The Mesozoon Salinella Johannes Frenzel Published Online: 02 Oct 2009

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Mesozoon Salinella Johannes Frenzel Published Online: 02 Oct 2009 This article was downloaded by: [McGill University Library] On: 16 February 2015, At: 11:28 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah12 XII.—The Mesozoon Salinella Johannes Frenzel Published online: 02 Oct 2009. To cite this article: Johannes Frenzel (1892) XII.—The Mesozoon Salinella, Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6, 9:49, 79-84, DOI: 10.1080/00222939208677276 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677276 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/ terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 11:28 16 February 2015 M. J. Frenzel on the Mesozoon Salinella. 79 Tail longer than the head and body, brown above, pen- cilled with black terminally, orange-rufous on the sides and below. Palms and soles with the essential characters of those of G..qradlis, leucogaster, &c., i. e. naked, with five anterior and four posterior pads, but distinguished from all the species of this group by the fact that a band (about 4 millim, broad) of fine hairs passes across the soles at about the level of the base of the hallux. Skin of soles black. Skull very much as in G. !]rae{lis. Bulhe small, egg- shaped, their posterior part scarcely swollen. Teeth: upper incisors much bevelled~ each with one deep groove. Molars with the low, distinct, directly transverse lamime characteristic of this group of Gerbilles. Dimensions of the type (an adult specimen in skin) :- Head and body 140 millim. ; tail 155 ; hind foot 29. Skull : basal length 30 ; greatest length 35 ; tympanic breadth 16"5; nasals, length 14, breadth 3'7; interorbital breadth 6 ; interparietal, length 4, breadth 8"5 ; palate, length 18"5, diastcma 10, palatal tbramen 6"1 ; length of upper molar series 5"2 ; greatest diameter of halle 10'4 ; vertical height of brain-ease and bull~e combined 13"5. Hab. Wadelai. Type (87. 12. 1.50) collected and presented by Dr. Emin Pasha. A second specimen, collected at the same time and place, agrees in every respect with the type. These two specimens were presented to the Museum with Emin Pasha's first collection (see P. Z. S. 1888, p. 10, no. 24). Turning out now to be new, it is only just that they should receive the name of their distinguished discoverer. XlI.~The Mesozoon Salinella. By JOHANNES FRENZEL ~ Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 11:28 16 February 2015 IT is a well-known fact that between unicellular and multi- cellular animals there hitherto stretched a gulf which was wider than that between the vegetable and animal kingdoms, for indeed the two latter, in spite of the advances which we have made in knowledge, are even to-day hardly separable from one another. The unicellular animals, usually com- prised under the name Protozoa, and embracing besides many doubtful forms of the Protista, not only consist, as their name * Translated from the ' Biologisches Centralblatt,' xi. Bd. no. I9 (October 15,1891), pp. 577-581. 80 M. J. Frenzel on the Mesozoon Saliuella. already implies, of a single cell which unites in itself all the various ihnctions of an animal organism, but also assume quite a peculiar position in many other respects, especially with regard to development. In the systematic arrangement of the group we are even obliged, hard though it will be for every modern zoologist, to allow ourselves to be swayed by p]*ysiological considerations, since here the purely morpho- logical and embryological foundations are insufficient ; and we are even ibrced to exclude them, at any ra~;e in general, fronl tt~iekel's fundamental principle of biogenesis, which is equally unsatisfactory. The multicellular animals, on the other hand, are not mere aggregates of cells, such as, moreover, are not unknown among the Protista, but they permit us to distinguish, albeit frequently with difi%ulty, a structure consisting of three la~ers, in that in the simplest case they possess an external layer of cells, which provides for sensory perceptions &c., next a median supporting tissue, and finally an internal one, which discharges the function of nutrition, since it clothes a cavity which is known as the gastral chamber, alimentary canal, &c. There is yet another by no means unimportant difference between unicellular and multicellular animals to which unfor- tunately far too little attention is paid, perhaps in conse- quence of the fact that it arises in the first plaee ti'om physio- logical conditions only. For if we disregard forms which exhibit holophytie nutri- tion, and therefore live like a lower form of plant, and further neglect the intestinal parasites, which in many cases, but not always, are able to absorb that which has already been digested by other animals, we find that the Protozoon cell receives its food into ¢tse~ digests it in its interior, and absorbs what is suitable. This is a so-called intra-cellular digestion, which in Metazoa, on the contrary, is only met with in isolated and exceptional eases ; for in the latter extra. cellular digestion prevails, which is accomplished on the principle of " one for all and all for one," since all the partici- Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 11:28 16 February 2015 pating cells to a certain extent throw their digestive ferments into a common pot, in which digestion proceeds, exactly as cooking is done in a kitchen for a large number of persons. It follows that solid, in part absolutely indigestible bodies, are no longer taken up by the cells, as we found to be the case in Protozoa, but only fluid substanees in the shape of peptone, sugar, fat, &e. In consequence of this, those morphologi- cally specially constructed organs for the acquisition of food, such as we meet with in the Protozoa in the form of pseudo- podia, flagella, cilia, &e., are no longer necessary. We may ]VI. ft. Frenzel on tT~e Mesozoon Sallnella. 