DOCSLIB.ORG

How to Use This Book

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How to Use This Book Copyrighted Material EUROPE CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA How to Use this Book Key map showing world East Asia Date markers and regions defined in different MIDDLE EAST AMERICAS SOUTHEAST ASIA images are colour- colours (see right) that relate AND AUSTRALASIA coded according to The atlas consists of 49 chronologically organized political maps, each followed on the specific events and developments in the world’s cultural evolution during to colours of images and date AFRICA the world region to markers on the timeline which they refer Political and military by a timeline, together with six more specialized maps displaying world religions, the years, decades or centuries leading up to the highlighted year in question. Each events appear in the top band of the timeline writing systems, trade routes or migrations at a particular date. All maps are timeline is illustrated with works of art and monuments from that era. Further somewhat stylized to give graphic emphasis to salient features. For any given year background information about particular peoples, cultures and nations shown on the reader may like to study the political map with its introductory text, noting for the maps or mentioned in the introductory texts and timelines can be found in the Selected entries have illustrations instance how the geographical extent of more complex societies has increased from reference section at the end of the book. Timeline arranged in horizontal bands covering, from top to bottom, colour-coded according to the world Religious developments Politics & Economy, Religion & Philosophy, Science & Technology and region from which they come the previous map. The timeline on the following two pages then yields information appear in the second band Arts & Architecture of the timeline 1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Dorset Inuit culture 9 =[hcWdiZ[\[WjHec[Wjj^[XWjjb[e\Teutoberg Forest$ Year of the Four Emperors068–69 HecWd[cf_h[h[WY^[i_ji116 122 HadrianX[]_diWZ[\[di_l[mWbb 167–80 J^[Marcomannic Wars0=[hcWdi 75° HecWdY_l_bmWh$ ]h[Wj[ij[nj[djkdZ[hTrajan$ WYheiidehj^[hd8h_jW_d$ j[ijHec[¼i:WdkX[\hedj_[h$ AD 200 14 :[Wj^e\Augustus"j^[ÄhijHecWd[cf[heh$ the roman and kushan empires HecWdieYYkfoMesopotamia$ 115–17 132–35 HecWdiZ[\[Wjj^[Bar Kochba revolt 174–203 SatavahanaWj_jif[WakdZ[ha_d]OW`dWIh_$ reach their greatest extents; HecWdYedgk[ije\8h_jW_dX[]_di$ 43 50–75 KushansYedgk[hj^[FWhj^_WdikX#a_d]Zece\Ikh[d$ W]W_dijHecWdhkb[_dFWb[ij_d[$ AD 200 120–30* 192 Kushan empireWj_jif[WakdZ[hAWd_i^aW$ <ekdZWj_ede\j^[a_d]Zece\Champa _dIekj^[Wij7i_W$ * decline of the han empire Sami Arctic Circle Dorset Inuit Dorset Inuit 10 9ebbWfi[e\a_d]Zece\Kalinga$ 66–73 Zealot