CONTACTS BETWEEN the BALTIC and FINNIC LANGUAGES Uralica Helsingiensia7

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CONTACTS BETWEEN the BALTIC and FINNIC LANGUAGES Uralica Helsingiensia7 CONTACTS BETWEEN THE BALTIC AND FINNIC LANGUAGES Uralica Helsingiensia7 Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages EDITED BY SANTERI JUNTTILA HELSINKI 2015 Contents Santeri Junttila (ed.): Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages. Uralica Helsingiensia 7. Santeri Junttila Layout, cover Katriina Ketola, Anna Kurvinen Introduction 6 Translations of summaries Simonas Noreikis, Anete Kona, Santeri Junttila Language editor: Uldis Balodis Santeri Junttila Proto-Finnic loanwords in the Baltic languages? ISBN 978-952-5667-67-7 An old hypothesis revisited 12 ISSN 1797-3945 Orders • Tilaukset Petri Kallio Tiedekirja <www.tiedekirja.fi> Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy The Baltic and Finnic Names of the River Gauja 38 Snellmaninkatu 13 <[email protected]> Sastamala 2015 FI-00170 Helsinki Laimute Balode Criteria for Identifying Possible Finnicisms in Latvian Toponymy 49 Uralica Helsingiensia Pauls Balodis Uralica Helsingiensia is a series published jointly by the University of Helsinki Finno-Ugric Surnames of Finnic Origin in Latvia 74 Language Section and the Finno-Ugrian Society. It features monographs and thematic col- lections of articles with a research focus on Uralic languages, and it also covers the linguistic Riho Grünthal and cultural aspects of Estonian, Hungarian and Saami studies at the University of Helsinki. The series has a peer review system, i.e. the manuscripts of all articles and monographs Livonian at the crossroads of language contacts 97 submitted for publication will be refereed by two anonymous reviewers before binding decisions are made concerning the publication of the material. Jan Henrik Holst Uralica Helsingiensia on Helsingin yliopiston suomalais-ugrilaiset kielet ja kulttuurit -oppi- On the theory of a Uralic substratum in Baltic 151 aineryhmän yhdessä Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran kanssa julkaisema sarja, jossa ilmestyy monografioita ja temaattisia artikkelikokoelmia. Niiden aihepiiri liittyy uralilaisten kielten tut- Marja Leinonen kimukseen ja kattaa myös Helsingin yliopistossa tehtävän Viron kielen ja kulttuurin, Unkarin Lithuanian partitive genitive and Finnish partitive kielen ja kulttuurin sekä saamentutkimuksen. in existential sentences 174 Sarjassa noudatetaan refereekäytäntöä, eli julkaistavaksi esitettävien tutkimusten käsikirjoitus annetaan kahden nimettömän asiantuntijan arvioitavaksi ennen kuin lopullinen Maija Tervola julkaisupäätös tehdään. Comparing object case alternation in Finnish and Lithuanian 205 Publishers • Julkaisijat University of Helsinki: Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies • Merlijn De Smit Helsingin yliopisto: Suomen kielen, suomalais-ugrilaisten ja pohjoismaisten kielten ja Agented participles in Baltic and Finnic 246 kirjallisuuksien laitos Finno-Ugrian Society • Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura Outi Duvallon & Hélène de Penanros Editors • Päätoimittajat Schematic Form as a theoretical tool for the analysis Ulla-Maija Forsberg, Riho Grünthal of prepositions, verbal prefixes and cases in Finnish and Editorial board • Toimitusneuvosto Márta Csepregi, Cornelius Hasselblatt, Magdolna Kovács, Johanna Laakso, Helle Mets- in Lithuanian 272 lang, Matti Miestamo, Irma Mullonen, Karl Paju salu, Janne Saari kivi, Anneli Sarhimaa, Elena Skribnik <www.sgr.fi/uh> List of Contributors 300 The publications are indexed in ARTO data base with the index Urbis. Julkaisut luetteloidaan ja indeksoidaan ARTO-tietokantaan tunnuksella Urbis. INTRODUCTION SANTERI JUNTTILA Proto-Indo-European period. The oldest Finnic loanword strata were Helsinki actively studied by the generations following Thomsen, but unlike his- torical linguistics in more general terms, no breakthrough was made during the Neogrammarian era. The first significant methodological innovation in linguistics af- Introduction ter the Neogrammarian method was the introduction of phonemics and morphophonology by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, whose ideas were developed further by the Prague school between the World Wars. However, these structuralist ideas did not influence the research of Do we know anything Thomsen did not? Finnic loanwords before 1970. This delay may be due to the lack of interest in diachronic studies by the pioneers of structuralism. Finally, Systematic study of early language contacts between the Baltic and when the late Professor of Germanic philology Jorma Koivulehto in- Finnic languages was introduced by the famous Danish linguist Vil- troduced these ideas they caused a revolution in the research of pre- helm Thomsen in 1869. He was the first scholar of Finno-Ugrian historic language contacts of the Finnic languages. Koivulehto proved languages to reconstruct a chronological succession of language con- convincingly that the contacts between the Finnic and Germanic