81 rather regard absorption in the Metazoa as a purely chemical process~ emanating from the living cells. Now~ should we desire to construct a multieellular animal from a number of Protozo% e.g. from Ciliate Infusori% we should consequently soon be confronted with a great physio- logical difficulty. We could indeed easily imitate the simplest ~Ietazoon typ% and so arrange the cells that they should surround a cavity possessing an incurrent opening. But how would nutrition proceed .9 The group of Protozoa would at all events obtain their food from the common cavity, but it would be directly introduced into the interior of the separate individuals~ there digested~ and so forth. It follows that in this construction of ours We should not get beyond a simple Protozoon colony~ and should still be a long way from obtaining a typical Metazoon. For although among the 1Vletazoa there are tbrms which possess intracel[ular digestion~ we must nevertheless not forget that it is only the endoderra cells which can be concerned therein. But yet all the other tissues must be similarly nourished, and this is effected by their receiving already digested matters from the intestinal cells. Were we able therefore still to regard the latter at all events as Protozoon cells~ this view would be absolutely inadmissible for the formeU the cells of the mesoderm and ectoderm~ and they must absorb in a manner similar to that of the intestinal cells which possess the power of extra- cellular digestion. From the foregoing considerations it is not difficult to see that the multi]amellar character of the Netazoa in itself entails the decisive difference which separates them fi'om the Proto- zo% and, further~ that the multicellular character~ as suetb is insufficient to bridge over the deep gulf between the two principal groups of the animal kingdom. It is well known that the title Mesozoa has already been bestowed upon organisms which it must be confessed are strange enough, and which rendered the justification of the term not improbable. But the position of the Orthonectids Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 11:28 16 February 2015 and Dicyemids is nevertheless an extremely doubtful on% and points more to an affinity with the worms. The genus Triehoplax~ moreover~ has been with good reason assigned to the Metazoa by Fr. Schulze ; for although its conditions of nutrition may be regarded as being still very obscur% never- theless it has not been possible to determine that its digestive processes are intracellular.
Recommended publications
  • Towards a Management Hierarchy (Classification) for the Catalogue of Life
    TOWARDS A MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY (CLASSIFICATION) FOR THE CATALOGUE OF LIFE Draft Discussion Document Rationale The Catalogue of Life partnership, comprising Species 2000 and ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), has the goal of achieving a comprehensive catalogue of all known species on Earth by the year 2011. The actual number of described species (after correction for synonyms) is not presently known but estimates suggest about 1.8 million species. The collaborative teams behind the Catalogue of Life need an agreed standard classification for these 1.8 million species, i.e. a working hierarchy for management purposes. This discussion document is intended to highlight some of the issues that need clarifying in order to achieve this goal beyond what we presently have. Concerning Classification Life’s diversity is classified into a hierarchy of categories. The best-known of these is the Kingdom. When Carl Linnaeus introduced his new “system of nature” in the 1750s ― Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species …) ― he recognised three kingdoms, viz Plantae, Animalia, and a third kingdom for minerals that has long since been abandoned. As is evident from the title of his work, he introduced lower-level taxonomic categories, each successively nested in the other, named Class, Order, Genus, and Species. The most useful and innovative aspect of his system (which gave rise to the scientific discipline of Systematics) was the use of the binominal, comprising genus and species, that uniquely identified each species of organism. Linnaeus’s system has proven to be robust for some 250 years. The starting point for botanical names is his Species Plantarum, published in 1753, and that for zoological names is the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae published in 1758.