revoltW]W_dij Dorset Inuit culture Finno-Ugrians Palaeo-Siberians culture 4HEMOSTSIGNI¹CANTCULTURALDEVELOPMENTOFTHE¹RSTTWO HecWdhkb[_dFWb[ij_d[$ 100* <ekdZWj_ede\Tiwanakua_d]Zec_dj^[7dZ[i$ 166 9^_d[i[iekhY[ih[YehZj^[Whh_lWbe\travellers from Rome$ culture Samoyed Tungusic "ETWEEN=@AND THE+USHANS AN)RANIANNOMAD CENTURIES=@WASTHEBIRTHOFTHE#HRISTIANRELIGION"ASED 2 <_hijChinese census]_l[ij^[fefkbWj_ede\9^_dWWi+-",-'"*&&$ 46–50 J^[Kushans_dlWZ[dehj^[hd?dZ_W$ reindeer reindeer Yellow Turban peasant revolt_ddehj^[hd9^_dW$ 184 PEOPLE CREATEDAVASTEMPIREIN#ENTRAL!SIAANDNORTHERN Finns herders herders ONTHETEACHINGSOF*ESUSOF.AZARETH CRUCI¹EDAT*ERUSALEM 9–23 >WdZodWijoj[cfehWh_boel[hj^hemdXoWang Mang$ )NDIA4HISEMPIREWASNOTABLEFORITSCOSMOPOLITANCULTURE C=@ THERELIGIONSPREAD¹RSTAMONGTHE*EWISHDIASPORA BLENDING)NDIAN 0ERSIAN NOMADAND'RAECO 2OMAN Balts INTHE2OMANEMPIRE5NDERTHEINºUENCEOF3T0AUL Aleuts Sub-Arctic caribou hunters Celts 16–66 Kujala Kadphises\ekdZij^[Aki^Wda_d]Zec_d8WYjh_W$ General Dung ZhuoZ[ijheoiBkeoWd]WdZ190 INºUENCES AREºECTIONOFITSROLEASAKEYMIDDLEMANIN Slavs C=@« #HRISTIANITYMADETHETRANSITIONFROM*EWISH POLITICS & ECONOMY _dijWbbiWfkff[j>Wd[cf[heh_d9^Wd]Wd$ Germanic Turks =hW[Ye#HecWdc[hY^WdjiX[]_dZ_h[Yj 40* 48 J^[Xiongnu decWZYed\[Z[hWj_edXh[Waikf$ EAST«WESTTRADEROUTES4HE+USHANEMPIREWAS HOWEVER peoples Sarmatians SECTTOAUNIVERSALISTRELIGIONWHICHBEGANTOWINCONVERTS Central leoW][i\hec;]ofjjesouthern India$ HIGHLYDECENTRALIZEDANDBY=@ITSPOWERWASALREADY Alans AMONGGENTILES DESPITEOF¹CIALHOSTILITYANDOCCASIONAL plateau Khitans Tungus 50–100* <ekdZWj_ede\j^[a_d]Zece\ INDECLINE Huns PERSECUTION!PARALLELTHREADOF*EWISHRADICALISMLEDIN Funan_dIekj^[Wij7i_W$ hunter-fisher- Ainu Eastern Woodlands 1 45° 3UPER¹CIALLYTHEOTHEREMPIRESESTABLISHEDBEFORETHIS gatherers R =@TOTHE:EALOTREVOLTAGAINST2OMANRULEITSBLOODY 1–100* Madagascar_ii[jjb[ZXoi[W\Wh[hi\hec?dZed[i_W$ hunter-gatherers O 1 Great Plains Rome 2 Tocharians Xiongnu (ANBRONZEHORSE POINTHADSCARECELYCHANGED BUTINFACTALLHADSERIOUS West coast fishers, M SUPPRESSIONSAWTHEDESTRUCTIONOFTHE4EMPLEIN*ERUSALEM bison hunters 3 MauretaniaWdd[n[ZXoj^[HecWd[cf_h[$ 40–42 FROM'ANSU0ROVINCE hunters and gatherers A 4 5 KOGURYO "RONZEBUSTOFTHE2OMANEMPEROR PROBLEMS4HEPRESTIGEOFTHE0ARTHIANS ALWAYSREGARDED N Athens Ephesus KUSHAN ANDTHEEXPULSIONOFMANY*EWSFROM0ALESTINE #HINA C=@ E Tuyuhun 2 4RAJAN WHOINVADED-ESOPOTAMIA ASOUTSIDERSBYTHEIR0ERSIANSUBJECTS WASCOLLAPSINGAFTER Basketmaker M EMPIRE Yayoi #HRISTIANITYWASRIVALLEDINPOPULARITYINTHE2OMAN cultures Hopewell burial P I Luoyang SILLA chiefdoms R E PARTHIAN Tibetan transhumant ASERIESOFDEFEATSBY2OMEANDTHE+USHANS"ELIEVING mound traditions 3 (Japanese) EMPIREBYANOTHEREASTERNRELIGION THECULTOFTHE0ERSIAN Desert hunter- EMPIRE HAN 1–100 :[l[befc[dje\Mahayana (Great Vehicle) Buddhism$ Berbers Alexandria pastoralists