The Red List of Betulaceae

Kirsty Shaw, Larry Stritch, Malin Rivers, Shyamali Roy, Becky Wilson and Rafaël Govaerts

The Red List of Betulaceae

For further information please contact: BGCI Descanso House 199 Kew Road, Richmond Surrey, TW9 3BW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.bgci.org Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 coun- tries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well- being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

The USDA Forest Service is entrusted with 193 million acres of national forests and grasslands. The missions of the agency is to sustain the health, diversity and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

Published by Botanic Gardens ­Conservation International. Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, ­Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK. © 2014 Botanic Gardens Conservation International Fauna & Flora International (FFI), founded in 1903 and the world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to Printed by the USDA Forest Service. conserve threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take Printed on 100% Post-Consumer account of human needs. ­Recycled Paper. Design: USDA Forest Service Recommended citation: Shaw, K., Stritch, L., Rivers, M., Roy, S., Wilson, B. and Govaerts, R. (2014) The Red List of Betulaceae. BGCI. Richmond. UK. ISBN-10: 1-905164-58-0 The Global Tress Campaign is undertaken through a part- ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-58-5 nership between FFI and BGCI, working with a wide range of other organizations around the world, to save the world’s most threatened trees and the habitats in which they grow through the provision of AUTHORS information, delivery of conservation action and support for sustain- able use. All authors are members of the IUCN / SSC Global Trees Specialist Group

Kirsty Shaw is Conservation Officer at BGCI.

Larry Stritch is a National Botanist at the USDA Forest Service.

Malin Rivers is Red List Manager at BGCI. The IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group forms Shyamali Roy and Becky Wilson are part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000 vol- interns at BGCI working on the Global unteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. Trees Campaign. SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of Rafaël Govaerts is Senior Checklist advice to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of spe- Compiler at the Royal Botanic Gardens, cies conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Kew and facilitates the compilation and Group are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and peer-review of the World Checklist of to act in an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign. Selected Plant Families. The Red List of Betulaceae

Kirsty Shaw, Larry Stritch, Malin Rivers, Shyamali Roy, Becky Wilson and Rafaël Govaerts

2014 The Red List of Betulaceae

Contents

Acknowledgements 3

Acronyms 3

Foreword 4

Introduction 5

Distribution 5

Information Collection for Conservation Assessment 6

Results of the Evaluation 7

Conservation and Research Priorities 8

References 13

Globally Threatened Betulaceae TAXA 15

Betulaceae Taxa Evaluated as Data Deficient 32

Betulaceae Taxa Evaluated as Least Concern 37

References 54

Annex I IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1) 65

2 The Red List of Betulaceae

Acknowledgements

he authors would like to thank in their particular regions and facilitating the IUCN/SSC Caucasus Plant Red List the many experts from the the involvement of additional experts. Authority for providing information to T around the world who contrib- Particular thanks go to Dr. Sudipto support the assessments of taxa from uted information and have undertaken Chatterjee (TERI University, India) for the Caucasus region. assessments for this global evaluation providing information on Himalayan of Betulaceae taxa. taxa. Thanks also Rebecca Hsu The authors are very grateful to Fon- (Taiwan Forestry Research Institute) dation Franklinia for supporting BGCI’s Members of the IUCN/SSC Global for assisting with the assessments of red listing work. Finally thanks to the Tree Specialist Group and the BGCI Taiwanese taxa. The authors would United States Department of Agriculture network were particularly helpful in also like to thank Paul Bartlett (Stone (USDA) Forest Service for design work providing information on taxa present Lane Gardens, UK) and members of and printing of this report.

List of Acronyms

AOO Area of occupancy ASL Above sea level BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International EOO Extent of occurrence FFI Fauna & Flora International GIS Geographical Information System GSPC Global Strategy for Plant Conservation GTC Global Trees Campaign GTSG IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature SSC Species Survival Commission SIS Species Information Service USDA United States Department of Agriculture

3 The Red List of Betulaceae

Foreword

he Betulaceae, the birches, In some cases mere forms (e.g. Betula Though inbreed­ ­ing depression is always alders, hazels, hornbeams, hop oycoviensis and B. lenta f. uber) or a potential problem (Kuser 1983; Coates Thornbeams and Ostryopsis, minor variants of common species 1992; De Smet 1993), there are many include some commercially important have been red listed in the past and instances where very small numbers timber and nut producing trees. ­Several considerable resources spent on their of individuals have given rise to huge species of Betula are ecologically conservation, while equally distinctive populations following introductions–as dominant in cold-temperate Northern populations have not been considered long as populations have been able to Hemisphere forests and tundra, while because they have not been named expand rapidly, lack of initial genetic some species of Alnus, Carpinus and (e.g. the tetraploid Greek population diversity does not seem to have been Corylus form smaller pure stands or of A. glutinosa). Lack of infor­mation on a problem (Taggart et al. 1990; Meffert are major compo­nents of forest, scrub little known species, mainly from less 1999; Merilä 1996; Jackson, et al. 2004). forest or forest understorey. In these studied parts of the world, is a major Self-compatible inbreeders such as more northern forests, to a large extent issue, and this list highlights these some rare Betulaceae may already have in formerly glaciated areas, there are and should stimulate those cultivating suffered the consequences of inbreed- no, or hardly any, relict endangered such species to ensure they maintain ing but still survived, perhaps following species. Other species of all genera breeding populations until certain that purging of deleterious genes (Byers are components of warm-temperate to the wild populations are secure. and Waller 1999). With rare species it is tropical forests and relicts of the Arc- clearly essential with self-incompatible Ideally the taxonomy of Betulaceae to-Tertiary forests in which such species species, and probably desirable with would be resolved first, before deciding were much more prominent and widely self-compatible ones (Kuser 1983), that conservation priorities, but this can distrib­uted (Crane and Stockey 1987; more than one clone is maintained in take a long time (Landrum, 2003), and Collinson 2000; Manchester and Tiffney cultivation in a garden to ensure seed it is essential that this Red List report 2001). It is among these that we find production. Far too many gardens is published sooner rather than later the rare and threatened species, largely grow single plants of such threatened to draw attention to those species in the well known refugia on low latitude species as curators try to find space for requiring attention. In this family some mountain ranges in Japan, Korea, south as many different species as possible. of these species may be of potential China and Taiwan, the Caucasus/ However, to conserve the genetic economic significance as well as being Caspian region, and southern parts of variation of variable species it certainly worthy of conservation for their own eastern North America. requires the survival of a larger number sake. This is likely to apply to species of individuals than can usually be This Red List report, the 10th in a series of Alnus because of their value in maintained in cultivation, species often produced by the IUCN/SSC Global Tree reclamation due to their nitrogen fixing being represented in cultivation by a Specialist Group, provides the results properties. Some shrubby species (e.g. tiny fraction of their variation in the wild of a global conservation assessment A. faurei, A. sieboldiana) seem to be (Jeffrey, 1982, Brodie et al. 1998). This for the family Betulaceae. It highlights much more drought tolerant than is is why conservation of wild populations the relatively small number of taxa that usually realised and could be ideal as is always preferable where possible. qualify as globally threatened using the nurse species for timber trees. Alder IUCN Red List categories and criteria. species appear to be cross-compatible I hope that this report will stimulate with respect to symbiont Frankia strains, increased conservation action for those In the Betulaceae the taxonomy in all species developing effective nodules species that are identified as globally several genera is confused, so it can in UK soils. threatened. At the same time we need be difficult to determine conservation to find more information for those that status. However, it should usually be Conservationists often insist that large are recorded as Data Deficient. A com- possible to differentiate between very populations are required to maintain the bination of ex situ and in situ measures distinct paleoendemics deserving of genetic diversity of a species but, with should ensure that no species of the conservation effort, and taxa which are large woody plants, maintaining such Betulaceae becomes extinct. probably minor variants of common, living collections is often not possible ex-­ widely distributed species which will not cept for species of value in forestry. For- Hugh McAllister, author The Genus usually justify significant conservation tunately seed of species of Betulaceae Betula: A taxonomic revision. effort (Ashburner and McAllister 2013). is usually fairly long-lived in storage.