lan- tacts based on the phonetic properties and distribution of borrowings. guages began at least as early as the Finnic-Baltic ones, and both of Thomsen’s novel method applied the Neogrammarian requirement and them were preceded by an even older layer, a West Indo-European relied exclusively on regular sound correspondences. Looking back at stratum of borrowings to early Proto-Finnic or, alternatively, Western his scholarly contribution, he both initiated the systematic research of Proto-Finno-Ugrian. loanword layers in Finnic and introduced the diachronic dimension to Many of Thomsen’s main conclusions are still valid. Compared Finno-Ugrian studies in general. to that which was available during his era, modern linguists have much Thomsen pointed out that there are two different layers of Baltic larger collections of lexical material of not only Finnic and Baltic but loanwords in the Finnic languages. On one hand, there are numerous especially of the Sámi, Mordvin, and Mari languages at their disposal. Latvian borrowings in Livonian resulting from several centuries of Still, the amount of plausible Baltic etymologies in Proto-Finnic has coexistence. On the other hand, there is a prehistoric Baltic stratum not even doubled since 1890. Thomsen’s argument that there are no covering the Finnic branch as a whole. This earlier layer testifies to a Proto-Finnic traces in the Baltic lexicon has an even more permanent prehistoric change in the geographical distribution of Finnic after this value, since, so far, no such traces have been plausibly demonstrated; Baltic contact. Thomsen assumed in his magnum opus (1890) that the although some have been proposed by several scholars. These pro- contact between the Finnic and Baltic languages took place before posals are examined in more detail in Santeri Junttila’s paper Proto- contact between Finnic and Germanic occurred but later than the con- Finnic loanwords in the Baltic languages? An old hypothesis revisited. tacts between the Indo-Aryan and Finno-Ugrian languages. The lack of early Finnic loanwords in Proto-Baltic is not a methdologi- After Thomsen, researchers have gradually refined the overall cally biased statement, because the phonological structure of the Baltic understanding of Baltic loanwords. Today we know that borrowings borrowings in Finnic reveal a source language other than Lithuanian, from Latvian are wide-spread in Estonian and South Estonian as well, Latvian, or Proto-Baltic. This prehistoric language with its possible although in much smaller quantities than in Livonian. Furthermore, as Finnic borrowings seems to have disappeared without descendants. has been recently argued, the older stratum has a considerably longer A Baltic origin has been proposed for several place names in history than Thomsen assumed and extends back to the Pre-Baltic the Finnic-speaking area since Eemil Aukusti Tunkelo did so in 1899. Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages. 6 –11. 7 Uralica Helsingiensia 7. Helsinki 2015. SANTERI JUNTTILA INTRODUCTION However, none of these etymologies is convincing, with just one ex- shared syntactic phenomena were pointed out by Jooseppi Julius Mik- ception. The river name Koiva, Latvian Gauja, seems to belong to the kola (1930). Both of them assumed a Finnic origin for the Baltic traits, ancient Baltic loanword layer of Finnic as proposed by Petri Kallio whereas Lauri Posti (1953) suggested Baltic and Germanic superstrate under the title The Baltic and Finnic names of the River Gauja. This influence behind the main phonological changes in Proto-Finnic. How- etymology is a remarkable breakthrough, because Gauja is situated at ever, since then assumptions of Finnic substrate phenomena in Baltic the old frontier zone between the Finnic and Baltic areas, flowing on have been at least as popular as vice versa. Jan Henrik Holst exam- both sides of the present border of Estonia and Latvia. ines some of the most frequently proposed Finnic substrate features in Toponymic borrowings in the opposite direction have been quite Baltic phonology, morphology, and syntax. His paper On the theory actively studied during the last decades. The Finnic place names in of a Uralic substratum in Baltic scrutinizes ten assumed substrate northern and central Latvia are of a relatively recent origin, though features proposed by Witold Mańczak (1990) who has defended the mostly somewhat older than the major part of Latvian loanwords in hypothesis of Finnic influence behind the split of Proto-Balto-Slavic Livonian. Consequently, they should be connected to the Southern into Baltic and Slavic. After Holst’s critical assessment, none of these Finnic loanword layer in Latvian discovered by Thomsen. This topic features can be considered as convincing. was later revisited by Valdis
Recommended publications
  • Between West and East People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 Bc
    BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt V O L U M E 8 • 2010 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373 EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Valentin V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt Second Edition ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2010 ISBN 83-86094-07-9 (print:1999) ISBN 978-83-86094-15-8 (CD-ROM) ISSN 1231-0344 BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt Translated by John Comber and Piotr T. Żebrowski V O L U M E 8 • 2010 c Copyright by B-PS and Author All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Linguistic consultation: John Comber Prepared in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword5 Introduction7 I SPACE. Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture on the Territory of Eastern Europe 16 I.1 Classification of sources . 16 I.2 Characteristics of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 18 I.2.1 Complexes of class I . 18 I.2.2 Complexes of class II . 34 I.3 Range of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 36 I.4 Spatial distinction between complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits. The eastern group and its indicators . 42 I.5 Spatial relations of the eastern and centralGlobular Amphora culture groups .
    [Show full text]
  • Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome
    Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome By Michael Robert St. Clair A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in German in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Irmengard Rauch, Chair Thomas F. Shannon Montgomery Slatkin Spring 2012 Abstract Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome by Michael Robert St. Clair Doctor of Philosophy in German University of California, Berkeley Irmengard Rauch, Chair This dissertation holds that genetic data are a useful tool for evaluating contemporary models of Germanic origins. The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and include among their major contemporary representatives English, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic. Historically, the search for Germanic origins has sought to determine where the Germanic languages evolved, and why the Germanic languages are similar to and different from other European languages. Both archaeological and linguist approaches have been employed in this research direction. The linguistic approach to Germanic origins is split among those who favor the Stammbaum theory and those favoring language contact theory. Stammbaum theory posits that Proto-Germanic separated from an ancestral Indo-European parent language. This theoretical approach accounts for similarities between Germanic and other Indo- European languages by posting a period of mutual development. Germanic innovations, on the other hand, occurred in isolation after separation from the parent language. Language contact theory posits that Proto-Germanic was the product of language convergence and this convergence explains features that Germanic shares with other Indo-European languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Izhorians: a Disappearing Ethnic Group Indigenous to the Leningrad Region
    Acta Baltico-Slavica, 43 Warszawa 2019 DOI: 10.11649/abs.2019.010 Elena Fell Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7606-7696 Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings rela- ted to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (Кирьянен et al., 2017); A. I. Kir′ianen, (Кирьянен, 2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (Kuznetsova, Markus, & Muslimov, 2015); M. Muslimov (Муслимов, 2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (Чушъялова, 2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (Рожанский & Маркус, 2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (Миренков, 2000). The evolution of the term Izhorians The earliest confirmed record of Izhorians (also known as Ingrians), a Finno-Ugrian ethnic group native to the Leningrad region,1 appears in thirteenth-century Russian 1 Whilst the city of Leningrad became the city of Saint Petersburg in 1991, reverting to its pre-So- viet name, the Leningrad region (also known as the Leningrad oblast) retained its Soviet name after the collapse of the USSR. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which permits redistribution, commercial and non- -commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2019. Publisher: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences [Wydawca: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk] Elena Fell Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region chronicles, where, according to Chistiakov (Чистяков, 2006), “Izhora” people were mentioned as early as 1228.