    [Show full text]
  • Recerca I Territori V12 B (002)(1).Pdf
    Butterfly and moths in l’Empordà and their response to global change Recerca i territori Volume 12 NUMBER 12 / SEPTEMBER 2020 Edition Graphic design Càtedra d’Ecosistemes Litorals Mediterranis Mostra Comunicació Parc Natural del Montgrí, les Illes Medes i el Baix Ter Museu de la Mediterrània Printing Gràfiques Agustí Coordinadors of the volume Constantí Stefanescu, Tristan Lafranchis ISSN: 2013-5939 Dipòsit legal: GI 896-2020 “Recerca i Territori” Collection Coordinator Printed on recycled paper Cyclus print Xavier Quintana With the support of: Summary Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Xavier Quintana Butterflies of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ................................................................................................................. 11 Tristan Lafranchis Moths of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ............................................................................................................................31 Tristan Lafranchis The dispersion of Lepidoptera in the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ...........................................................51 Tristan Lafranchis Three decades of butterfly monitoring at El Cortalet ...................................................................................69 (Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park) Constantí Stefanescu Effects of abandonment and restoration in Mediterranean meadows .......................................87
    [Show full text]
  • Size and Complexity Among Multicellular Organisms
    BWl~gicalJoumalofk Linncan So&& (1997), 60: 345-363. With 5 figures Size and complexity among multicellular Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/60/3/345/2705808 by guest on 26 August 2019 organisms GRAHAM BELL Redpath Museum, McGill UniversiQ, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, @ebec, Canada H3A 2K6 AND ARNE 0. MOOERS Department of<oology, UniversiQ of British Columbia, Thncouvq British Columbia, Canada Receiwd I9 januaty 1996; acceptedfw publicah 3 June 1996 The diversity of specialized cell types (‘complexity’) is estimated for a wide range of multicellular organisms. Complexity increases with siize, independently of phylogeny. This is interpreted in economic terms as the consequence of a greater degree of cooperative division of labour within larger entities. The rate of increase of complexity with size is less in the case of a cooperative division of labour (cell types withii bodies) than in the analogous case of a competitive division of labour (species within communities).This is atttributed to the inutility of single specialized cells whose goods must be shared among all the many cells of a large organism. Major groups of organisms differ in complexity at given size: animals are more complex than plants, and phaeophytes are simpler than either. Q 1997 The Linnean Society of London ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:--development - differentiation - histology - complexity - evolution - economic biology - division of labour - allometry. CONTENTS Introduction .......................... 346 Material and Methods ....................... 346 Rawdata ......................... 346 Standardization ....................... 347 Analytical methods ...................... 350 Results ............................ 352 Discussion ........................... 354 Cell diversity increases with individual size .............. 354 Cooperation and competitive division of labour ............. 354 The rules for cooperative and competitive division in labour are quantitatively different .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Systema Naturae. the Classification of Living Organisms
    Systema Naturae. The classification of living organisms. c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.601 (June 26, 2007) Preface Most of researches agree that kingdom-level classification of living things needs the special rules and principles. Two approaches are possible: (a) tree- based, Hennigian approach will look for main dichotomies inside so-called “Tree of Life”; and (b) space-based, Linnaean approach will look for the key differences inside “Natural System” multidimensional “cloud”. Despite of clear advantages of tree-like approach (easy to develop rules and algorithms; trees are self-explaining), in many cases the space-based approach is still prefer- able, because it let us to summarize any kinds of taxonomically related da- ta and to compare different classifications quite easily. This approach also lead us to four-kingdom classification, but with different groups: Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia and Animalia, which represent different steps of in- creased complexity of living things, from simple prokaryotic cell to compound Nature Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2007.241.2 Posted 16 Aug 2007 eukaryotic cell and further to tissue/organ cell systems. The classification Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations: incertae sedis (i.s.); pro parte (p.p.); sensu lato (s.l.); sedis mutabilis (sed.m.); sedis possi- bilis (sed.poss.); sensu stricto (s.str.); status mutabilis (stat.m.); quotes for “environmental” groups; asterisk for paraphyletic* taxa. 1 Regnum Monera Superphylum Archebacteria Phylum 1. Archebacteria Classis 1(1). Euryarcheota 1 2(2). Nanoarchaeota 3(3). Crenarchaeota 2 Superphylum Bacteria 3 Phylum 2. Firmicutes 4 Classis 1(4). Thermotogae sed.m. 2(5).