4 The Red List of Betulaceae

Introduction

The Betulaceae family comprises trees and shrubs from six genera; Alnus (Alder), Uses of Betulaceae Betula (Birch), Carpinus (Hornbeam), Corylus (Hazel), Ostrya (Hop Hornbeam) Ornamental value–A number of Betulaceae taxa are known for their orna- and Ostryopsis. There are approximately mental value. Betula, for example, are valued by gardeners and landscapers 166 species, the exact number of species and found widely in private and public gardens due to their attractive foliage, and infraspecific taxa varying with taxon-­­ catkins, autumnal colours and bark. The bark of Betula trees sets them apart omic uncertainty. from other genera in the family and occurs in a variety of colours including white, and varying shades of pink, yellow, orange, red and brown. The bark The largest genus is Betula. According can be shiny and peels from the trunk of some taxa. Popular cultivars include; to the recently published monograph for B. pendula ‘Tristis’ (a weeping form with white bark), B. ermanii ‘Polar Bear’ this species, there are 40–50 recognised (with white bark) and B. albosinensis ‘Pink Champagne’ (with pink/red bark). species (Ashburner and McAllister, 2013), the World Checklist of Selected Plant Alnus have ornamental value for their attractive catkins and cones, and glossy Families recognises 62 species (Govaerts, foliage. They are also popular because they are hardy and can survive well 2014). The smallest genus is Ostryopsis in damp or wet sites. A. glutinosa, A. incana and A. cordata are the most with only 3 recognised species. Further common species found in cultivation. Some taxa, such as A. cordata, have details on the taxonomy used for these spread readily from garden collections and have become well established assessments are presented on page 7. beyond their natural range. Betula and Alnus are closely related. Their Carpinus species are popular for their attractive deeply ribbed leaves and are chromosome numbers are multiples of often used in hedging. 14, but Carpinus, Ostrya and Ostryop- sis are multiples of 8, and Corylus 11. Hazelnut production–All Corylus taxa produce edible nuts, known as hazel- Due to their distinctiveness from Betula nuts or cobnuts. They therefore provide a valuable food source to wildlife. and Alnus, the latter four genera were The European hazelnut (C. avellana) is the most economically valuable of the previously placed in a separate family: Corylus taxa and is the only Corylus species that is cultivated for its nuts. It Corylaceae. There is now wide agreement produces the highest quality nut and produces the greatest yield of all Corylus to place them in the Betulaceae family. species. Hazelnuts from other species such as C. americana, C. heterophylla, Distribution C. jacquemontii and C. colurna are harvested from the wild and sold in local The Betulaceae family includes taxa dis-­ markets. tributed across a large proportion of the northern hemisphere, from Canada in the The global market for C. avellana is dominated by Turkey which is the biggest West to China, Japan and Siberia in the worldwide producer, followed by Italy and the US (Molnar, 2011). In rural East. In northerly climes, dwarf varieties parts of the Black Sea region (including Turkey) hazelnut production is a dominate, such as the Dwarf Birch Betula key factor in maintaining social, economic and environmental sustainability. nana, found mainly in the Arctic tundra Although produc­tion of hazelnuts fluctuates yearly depending on climatic region. A few species spread south of the conditions, commercial production is increasing as a whole. The average Equator, found in Central America and farm-gate value of the U.S. crop in the past three years was about $63 million northern parts of Southern America. with a processed value of $160 million (USDA, 2012). The hazelnut economy directly and indirectly supports eight million people (Molnar, 2011). The family comprises taxa that have large natural distributions and are common Medicinal properties–Many species of the genera Alnus and Betula have across their range, such as Betula pendula been used as traditional herbal medicines. They have a wide variety of medi-­ and Corylus avellana. However, some cinal applications. Leaf teas were often used as a skin wash to soothe insect taxa are restricted to a very small area bites and skin irritations and also as a diuretic to treat urinary tract infections with low population numbers, the most and as a treatment for rheumatism and gout (Tilford, 1997). Betula leaves restricted being known only from a single have also been used on the scalp to reduce hair loss and dandruff and Betula tree, as is the case for Carpinus putoensis. bark can be used to make a drink said to purify the blood (American Cancer Society, 2008). Some species, especially Betula lenta, contain methyl salicylate, The altitudinal range of the family is 0 m to approximately 4,500 mm ASL. (continued on next page)

5 The Red List of Betulaceae

Uses of Betulaceae (continued from previous page)

or oil of wintergreen, which in the past Ostrya knowltonii and O. virginiana important Betulaceae taxa, including was distilled from the twigs and used are often used to make durable items Betula pendula for timber and Corylus as an anti-inflammatory. such as fence posts and tool handles avellana for hazelnut production, are as their timber is hard and tough. widely cultivated to supply demand. The bark of many Alnus and Betula species contains the compounds Other uses–A number of other uses Betulaceae taxa also play a valuable lupeol and betulin which have been exist, which have varied in economic ecosystem role. White barked birches shown to be effective in fighting a and social importance over time. For in particular are good pioneer species variety of cancers, and scientists are example, sap extracted from birch and can rapidly colonise cleared areas, now researching the potential use to trees, usually Betula lenta, B. pendula preventing soil erosion and paving the treat the herpes virus, hepatitis and or B. papyrifera, can be drunk as a way for re-establishment of previous HIV-1 viral replication (Sati et al., 2011). tonic, it can be fermented into Birch forest cover. They are “regarded as beer or wine or it can be concentrated the weed trees of the landscape” in Timber–A number of Betulaceae taxa to make a birch syrup. Birch tar is ex­- northern latitudes (Ashburner and Mc­- are used for timber. Species of parti­ tracted from the bark using high tem­ Allister, 2013), but despite this seem­- cular economic importance for their peratures and has been used as an ingly negative assertion, it also highlights timber include A. rubra, A. glutinosa adhesive in weapon and tool making, a great potential for the use of such and B. pendula. and in the repairing and waterproofing species in reforestation and restoration Birch timber is straight grained, strong of ceramic vessels (Tiilikkala et al., projects. Many taxa can also withstand and durable, making it useful for ply-­ 2010). Birch tar is also an astringent low nutri­ent levels, sandy soils and wood and furniture. B. pendula and ingredient in oint­ments for eczema wet habitats, including bogs, thereby B. popu­lifolia for example, are both and psoriasis (Stone Lane Gardens, occupying ecological niches unsuit- grown for production of high quality 2014).The papery bark from many able for other tree species. plywood. birch species can be used to water- The ability of many Betulaceae taxa to proof roofs, make canoes and in India grow at high altitudes also means they Alnus timber is very durable under- it replaced parchment as the primary serve a vital role in watershed protec­- water, making it particularly useful for writing medium for manuscripts. The tion and soil stabilisation. Conserva- deep foundations of buildings and coppiced stems of Corylus had great tion of wild populations is particularly bridge poles. A. cordata for example economic importance in the past, used important in highland areas so this has been used as foundation poles for basket making, thatching, wood important ecosystem service is not for houses in Venice. fuel and wattles (Royal Forestry lost. Alnus species are nitrogen fixing, Society, 2014). The wood of Carpinus species has improving soil conditions and support-­ minor economic importance. It is a Over-exploitation of wild populations ing growth of other species. Habitat hardwearing wood and uses include can pose a threat to Betulaceae taxa. conservation is essential to ensure mallet heads, tool handles and other Sustainable harvesting methods and the survival of Betulaceae taxa in the small wooden objects. The timber replanting must be carried out to wild, and is of particular importance also has attractive swirls in the grain en­sure human use of these ‘useful’ in low nutrient, highland and delicate and a smooth finish, making it very taxa does not threaten their survival ecosystems such as peat bogs. useful for furniture making. in the wild. The most economically

