Phylum Porifera Introduction

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Phylum Porifera Introduction Phylum Porifera Introduction • Grade Parazoa Without tissues Without embryonic layer Without localized gonads Totipotent Introduction • Definition Porifera are sessile, suspension feeding , multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulates water throught a unique system of water canals (Aquferous system) Characters Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Bauplan Support • Spicule calcareous silica spongin Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction Gemmule in Spongilidae Reduction body in marine Budding Asexual larvae Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Hermaphoditic = Monoecious Protandric Protogyny Gametogeesis Sperm form from choanocyte Ovum form from archaeocyte or choanocyte Fertilization in mesohyl Transfer choanoyte Sexual reproduction Embryology Cleavage is unequal holoblastic Stomoblastult Olynthus Rhagon Embryology Embryology Larval form Amphiblastula =Calcareous Coeloblastula-Stereoblastula=some Calcareous Paranchymula Embryology Embryology Taxonomy Phylum Porifera Subphylum Cellularia ( All member possess distinct choanocyte) Class Demospongia 95% all existing sponge All freshwater Support element silica, spongin or both All leuconoid Class Calcarea All species are marine Spicules composed of calcium carbonat Have three form of complexity Subphylum Symplasma ( Epithelial and choanocyte tissue are syncytial) Class Hexactinellida ( The glass sponge) All have 6- sided spicules of silica Taxonomy Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa • Have some tissue • Have localized gonad • Have some embryonic layer Phylum Placozoa Phylum Monoblastozoa Phylum Rhombozoa Phylum Orthonectida Grade Mesozoa Placozoa Trichoplax adherens Grade Mesozoa Monoblastozoa Salinella Grade Mesozoa Rhombozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Grade Mesozoa Orthonectida Grade Mesozoa .
Recommended publications
  • Towards a Management Hierarchy (Classification) for the Catalogue of Life
    TOWARDS A MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY (CLASSIFICATION) FOR THE CATALOGUE OF LIFE Draft Discussion Document Rationale The Catalogue of Life partnership, comprising Species 2000 and ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), has the goal of achieving a comprehensive catalogue of all known species on Earth by the year 2011. The actual number of described species (after correction for synonyms) is not presently known but estimates suggest about 1.8 million species. The collaborative teams behind the Catalogue of Life need an agreed standard classification for these 1.8 million species, i.e. a working hierarchy for management purposes. This discussion document is intended to highlight some of the issues that need clarifying in order to achieve this goal beyond what we presently have. Concerning Classification Life’s diversity is classified into a hierarchy of categories. The best-known of these is the Kingdom. When Carl Linnaeus introduced his new “system of nature” in the 1750s ― Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species …) ― he recognised three kingdoms, viz Plantae, Animalia, and a third kingdom for minerals that has long since been abandoned. As is evident from the title of his work, he introduced lower-level taxonomic categories, each successively nested in the other, named Class, Order, Genus, and Species. The most useful and innovative aspect of his system (which gave rise to the scientific discipline of Systematics) was the use of the binominal, comprising genus and species, that uniquely identified each species of organism. Linnaeus’s system has proven to be robust for some 250 years. The starting point for botanical names is his Species Plantarum, published in 1753, and that for zoological names is the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae published in 1758.
    [Show full text]
  • Recerca I Territori V12 B (002)(1).Pdf
    Butterfly and moths in l’Empordà and their response to global change Recerca i territori Volume 12 NUMBER 12 / SEPTEMBER 2020 Edition Graphic design Càtedra d’Ecosistemes Litorals Mediterranis Mostra Comunicació Parc Natural del Montgrí, les Illes Medes i el Baix Ter Museu de la Mediterrània Printing Gràfiques Agustí Coordinadors of the volume Constantí Stefanescu, Tristan Lafranchis ISSN: 2013-5939 Dipòsit legal: GI 896-2020 “Recerca i Territori” Collection Coordinator Printed on recycled paper Cyclus print Xavier Quintana With the support of: Summary Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Xavier Quintana Butterflies of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ................................................................................................................. 11 Tristan Lafranchis Moths of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ............................................................................................................................31 Tristan Lafranchis The dispersion of Lepidoptera in the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ...........................................................51 Tristan Lafranchis Three decades of butterfly monitoring at El Cortalet ...................................................................................69 (Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park) Constantí Stefanescu Effects of abandonment and restoration in Mediterranean meadows .......................................87
    [Show full text]
  • Metazoa Based on How Organized They Are
    BIOLOGY 18: Phyla of the “Changed Animals” Climbing the evolutionary lad- der from the protozoa we find higher levels of organization. Organisms are grouped into mesozoa and metazoa based on how organized they are. The simplest multicellular organisms (those having many cells) are the me- sozoa (“middle animals”). These or- ganisms are simple parasitic worms. Parasitic means that they live at the expense of some other organism. They often suck nutrient-rich fluids right out of the other organism, but they don’t usually kill the organism or they lose their source of food. The metazoa, meaning “changed animals” can be larger in size because they have different kinds of cells that work together to bring things in, take things out, protect the whole organ- ism, and perform other duties that enable them to live in a wider range of habitats. Because of the various cell types, organisms at this level be- gin taking on a variety of shapes that are not possible among colonies of identical cells. The metazoa include all other phyla of animals from the simple to the complex. A strawberry sponge of the phylum Porifera. Kingdom Animalia: Metazoa Kingdom Porifera Coelenterata Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Rhinochocoela Nematoda Acanthocephala Chaetognatha Nematomorpha Hemichordata (sponges) (flat worms) (proboscis, (round (spiny-headed (arrow (horsehair (acorn worms) nemertine & worms) worms) worms) worms) Phylum ribbon worms) 186 BIOLOGY The next set of organisms in terms of their simplicity is the phylum Porifera—the sponges. There are many types of these animals that live in the sea and a few that live in fresh water.
