Transnational Intellectual Networks and Their Influence on Social Movements in South Korea
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Transnational Intellectual Networks and their Influence on Social Movements in South Korea A rediscovery of history through grassroots activism in the 1970s and 1980s A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy of the Australian National University By Younghye Seo Whitney June 2018 School of Culture, History and Language ANU College of Asia and the Pacific Acton ACT 2601 Australia © Copyright by Younghye Seo Whitney 2018 Declaration I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, the material presented in this thesis represents the result of original work carried out by me, during the period 2014-2018 and has not been previously presented for the examination of any degree. This thesis is 42,278 words in length. Younghye Seo Whitney 8 June 2018 Abstract Younghye Seo Whitney: Transnational intellectual networks and their influence on social movements in South Korea - A rediscovery of history through grassroots activism in the 1970s and 1980s (Under the Direction of Hyaeweol Choi) What role did grassroots associations in Japan play in South Korea’s pro-democracy movement? The end of the Second World War in 1945 finally liberated the Korean Peninsula from 36 years of Japanese colonial rule. The political vacuum this left resulted in the nation being torn in two in 1953, with the formation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The turmoil continued for decades, with South Korea’s population facing ongoing pro-democracy struggles. It was not until 1987 that these struggles culminated in the nation achieving its first directly elected President. Despite ample evidence that an intricate network of individuals was actively conveying information between Korea and Japan during this period, the narrative surrounding South Korea’s pro-democracy struggles is one that is generally told from the perspective of its domestic actors, with rare mention of external actors, aside from those based in the United States. This thesis attempts to add greater nuance to the shared political history between these two nations by rediscovering the role that missionaries and scholars residing in Japan played in supporting South Korea’s pro-democracy movement. Commencing with the broad-daylight kidnapping of Kim Dae Jung in the middle of Tokyo in August 1973, Japan found itself deeply embroiled in the ongoing i turmoil in South Korea. This ongoing engagement proved to be a crucial trigger for intense grassroots interest in the situation in Korea. This engagement also acted as a catalyst for the long-running success of the Letters from South Korea articles that were published each month in the influential magazine Sekai between 1973 and 1988. Using Keck and Sikkink’s boomerang model as an overarching framework, this thesis focuses on the personal history of Chi Myŏng-gwan, author of the Letters articles. Through an examination of Chi’s early life, this thesis considers important factors which contributed to the success of the Letters project. This thesis argues that a convergence of like-minded individuals who possessed key capacities was crucial in enabling the project to play an essential role in raising and maintaining the awareness of South Korea in Japan and around the world. This thesis finds evidence that the activities carried out by the actors driving the Project helped to motivate governments beyond Japan to apply pressure on the Park regime and subsequent regimes in South Korea and thus played an indirect, yet important support role in enabling the nation’s pro-democracy movement to achieve its goals. By focusing on this under-explored narrative of grassroots cooperation between South Korea and Japan, this thesis attempts to rethink the recent political history between these two nations, with the aim of identifying possible avenues for improving Korea-Japan relations going forward. ii Acknowledgements When starting this research project, I had a deep interest in the social movements in South Korea and Japan in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and in light of the intertwined modern history of these two nations, I wondered whether individuals involved in these social movements might have interacted in any way. I began a search in the resources of the Asian Collections of the National Library of Australia, trying to identify evidence of any person-to-person links between the two nations during this period. After struggling for weeks to find any direct links, I happened to stumble across mention of the Letters Project, and T.K. Sei. The story of a mysterious Korean author writing articles on the situation in South Korea for the Sekai magazine. The story intrigued me, and so I followed this lead, soon discovering that T.K. Sei was, in fact, Chi Myŏng-gwan. I found that his last place of employment was the Institute of Japanese Studies, Hallym University, South Korea. I immediately contacted the Institute and soon after that received a response from Sim Chae-hyŏn, a researcher within the Institute. Sim Chae-hyŏn informed me that Chi was still very much alive and well, and living in Minnesota at that time. Sim Chae-hyŏn kindly provided me with Chi’s email address, and I was delighted when Chi promptly responded to my initial email and expressed his happiness for my interest in this topic. In this way, much like Chi’s chance encounters with individuals that changed his life, as described throughout these pages, my story relating to this thesis has also been one of chance encounters and good fortune. I have many people to thank for making my research possible. Hyaeweol Choi, for being my primary supervisor and mentor, and providing wonderful advice and iii encouragement, often via Skype, as a result of my relocation to Japan in the middle of this project. Thanks also to my associate supervisors, Simon Avenell and Roald Maliangkay, who also provided ongoing support, guidance and inspiration. Thanks to the generosity of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS) and the support and encouragement provided by many at the School of Culture, History & Language (CHL), ANU, I was able to travel to South Korea to conduct archival research. Thanks also to Ruth Barraclough for encouraging me in my research and for helping me find much-needed work tutoring and lecturing the Korean language for CHL. By sheer chance, my relocation to Japan with my family in 2015 overlapped with Chi and his wife, who were in Tokyo for approximately six months. During this time, I was able to meet Chi in person, and attend a number of his lectures. Sincere thanks to Chi and his wife, Kang Chŏng-suk. I will treasure the numerous discussions we had while walking through Jimbo-Chō, famous for its used bookstores, and over lunches in cafeterias near Tomizaka Seminar House near the University of Tokyo. My ongoing correspondence with Chi could not have happened without the kindness and support of Chi’s wife, Kang Chŏng-suk, as she not only typed most of Chi’s emails to me, she also took a personal interest in my research and continually provided kind words of encouragement. And finally, thanks to my amazing family. To my family in Korea for their continuing support. To the Yokomichi’s, my host-family in Kyushu for accepting me as a part of their family since my first stay in Japan in 1996. To my husband Justin— thank you for always trying to find time to help me write (even though you had your own writing to do). To Liam—now we might be able to have a bit more fun on weekends. The support by everyone mentioned here, as well as many others that I iv have not mentioned by name have each played an integral role in the completion of this thesis. It goes without saying that all the flaws, errors and omissions are entirely my own. v vi Notes on Romanisation and Translation All Korean words have been romanised according to the McCune-Reischauer system and Japanese words according to the Revised Hepburn system of romanisation. Exceptions to these rules are for those Korean and Japanese authors who have published in English, the names of well-known historical figures and geographical names. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Korean to English, and from Japanese to English are mine. vii viii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Rediscovering History - Transnational Actors in South Korea’s Pro- Democracy Movement - ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 A Brief Background to the Pro-Democracy Movement ................................ 2 1.3 Background to the Study and Research Questions ....................................... 4 1.4 Research Approach ......................................................................................... 9 1.5 Methodology and Data Collection ................................................................ 13 1.6 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................. 14 Chapter 2 Overcoming Adversity - Chi Myŏng-gwan before commencing the Letters Project – ........................................................................................................... 17 1924-1972 ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Chi Myŏng-gwan Growing up Under Japanese Colonial Rule.