Information collection for IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Taxonomy conservation assessment (IUCN Red List, www.iucnredlist.org), A complete taxonomic revision of the This publication represents the first many of which were assessed in The Betulaceae family has not been under­­- attempt to undertake a conservation World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield, taken. It is important to note that it is not assessment of all known taxa within et al., 1998) and are now out of date. the intention of this publication to resolve the Betulaceae family. At the time of In this publication 240 up to date taxa taxonomic issues for Betulaceae taxa. assessments are presented. production of this work, only 15 Betu- The recently published Betula monograph laceae species were published on the (Ashburner and McAllister, 2013) was a

6 The Red List of Betulaceae

very valuable resource for this assess- Information collection and This publication includes distribution ment. The assessments presented in assessment methodology maps for threatened taxa. As most this publication for Betula taxa follow Assessments were undertaken using the threatened taxa are known only from the taxonomy presented by Ashburner IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria a single or small number of localities and McAllister, with additional assess- (version 3.1, see Annex I for details). As­- and small population numbers, maps ments presented for a small number of sessments presented here provide sum-­ are presented as point data rather than Betula taxa, recognised as accepted mary information of full assessments that polygons. Distribution maps could not species but not verified by the authors have been undertaken and entered into be produced for Data Deficient taxa as of (and therefore not included in) the the IUCN Species Information Service data points are not available for many recent Betula monograph as they did (SIS) for review and publication on the of these taxa. Maps are not included for not see any material. Taxonomy for online IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe-­ Least Concern taxa in this report. other genera (and accepted Betula cies. Full assessments were under­taken taxa not included in the Ashburner by Kirsty Shaw, Shyamali Roy and Becky Results of the Evaluation and McAllister publication) follows Wilson from BGCI, Larry Stritch from the 240 Betulaceae taxa have been assessed; The World Checklist of Selected Plant USDA Forest Service and supported by 166 species and 74 infraspecific taxa Species (http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ experts (see detail in individual assess- (subspecies and varieties). home.do) (Govaerts, 2014). ments and acknowledgements section). The results of the assessments are sum-­ Conservation assessments were under­- Information was collected from published marised in Table 2. This indicates that taken for all accepted Betulaceae species literature, including national flora, national of the 240 Betulaceae taxa assessed, in the Betula monograph and the World Red Data books and journal articles. To only 16 are threatened with extinction in Checklist of Selected Plant Families. supplement this, herbarium specimen the wild according to the IUCN Red List Assessments are also undertaken for databases, online plant information data-­ Categories and Criteria (Critically Endan- accepted infraspecific taxa with varying bases, including Tropicos, NatureServe, gered, Endangered and Vulnerable). distribution to the parent species. When The Plant List, and other online data from an infraspecific taxon has a similar distrib-­ reputable sources, were also consulted. Table 2: Number of taxa per IUCN ution, population and threat status to the A full reference list for the assessments category assessed in this report parent species, a separate assessment is presented on pages 54 - 64. is not presented for the infraspecific Conservation Status Number of In addition to a thorough review of avail- Betulaceae taxon. It was not attempted to under- taxa take conservation assessments for all able literature, experts were contacted Critically Endangered (CR) 11 recognised infraspecific taxa, as very to obtain and verify information for the Endangered (EN) 3 limited information is available and taxon­­- taxa assessed. Experts were identified omy is uncertain for many of these taxa. through the BGCI network and the IUCN/ Vulnerable (VU) 2 SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (GTSG) Near Threatened (NT) 5 Table 1 shows the number of species and authors of consulted literature were Data Deficient (DD) 83 and insfraspecific taxa per genus as­- also contacted. This communication is Least Concern (LC) 136 sessed in this Red List report. referenced as pers. comm. Total 240

Table 1: Number of species and infraspecific taxa per genus assessed in this Red List report An additional 5 taxa are assessed as Genus No. of species No. of infraspecific taxa Total no. of taxa Near Threatened. If action is not taken to assessed assessed assessed address the threats facing the remaining Alnus 38 20 58 popula­tions of these taxa, they are likely Betula 60 19 79 to qualify within a threatened category in Carpinus 40 23 63 the near future. Corylus 16 10 26 A high number of taxa are assessed as Ostrya 9 2 11 Data Deficient, 83 taxa. There is taxon­ Ostryopsis 3 0 3 omic debate surrounding many of these Total 166 74 240 taxa. There is a great need for further

7 The Red List of Betulaceae

Call for action: Data Deficient taxa

A large number of taxa have been assessed as Data Deficient, 83 taxa. study to determine which of these are Although some information is available on the distribution of these species, true taxa and to gather sufficient infor­- very little or no additional information is available to carry out a full conserva- mation to carry out full conservation tion assessment. assessments. Further information about Data Deficient taxa is presented on The majority of these taxa are reported to have limited ranges and there is pages 32 - 36. taxonomic uncertainty concerning whether these are in fact separate species, or varieties or subspecies of other species. A high number of taxa are assessed as Least Concern, 136 taxa. The majority Field research is required for the large number of taxa assessed as Data of these taxa have wide distributions, and Deficient to determine distribution, population numbers, threats facing these there are no known threats impacting taxa and to resolve taxonomic uncertainties. This should be carried out as these taxa to the extent that conserva- a matter of urgency and full Red List assessments undertaken as soon as tion action is required to ensure they do possible, so threatened taxa are added to the list of priority taxa for conser- not become threatened in future. More vation concern. information about the Least Concern taxa is presented on pages 37 - 53. As there are overlaps in reported distribution of many Data Deficient taxa, this information can be used to plan field surveys to obtain increased information Conservation and Research on multiple taxa at once, thereby increasing output without needing increased Priorities budget and effort. This global assessment of Betulaceae can be used to guide future conserva­ As an insurance policy, all Data Deficient taxa should be considered under tion action for these taxa. Urgent action threat until sufficient information is available to fully assess their conservation is required for taxa assessed as Critically status, or taxonomic uncertainty is resolved. Endangered. The remaining populations of these taxa are very small. For example, Known distribution information and additional known information is provided the population of Ostrya rehderiana is for Data Deficient taxa on pages 32 - 36. reported to have reduced rapidly, there are only 5 remaining individuals in the wild and no conservation programme is reported to be in place for this species. In situ conservation (protection within the In situ conservation efforts help to protect Critically Endangered taxa are at great natural habitat of a taxon) should be a the habitat of the taxa and the flora and risk of extinction in the near future and priority for threatened taxa. Target 7 of fauna that are part of the same ecosys­ conservation action must be increased the Global Strategy for Plant Conser­va­- tem. In situ efforts are therefore a good to ensure the survival of all Critically tion (GSPC) calls for 75% of known long term conservation option. It is re­- Endangered taxa. threatened plant species conserved in commended that some level of in situ situ by 2020. Some threatened taxa are protection be put in place for all taxa Conservation action is also required for reported to exist in protected areas, listed as threatened in this publication. taxa assessed as Endangered, Vulnera- for example Ostrya chisosensis which ble and Near Threatened. If the threats occurs in Big Bend National Park, Okla­- Ex situ conservation is well recognised cur­rently impacting on these species homa, U.S.A., and some are known to as an important security measure against persist or worsen their populations will be subject to less formal in situ protec-­ extinction, especially for taxa represented decline and the risk of extinction to these tion, such as the Critically Endangered by very small wild populations. By ensur-­ taxa will increase. Carpinus putoensis; the remaining individ-­ ing taxa are represented in well-managed ual of this species is located near a temple, and secure ex situ collections, if wild Globally threatened taxa are presented is revered as an icon and is fenced with populations are lost due to threats im- on pages 15 - 31. an information panel provided for visitors. posed by humans or natural disasters, However, in situ conservation action is the taxon will not be lost completely. not yet reported for many of the taxa listed as threatened here.

8 The Red List of Betulaceae

GardenSearch

BGCI’s GardenSearch database is the only global source of information Target 8 of the GSPC calls for 75% on the world’s botanical institutions. GardenSearch allows users to search of threatened plant species in ex situ over 3,000 profiles to locate botanic gardens, arboreta, zoos, and similar collections by 2020. Botanic gardens and organization with specific resources and expertise. GardenSearch is a arboreta play a valuable role in ex situ valuable tool for connecting researchers, collaborators, and the general conservation. While some threatened public to botanical resources available in gardens worldwide. GardenSearch Betulaceae taxa are reported as held in also provides a web presence for small institutions that do not have their well-managed ex situ collections, it is own website, connecting them to the global conservation community. www. recommended that ex situ conservation bgci.org/garden_search.php efforts are increased for all taxa listed as threatened in this publication.

