\Kalinga$ MauretaniaWdd[n[ZXoj^[HecWd[cf_h[$ date date St PeterX[Yec[iX_i^efe\Hec["jhWZ_j_edWbbo 14 16–66 :[Wj^e\Augustus"j^[ÄhijHecWd[cf[heh$ =hW[Ye#HecWdc[hY^WdjiX[]_dZ_h[Yj leoW][i\hec;]ofjjesouthern India$ h[]WhZ[ZWij^[\ekdZWj_ede\j^[fWfWYo$ Maya calendricalinscriptions$ Kujala Kadphises\ekdZij^[Aki^Wda_d]Zec_d8WYjh_W$ starts :Wj[e\j^[[Whb_[ijademd 20 20 HecWdYedgk[ije\8h_jW_dX[]_di$ Codices"Xeeaie\i[mdfW][i"X[]_djeh[fbWY[j^[fWhY^c[djiYhebb$ where the previous previous the where 27 Watermills_dki[_dj^[HecWd[cf_h[$ * 7hY^_j[YjVitruviusmh_j[i:[7hY^_j[YjkhW$ 30 JhWZ_j_edWbZWj[\ehj^[YedijhkYj_ede\j^[fW]eZWe\j^[White YhkY_Ä[ZWj@[hkiWb[c$ Jesus ofNazareth_i 34–156 Horse monastery"BkeoWd]"ed[e\j^[[Whb_[ij_d9^_dW$ * 36 :[l[befc[dje\h[b_]_ekiDaoism$ 40–42 40 * AFRICA 40 40 MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EUROPE i_cfb[steam-powered device$ 42 HecWdjheefiZ[ijheoj^[Temple WjJerusalem$ >[hee\7b[nWdZh_W_dl[djiW * 43 46–50 47–62 48 J^[Kushans_dlWZ[dehj^[hd?dZ_W$ 50–100 50–75 50 WiWc_ii_edWho$ St Paul`ekhd[oi_d7i_WC_dehWdZj^[C[Z_j[hhWd[Wd J^[Xiongnu decWZYed\[Z[hWj_edXh[Waikf$ * Year oftheFour Emperors0 * an asterisk ( asterisk an dates Approximate KushansYedgk[hj^[FWhj^_WdikX#a_d]Zece\Ikh[d$ Funan_dIekj^[Wij7i_W$ and AMERICAS E AND CENTRAL ast 79 Spans of dates of Spans A sia a colour-coded bar a colour-coded are shown by by shown are 80 80 4RAJAN WHO INVADED -ESOPOTAMIA "RONZE BUST OF THE 2OMAN EMPEROR 83 Magnetic compass_iZ[iYh_X[Z_dW9^_d[i[XeeaedZ_l_dWj_ed$ TacitusX[]_dimh_j_d]^_i >_ijeh_[iWdZ7ddWbi$ region from which they come they which from region colour-coded have entries Selected AND AUSTRALASIA AND ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA SOUTH Kushan empireWj_jif[WakdZ[hAWd_i^aW$ HecWdieYYkfoMesopotamia$ 100–800 100–20 100 100 100 0AKISTAN +USHAN DYNASTY FROM THE TIME OF THE 'ANDHARAN STYLE "UDDHA IN THE 100 ]h[Wj[ij[nj[djkdZ[hTrajan$ * * * 100 100 HecWd[cf_h[h[WY^[i_ji * <_hijChinese dictionaryb_ijiel[h/"&&&Y^WhWYj[hi$ * ?dZ_Wdc[jWbbkh]_iji_dl[djcast steel$ Notable achievements in the the in achievements Notable 115–17 illustrations illustrations 116 118–25 120–30 * m_j^j^[bWh][ijZec[_dj^[mehbZ$ J^[Pantheon temple_dHec[_ih[Xk_bj 120 120 * 122 WYheiidehj^[hd8h_jW_d$ HadrianX[]_diWZ[\[di_l[mWbb coded the world region to to region world the images appear in the bottom band band bottom the in appear mh_j[ij^[7bcW][ijWdZ=k_Z[je=[e]hWf^o$ Date markers Date =h[[aWijhedec[h"Ptolemy ofAlexandria which they refer they which 130 according to to according * 132–35 132 are are Gandhara schoole\=hW[Ye#8kZZ^_ijiYkbfjkh[Åekh_i^[ikdZ[hAWd_i^aW$ Earthquake detectorXk_bj_d9^_dW$ W]W_dijHecWdhkb[_dFWb[ij_d[$ HecWdiZ[\[Wjj^[Bar Kochbarevolt colour- 2OMAN SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS of the timeline the of and and 140 140 arts and and arts 150 150 * * ;Whb_[ijM[ij[hdjh[Wj_i[edalchemyYecf_b[ZWj7b[nWdZh_W$ WjJ[ej_^kWY|d"C[n_Ye$ J^[Pyramid oftheSun_iXk_bj #HINA C =@ FROM 'ANSU 0ROVINCE (AN BRONZE HORSE Yellow Turban peasantrevolt_ddehj^[hd9^_dW$ band of the timeline the of band events military and Political 160 200 200 * * 200 200