    [Show full text]
  • Vilasktomploomade (Dicyemida) Fülogenees
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace at Tartu University Library TARTU ÜLIKOOL ÖKOLOOGIA JA MAATEADUSTE INSTITUUT ZOOLOOGIA OSAKOND ZOOLOOGIA ÕPPETOOL Martin Pent VILASKTOMPLOOMADE (DICYEMIDA) FÜLOGENEES Magistritöö Juhendaja: Ph.D. Marko Prous TARTU 2014 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus ................................................................................................................... 3 2. Kirjanduse ülevaade .................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Vaheloomad (Mesozoa) ......................................................................................... 4 2.2. Klass vööttomploomad (Orthonectida) ................................................................ 7 2.3. Klass vilasktomploomad (Dicyemida) ................................................................. 8 2.4. Senised fülogeneetilised hüpoteesid ................................................................... 11 2.5. Töö eesmärgid ..................................................................................................... 14 3. Materjalid ja metoodika ............................................................................................ 15 3.1. Andmestiku kogumine ........................................................................................ 15 3.2. Joonduste koostamine ja puude konstrueerimine ........................................... 17 3.3. Fülogeneetiliste analüüside mudelid ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diapositiva 1
    Rhopalura Orthonectido Lección 21.- Los Diciémidos y Ortonéctidos. Descripción anatómica y de su ciclo biológico. Posición filogenética. Evolución histórica del concepto de Mesozoos. Mesozoos: ortonéctidos y rombozoos 1. Originalmente el filo Mesozoa fue creado para los Dicyemidos (Rombozoos), a los cuales se otorgó una posición intermedia entre protozoos y metazoos. 2. Posteriormente se incluyeron los Ortonéctidos y otros animales de difícil ubicación sistemática, generalmente organismos paucicelulares de estructura muy sencilla. 3. DELAGE los dividió en 4 grupos: mesogonia (dicyemidos y ortonéctidos), mesogastria (Salinella), mesocelia (Penmatodiscus) y mesenquimia (Trichoplax). 4. En la actualidad solamente los Dicyemidos y Ortonéctidos se consideran bajo el término mesozoos. Saliniella salve LOS MESOZOOS Phylum Mesozoa (van Beneden, 1876) Cl. Mesogonia o Moruloidea Or. Rombozoos (diciémidos) Or. Ortonéctidos Phylum Mesozoa Cl. Rombozoos Cl. Ortonéctidos Phylum Rhombozoa “mesozoos” Phylum Orthonectida Biología de Mesozoos: http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/7851.pdf ORTONECTIDOS • Son parásitos de invertebrados (equinodermos, anélidos, …) • Los adultos llevan vida libre, nadan en línea recta por el batido de los cilios • Son de sexos separados, excepcionalmente los hay hermafroditas • Las ♀ son aplanadas, cuerpo cubierto por cilios • Los ♂ y ♀ cuando están maduros salen del hospedador y se juntan • Los espermatozoides pasan dentro del cuerpo de la ♀ para fecundarla • La segmentación lleva a una pequeña larva llamada a veces MORULOIDE
    [Show full text]
  • Series 6 LXVIII.—Critical Observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella
    This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 12 February 2015, At: 20:44 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah12 LXVIII.—Critical observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella: a biological sketch Prof. Stefan Apáthy Published online: 02 Oct 2009. To cite this article: Prof. Stefan Apáthy (1892) LXVIII.—Critical observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella: a biological sketch , Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6, 9:54, 465-481, DOI: 10.1080/00222939208677361 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677361 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook by Tim Gardiner, Rob Pilcher and Max Wade
    Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook Sea Wall Tim Gardiner, Biodiversity Officer at the Environment Agency, Rob Pilcher, Ecology Team Leader for North West England at AECOM and Max Wade, Technical Director (Ecology) at AECOM, have a long standing interest in the ecology and management of sea wall habitats. Their handbook on sea wall biodiversity brings together a wealth of knowledge about this Cinderella habitat based on the authors’ experience of practical management and the flora and fauna of sea walls. The handbook highlights the breadth of plant and animal species living and relying on sea walls and provides practical guidance for managers of sea defences to ensure that their biodiversity value is by conserved and enhanced. Tim