BGCI’s PlantSearch database is the only tool for measuring progress towards PlantSearch Target 8 of the GSPC at the global level. Following on from this report, BGCI will BGCI’s PlantSearch database is the only global database of plants in undertake a survey using data held in cultivation, and is free to contribute to and access. PlantSearch connects BGCI’s PlantSearch database to deter­- around 2,000 researchers and horticulturists to collections every year. mine how well represented threatened Locations and gardens are not publicly revealed, and requests can be made Betulaceae taxa are in ex situ collections. via blind email messages. PlantSearch is an easy way for ex situ collections This will help to further determine con­- to contribute to broader ex situ assessments such as this conifer survey. By servation priorities. uploading a taxa list to PlantSearch, collection holders can not only connect their collections to the global botanical community, but also find out the For ex situ collections to be of maximum conservation value of their taxa including the number of locations each taxon value to conservation they should con­- is known globally and current global conservation status. sist of material of wild origin and be genetically representative of wild popu­ It is important for ex situ collections to share accurate data more broadly and lations. Collection management will also keep it updated. PlantSearch relies on collection holders to upload up-to- ideally involve propagation programmes date taxa lists on an annual basis to ensure accuracy and enhance usability to cultivate a supply of material for rein­- of the data. www.bgci.org/plant_search.php troduction and restoration programmes. Propagation programmes are extremely important for taxa that have high orna-­ of plant diversity and the need for its funding bodies who play an important mental value and whose wild popula- conservation to be incorporated into role in deciding the future of these taxa. tions are subject to over-exploitation. communication, education and public Although this global assessment has Producing­ a supply of material for sale will awareness programmes. highlighted a great need for increased reduce pressure on wild populations. research for many Betulaceae taxa, the Integrated Conservation of Tree Species All conservation approaches will be current information available has been by Botanic Gardens: A Reference of increased value if accompanied by enough to define current conservation Manual provides a step-by-step guide awareness-raising and environmental and research priorities. to achieving best practice in integrated education programmes, particularly conservation and is a valuable resource It is hoped that by providing up to date aimed at communities living locally to for botanic gardens and the wider conservation assessments of this family threatened wild populations or reintro- conservation community. that conservation action will increase for duction sites. The involvement of local the most threatened Betulaceae taxa. It people in conservation activities helps It is hoped that this Red List of Betula- is also hoped that this report is a useful ensure the sustainability of efforts and ceae is a useful reference for botanic resource for generating further interest ensure long term survival of these taxa gardens, in situ conservation organi- and further funding to carry out field in their natural habitats. This will also sations and other conservation stake- research to address current knowledge work towards achieving Target 14 of the holders, such as policy makers and gaps. GSPC which calls for the importance

9 The Red List of Betulaceae

Case Study 1: A successful Conservation Project, Betula lenta f. uber.

Taxonomic debate exists for this taxon. only naturally occurring population 5 new populations established each First described as a subspecies of B. grows within a narrow strip of highly year for 4 years. Each newly estab­ lenta by Ashe it was later elevated to disturbed, second growth forest along lished population consisted of 96 species level (B. uber) by M.L Fernald a 1,500 m stretch of floodplain in Cressy individuals and was monitored and (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2005). Creek. The population occurs on both managed by the USDA Forest Service. In 2004, Ashburner and McAllister private and public land and is almost published an article stating it to be entirely surrounded by agricultural land. In an important effort to increase ex a forma of B. lenta based on genetic situ collections as well as reduce theft, tests undertaken at Ness Botanic Within a few years of its re-discovery the US National Arboretum produced Gardens, University of Liverpool, UK. the population numbers decreased and distributed 50 seedlings to other This report follows the taxonomy of the rapidly, by 1977 only 26 trees remained arboreta, private nurseries and botanic recent Betula monograph (Ashburner (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2005). In gardens. By 1994, 19 of the 20 popu- and McAllister, 2013) which treats response a “Betula uber Protection, lations were considered self-sufficient this taxon as a forma of B. lenta. A Management and Research Coordi­ and Betula uber was down listed from separate conservation assessment is nating Committee” was formed. This endangered to threatened under the therefore not included in this report, committee was the driving force be­- ESA. In 1991, populations peaked to however Betula lenta f. uber is still hind Betula uber becoming the first 1,400 individuals (U.S. Fish & Wildlife considered “well worthy of conserva- tree in the US to be given protected Service, 1994). tion” (Ashburner and McAllister, 2013) status under the U.S. Endangered and is an example of a successful Species Act (ESA). To prevent this Although the single natural population conservation plan. species from disappearing again, is still declining (only eight mature in­- fences were erected to reduce the dividuals remain), as of 2003 there are Betula lenta f. uber is only found in threat of vandalism and theft and nearly 1,000 cultivated trees in botanic Smyth County, Virginia U.S., on the competing vegetation was cleared gardens and the wild thanks to the banks of Cressy Creek. It was almost from potential seed sources. Thanks work of the protection committee, in­- driven to extinction by habitat degrada-­ to these recovery efforts, the first and cluding the U.S. Fish & Wild Service, tion from agriculture and logging activ-­ only documented case of natural re­- USDA Forest Service and individual ities, however thanks to a successful production occurred in 1981, produc­ researchers (U.S. Fish & Wildlife recovery plan most of its populations ing 81 seedlings. Service, 2005). are now stable. After its initial discovery in 1918 by Ashe, the birch was not seen Seeds were also collected from mature The lack of natural regeneration and in the wild for almost 60 years. It was individuals, germinated in greenhouses only one true natural population means thought to be extinct until the redisco­ and kept in cultivation for a few grow-­ that Betula uber still listed as threat- very of 41 individuals by Ogle in 1975 ing seasons. In 1984, significant work ened in the U.S. under the ESA. Full (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 1994). began, involving the planting of green­- recovery for this taxon now relies on house seedlings on U.S. Fish & Wildlife successful natural reproduction and Subsequent wild searches of the Service property, to increase numbers. survival of the 20 cultivated popula- surrounding area found no additional Out-planting occurred at 20 plots tions growing in Cressy Creek. populations. It is now known that the within Cressy Creek drainage, with

10 The Red List of Betulaceae

Case Study 2: Stone Lane Gardens: The UK National Collection of Betula and Alnus

Stone Lane Gardens is a small existing National Collections and the Garden Manager of Stone Lane woodland garden tucked away in a maintain the garden for the enjoyment Gardens, Paul Bartlett, to undertake corner of Dartmoor National Park, in and education of the public, as well a conservation project in north west Devon, England. Stone Lane Gardens as adding new trees to the collections Georgia, which generated the informa­- holds the UK National Collections of and continuing research of birch and tion for the conservation assessment birch (Betula) and alder (Alnus) trees. alder taxa. of B. megrelica presented in this Most specimens are wild collected. publication. The National Collection of Birch in­- The garden began life in the early cludes several species that are rarely Probably the most important feature 1970s when Kenneth Ashburner seen ex situ. For example, Betula of Stone Lane Gardens’ collections began planting the Birch and alder delavayi is a small shrub from China lies in knowing the provenance of he was collecting. Ashburner was that can struggle with the UK climate. their trees. This is of great value to considered one of the leading experts Betula chichibuensis is a Japanese botanists and scientists, who need in Betula and his garden was also multi-stemmed small shrubby tree non-hybridised genetic material (mostly a place of study. Ashburner died in to 6 m that is considered Critically wild-collected) to study. Stone Lane 2010 with his great work to produce Endangered. Betula lenta forma uber Gardens has supplied living material a monograph of the genus Betula, (Box 2) is a localised mutation from from Betula taxa to the British Museum un-finished. Fortunately his co-author Virginia. Stone Lane Gardens has for a study of birch tars. The gardens and great friend Dr. Hugh McAllister several provenances of the multi- currently provide living birch material battled on with the book and thanks stemmed shrub Betula ashburneri, to the Biological Sciences department to his efforts ‘The genus Betula: A which was first recognised as distinct of Queen Mary University of London taxonomic revision of birches’ was in 1997. for a variety of molecular studies led published in 2013 (Ashburner and by Dr. Richard Buggs. McAllister, 2013). Betula megrelica is a very rare and understudied species growing in iso­- Contributed by Paul Bartlett, Stone Lane Stone Lane Gardens is now a charity, lation in north west Georgia. In 2013, Gardens, Devon. www.stonelanegardens. the role of which is to conserve the the Rufford Foundation supported com

Betula ermanii growing at Stone Lane Gardens, UK. Least Concern (Pollet, C.)