THATTHE2OMANEMPIREWASBECOMINGOVER EXTENDED THE gatherers EMPIRE GOD-ITHRAS WHICHWONMANYCONVERTSINTHEARMY)N EMPEROR(ADRIANR« HADCALLEDAHALTTO2OMAN 4 HINDU )NDIA THE-AHAYANA'REAT6EHICLE SCHOOLOF"UDDHISM 1–100 Mithraismifh[WZijej^[HecWd[cf_h[\hecF[hi_W$ GARAMANTES Libyans 6 EXPANSIONANDFORTI¹EDTHENORTHERNFRONTIERS WHICHTHE Maize Burmese DEVELOPEDUNDERTHETOLERANTANDECLECTIC+USHANRULERS Arabs INCREASINGLYWELL ORGANIZED'ERMANTRIBESWEREPUTTING farmers TEOTIHUACÁN KINGDOMS Tais Tropic of Cancer ITISNOWTHELARGESTBRANCHOFTHE"UDDHISTFAITH)TWAS St PeterX[Yec[iX_i^efe\Hec["jhWZ_j_edWbbo 42* 64 <_hijpersecutions of 170* GalenYeZ_Ä[i=h[[ac[Z_Y_d[$ Caribbean fishers, SAKA HIMYARITE h[]WhZ[ZWij^[\ekdZWj_ede\j^[fWfWYo$ ChristiansWjHec[$ "UDDHAINTHE UNDEREVERGREATERPRESSURE hunters and gatherers MEROË KINGDOM Pyu ALSOUNDERTHE+USHANSTHATTHE¹RSTREPRESENTATIONSOF KINGDOM SATAVAHANA 'ANDHARANSTYLE )N#HINA THE(ANDYNASTYWASLOSINGPOWERTOTHE THE"UDDHAWEREMADE)N#HINA #ONFUCIANISMWASTHE 30 _i 47–62 `ekhd[oi_d7i_WC_dehWdZj^[C[Z_j[hhWd[Wd ZAPOTECS Jesus of Nazareth St Paul FROMTHETIMEOFTHE Savanna cereal farmers 5 HADRAMAUT Mons CHAMPA YhkY_Ä[ZWj@[hkiWb[c$ WiWc_ii_edWho$ Roman roadd[jmehaYecfb[j[$ 200* LOCALWARLORDSONWHICHITHADRELIEDTOSUPPRESSPEASANT and pastoralists Nilotic STATEIDEOLOGY4HE$AOISTSCHOOLOFPHILOSOPHYBECAME +USHANDYNASTY (Chams) REBELLIONSIN=@4HEWARLORDSWERENOW¹GHTING MAYA CITY pastoralists CHOLAS Micronesians ASSIMILATEDWITHTRADITIONALRELIGION)TSSUPPOSEDFOUNDER 0AKISTAN Ethiopian STATES Tropical forest FUNAN HecWdjheefiZ[ijheoj^[Temple Wj Jerusalem$ 70 BETWEENTHEMSELVES!NOTHERSIGNI¹CANTDEVELOPMENT yam farmers highland ,AOZIWASDEI¹ED RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY 2OMANSURGICALINSTRUMENTS 9eZ_ÄYWj_ede\Hindu laws$ 200* farmers (Khmers) ATTHISTIMEWASTHERISEOF&UNANAND#HAMPA THE¹RST Nok Cushitic ANURADHAPURA )MPORTANTTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSOFTHEPERIOD 9^h_ij_WdGospelsmh_jj[d$ 70–100 pastoralists KINGDOMSIN3OUTHEAST!SIA OWINGMAINLYTOTHESTIMULUS culture INCLUDETHESPREADOFWATERMILLSINTHE2OMANEMPIRE 1 4 Equator Bantu farmers COLCHIS NABATAEA 34–156* :[l[befc[dje\h[b_]_ekiDaoism$ Manioc Malays OFINTERNATIONALTRADE and pastoralists 2 IBERIA 5 AXUM WHICHISNOTUSUALLYCONSIDEREDTOHAVEBEENINTERESTEDIN Andean farmers )NTHESTCENTURY=@'RAECO 2OMANMARINERS chiefdoms 3 ARMENIA 6 MAGADHA Papuans LABOUR SAVINGTECHNOLOGY THEDISCOVERYOFTHEMAGNETIC 58* Buddhism_djheZkY[Zje9^_dW$ DISCOVEREDHOWTOEXPLOITTHEMONSOONWINDSTOSAIL COMPASSIN#HINAANDTHEINVENTIONOFCASTSTEELIN)NDIA s MOCHE n DIRECTLYFROM%GYPTTO)NDIAANDRETURNINASINGLESEASON ia 4HECODEXABOOKOFSEWNPAGES BEGANTOREPLACETHE 2ELIEFOF-ITHRAS s Watermills_dki[_dj^[HecWd[cf_h[$ 50* Pliny the Youngermh_j[iWd 79 100* ?dZ_Wdc[jWbbkh]_iji_dl[djcast steel$ ;Whb_[ijM[ij[hdjh[Wj_i[edalchemyYecf_b[ZWj7b[nWdZh_W$ 185* D Melanesians