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Betulaceae – Birch Family

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BETULACEAE – BIRCH FAMILY Plant: some shrubs but mostly trees Stem: bark mostly smooth but not always, often peeling in layers in the birches Root: Leaves: deciduous; simple, alternate, mostly elliptical, mostly double saw- toothed (biserrate), pinnate side veins straight; stipules present but dropping early Flowers: imperfect (monoecious), tiny and usually greenish; sepals 1-6, often 4 to none; petals none; male in catkins, 1-6 stamens: female in woody catkins, ovary inferior, 1 pistil Fruit: most often in catkins containing small nuts or nutlets or a double-winged capsule (samara), 1 seeded Other: identified in fossils back to Cretaceous; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 6 genera, mostly temperate to boreal; locally Alnus (alders), Betula (birches), Carpinus (hornbeam), Corylus (hazel), Ostrya (hop-hornbeam) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Leaf and Fruit Morphology in the Betulaceae (Birch Family) - shrubs and trees, leaves simple, alternate and toothed; inflorescences of staminate and pistillate catkins; locally 5 genera Genus Betula Genus Alnus Leaf tips acute (taper to point), most with Fruit a woody cone, leaf peeling bark (Gray Birch an exception) tip more or less rounded Speckled Alder Smooth Alder Genus Carpinus River Birch Gray Birch Fruits small, surrounded by Genus Corylus lobed bracts, leaf elliptical with Genus Ostrya 10+ veins, smooth bark Leaf more ovate, sharp tip, fruit a large semi-spherical nut, < 10 Fruits small, veins surrounded by unlobed bracts, leaf elliptical to ovate with 10+ veins, scaly bark Hop Hornbeam Hazelnut American Hornbeam, Musclewood BETULACEAE – BIRCH FAMILY European Alder; Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Introduced) Speckled Alder; Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Common Alder; Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Wild. Yellow Birch; Betula alleghaniensis Britt. var. alleghaniensis River Birch; Betula nigra L. Paper Birch; Betula papyrifera Marsh. Gray [Wire] Birch; Betula populifolia Marsh. American Hornbeam [Ironwood, Musclewood, Blue-Beech]; Carpinnus caroliniana Walt. [American] Hazelnut [Hazel]; Corylus americana Walt. [Eastern; Hop] –Hornbeam; Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch var. virginiana European Alder USDA Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Introduced) Betulaceae (Birch Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub to med tree (30 ft); both male and female catkins droop; leaf single to double-serrate (usually coarse), alternate, widest above middle, often blunt or somewhat notched at tip (variable), dark green above holding into fall; bark speckled and with abundant horizontal lenticels; true end bud, stalked, 2-3 bud scales, reddish; wet or low areas [V Max Brown, 2009] Speckled [Black, Tag] Alder USDA Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen Betulaceae (Birch Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; both male and female catkins droop; leaf coarsely double-serrate, undulate, base usually U-shaped; bark speckled and with horizontal lenticels; true end bud, stalked, 2-3 bud scales, reddish; wet areas [V Max Brown, 2005] Smooth [Common, Hazel] Alder USDA Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Wild. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Sam A. Baker State Park, Wayne County, Missouri Notes: shrub; male catkins droop but usually not the smaller female; leaf edges finely toothed, base usually V-shaped; bark usually less speckled than others; true end bud, 2-3 bud scales, stalked, reddish; wet areas [V Max Brown, 2006] Yellow Birch USDA Betula alleghaniensis Britt. var. alleghaniensis Betulaceae (Birch Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: tree, both pistillate (long and hanging) and staminate (cones) flowers in catkins; leaves elliptical, 9-11 unbranched veins, irregularly toothed, smooth above; bark silvery to yellow-gray (not white), curling and peeling; twigs aromatic (wintergreen), mostly glabrous to somewhat pubescent; buds long and pointed; fruit a winged nut subtended by 3-lobed, pubescent bract; spring [V Max Brown, 2006] River [Red] Birch USDA Betula nigra L. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Sam A. Baker State Park, Wayne County, Missouri Notes: tree; catkins usually erect; leaves mostly finely biserrate except near base, lateral veins 7-9, broadly V-shaped base; bark peals and curls easily and is often distinctive, orange (not white); twigs hairy early, glabrous at maturity; buds sessile, hairy especially toward tip, tend to narrow toward base; fruit a tiny samara; most abundant along streams (often planted) [V Max Brown, 2006] Paper Birch USDA Betula papyrifera Marsh. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Rushmore National Memorial and Park, Custer County, South Dakota Notes: tree; both pistillate (long and hanging) and staminate (cones) flowers in catkins; leaves elliptical, 3-7 lateral pairs of veins, serrate, vein axels hairy below; bark creamy (to pinkish) white and readily peels, short horizontal lenticels present; buds long and pointed; fruit a winged nut subtended by 3-lobed, pubescent or glabrous bract; spring [V Max Brown, 2014] Gray [Wire, White, Fire] Birch USDA Betula populifolia Marsh. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: tree, often many-stemmed; fruiting catkins drooping; leaves long-pointed, triangle-shaped, sharply toothed, not hairy; mature bark white with large black chevrons at branch insertions, juvenile bark reddish with abundant horizontal lenticels, bark does not peel easily; twigs rough; buds small, long, often resinous; spring [V Max Brown, 2005] American Hornbeam USDA [Ironwood, Musclewood, Blue-Beech] Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub to small tree; male and female catkins develop from buds; leaves bi-serrate, often long- pointed, side veins parallel and not forked; bark muscle-like or sinewy; buds angled, many-scaled in rows; fruit nutlets surrounded by 3-pointed, leafy bracts; spring [V Max Brown, 2005] [American] Hazelnut [Hazel] USDA Corylus americana Walt. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: shrub; male catknins (upper right) mature in Feb-Mar, > 1 inch; leaves double-serrate but often irregular, < 10 veins, green beneath, acute tip; bark smooth, finely ridged with age; twigs +/- hairy; buds sessile, blunt, no true end bud, 4+ scales; fruit a large edible nut; often forms shrubby patches; spring [V Max Brown, 2005] [Eastern] Hop USDA Hornbeam [Ironwood] Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch var. virginiana Betulaceae (Birch Family) Pokagon state Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: small tree; leaves biserrate, bases somewhat uneven, 10+ veins, some forked; bark scaly, in plates; twigs ± hairy; buds pointed, sessile, not angled, and round in cross-section; fruit in clusters, surrounding bracts not lobed; spring [V Max Brown, 2006].
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