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Case Study 3: An increasing threat to birch trees: The Bronze Birch Borer

The Bronze Birch Borer (Agrilus anxius) America, is the most resistant species, As the Bronze Birch Borer is a native is a serious pest of Birch trees. This but other American birches are less insect to North America is should be wood-boring beetle is native to North resistant: B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, viewed as a normal component of the America, more common in warmer B. lenta and B. alleghaniensis are birch ecosystem in North America and parts but present in small numbers as commonly attacked. The European one that can be managed if environ- far north as Alaska. The adults are and Asian birches, espe­cially B. pen- mental conditions remain the same. slender, metallic beetles, greenish- dula and B. utilis, have little resistance However, changes in climate and the bronze in colour and about 10 mm in and are effectively impossible to grow continued global trade of trees and length (Williamson and Pellitteri, 2003). in the US (Wawryznski et al, 2009). timber mean that it is possible that The females lay their eggs in cracks this pest could be introduced to other and crevices in the bark of Birch trees Bronze Birch Borers are not capable parts of the world. Birch species found and within a week the white, segmented of successfully attacking healthy trees. else­where in the world have no re- grubs emerge and chew through the They primarily attack birches that are sistance to this pest, and without the bark. Eventually the larvae disrupt the weakened or stressed by drought, old natural predators and environmental phloem tissue, reducing the amount age, insect defoliation, soil compac- conditions that keep the Bronze Birch of food transported from the leaves to tion, or injury. Healthy trees are able Borer in check in its natural range it has the roots. The damaged root system to pro­duce callus tissue around the the potential to cause devastating loss. cannot supply the leaves with enough feeding gallery of the larvae which water and the leaves in the upper ca­- prevents further feeding (Katovich et Living ex situ collections can provide nopy turn yellow and become sparse. al, 2003). a vital monitoring network for the This may lead to branch dieback, which effects and spread of pests and further reduces the ability of the tree Management of this pest should there-­ diseases. In 2013, the International to produce food and will likely result fore involve practices that promote Plant Sentinel Network was launched: in tree death. The mature larvae over­ healthy, vigorous birch tree growth. a jointly led initiative by BGCI and winter in the bark before emerging as The ideal locations for birch trees are the UK Department of Environment adults the following spring. The exit sites where the soil remains cool and Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) holes of the adult beetle are a distinc­ moist and the trees receive full or partial working with botanic gardens and tive D shape (Williamson and Pellitteri, sunlight on their leaves most of the day. arboreta around the world to provide 2003). Trees should be mulched and watered guidance on diagnosis, monitoring regularly,­ and injury to the tree should and surveying of plant pests and Bronze Birch Borers are known to attack be avoided. Trees that have been in-­ diseases. Find out more at: http:// all species of birch, however some fested should be cut down and de­- www.bgci.org/ourwork/ipsn/ species are more susceptible than stroyed before adults emerge in the others. Betula nigra, native to North spring (Katovich et al, 2003).

12 The Red List of Betulaceae

References

American Cancer Society (2008) Crane PR, & Stockey RA. (1987) Jeon, J.I., Chang, C-S, Chen, Z-D. & White Birch. Accessed: March 2014, Betula leaves and reproductive struc- Park, T.Y. (2007) Systematic aspects http://www.cancer.org/treatment/ tures from the Middle Eocene of British of foliar flavonoids in subsect. Carpinus treatmentsandsideeffects/ Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany (Carpinus, Betulaceae). Biochemical complementaryandalternativemedicine/ 65: 2490–2500 Systematics and Ecology. 35: 606–613 herbsvitaminsandminerals/white-birch De Smet, K. (1993) Cheetahs teetered Katovich, S.A., Munson, A.S., Ball, Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. on the brink in the ice age. New Scientist J. & McCullough. (2003) Bronze birch (2013) The Genus Betula: A Taxonomic 138 (Issue 1875): 16 borer. Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet. Revision of Birches. Kew Publishing, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Kew Elton, C.S. (1958) The ecology of Service. Accessed: March 2014, http:// invasions by animals and plants. www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/bbb/ Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2004) London. Methuen bbb.htm Plate 487. Betula lenta f. uber. Betula- ceae. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 21: Fang, J., Wang, Z., & Tang, Z. (2009) Kuser, J. (1983) Inbreeding depression 54–60 Atlas of woody plants in China. Beijing. in Metasequoia. Journal of the Arnold Higher Education Press Arboretum 64: 475–481 BGCI (2014) GardenSearch online data-­ base. Accessed: 2014, www.bgci.org/ Falk, D.A. & Holsinger, K.E. (1991) Landrum, L.R. (2003) What has garden_search.php eds. Genetics and conservation of rare happened to descriptive systematics? plants. Centre for Plant conservation. What would make it thrive? Systematic BGCI (2014) PlantSearch online data-­ Oxford University Press Botany 26(2): 438–442 base. Accessed: 2014, www.bgci.org/ plant_search.php Govaerts, R. (2014) The World Check­- Lucas, G. & Synge, H. (1978) The list of Selected Plant Families. Accessed: IUCN plant red data book. Betula uber Brodie, S., Cheek, M., & Staniforth, M. 2013/2014, http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ (Ashe) Fernald p. 83–84. IUCN, Morges. (1998) Trochetiopsis ebenus. Curtis’s Switzerland Botanical Magazine 15 (1): 27–36 Hosie, R.C. (1963) Native trees of Can­ ada. Canada Department of Forestry, Manchester, S.R. & Tiffney, B.H. (2001) Byers, D.L. & Waller, D.M. (1999) Do Bulletin 61 Integration of paleobotanical and neo-­ plant populations purge their genetic botanical data in the assessment of load? Effects of population size and IUCN (2014) International Union for phytogeographic history of Holarctic mating history on inbreeding depres- Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Angiosperm clades. International Journal sion. Annual Review of Ecology and of Threatened Species. Accessed:2014 of Plant Sciences. 162(6): 19–27 Systematics. 30: 479–513 www.iucnredlist.org Meffert, L.M. (1999) How speciation Coates, D.J. (1992) Genetic conse- Jackson, D.B., Fuller R.J. & Camp- ex­periments relate to conservation quences of a bottleneck and spatial bell, S.T. (2004) Long-term population biology. Bioscience 49 (9): 701–711 genetic structure in the triggerplant changes among breeding shorebirds in Stylidium coronoforme (Stylidiaceae). the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in relation Meng, A., He, Z., Li, J. & Xu, L.. (2004) Heredity 69: 512–520 to introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus Chromosome numbers of two threatened europaeus) Biological Conservation species of Betulaceae. Plant Science Collinson, M.E. (2000) Cenozoic 117: 151–166 Journal 22(2): 171–173 evolution of modern plant communities and vegetation. In Culver, S.J. & Jeffrey, C. (1982) Rhododendron and Merilä, J., Björklund, M, & Baker, A.J. Rawson, P.F. (eds.) Biotic response classification–a comment. Rhododen- (1996) The successful founder: genetics to global change: The last 145 million drons with Magnolias and Camellias, of introduced Carduelis chloris (green- years. 223–243. Cambridge University Yearbook 1982/3. Royal Horticultural finch) populations in New Zealand. Press. Cambridge Society, London Heredity 77: 410–422