e Polynesians TIWANAKU ury A n KILLINGTHESACRED 4RADEBETWEENTHE2OMANEMPIREAND)NDIAINCREASED cent y CLUMSYSCROLLINTHE2OMANEMPIRE ANDPAPERBEGANTO 1st l [o[m_jd[iiWYYekdje\j^[ o BULLFROM,ONDON GREATLYASARESULT4OSUPPLYTHE2OMANMARKET )NDIAN Nazca P REPLACEBAMBOOSTRIPSASTHEMAINMEDIUMFORWRITINGIN :Wj[e\j^[[Whb_[ijademd 36 >[hee\7b[nWdZh_W_dl[djiW 60* [hkfj_ede\L[ikl_ki"m^_Y^ 105* Writing paper_dl[dj[Z_d9^_dW$ 132 Earthquake detectorXk_bj_d9^_dW$ 160* Wheelbarrow_dl[dj[Z_d9^_dW$ Savanna hunter- NDCENTURY=@ MARINERSINTHEIRTURNINCREASEDTRADEWITH3OUTHEAST gatherers San Khoikhoi #HINA4HE0OLYNESIANS HOWEVER PROVIDEAREMINDERTHAT Maya calendrical inscriptions$ i_cfb[steam-powered device$ Z[ijheoiFecf[__"?jWbo$ hunter- pastoralists 83 Magnetic compass_iZ[iYh_X[Z_dW9^_d[i[XeeaedZ_l_dWj_ed$ =h[[aWijhedec[h"Ptolemy of Alexandria 150* Abacuski[Z_d9^_dW$ 190* !SIA TAKINGWITHTHEMNOTONLYGOODSBUTALSO(INDUAND gatherers Tropic of Capricorn TECHNOLOGICALPROGRESSISNOTGUARANTEEDTHEYLOSTTHESKILL 1–100 Stern-mounted rudderski[Zed9^_d[i[i^_fifh[l_ekiboWbb mh_j[ij^[7bcW][ijWdZ=k_Z[je=[e]hWf^o$ "UDDHISTCULTURE Australian Aborigines OFPOTTERYMANUFACTUREINTHISPERIOD i^_fi^WZki[Zb[ii[\\[Yj_l[ij[[h_d]eWhiehi_Z[hkZZ[hi$ SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Five Largest Cities 000s (approximate) World Population (approximate) 1–100* Fejj[ho#cWa_d]ia_bbiZ_[ekj_dPolynesia$
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Between West and East People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 Bc
    BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt V O L U M E 8 • 2010 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373 EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Valentin V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt Second Edition ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2010 ISBN 83-86094-07-9 (print:1999) ISBN 978-83-86094-15-8 (CD-ROM) ISSN 1231-0344 BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt Translated by John Comber and Piotr T. Żebrowski V O L U M E 8 • 2010 c Copyright by B-PS and Author All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Linguistic consultation: John Comber Prepared in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword5 Introduction7 I SPACE. Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture on the Territory of Eastern Europe 16 I.1 Classification of sources . 16 I.2 Characteristics of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 18 I.2.1 Complexes of class I . 18 I.2.2 Complexes of class II . 34 I.3 Range of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 36 I.4 Spatial distinction between complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits. The eastern group and its indicators . 42 I.5 Spatial relations of the eastern and centralGlobular Amphora culture groups .