    [Show full text]
  • Size and Complexity Among Multicellular Organisms
    BWl~gicalJoumalofk Linncan So&& (1997), 60: 345-363. With 5 figures Size and complexity among multicellular Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/60/3/345/2705808 by guest on 26 August 2019 organisms GRAHAM BELL Redpath Museum, McGill UniversiQ, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, @ebec, Canada H3A 2K6 AND ARNE 0. MOOERS Department of<oology, UniversiQ of British Columbia, Thncouvq British Columbia, Canada Receiwd I9 januaty 1996; acceptedfw publicah 3 June 1996 The diversity of specialized cell types (‘complexity’) is estimated for a wide range of multicellular organisms. Complexity increases with siize, independently of phylogeny. This is interpreted in economic terms as the consequence of a greater degree of cooperative division of labour within larger entities. The rate of increase of complexity with size is less in the case of a cooperative division of labour (cell types withii bodies) than in the analogous case of a competitive division of labour (species within communities).This is atttributed to the inutility of single specialized cells whose goods must be shared among all the many cells of a large organism. Major groups of organisms differ in complexity at given size: animals are more complex than plants, and phaeophytes are simpler than either. Q 1997 The Linnean Society of London ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:--development - differentiation - histology - complexity - evolution - economic biology - division of labour - allometry. CONTENTS Introduction .......................... 346 Material and Methods ....................... 346 Rawdata ......................... 346 Standardization ....................... 347 Analytical methods ...................... 350 Results ............................ 352 Discussion ........................... 354 Cell diversity increases with individual size .............. 354 Cooperation and competitive division of labour ............. 354 The rules for cooperative and competitive division in labour are quantitatively different .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded Genomic (I
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/282285; this version posted March 14, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The mitochondrial genomes of the mesozoans Intoshia linei, Dicyema sp., and Dicyema japonicum Helen. E. Robertson1, Philipp. H. Schiffer1 and Maximilian. J. Telford1* 1 Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT *Author for correspondence: [email protected] +44 (0)20 7679 2554 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/282285; this version posted March 14, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract The Dicyemida and Orthonectida are two groups of tiny, simple, vermiform parasites that have historically been united in a group named the Mesozoa. Both Dicyemida and Orthonectida have just two cell layers and appear to lack any defined tissues. They were initially thought to be evolutionary intermediates between protozoans and metazoans but more recent analyses indicate that they are protostomian metazoans that have undergone secondary simplification from a complex ancestor. Here we describe the first almost complete mitochondrial genome sequence from an orthonectid, Intoshia linei, and describe nine and eight mitochondrial protein-coding genes from Dicyema sp. and Dicyema japonicum, respectively. The 14,247 base pair long I. linei sequence has typical metazoan gene content, but is exceptionally AT-rich, and has a divergent gene order compared to other metazoans.