Gardiner, Rob Pilcher and Max Wade Rob Pilcher Gardiner, Tim Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook by Tim Gardiner, Rob Pilcher and Max Wade SeaWall Layout Cvr v1.indd 1 02/09/2015 15:09 SeaWall Layout Txt.indd 4 20/08/2015 15:57 Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook by Tim Gardiner, Rob Pilcher & Max Wade © Copyright First published in 2015 by RPS Images are the authors unless labelled. Designed and Printed by Mimeo Limited Units 1-3, The Ermine Centre, Hurricane Close, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE29 6XX. A CIP record is available from the British Lending Library in London. ISBN: 978-0-9546600-4-8 Citation; Gardiner, T., Pilcher, R. & Wade, M. (2015) Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook. RPS. SeaWall Layout Txt.indd 3 20/08/2015 15:57 SeaWall Layout Txt.indd 4 20/08/2015 15:57 Sea Wall Biodiversity Handbook Acknowledgements Thanks go to those involved with preparation of the case studies, to site managers and their respective organisations for allowing data to be used and for reviewing draft text of the case studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Laste Ned Registeret
    Register og glossar Hvis du ikke vet betydningen av et ord kan det skyldes at ordet er forklart et annet sted i boken (dette gjelder evolusjonære og systematiske fagord som bare forklares første gang de nevnes), eller at det ikke er forklart i det hele tatt (dette gjelder særlig anatomiske fagord fra kapittel 5). For at du skal slippe å slå opp både i et stikkordregister og en liste med ordforklaringer, er registeret og glossaret slått sammen her. I tillegg til fagord finner du sidehenvisninger til navnene på alle dyregrupper som er omtalt i kapittel 5. Halvfeite sidetall angir siden der ordet blir definert eller får bred omtale. Asterisk (*) bak sidetallet betyr at ordet nevnes i en fotnote på den angitte siden. Hevete tall bak personnavn angir ikke sidetall, men referanser. Tall etterfulgt av «f» betyr «... og den følgende siden». 4d-celle 70 agamer 95 analogi 44, 45f, 62, 129, 133, 9·2+2-mønster → "ni · to + to" agamospecies 17, 23 141, 152, 157, 183 Agathiphaga 125 "Anamnia" 150 A ——— Aglossata 125 "Anamorpha" 114 abdomen 114f, 121 "Agnatha" 77 Anapsida 93, 173 aboral: på motsatt side av mun- akvatisk: i vann, vannlevende anatomi 43f, 54 nen Albulidae 86 ancestral state 139 Acanthobdella 108 Aleyrodina 121 Ancyropoda 106 Acanthocephala 96, 131 allantois 88, 92 andefugler 94 Acanthochitonidae 103 allel 12 Andrias 89 Acari 116 alligatorer 94 Anguilliformes 86 Acariformes 116 Alligatoridae 94 anhydrobiose 111 Acercaria 120 "Allogastropoda" 105 Animalia 61 acicula 107 allopatrisk 25, 26, 32, 146 anisogami 21 Acipenseridae 85 Amblypygi
    [Show full text]
  • Size and Complexity Among Multicellular Organisms
    Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1997), 60: 345±363. With 5 ®gures Size and complexity among multicellular organisms GRAHAM BELL Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6 AND ARNE O. MOOERS Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Received 19 January 1996; accepted for publication 3 June 1996 The diversity of specialized cell types (`complexity') is estimated for a wide range of multicellular organisms. Complexity increases with size, independently of phylogeny. This is interpreted in economic terms as the consequence of a greater degree of cooperative division of labour within larger entities. The rate of increase of complexity with size is less in the case of a cooperative division of labour (cell types within bodies) than in the analogous case of a competitive division of labour (species within communities). This is atttributed to the inutility of single specialized cells whose goods must be shared among all the many cells of a large organism. Major groups of organisms diVer in complexity at given size: animals are more complex than plants, and phaeophytes are simpler than either. 1997 The Linnean Society of London ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:Ðdevelopment ± diVerentiation ± histology ± complexity ± evolution ± economic biology ± division of labour ± allometry. CONTENTS Introduction .......................... 346 Material and Methods ....................... 346 Raw data ......................... 346 Standardization ....................... 347 Analytical methods ...................... 350 Results ............................ 352 Discussion ........................... 354 Cell diversity increases with individual size .............. 354 Cooperation and competitive division of labour ............. 354 The rules for cooperative and competitive division in labour are quantitatively diVerent .......................... 355 Why cell diversity is low in large organisms .............