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Finno-Ugrian Cooperation and Foreign Relations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Eastern Finno-Ugrian cooperation and foreign relations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gc7x938 Journal Nationalities Papers, 29(1) ISSN 0090-5992 Author Taagepera, R Publication Date 2001-04-24 DOI 10.1080/00905990120036457 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Nationalities Papers, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2001 EASTERN FINNO-UGRIAN COOPERATION AND FOREIGN RELATIONS Rein Taagepera Britons and Iranians do not wax poetic when they discover that “one, two, three” sound vaguely similar in English and Persian. Finns and Hungarians at times do. When I speak of “Finno-Ugrian cooperation,” I am referring to a linguistic label that joins peoples whose languages are so distantly related that in most world contexts it would evoke no feelings of kinship.1 Similarities in folk culture may largely boil down to worldwide commonalities in peasant cultures at comparable technological stages. The racial features of Estonians and Mari may be quite disparate. Limited mutual intelligibility occurs only within the Finnic group in the narrow sense (Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Estonians), the Permic group (Udmurts and Komi), and the Mordvin group (Moksha and Erzia). Yet, despite this almost abstract foundation, the existence of a feeling of kinship is very real. Myths may have no basis in fact, but belief in myths does occur. Before denigrating the beliefs of indigenous and recently modernized peoples as nineteenth-century relics, the observer might ask whether the maintenance of these beliefs might serve some functional twenty-first-century purpose. The underlying rationale for the Finno-Ugrian kinship beliefs has been a shared feeling of isolation among Indo-European and Turkic populations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey
    Václav Blažek (Masaryk University of Brno, Czech Republic) On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: Survey The purpose of the present study is to confront most representative models of the internal classification of Indo-European languages and their daughter branches. 0. Indo-European 0.1. In the 19th century the tree-diagram of A. Schleicher (1860) was very popular: Germanic Lithuanian Slavo-Lithuaian Slavic Celtic Indo-European Italo-Celtic Italic Graeco-Italo- -Celtic Albanian Aryo-Graeco- Greek Italo-Celtic Iranian Aryan Indo-Aryan After the discovery of the Indo-European affiliation of the Tocharian A & B languages and the languages of ancient Asia Minor, it is necessary to take them in account. The models of the recent time accept the Anatolian vs. non-Anatolian (‘Indo-European’ in the narrower sense) dichotomy, which was first formulated by E. Sturtevant (1942). Naturally, it is difficult to include the relic languages into the model of any classification, if they are known only from several inscriptions, glosses or even only from proper names. That is why there are so big differences in classification between these scantily recorded languages. For this reason some scholars omit them at all. 0.2. Gamkrelidze & Ivanov (1984, 415) developed the traditional ideas: Greek Armenian Indo- Iranian Balto- -Slavic Germanic Italic Celtic Tocharian Anatolian 0.3. Vladimir Georgiev (1981, 363) included in his Indo-European classification some of the relic languages, plus the languages with a doubtful IE affiliation at all: Tocharian Northern Balto-Slavic Germanic Celtic Ligurian Italic & Venetic Western Illyrian Messapic Siculian Greek & Macedonian Indo-European Central Phrygian Armenian Daco-Mysian & Albanian Eastern Indo-Iranian Thracian Southern = Aegean Pelasgian Palaic Southeast = Hittite; Lydian; Etruscan-Rhaetic; Elymian = Anatolian Luwian; Lycian; Carian; Eteocretan 0.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Tours and Experiences
    • HIGHLIGHTS OF THE BALTIC STATES IN 8 DAYS. An agenda of local best hits to spend a week in Baltic countries. Ask for 2020 guaranteed departure dates! • BALTICS AND SCANDINAVIA IN 10 DAYS. Discover the facinating diversity of the Baltics and Scandinavia. • BALTICS AND BELARUS IN DAYS. Get an insider’s view to all three Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia and spice up your travel experience with a visit to Belarus Baltics is an ideal place for soft adventure or walking holidays. You can really get a good sense of the diversity of natural beauty in our countries. You can walk the shoreline, wander through river valleys and forests, or just watch the landscape. The landscape is full of nature. There are wonderful paths in national parks and other areas that are under environmental protection. Allow yourself 8-14 days to walk and bus/train in between from Vilnius to Tallinn. NATIONAL PARKS & CITIES. Combination of National parks and Cities. Bike, Hike, Kayak, Walk and Taste Baltic States in this 13 day adventure. Day1. Vilnius. Arrival day. Day2. Vilnius walking tour. Day3. Hiking and kayaking in Aukštaitijos National Park. Day4. Free time in a homestead (sauna, bikes, walks and relax time). Day5. Road till Klaipėda port town. Walking in the city & Brewery visiting. Day6. Curonian Spit visiting (or biking half way). Day7. Rundale palace on a way to Riga. Day8. Riga day tour. Day9. Gauja National Park half-day walking trip. Day 10. Visiting Parnu on a way to Tallinn. Day 11. Tallinn walking tour. Day 12. Lahemaa bog shoes trekking tour with a picnic.
