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Impact of Road Intersection on Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gases Emission on Dhaka- National Highway,

Md Zia Uddin and MIZUNOYA Takeshi Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba, 19 July 2017

BACKGROUND

BANGLADESH

COUNTRY PROFILE Total Population 159.9 Million Total Area 147,570 km2 GDP per capita $1384 Annual GDP $212.29 billion Current market price (2015-16)1

GHG contribution per capita < 0.35%2

1Ministry of Finance, 2016 2MoEnvironment and Forests, 2015 BACKGROUND

Sector Wise Contribution in Economy3 Industry Services 2.60%  6.70%  15%

53% 10.10%  32%

3Alam et al., (2013) BACKGROUND

Dhaka-Chittagong Roads and Highways Department National Highway NH1 ROAD NETWORK4 230.0km

National Road -- 3,813 km

Total Roads -- 21,302 km

National Regional District

DHAKA 18%

20% 62%

CHITTAGONG 4http://www.rhd.gov.bd/newweb_main.asp BACKGROUND

Yearly traffic growth5 6000000 5500000 5000000 4500000 4000000 3500000 Total yearly volume yearly Total 3000000 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Table 1 Yearly Growth Rate of Total Traffic7 Year Growth Factor Average Growth Factor 2006 - 2007 34.370 21.03% 2008 9.716 2009 19.012 5Ullah et al., (2013) BACKGROUND

81% of Bangladesh’s total Dhaka-Chittagong National export earnings from Ready- Highway (NH1) is crucial to made-garment (RMG) the Bangladesh Economy industry through the Port of Chittagong using the NH16

Chittagong port handles 92% Prospective route for of all of the country’s imports Regional Connectivity and exports with the bulk of (Bangladesh--- this trade being transported (BBIN) and by road using the NH1 with Bangladesh--India- few or no alternatives6 (BCIM)

6Routh, S.K., Superintending Engineer, Roads And Highways Department, Bangladesh, PPTX on Dhaka Chittagong Expressway on PPP Basis Chittagong Stakeholders’ Meeting, (2013) BACKGROUND

Bangladesh imported Total consumption of 3.6 million ton of petroleum petroleum is about fuel costing US $1.99 billion8 3.78 million ton (MT)8

about 1.96 % of 2.03 million ton is the country’s for sector GDP

16 % of current account balance

8Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation, (2009)

BACKGROUND

Road sector fuel demand under Business-as-Usual scenario7 500 450 400

350 300 250 440 200

Trillion BTU Trillion 150 100 220 50 50 0 2004 2020 2030 Year 7Alam et al., (2013) RATIONALE

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Frequent delays Travel times from through traffic Dhaka to intersection, road Chittagong by accident, periodic truck average road maintenance 7hrs with an works, slow average speed of moving vehicles 35km/hr etc. Study Area Layout Plan v

Dhaka-Chittagong National Highway9

Study Area length 230.0 km Major hotspots

9Routh, S.K., Superintending Engineer, Roads And Highways Department, Bangladesh, PPTX on Dhaka Chittagong Expressway on PPP Basis Chittagong Stakeholders’ Meeting, (2013) METHODOLOGY

CO2, NOx, SOx

CO2, NOx, SOx SOx

NOx CO2, NOx, SOx

CO2 METHODOLOGY

Calculating total delay time for vehicles at an intersection

Calculating cruise time for non-intersection road section

Calculation of fuel loss for AADT (2009) based on vehicle speed during the loss time

Calculating GHG emission for different driving condition

Comparing GHG emission for engine type during the stopping time (vehicle idling) RESULT

Table 2 Time and Distance covered during before, at and after crossing the intersection

Time (Second) Distance (meter)

Perception reaction 2.5 41.675

Deceleration 5.16 (avg) 42.949

Complete Stopping 70.0 0

Incremental delay 2.74 (avg) 0

Acceleration 4.17 (avg) 34.778 RESULT

Actual Distance-Time graph 140 120 100 80 60 40 Distance (meter) 20 0 0 2.5 7.65 77.65 80.39 84.56 Time (second) RESULT

Modified Distance-Time graph With intersection Without intersection 140 120 td = deceleration time 100 ts = stopping time ta = acceleration time 80 60 40 t t t Distance (meter) d s a 20 LOSS TIME 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (second) RESULT

Table 3 Total Fuel Loss Calculation during Loss Time

Number Time Loss/10 Total time Fuel Vehicle Mode of Velocity Fuel Loss intersections loss efficiency11 Vehicle10 Nos hr/veh hr/year Km/hr Km/liter Liter Motor Cycle 46,896 0.215 10082.64 60.0 52.5 11,523.02 Scoter 291,080 0.215 62582.2 60.0 42 89,403.14 /Jeep 756,199 0.215 162582.79 60.0 9.82 93,377.51 Micro/Pickup 994,568 0.215 213832.12 60.0 7.64 1,679,309.84 Mini Bus/ 535,970 0.215 115233.55 60.0 3.23 2,140,561.30 Coaster Bus 788,149 0.215 169452.04 60.0 2.8 3,631,115.04 Truck 1,876,198 0.215 403382.57 60.0 2.62 9,237,768.78 Trailer 115,995 0.215 24938.925 60.0 2.62 571,120.42 Toll free 227,743 0.215 48964.745 60.0 2.62 1,121,330.04 Total 5,634,807 19,475,509.08 10Ullah et al., (2013) 11RHD Road User Cost 2004-2005 RESULT

Table 4 Measured Vehicle Emission by Driving Mode Modal emission Mode Time CO NO HC Total Time Rate12 Total Rate12 Total Rate12 Total Required Sec (mg (ton) (mg (ton) (mg (ton) sec-1) sec-1) sec-1) Perception Reaction 2.5 10 1.408 1.25 0.507 0.6 0.084 (Cruise) With Deceleration 5.15 7.5 2.176 0.5 0.145 0.4 0.116 intersection Idle, Delay 72.74 1.5 6.148 0.1 0.409 0.25 1.024

Acceleration 4.17 22.5 5.286 1.5 0.352 1.1 0.258 84.56 Time Required 15.02 1.414 1.483 Without Cruise 7.16 10 4.036 1.25 0.505 0.6 0.242 intersection Excess Emission 77.40 10.986 0.91 1.24 12Frey et al., (2013) RESULT

Table 5 Idling Emission Calculation for Heavy Vehicles Mechanical Fuel Ignition Electric Fuel Ignition (EFI) (MFI) Effect of change Emissions Unit Total Total from MFI to EFI Rate gm/veh emission Rate gm/veh emission tonne tonne

CO gm/hr 35 3.5 24.57 20 2 14.04 -43% DECREASE

HC gm/hr 23 2.3 16.14 6 0.6 4.21 -74% DECREASE

INCREASE NOx gm/hr 48 4.8 33.70 86 8.6 60.38 79%

PM gm/hr 4 0.4 2.80 1 0.1 0.70 -75% DECREASE

INCREASE CO2 gm/hr 4484 448.4 3148.27 4636 463.6 3255.00 3%

13 Kirchstetter et al., (1999) FUTURE WORK

Loss time, fuel saving and GHG emission calculation for present traffic scenario

Finding and Establishing relationship between fuel loss and GHG emission

Perform Economic Analysis of intersection