    [Show full text]
  • Systema Naturae. the Classification of Living Organisms
    Systema Naturae. The classification of living organisms. c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.601 (June 26, 2007) Preface Most of researches agree that kingdom-level classification of living things needs the special rules and principles. Two approaches are possible: (a) tree- based, Hennigian approach will look for main dichotomies inside so-called “Tree of Life”; and (b) space-based, Linnaean approach will look for the key differences inside “Natural System” multidimensional “cloud”. Despite of clear advantages of tree-like approach (easy to develop rules and algorithms; trees are self-explaining), in many cases the space-based approach is still prefer- able, because it let us to summarize any kinds of taxonomically related da- ta and to compare different classifications quite easily. This approach also lead us to four-kingdom classification, but with different groups: Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia and Animalia, which represent different steps of in- creased complexity of living things, from simple prokaryotic cell to compound Nature Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2007.241.2 Posted 16 Aug 2007 eukaryotic cell and further to tissue/organ cell systems. The classification Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations: incertae sedis (i.s.); pro parte (p.p.); sensu lato (s.l.); sedis mutabilis (sed.m.); sedis possi- bilis (sed.poss.); sensu stricto (s.str.); status mutabilis (stat.m.); quotes for “environmental” groups; asterisk for paraphyletic* taxa. 1 Regnum Monera Superphylum Archebacteria Phylum 1. Archebacteria Classis 1(1). Euryarcheota 1 2(2). Nanoarchaeota 3(3). Crenarchaeota 2 Superphylum Bacteria 3 Phylum 2. Firmicutes 4 Classis 1(4). Thermotogae sed.m. 2(5).
    [Show full text]
  • Vilasktomploomade (Dicyemida) Fülogenees
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace at Tartu University Library TARTU ÜLIKOOL ÖKOLOOGIA JA MAATEADUSTE INSTITUUT ZOOLOOGIA OSAKOND ZOOLOOGIA ÕPPETOOL Martin Pent VILASKTOMPLOOMADE (DICYEMIDA) FÜLOGENEES Magistritöö Juhendaja: Ph.D. Marko Prous TARTU 2014 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus ................................................................................................................... 3 2. Kirjanduse ülevaade .................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Vaheloomad (Mesozoa) ......................................................................................... 4 2.2. Klass vööttomploomad (Orthonectida) ................................................................ 7 2.3. Klass vilasktomploomad (Dicyemida) ................................................................. 8 2.4. Senised fülogeneetilised hüpoteesid ................................................................... 11 2.5. Töö eesmärgid ..................................................................................................... 14 3. Materjalid ja metoodika ............................................................................................ 15 3.1. Andmestiku kogumine ........................................................................................ 15 3.2. Joonduste koostamine ja puude konstrueerimine ........................................... 17 3.3. Fülogeneetiliste analüüside mudelid ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12 Porifera
    Chapter 12 Porifera Figure 12.04 1 Unicellular Protists choanoflagellates-colonial organization Theories of Unicellular Origin of Metazoans 1) 1874-Haeckel first proposed metazoans arose from a colonial flagellated form & cells gradually became specialized 2) as cells in a colony became more specialized, the colony became dependent on them 3) colonial ancestral form was at first radially symmetrical, & reminiscent of a blastula stage of development 4) this hypothetical ancestor was called a blastea 5) another hypothetical ancestral forms similar to a gastrula may have existed, & refer to them as gastraea 6) Bilateral symmetry evolved when the planula larvae adapted to crawling on the floor 7) Molecular Evidence a) small subunit rRNA & biochemical pathways support the colonial flagellate hypothesis b) metazoans appear to be monophyletic & arising from choanoflagellates Monophyletic group contains the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group & all of its descendants 2 Unicellular (acellular) Multicellular (metazoa) protozoan protists Poorly defined Diploblastic tissue layers Triploblastic Cnidaria Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Uncertain Acoelomate Coelomate Pseudocoelomate Priapulida Rotifera Chaetognatha Platyhelminthes Nematoda Gastrotricha Rhynchocoela (Nemertea) Kinorhyncha Entoprocta Mesozoa Acanthocephala Loricifera Gnathostomulida Nematomorpha Protostomes Uncertain (misfits) Deuterostomes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Brachiopoda Hemichordata Arthropoda Phoronida Onychophora Bryozoa Chordata Pentastomida Pogonophora
    [Show full text]
  • Diapositiva 1