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Molnar, T. J. in Kole, C (Eds.). (2011) Skvortsov, A. K. (1968) Willows of Russia U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1994) Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breed-­ and adjacent countries: taxonomical and Reclassification of the Virginia Round-Leaf ing Resources: Forest Trees. Springer- geographical revision. English translation Birch (Betula Uber) From Endangered Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg by I.N. Kadis, (ed. A.G. Zinovjev) (1999). to Threatened. Federal Register, 59 FR University of Joensuu, Finland 59173 Nagamitsu, T., Kawahara, T. & Kanazashi, A. (2006a) Endemic dwarf Stone Lane Gardens. Medical uses. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005) birch Betula apoiensis (Betulaceae) is Accessed: March 2014, http:// Virginia round leaf birch (Betula Uber). a hybrid that originated from B. ermanii stonelanegardens.com/wp-content/ Northeast Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife and B. ovalifolia. Plant Species Biology static/2011/09/Medicine-uses-for- Service, Hadley, MA. Accessed: March 21: 19–29 Birch.pdf 2014, http://www.fws.gov/northeast/ pdf/vabirch.pdf Nielsen, D.G., Muilenburg, V.L. & Taggart, J.B., McNally, S.F. & Sharp, Herms, D.A. (2011) Interspecific variation P.M. (1990) Genetic variability and dif­- Wawrzynski, P., Krischik, V. & of Asian, European, and North American ferentiation among founder populations Katowich, S. (2009) Bronze Birch Birches (Betula spp.) to Bronze Birch of the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea Borer. Accessed: April 2014, http:// Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Envi­ L.) in Ireland. Heredity 64: 177–183 www.extension.umn.edu/garden/ ronmental Entomology 40:(3): 648–653 insects/find/bronze-birch-borer/ Tiilikkala, K., Fagernas, L., & Petit, R.J. & Hampe, A. (2006) Some Tiilikkala, J. (2010) History and Use of Williamson, R.C. & Pellitteri, P.J. (2003) evolutionary consequences of being a Wood Pyrolysis Liquids as Biocide and Birch disorder: Bronze birch borer. Ac­- tree. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution Plant Protection Product. The Open cessed: April 2014, http://barron.uwex. and Systematics 37: 187–214 Agriculture Journal 4: 111–118 edu/files/2011/08/bronze-birch-borer. pdf Royal Forestry Society (2014) Hazel. Tilford, G.K. (1997) Edible and Medi­- Accessed: March 2014, http://www.rfs. cinal Plants of the West, Mountain Witcher, I.N. & Wen, J. (2001) Phylog-­ org.uk/learning/hazel Press Publishing, Missoula eny and biogeography of Corylus (Betu- laceae): inferences from ITS sequences. Santamour, F.S. (1978) Interspecific United States Department of Agricul­- Systematic Botany 26(2): 283–298 hybridisation in Carpinus. Metropolitan ture (USDA) (2012) Tree Nuts: World Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Markets and Trade. USDA Foreign Agri­- Zare, H. & Amini, T. (2012) A review of Proceedings 1: 73–79 cultural Service Circular Series. Accessed: the genus Alnus Gaert. in Iran, new re­ October 2012, http://usda.mannlib.cornell. cords and new species. Iranian Journal Sati, S.C., Sati, N. & Sati, O.P. (2011) edu/usda/fas/treenutwm//2010s/2012/ of Botany 18(1): 10–21 Bioactive constituents and medicinal treenutwm-10-26-2012.pdf importance of genus Alnus. Pharma- cognosy Review, 5: 174–83

14 The Red List of Betulaceae

Globally Threatened Betulaceae Taxa

Alnus henryi C.K.Schneid. Chinese Red List, for example, lists this species as Least Concern, but consul- tation with local experts has confirmed that this species is very rare.

Some references suggest this species is common within its range, but it is more likely that the commonly occurring Alnus is A. formosana. Recent surveys of the reported distribution area have not found this species and it is therefore flagged as Possibly Extinct. A lack of herbarium specimens and taxonomic uncertainty mean that this species was last recorded for certain in the wild in 1916 when the type specimen was collected. If this species is still present in Taiwan remaining population size is estimated to be fewer than 50 mature individuals.

This species is reported as held in ex CR D (PE) situ collections, although very rare in Province of China (Taiwan: Tanshui) cultivation, but it is thought that report- ed collections are in fact A. formosana Taxonomic note: There is some debate rather than A. henryi. over the acceptance of this species. Further studies may show that it is Flooding and typhoons are common in conspecific withAlnus formosana. The the distribution area and may present a only major difference between the two threat to this species. species appears to be one of phenol- Alnus henryi is a deciduous tree that ogy: A. formosana flowers in spring, grows to 20 m, with yellowish green while A. henryi flowers in autumn. Until branchlets. Leaves are glabrous and genetic analysis has been carried out, it ovate or elliptic in shape. The tree is should be considered threatened. It is dioecious: the male inflorescence is treated as an ‘uncertain species’ in the catkin-like and the female inflorescence Flora of Taiwan (2nd ed.). is subsessile. It flowers in autumn and This species is endemic to Taiwan, fruits in late autumn. Woody cones reported to only occur in the Tanshui contain nutlets with papery wings. It is region of the island. reported to be a pioneer species.

There are conflicting reports in available Refs: 11, 42, 74, 77, 91, 94, 99, 133, literature about this species. The 208

15 The Red List of Betulaceae

Alnus maritima (Marshall) Muhl. ex Nutt.

Alnus maritima

EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) of the species. Despite its name, in all of its genus native to North America, United States (S Delaware, NW locations Seaside Alder only occurs in all others bloom in spring. This char- Georgia, SE Maryland, SC Oklahoma) fresh water tidal and non-tidal systems. acteristic is shared with two old-world Alnus species: Alnus nitida and Alnus Taxonomic note: There was some The combined area of occupancy of nepalensis. This means that the nearest debate over the acceptance of the three the fragmented subspecies populations extant relatives of Alnus maritima are in subspecies, but recent genetic studies is estimated to be less than 500 km2. southern Asia. have concluded that there are three A combination of threats impact upon geographically disjunct subspecies of the Alnus maritima complex, including This species has a NatureServe ranking Alnus maritima. climate change, grazing and low genetic of Vulnerable. The reasons for this diversity, which are projected to cause are its scattered range (small areas of Endemic to the United States, Alnus decline in area of occupancy, quality of Oklahoma, southwestern Delaware and maritima (Seaside Alder) is a very habitat and number of subpopulations. adjacent eastern Maryland, and one disjunctly distributed tree species, with areas in Georgia), with few sites overall. populations so widely separated that Alnus maritima is a multi-stemmed This species was listed as Rare in they are considered distinct subspecies. large shrub or small tree, with smooth, Delaware and Maryland, and Vulnerable The distinct genetic identity of each light grey bark. It has simple elliptical in Oklahoma in the 1997 IUCN Red List subspecies, the reduced genetic diver- leaves with a leathery texture and a of Threatened Plants and LR/nt in the sity within each subspecies and the lack singly serrated margin. This species World List of Threatened Trees in 1998. of gene flow among populations within has vivid yellow, floral catkins and each region mean that it is important to brown cone-like fruits which release the Refs: 44, 63, 70, 74, 88, 103, 104, 129, protect all populations to conserve the water-dispersed seeds. This species 133, 134, 143, 155, 162, 173, 183, genetic diversity and long-term viability is the only autumn blooming member 184, 185, 201, 208, 222, 224, 236

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Alnus maritima subsp. maritima There is 3,136.8 km2 of water. Obviously the actual extent of occurrence is much less than this number, thus A. maritima subsp. maritima meets criterion B1, ex­- tent of occurrence less than 5,000 km2.

Although the population appears stable, climate change poses a significant threat to the population in the future. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is projecting significant increases in sea level by the end of the 21st century due to global warming causing expansion of global sea water and increased melting of glaciers and ice sheets. This rise in sea level will lead to salt water intrusion into current fresh water tidal systems and will lead to local extirpation of A. maritima subsp. maritima populations.