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Were the Baltic Lands a Small, Underdeveloped Province in a Far
    3 Were the Baltic lands a small, underdeveloped province in a far corner of Europe, to which Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Russians brought religion, culture, and well-being and where no prerequisites for independence existed? Thus far the world extends, and this is the truth. Tacitus of the Baltic Lands He works like a Negro on a plantation or a Latvian for a German. Dostoyevsky The proto-Balts or early Baltic peoples began to arrive on the shores of the Baltic Sea nearly 4,000 years ago. At their greatest extent, they occupied an area some six times as large as that of the present Baltic peoples. Two thousand years ago, the Roman Tacitus wrote about the Aesti tribe on the shores of the #BMUJDBDDPSEJOHUPIJN JUTNFNCFSTHBUIFSFEBNCFSBOEXFSFOPUBTMB[ZBT many other peoples.1 In the area that presently is Latvia, grain was already cultivated around 3800 B.C.2 Archeologists say that agriculture did not reach southern Finland, only some 300 kilometers away, until the year 2500 B.C. About 900 AD Balts began establishing tribal realms. “Latvians” (there was no such nation yet) were a loose grouping of tribes or cultures governed by kings: Couronians (Kurshi), Latgallians, Selonians and Semigallians. The area which is known as -BUWJBUPEBZXBTBMTPPDDVQJFECZB'JOOP6HSJDUSJCF UIF-JWT XIPHSBEVBMMZ merged with the Balts. The peoples were further commingled in the wars which Estonian and Latvian tribes waged with one another for centuries.3 66 Backward and Undeveloped? To judge by findings at grave sites, the ancient inhabitants in the area of Latvia were a prosperous people, tall in build.
    [Show full text]
  • Amber Discs with Cross Decoration in the South Eastern Baltic
    Adomas Butrimas Amber Discs with cross decoration in the South Eastern Baltic A Ö Vilnius Academy of Arts Press, 2Ū1 8 Lietuvos mokslo taryba This research was funded by the Lithuanian Research Council, project No. MIP-036/2015 A book review by Prof. Dr. Albinas Kuncevičius Dr. Marius Iršėnas Designer Martynas Gintalas Illustrators: Rūta Spelskytė, Martynas Gintalas Photographers: Jogailė Butrimaitė, Stasė Butrimienė, Vaidotas Aukštaitis, Kazimieras Mizgiris, Arūnas Baitėnas Copy editor: S. C. Rowell, Teresė Valiuvienė Assistant Laima Spelskienė Vilnius Academy of Arts Press Dominikonų str. 1 5, LT-01131, Vilnius Printed by Standartų spaustuvė Dariaus ir Girėno g. 39, Vilnius ISBN 978-609-447-310-4 CONTENT Foreword \ 9 The corpus of amber discs with cross decoration \ 11 Research problems \ 16 Manufacture \ 18 The amber discs without cross decoration in the Eastern Baltic \ 25 The discs with cross decorations, Materials from excavations in Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine \ 32 Topography of the Daktariškė 5 Neolithic settlement \ 32 Cultural layers, stratigraphy, spatial research \ 34 Finds and chronology \ 36 Description of the ornamented disc \ 44 Typology, distribution geography and chronology of cruciform-decorated discs \ 57 Distribution Geography \ 60 Find Circumstances (context) \ 62 Investigation of Stone Age amber discs and rings by the Methods of Natural Science \ 64 Use-wear analysis \ 66 FTIR and micro FT-Raman spectral analysis of disc with cross ornamentation \ 70 Interpreting the symbolic the meaning of discs \ 77 Discs as prestige objects \ 77 Discs - between the sun and the moon, the mysteries of Light and Dark \ 83 Conclusions \ 89 Catalogue of discs \ 90 References \ 97 Index \ 112 Fig. I. Cross-section of a resin-producing tree trunk.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balts and the Finns in Historical Perspective: a Multidisciplinary Approach
    ACTA MEDICA LITUANICA. 2004. VOLUME 11 No. 3. P. 814 ©8 Lietuvos mokslø akademija, 2004 Gintautas Èesnys, Vaidutis Kuèinskas © Lietuvos mokslø akademijos leidykla, 2004 The Balts and the Finns in historical perspective: a multidisciplinary approach Gintautas Èesnys1, Introduction. Ethnic history of human populations is a too complicated pheno- 2 menon to elucidate it on the basis of several gene frequencies. It is obligatory Vaidutis Kuèinskas to compile all data on molecular genetics and serology, to add new ones, to 1 Department of Anatomy, request services of paleopopulation comparisons, facts of anthropological odon- Histology and Anthropology tology, craniology, and anthropology of the modern population of the area as Faculty of Medicine, well as linguistic and archaeological information. A multidisciplinary approach to Vilnius University, elucidating historical relations between the Balts and the Finns is the goal of the present report. Materials and methods. Approx. 