    Rhopalura Orthonectido Lección 21.- Los Diciémidos y Ortonéctidos. Descripción anatómica y de su ciclo biológico. Posición filogenética. Evolución histórica del concepto de Mesozoos. Mesozoos: ortonéctidos y rombozoos 1. Originalmente el filo Mesozoa fue creado para los Dicyemidos (Rombozoos), a los cuales se otorgó una posición intermedia entre protozoos y metazoos. 2. Posteriormente se incluyeron los Ortonéctidos y otros animales de difícil ubicación sistemática, generalmente organismos paucicelulares de estructura muy sencilla. 3. DELAGE los dividió en 4 grupos: mesogonia (dicyemidos y ortonéctidos), mesogastria (Salinella), mesocelia (Penmatodiscus) y mesenquimia (Trichoplax). 4. En la actualidad solamente los Dicyemidos y Ortonéctidos se consideran bajo el término mesozoos. Saliniella salve LOS MESOZOOS Phylum Mesozoa (van Beneden, 1876) Cl. Mesogonia o Moruloidea Or. Rombozoos (diciémidos) Or. Ortonéctidos Phylum Mesozoa Cl. Rombozoos Cl. Ortonéctidos Phylum Rhombozoa “mesozoos” Phylum Orthonectida Biología de Mesozoos: http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/7851.pdf ORTONECTIDOS • Son parásitos de invertebrados (equinodermos, anélidos, …) • Los adultos llevan vida libre, nadan en línea recta por el batido de los cilios • Son de sexos separados, excepcionalmente los hay hermafroditas • Las ♀ son aplanadas, cuerpo cubierto por cilios • Los ♂ y ♀ cuando están maduros salen del hospedador y se juntan • Los espermatozoides pasan dentro del cuerpo de la ♀ para fecundarla • La segmentación lleva a una pequeña larva llamada a veces MORULOIDE
    [Show full text]
  • Series 6 LXVIII.—Critical Observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella
    This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 12 February 2015, At: 20:44 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah12 LXVIII.—Critical observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella: a biological sketch Prof. Stefan Apáthy Published online: 02 Oct 2009. To cite this article: Prof. Stefan Apáthy (1892) LXVIII.—Critical observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella: a biological sketch , Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6, 9:54, 465-481, DOI: 10.1080/00222939208677361 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677361 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Echinodermata. 11. Agents Metazoans (Mesozoa to Bryozoa)
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 2: 205-234.1981 Published July 30 Dis. aquat. Org. I REVIEW Diseases of Echinodermata. 11. Agents metazoans (Mesozoa to Bryozoa) Michel Jangoux Laboratoire de Biologie marine (CP 160),Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Ave F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium ABSTRACT: The only species of Mesozoa known to parasitize echinoderms is clearly pathogenic; it causes the regression of ovaries of infested ophiuroids. Symbiotic turbellarians have been reported for each echinoderm group; they mainly infest the gut and coelom of aspidochirote holothuroids and regular echinoids. Echinoderms generally act as second intermediary host for trematodes; the latter are known mostly from echlnoids and ophiuroids which constitute the most frequent echinoderm prey for fishes. Records of echmodem-infeslng nematodes are rather scarce; they usually infest either the coelom or the gonads of their host. Many eulimid gastropods have been reported to parasitize echinoderms; however, most of them do not seem to seriously alter the echinoderm life cycle. They are no bivalves parasitic on echinodems except a few species inhabiting the gut of holothuroids. Associa- tions between echinoderms and sponges, cnidarians, entoprocts or bryozoans have been casually reported in the literature. INTRODUCTION amphiurid Amphipholis squamata (Caullery & Mesnil. 1901, Kozloff 1969, Rader 1982) but it may - if very The present paper is the second of a series of 4 that rarely - also affect other ophiurid species, namely review the diseases of Echinodermata. It considers the Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiura albida (respectively disease agents belonging to the Mesozoa, Parazoa, Fontaine 1968, Bender 1972). R. ophiocornae is mostly Cnidaria, Acoelomata (Turbellaria and Trematoda), known from European localities (Atlantic coast of Nematoda, Mollusca (Gasteropoda and Bivalvia), France, North Sea, northwest Mediterranean Sea; for Entoprocta and Bryozoa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Multipartite Mitochondrial Genome of Liposcelis Bostrychophila: Insights Into the Evolution of Mitochondrial Genomes in Bilateral Animals
    The Multipartite Mitochondrial Genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila: Insights into the Evolution of Mitochondrial Genomes in Bilateral Animals Dan-Dan Wei1., Renfu Shao2,3*., Ming-Long Yuan1, Wei Dou1, Stephen C. Barker2, Jin-Jun Wang1* 1 Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 3 School of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia Abstract Booklice (order Psocoptera) in the genus Liposcelis are major pests to stored grains worldwide and are closely related to parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera). We sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila and found that the typical single mt chromosome of bilateral animals has fragmented into and been replaced by two medium-sized chromosomes in this booklouse; each of these chromosomes has about half of the genes of the typical mt chromosome of bilateral animals. These mt chromosomes are 8,530 bp (mt chromosome I) and 7,933 bp (mt chromosome II) in size. Intriguingly, mt chromosome I is twice as abundant as chromosome II. It appears that the selection pressure for compact mt genomes in bilateral animals favors small mt chromosomes when small mt chromosomes co-exist with the typical large mt chromosomes. Thus, small mt chromosomes may have selective advantages over large mt chromosomes in bilateral animals. Phylogenetic analyses of mt genome sequences of Psocodea (i.e. Psocoptera plus Phthiraptera) indicate that: 1) the order Psocoptera (booklice and barklice) is paraphyletic; and 2) the order Phthiraptera (the parasitic lice) is monophyletic.
    [Show full text]