There are currently no active conserva- EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv) County, Delaware this taxon occurs on tion measures in place for this subspe- United States (Delaware, Maryland) small ponds formed by the damming cies. The most practical conservation of small creeks. This taxon only occurs Alnus maritima subsp. maritima measure that should be implemented is in open sunny areas, in shaded areas populations are located in the Delmarva ex situ conservation and seed collection this subspecies is replaced with Alnus Peninsula in Delaware and Maryland. from the whole range of the subspecies serrulata. In Maryland (Dorchester, Somerset, to preserve potential local adaptability Wicomico and Worcester Counties) Due to a lack of monitoring of this and overall genetic diversity. and western Sussex County, Dela- ­subspecies the extent of occurrence This taxon has not yet been ranked ware, this subspecies is found in the and area of occupancy is unknown. (G3TNR) on NatureServe. upper reaches and tributaries of the As a substitute the total km2 of water Choptank, Nanticoke, Pocomoke and area in the five counties where this Refs: 70, 88, 104, 133, 143, 183, 184, Wicomico rivers. In eastern Sussex ­subspecies occurs was calculated. 185, 201, 222

Alnus maritima subsp. georgiensis J.A.Schrad. & W.R.Graves

Alnus maritima subsp. georgiensis (Nourse, H & C)

United States (Georgia: Bartow County) CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)

This subspecies, commonly known as Georgia Alder, is known only from the east end of Drummond Swamp in Bartow County, Georgia and has an extent of occurrence of 0.5–0.7 km2 and occu- pies an area of only 0.14 km2. It is a

17 The Red List of Betulaceae

shrub with many stems originating from the base and is found in open, standing water of a sag pond. The population here is currently stable but its location adjacent to agricultural lands where cattle are grazed is threatening this species. The runoff from these fields is decreasing the water quality leading to eutrophication. Climate change is also predicted to cause population decline or extirpation from this site. A lack of genetic diversity, lack of seedling recruitment and other potential stochastic events could also lead to population decline.

Three experimental research pop- ulations have been established on Alnus maritima subsp. georgiensis (Nourse, H & C) protected land to study the ability to establish additional populations of this Garden and the State Botanical Garden This taxon is ranked G3T1 (Critically species. Ex situ collections have been of Georgia. Ex situ seed collections imperiled) on NatureServe (ref 143). established at the Atlanta Botanical have also been made. Refs: 63, 103, 104, 129, 133, 134, 143, 162, 183, 184, 222

Alnus maritima subsp. oklahomensis J.A. Schrad. & W.R. Graves The extent of occurrence is 9.8 km2 and the area of occupancy is 2.97 km2.

Although these two subpopulations appear stable at this point in time, a threat from climate change is inferred, along with decreasing volumes of water in the local aquifer. A lack of genetic diversity and no known recruitment from seed and/or stochasticity will lead to a decrease in population numbers with a concurring decrease in habitat quality. This taxon is therefore categorised as Critically Endangered.

In situ conservation is being pursued to protect populations on both the Blue River and Pennington Creek and a graduate student is currently con- ducting research on the establishment of this species on an island in the Blue River to determine if out-planting is a CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) population with two subpopulations; viable conservation action. United States (Oklahoma) one occurring along Pennington Creek in Johnston County and the other This taxon has not yet been ranked Alnus maritima subsp. olkahomensis along the Blue River in Johnston and (G3TNR) on NatureServe (ref 143). (Oklahoma Alder) is the most distinct Pontotoc Counties. In both locations of the three subspecies, with narrower Refs: 70, 104, 133, 143, 173, 183, 184, this subspecies occurs in shallow water leaves and larger trunks and canopies. 185, 222 at the edges of the river in open sunny This subspecies is known from only one areas between 208 m and 215 m ASL. Assessor: Stritch, L.

18 The Red List of Betulaceae

Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey. Since precise population reduction data is not available this is a preliminary assessment and does not alter the 2005 assessment. Further population information is needed to make a full assessment.

Loss of forest cover in the distributional area of this species is reported to lead to increased waterlogging in the bottom of valleys, where this species often occurs. However, it is reported that this species might be one of few native tree species that can persist in these new environmental conditions and outcompete the exotics. As a result, active afforestation using A. subcordata is being considered as an option to restore the new waterlogged degraded areas in the forest.

VU A2c three generations and an extent of Alnus subcordata is a fast growing Azerbaijan, Islamic Republic of Iran occurrence of less than 35,000 km2. species, growing to 25 m tall. It is found in mixed damp woodland, or as This species has a small distribution. Part of the range of this species, in a pioneer species following floods or This species was evaluated as VU A2c the Hyrcanian forest of Iran, is subject land-slides. in a provisional assessment undertaken to deforestation for agriculture, road during a tree Red Listing workshop held construction, overgrazing and fires. The Refs: 15, 74, 133, 136, 208, 256 in Tbilisi, Georgia, 26–28 September decline in area of occupancy, extent of Assessor: IUCN/SSC Caucasus Plant 2005, due to a reported population size occurrence and/or quality of habitat is Red List Authority reduction of at least 30% over the last therefore predicted to be continuing.

Betula bomiensis P.C.Li NT China (Xizang)

Taxonomic note: B. delavayi, B. bomien- sis, B. calcicola and B. potaninii taxa are sometimes confused. However they are separable by their visible morphological characters, ploidy and geographical distribution.

A small tree to 8 m, this species grows in the margins of broad-leaved forests or dry scrub. B. bomiensis is reported to be a little known species. It is known only from the type and three other collec-­ tions and a small number of cultivated specimens exist as a result of these collections.

The data points available for this species give an extent of occurrence

19 The Red List of Betulaceae

greater than the threshold for it to be and projected continuing decline in successful establishment in cultivation considered Vulnerable, but the area the area, extent and quality of habitat as a will depend on the maintenance of species occupies within this range is result of deforestation which is a high at least one breeding population to likely very small (<2,000 km2), as inferred threat in Tibet (B2ab(iii)). provide viable seed for distribution. from a low number of reported sightings Cuttings taken from seedlings root This species is not assessed on the or collected specimens. It is therefore easily and viable seed which comes Chinese Red List. Further field research assessed as Near Threatened. true is produced where the different is required to verify if this species clones are grown together. This species This species may qualify for a higher qualifies in a higher threat category. would benefit from increased conser- threat category under criterion B due to This species has been cultivated at vation action through in situ and ex situ the fragmented nature of the population Liverpool University Botanic Gardens, conservation. (again inferred from limited collections UK. It is self-incompatible, therefore or reported sightings within its range) Refs: 5, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208

Betula calcicola (W.W.Sm.) P.C.Li Range in Yunnan. A shrub generally 1–2 m tall, this species forms thickets on damp limestone rocks and cliffs. Possible threats include habitat frag­- mentation and deforestation due to rapid development in Yunnan; however the Lijiang Shan is reported to be one of the best preserved areas of China.

The data points available for this species give an extent of occurrence within the threshold for this species to be consid- ered Vulnerable (under criterion B1b(iii). However, there are limited data points available and the extent of occurrence could be higher than represented by the available data points. The full range of this species is still estimated to be small and potential threats have been identified. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened. Further field research is required to verify if this species NT However they are separable by their qualifies in a higher threat category. China (SW Sichuan?,* NW Yunnan) visible morphological characters, ploidy and geographical distribution. This species is not assessed on the Taxonomic note: B. delavayi, B. Chinese Red List. bomiensis, B. calcicola and B. This species is only known for certain potaninii taxa are sometimes confused. only from Yulong Shan, in the Lijiang Refs: 5, 42, 74, 75, 99, 133, 207, 208

* If occurrence in a location is uncertain, the location is followed by a question mark (?).