    [Show full text]
  • Turaida. Turaida Ravines and Caves
    6 km TURAIDA. TURAIDA RAVINES AND CAVES Gūtmaņala Cave Tracks in Gauja valley Photo: Baltic Pictures and the Archive of Sigulda TIC Turaida Castle Description Distance Starting point/ destination For travellers interested in the nature ~ 6 km. Parking lot at the Gūtmaņala Cave and culture monuments located on Visitor Centre. 24.84699, 57.17633 the banks of the old Gauja valley. The Route reason why fortified settlements by Gūtmaņala Cave Visitor Centre – Way marking Livs later followed by monolith stone Vikmeste Valley – Mounds Taurētāju None on site. castles erected by Germans were and Rata – Mound Kārļa – Turaida established here are the natural – Turaida Museum Reserve – Dainu Distance to Riga conditions and geologic processes kalns or the Hill of Folksongs – stairs 55 km. over the last 10,000–15,000 years and leading down from Dainu kalns to the consequences thereof — complicated River Gauja – Turaidas Street (Igauņu Public transportation terrain, steep ravines and rock Ravine) – Gūtmaņala Cave Visitor The train Riga-Sigulda operates 8-9 pillars on banks in the places of their Centre. times per day; Turaida is reached by interactions, onto which castles were bus (buses going to Krimulda or In- erected. Were the primeval valley not Duration ciems), bus stop “Turaida”, electric formed by the glacier, the nature and Half-day or a full day route. car, or on foot (5 km). culture landscape of Sigulda would be completely different! Difficulty level Worth knowing! Moderate. Some sections — banks Suitable trekking footwear and a Best time to go of the primeval valley of the River map of Turaida is needed.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo
    CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo-European and Germanic Background Indo-European Background It has already been mentioned in this course that German and English are related languages. Two languages can be related to each other in much the same way that two people can be related to each other. If two people share a common ancestor, say their mother or their great-grandfather, then they are genetically related. Similarly, German and English are genetically related because they share a common ancestor, a language which was spoken in what is now northern Germany sometime before the Angles and the Saxons migrated to England. We do not have written records of this language, unfortunately, but we have a good idea of what it must have looked and sounded like. We have arrived at our conclusions as to what it looked and sounded like by comparing the sounds of words and morphemes in earlier written stages of English and German (and Dutch) and in modern-day English and German dialects. As a result of the comparisons we are able to reconstruct what the original language, called a proto-language, must have been like. This particular proto-language is usually referred to as Proto-West Germanic. The method of reconstruction based on comparison is called the comparative method. If faced with two languages the comparative method can tell us one of three things: 1) the two languages are related in that both are descended from a common ancestor, e.g. German and English, 2) the two are related in that one is the ancestor of the other, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of VAASA Faculty of Humanities Department of English