800 blood samples from Lithua- Vilnius, Lithuania nia were examined in order to investigate Lithuanian population according to 2 Department of Human and different genetic markers. Discrete cranial traits of 6,426 skulls from Lithuania Medical Genetics, and adjacent territories as well as 3,734 skulls belonging to the Neolithic, Bronze Faculty of Medicine, Age, 2,000 YBP and 1,000 YBP were investigated. We disposed of data on the Vilnius University, ethnic odontology of 4,993 modern Lithuanians as well as of 1446 skulls dated Vilnius, Lithuania to 2,000 YBP and 1,000 YBP. Results. Two separate clusters consisting conse- quently of four Baltic and two Finnish groups emerged in the dendrogram (Fig. 1). The mesocranial Mesolithic population in Lithuania might be related to the Middle-European kernel of mesocranes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spread of the Indo-Europeans
    THE SPREAD OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS Frederik Kortlandt The publication of Mallory’s book (1989) has rendered much of what I had to say in the present contribution superfluous. The author presents a carefully argued and very well written account of a balanced view on almost every aspect of the prob- lem. Against this background, I shall limit myself to a few points which have not received sufficient attention in the discussion. First of all, the relation between archaeology and linguistics is a precarious and asymmetrical one (cf. already Schmitt 1974). Mallory’s lucid discussion of the problem (1989: 164-168) should be required reading for anybody who ventures into this realm of shadows. It is a methodologically legitimate activity to look for archaeological traces of a linguistic group, but the converse does not hold. Specu- lations about the linguistic affinity of a prehistoric culture are futile because it is reasonable to assume that the vast majority of prehistoric linguistic groups have vanished without leaving a trace. Thus, it is certainly attractive to assign the an- cestors of the speakers of Proto-Tocharian to the Afanasievo culture (cf. Mallory 1989: 62 and 225), but we must never forget that the very existence of the Tochar- ian texts which have survived is a purely accidental fact of history, due to a num- ber of factors which happened to concur thousands of years after the eastward mi- grations of the Indo-Europeans. It is not merely possible, but very probable that many groups of Indo-Europeans migrated eastward before the ancestors of the Indo-Iranians, and that the distinguishing feature of the Tocharians is merely the preservation of their historical records.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and Archaeological Accounts
    ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA CARPATHICA VOL. LV (2020): 197–214 PL ISSN 0001-5229 DOI 10.4467/00015229AAC.20.008.13513 MICHEL KAZANSKI The migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and archaeological accounts Abstract: This article addresses a few archaeological finds from the earliest stage of the Great Migration Period (late fourth to the first half of the fifth century AD) in the territory of the Western Roman Empire related to Central Europe by origin, which could testify to the migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West in 406 AD. These finds comprise different types of crossbow brooches discovered in the Roman provinces in Gallia, Spain, and North Africa, which parallels originate from the lands to the north of the Danube, in the zone where the Vandals and the Suebi lived by the moment of the migration to the West in 406 AD. Besides, some features of the funeral rite discovered in the early Great Migration Period in Eastern Gallia, particularly ritually destroyed weapons, meet with analogies in the cemeteries of Central European barbarians, particularly in the Przeworsk culture. These archaeological pieces of evidence were partially related to the arrival of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman Empire’s territory in 406 AD, and also reflected the presence of the Central European barbarians in the Roman military service. Keywords: Vandals, Suebi, Great Migration Period, Western Roman Empire This article will present a short review of archaeological finds from the earliest stage of the Great Migration Period (late fourth to the first half of the fifth century AD) in the territory of the Western Roman Empire (Gallia, Hispania, Africa), which origin was related to Central Europe, precisely to the region north of the Danube and the southern and middle Vistula basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Proto Baltic & Baltic Languages