    [Show full text]
  • PNAS-1922-Pearl-212-9.Pdf
    212 BIOLOGY: PEARL AND PARKER PROC. N. A. S_ * . m) are constants. Then as in the above case we show that the linear- element can be put in the form ds2 = (dX')2 + .. + (dXm)! + gij dxi dX' (i, = m+, .. n) where gij are independent of xl, ...., xm. When m = n-1, equation (6.7) is reducible to the euclidean form. 7. If A' are the contravariant components of a vector in a Rieman-- nian geometry, its covariant components Ai, are given by A' = gia Aa. (7.1) When this expression is substituted in (3.1), we obtain aA_ri -A A,A; lo 0. (7.2) When we are dealing with a non-Riemannian geometry we say that a field. of parallel covariant vectors is one which satisfies (7.2). The conditions of integrability of (7.2) are Aa BMk = 0. (7.3) In order that the A's given by (7.3) shall satisfy (7.2) it is necessary that- Aa Btikl = 0. (7.4) As in the case of contravariant vectors, it can be shown that when there are m (< n) independent sets of solutions of (7.3) which satisfy (7.4) there exist m fields of parallel, covariant vectors. The methods of §§ 4, 5 cannot be applied to the case of covariant fields. ON THE INFLUENCE OF DENSITY OF POPULATION UPON THE RATE OF REPRODUCTION IN DROSOPHILA By RAYMOND PEARL AND SYIviA L. PARKER ScHooL or HYGIENE AND PuBLic HEALTH, JOHNS HoPmrs UNIVERSITY Communicated, May 5, 1922 It has long been known that degree of crowding of organisms in a given: space, or the density of the population, has an influence upon various.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum Porifera Introduction
    Phylum Porifera Introduction • Grade Parazoa Without tissues Without embryonic layer Without localized gonads Totipotent Introduction • Definition Porifera are sessile, suspension feeding , multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulates water throught a unique system of water canals (Aquferous system) Characters Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Support • Spicule calcareous silica spongin Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction Gemmule in Spongilidae Reduction body in marine Budding Asexual larvae Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Hermaphoditic = Monoecious Protandric Protogyny Gametogeesis Sperm form from choanocyte Ovum form from archaeocyte or choanocyte Fertilization in mesohyl Transfer choanoyte Sexual reproduction Embryology Cleavage is unequal holoblastic Stomoblastult Olynthus Rhagon Embryology Embryology Larval form Amphiblastula =Calcareous Coeloblastula-Stereoblastula=some Calcareous Paranchymula Embryology Embryology Taxonomy Phylum Porifera Subphylum Cellularia ( All member possess distinct choanocyte) Class Demospongia 95% all existing sponge All freshwater Support element silica, spongin or both All leuconoid Class Calcarea All species are marine Spicules composed of calcium carbonat Have three form of complexity Subphylum Symplasma ( Epithelial and choanocyte tissue are syncytial) Class Hexactinellida ( The glass sponge) All have 6- sided spicules of silica Taxonomy Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa • Have some tissue • Have localized gonad • Have some embryonic layer Phylum Placozoa Phylum Monoblastozoa Phylum Rhombozoa Phylum Orthonectida Grade Mesozoa Placozoa Trichoplax adherens Grade Mesozoa Monoblastozoa Salinella Grade Mesozoa Rhombozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Orthonectida Grade Mesozoa .
    [Show full text]