    UNIVERSITY OF VAASA Faculty of Humanities Department of English Laura Miettinen and Marika Ylinen Mother Tongue: Aid or Obstacle? Errors Made by Finnish- and Swedish-speaking Learners of English Masters Thesis Vaasa 2007 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Material 9 1.2 Method 12 1.3 Cohorts 15 2 FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING 18 2.1 Effect of First Language on Foreign Language Learning 18 2.2 Bilingualism in Foreign Language Learning 22 3 ERRORS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING 26 3.1 Error Types 26 3.2 Error Analysis 28 4 DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FINNISH, SWEDISH AND ENGLISH 32 4.1 Grammatical Similarities and Differences 34 4.2 Lexical Similarities and Differences 36 5 ERRORS MADE BY NINTH GRADERS 38 5.1 Grammatical Errors 40 5.1.1 Articles 41 5.1.2 Prepositions 44 5.1.3 Verbs 47 5.1.4 Pronouns 50 5.1.5 Word Order 52 5.1.6 Plural Formation 52 5.2 Lexical Errors 54 5.2.1 Spelling 55 3 5.2.2 Vocabulary 57 5.3 Non-idiomatic Language 57 6 ERRORS MADE BY UNIVERSITY APPLICANTS 60 6.1 Grammatical Errors 63 6.1.1 Articles 64 6.1.2 Pronouns 67 6.1.3 Prepositions 69 6.1.4 Verbs 71 6.1.5 Word Order 74 6.2 Lexical Errors 75 6.2.1 Spelling 76 6.2.2 Vocabulary 77 6.3 Non-idiomatic Language 78 7 ERRORS MADE BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 80 7.1 Grammatical Errors 83 7.1.1 Articles 85 7.1.2 Prepositions 86 7.1.3 Verbs 88 7.1.4 Pronouns 90 7.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Finnish Noun Phrase
    Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Scienze del Linguaggio The Finnish Noun Phrase Relatore: Prof.ssa Giuliana Giusti Correlatore: Prof. Guglielmo Cinque Laureanda: Lena Dal Pozzo Matricola: 803546 ANNO ACCADEMICO: 2006/2007 A mia madre Table of contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………….…….…… III Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………........ V Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………VII 1. Word order in Finnish …………………………………………………………………1 1.1 The order of constituents in the clause …………………………………………...2 1.2 Word order and interpretation .......……………………………………………… 8 1.3 The order of constituents in the Nominal Expression ………………………… 11 1.3.1. Determiners and Possessors …………………………………………………12 1.3.2. Adjectives and other modifiers …………………………………………..… 17 1.3.2.1 Adjectival hierarchy…………………………………………………………23 1.3.2.2 Predicative structures and complements …………………………………26 1.3.3 Relative clauses …………………………………………………………….... 28 1.4 Conclusions ............……………………………………………………………. 30 2. Thematic relations in nominal expressions ……………………………………….. 32 2.1 Observations on Argument Structure ………………………………….……. 32 2.1.1 Result and Event nouns…………………………………………………… 36 2.2 Transitive nouns ………………………………………………………………... 38 2.2.1 Compound nouns ……………….……………………………………... 40 2.2.2 Intransitive nouns derived from transitive verbs …………………… 41 2.3 Passive nouns …………………………………………………………………… 42 2.4 Psychological predicates ……………………………………………………….. 46 2.4.1 Psych verbs ……………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Language Attrition and Death: Livonian in Its Terminal Phase
    1 Christopher Moseley LANGUAGE ATTRITION AND DEATH: LIVONIAN IN ITS TERMINAL PHASE Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London March 1993 ProQuest Number: 10046089 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10046089 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 INTRODUCTION This study of the present state of the Livonian language, a Baltic-Finnic tongue spoken by a few elderly people formerly resident in a dozen fishing villages on the coast of Latvia, consists of four main parts. Part One gives an outline of the known history of the Livonian language, the history of research into it, and of its own relations with its closest geographical neighbour, Latvian, a linguistically unrelated Indo-European language. A state of Latvian/Livonian bilingualism has existed for virtually all of the Livonians' (or Livs') recorded history, and certainly for the past two centuries. Part Two consists of a Descriptive Grammar of the present- day Livonian language as recorded in an extensive corpus provided by one speaker.
    [Show full text]