    PROTO-BALTIC >>>|||<<< An excerpt of text from Virdainas © Jos. Pashka 2012 * Warning - RWA xenophobes may find this content emotionally disturbing. > Link to Google Translate URL < "People lie. The evidence doesn't lie " - Grissom. The IE Satem poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a1a1, Z280 w/ multiple variants ) appeared well over five thousand years ago in forested regions by the Middle & Upper Dnieper river and it's tributaries - also including a wide area extending East towards the Don, along with an early Northeastern variant (LWb allele, R1a1a1, Z280 Northern variants & Z92, L235 ) which developed of related East Baltic speaking forest-zone Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures that spread North and East, up to the Ural Mountains, together are seen as Northern extensions ( 3300 - 1800 BCE, Loze 1992, Tab.1 ) of the poly-ethnic Corded Ware ( R1a- M417, Z283 ) culture horizon (re: mtDNA N1a1). [ Note - the (DNA) citations are only partial / general indicators.] There were altogether really quite a few (R1a1a1, Z280 Northern variants ) Baltic Satem speaking cultures - the early West Baltic ( Pamariai / Bay Coast ) Barrow culture in the West - the growing Middle Dnieper in the middle / with a Dnieper-Desna variant - and the geographically immense East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, settled among (and eventually merging with, among others) neighboring Finno-Ugrics ( N1c1) and Narva substratum on territory in the North & East - up to the Ural mountains and Kama-Volga rivers. A later phase of the Catacomb ( MVK - Mnogovalikovo ) & Pit- grave ( Poltavka ) influenced border Fatyanovo-Balanovo was the Corded Ware Abashevo culture. To the South of these bordered complexes like Sosnica, that later became the Baltic-type Milograd & Bondarikha ( > Jukhnovo ) cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Satavicius Searching for Traces of the Origins of Our Ancestors
    SEARCHING FOR TRACES OF THE ORIGINS OF OUR ANCESTORS EGIDIJUS ŠATAVIČIUS Searching for Traces of the of the Traces Searching for Ancestors Origins of our EGIDIJUS ŠATAVIČIUS Not every Lithuanian archaeologist is ready to devote Girininkas’ interest in archaeology and the region’s an- his or her life to Stone Age research. Investigating what cient past was sparked by Vitas Valatka (1927–1977), a existed prior to the appearance of civilisation would famous researcher of the Samogitian region and a mu- seem uninteresting and unimportant, unlike excavat- seum curator. Together, they visited impressive central ing a site like Troy, Kernavė or Voruta. It is difficult to Samogitian archaeological sites, and participated in boast to someone about finding several new Stone Age archaeological expeditions. settlements or several flint artefacts that are not distin- He has been able to pass on his passion for seeking guished by their size or their ornateness, and it is all the out archaeological and other sites (a passion he ac- more difficult to prove the importance and relevance quired in his youth and still possesses) to many young of research in this era to scientific functionaries, the people, some of whom have developed to become ac- public, and often even to colleagues. Perhaps this is complished researchers themselves, or at least great why there are so few Stone Age specialists in Lithuania enthusiasts for prehistory (Figs. 2–6). and neighbouring countries, even though it should be exactly the opposite, according to the time scale the Girininkas became interested in the Stone Age while era encompasses (99.9% of the entire history of hu- studying at Vilnius University (Figs.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One Palaeocomparativism and Earliest Baltic Linguistics
    Chapter One Palaeocomparativism and Earliest Baltic Linguistics The Lithuanians, Latvians and many other historical and prehistorical stocks such as Prussians, Jatvingians, Curonians, and many more, are known as Balts. The name Baltic for this Indo–European family of langua- ges was given by the scholar Georg F.H. Nesselmann only after 1845. The Baltic languages belong to the Indo–European language family (i.e. the group including Germanic, Slavic, Greek, Italic, Celtic and so on). On the basis of intensified hydronimical investigation carried out during the last half century and still at present, we are able to attribute to the Balts a huge prehistorical area of expansion and to put two other Baltic subgroups, the so–called Dnepr–Balts at the very East, and the so–called Pomerania–Balts at the very West of the prehistorical Baltic area. The Baltic languages are traditionally divided into West Baltic (es- sentially Prussian) and East Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian and Curonian and other). With a few exceptions, the first texts written in Lithuanian, Latvian and Old Prussian date from the mid–16th century when some (more often Lutheran) Catechisms were translated into these languages. The Baltic languages as whole are an interesting group within the Indo–European family of languages. As a matter of fact, in spite of their relatively recent attestation these languages are very archaic, i.e. they preserve old linguistic forms, and therefore deserve the attention of historical linguists1. This is the very general background one has to keep in mind by reading this book which focusses on some case–studies at the very begin- ning of Baltic Linguistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Interdisciplinary and Linguistic Evidence for Palaeolithic Continuity
    Interdisciplinary and linguistic evidence for Palaeolithic continuity of Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic populations in Eurasia, with an excursus on Slavic ethnogenesis by Mario Alinei Expanded version of a paper read at the Conference Ancient Settlers in Europe, Kobarid, 29-30 May 2003. – Forthcoming in “Quaderni di semantica”, 26. 1 Introduction This contribution is based on my recent work on the problem of the origins of Indo- European (= IE) languages (Alinei 1996, 1998, 2000ab, 2001, 2002) – and lately on Etruscan (Alinei 2003) –, and is divided in five parts: (A) the first outlines the three presently competing theories on the origins of IE languages; (B) the second summarizes the converging conclusions reached by different sciences on the problem of the origin of language and languages in general; (C) the third surveys recent theories on the origins of non IE languages in Europe; (D) the fourth illustrates examples of how the IE linguistic record can be read in the light of the Paleolithic Continuity Theory, and in comparison with the two competing theories; (E) the fifth concerns the specific problem of the Slavic ethnogenesis. 2 The three main paradigms for the origins of Indo-European languages At present, the international debate on the origins of IE languages and peoples concentrates on three different theories: the traditional theory and two new, quite recent ones. 2.1 Copper Age theory = warlike invasion by Proto-Indo-Europeans as pastoral nomads (kurgan) (Gimbutas, Mallory etc.) As we know, until recently, the received doctrine for the origins of Indo-Europeans in Europe was centered upon the assumption of an Indo-European Invasion in the Copper Age (IV millennium b.C.), by horse-riding warrior pastoralists (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing the Homeland Timeline Map Prehistoric Migrations in “Real-Time”
    Introducing the Homeland Timeline Map Prehistoric migrations in “real-time” Mikkel Nørtoft MA, - Research Assistant at “The Homeland: In the footprints of the early Indo-Europeans”, NorS - Assistant at Centre for Textile Research, Saxo University of Copenhagen Overview • aims of the map • letting the data speak – aDNA • Basic genomics and a quick recap on some steppe migrations (with R1-lineages) • introducing The Homeland Timeline Map • strengths and weaknesses 07/08/2018 3 Aims of the map Accounting for prehistoric languages is impossible from language alone: ‒ late appearance of writing gives too many ”black spots” in our knowledge ‒ historical loanword research helps but often leaves several possible contact scenarios Using ancient DNA and archaeology to track migrations of different populations and culture groups ‒ gives a better backdrop of prehistoric contacts with absolute dates ‒ sorts out the origins of the populations and cultures in contact A tool for combining disciplines - archaeology, genomics (DNA) and language - overview of the present state of knowledge in ancient DNA - visualising migrations makes it more relatable to people - useful for both ”prehistorian” and layperson 07/08/2018 4 Letting the data speak ancient DNA in basal ancestry colours EHG WHG Anatolian farmer CHG/Iran Levant farmer 07/08/2018 5 Genomics Y-DNA lineage MtDNA lineage (from father) (from mother) Jobling et al. 2010 07/08/2018 6 Genomics Modern populations sampled around the world: In Western Eurasia (and South Asia), Y-haplogroups Y-DNA R1b R1a and R1b dominate. 07/08/2018 7 Mikkel Nørtoft 2018 07/08/2018 8 W/EHG EHG 07/08/2018 9 ”Steppe” 07/08/2018 10 The “Steppe”-lineages Two Y-haplogroup markers in the steppes following migrations both east and west - R1b1a1a2 (M269) - R1a1a1 (M417) - both start in the steppes (so far) R1b-M269: Yamnaya (3300-2800 BCE): - Samara (North) - Kalmykia (South) R1a-M417: Sredny Stog culture (pre-Yamnaya c.
    [Show full text]