20 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betula chichibuensis H.Hara

Betula chichibuensis

CR B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii); D to be fairly tolerant of wet soils and is As this species is easily propagated by Japan (Honshu: Chichibu) relatively drought tolerant, at least once cuttings, it is possible for commercial established. reproduction to occur from a single Endemic to Japan, this species occurs plant, and for one, self-incompatible only on the island of Honshu. It has The small population and restricted clone to dominate the cultivated market a very small extent of occurrence, distribution of B. chichibuensis make of this species in the future. Care should confined to the Chichibu area in the it susceptible to natural disaster or be taken to maintain genetic diversity of mountains of Central Honshu on Mount disease. The species is also self-in- this species. Kamo-san, near Tano-Gun, in Gunma compatible, requiring two individuals Prefecture. It occurs as subpopulations to be close enough to cross-pollinate Betula chichibuensis grows as a and the area of occupancy is estimated one another, making seed production multi-stemmed shrub or small tree up to be very low (<10 km2). The population uncertain in small populations. Wild to 10 m in height. Its bark is brown and was reported to have reduced to just collected seed has also shown very low its leaves are soft, green and ovate in 21 remaining individuals in the wild in viability (less than 1%). shape. This species is monoecious with 1993. This species has no close living creamy yellow male catkins and red However, when several clones are relatives anywhere else in the world, is female catkins with tufts of violet styles. grown close together in cultivation seed considered a relict species and is likely Flowering occurs May to June. The viability is high. In 1986, seeds were to be of very ancient origin. Deforestation fruiting catkins are short, upright and collected from trees growing on Mount and habitat degradation are also evident contain wingless seeds. Kamo-san and sent to Ness Botanic in the Chichibu District, presenting a Gardens, Uni­versity of Liverpool, UK. This species is assessed as Endan- threat to the survival of this species. This Eight clones from the original seeds gered in the Red List of Threatened species is reported to be a conservation are now in cultivation, and have been Plants of Japan . This species was priority by Ashburner and McAllister. distributed to arboreta and botanic assessed as Rare in the 1997 IUCN This species grows in limestone gardens in Europe and North America. Red List of Threatened Plants. outcrops. Although young immature Seedlings from the original wild-col- Refs: 5, 11, 74, 77, 132, 133, 141, 208, plants appear to be relatively shade lected seeds showed considerable 236, 259 tolerant, mature trees are very intolerant variability in habit characteristics and of shade. The species also appears most have flowered and fruited freely.

21 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betula globispica Shirai Its existence as small populations also makes these populations susceptible to human activities, such as land clearance. Future decline in area of occupancy, and loss of subpopulations, are therefore projected Field research is required to verify the current distribution of this spe- cies, and determine if it should already be placed within a threat category.

This species is very rare in cultivation. It is self compatible and can be propagat- ed easily by seed, although seedlings are susceptible to slugs and drought.

B. globispica is a very distinct relict spe- cies from Honshu with no close living relatives anywhere else in the world. A tree to 21 m it is found on steep mountain slopes and rocky outcrops. It prefers very heavy clay which, although wet, does not become waterlogged. NT prefers, however, it is reported to be Japan (C and SC Honshu) rare within its range and to exist as small This species was assessed as Rare in subpopulations. The area of occupancy the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened The species is endemic to Japan and is therefore estimated to be approaching Plants. This species is reported to be is only found in the Chubu (central) and the threshold value for qualifying as Vul-­ a conservation priority by Ashburner Kantö (eastern) districts of the island of nerable (i.e. nearly 2,000 km2). Presence and McAllister. It is assessed here as Honshu. The total distribution area of on mountain areas means these sub­ Near Threatened, almost qualifying as the two regions where this species is populations may be genetically isolated. Vulnerable under criterion B2ab(ii,iv). reported to be found is c.110,000 km2. Much of this area is mountainous, which This species is susceptible to drought, Refs: 5, 74, 133, 154, 208, 222, 236 is the habitat type that this species even as a relatively well-established tree.

Betula gynoterminalis Y.C. Hsu & C.J. Wang CR D (PE) China (NW Yunnan: Gongshan Drungzu Nuzu Zizhixian)

Endemic to China, this is an apparently distinct species known only from a single specimen in the herbarium in Kunming. The specimen was collected from 2,600 m ASL in the mixed, broadleaved forests of Drungzu Nusu Zizhixian near Gongshan, east of Lijiang in northwest Yunnan. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered on the Chinese Red List. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered here due to a very small population size, likely to be less than 50 mature individuals left in the wild, and is flagged as possibly extinct as there is no record of the species since the type specimen was

22 The Red List of Betulaceae

collected in 1956. Field studies are supplies, and loss of habitat due to purple branches. The large ovate leaves required to determine if this species still increasing development. If populations are very hairy on the underside with exists in the wild and if so, to determine do remain, it is likely they are under prominent veins and serrated margins. population size and whether it is found increasing threat. If populations of this The nutlets have very narrow wings and in other localities. There is no record of species are located, both in situ and ex the fruiting catkins are pendulous and field surveys having found this species situ conservation actions should be borne terminally, which is unusual for since the initial type specimen was taken. a birch. This species flowers between collected. June and July and fruits between July Betula gynoterminalis appears to have and August. The forests of northwest Yunnan are a unique morphology, probably most under threat from increased timber closely related to B. delavayi and B. cal- Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 133 collection for fuelwood and building cicola. It is a small tree to 7 m with dark

Betula medwediewii Regel NT Georgia, Turkey-in-Asia, Islamic Repub- lic of Iran?, Azerbaijan?, Armenia?

A relict species confined to the Caucasus Mountains, Betula medwediewii is dis­- tributed in the western Transcaucasus and the adjacent mountains of north- eastern Turkey. This species is found growing in Adjara in south-western Geor-­ gia, on Mount Jvari in western Georgia and in the provinces of Rize and Artvin (formally Çoruh Vilayet) in north-eastern Turkey. This species is reported as rare across its range, especially in Georgia where populations are very small, frag­- mented and unstable. Presence in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia has not been confirmed.

This species is found on sub-alpine mixed forests and open hillsides at elevations between 600–2,400 m ASL. This species is heavily over-grazed from wild and domestic animals. Grazing causes damage to both the trees and seeds, and has the risk of reducing natural reproduction. Poor forest man­- agement and uncontrolled logging are also major problems in the regions where this tree is found.

This species is deep rooted and drought tolerant, but has very specific growing requirements. It is not shade tolerant and struggles to compete with fast growing trees or shrubs as it is slow growing. This species prefers a limestone based soil. This limits its range to cleared ground above the tree-line where there is little competition and the right soil. Betula medwediewii on Mt Tbeti in Adjara, Georgia. Near Threatened (Bartlett, P., Stone Lane Gardens)

23 The Red List of Betulaceae

However, it cannot survive too high as Near Threatened is based on more This multi-stemmed spreading shrub because of the harsh winter climate at recent distribution information and has grows up to 5 m tall. It has metallic, high altitudes within its range. been verified by members of the IUCN/ reflective bark with conspicuous SSC Caucasus Plant Red List Authority. lenticels and large ovate to circular, Betula medwediewii nearly meets the deeply veined, dark green leaves. Male threshold for qualifying as Vulnerable Betula medwediewii is occasionally flowers are catkin-like and very long, under criterion B1ab. This species was grown in arboreta and a few large female flowers are inconspicuous. evaluated as Vulnerable under criterion gardens in Europe. Seed has been ob- Fruiting catkins are yellow, large, upright B1ab(iii,v) in the Red List of the Endemic tained from Çoruh and Borçka Districts and persistent with brown scales. Plants of the Caucasus, based on a in Turkey and from Mt Migaria region in provisional assessment undertaken the Caucasus. As yet no propagation or Refs: 5, 9, 11, 30, 52, 54, 74, 110, 133, during a Global Tree Specialist Group reintroduction programs have been set 192, 208, 222, 255 workshop in Tbilisi in 2005. The updated up for this species. assessment evaluating this species

Betula megrelica Sosn. region of the Caucasus mountain range. This species is rare across its range.

It was previously known from one spec­- imen taken from Mt Migaria in 1934 by D.Sosnovsky. In 2013, two populations were located on Mount Migaria and Mount Jvari in the Mingrelia region. The population on Mount Jvari was estimated to spread for 3 km along the north face of the ridge, covering an area of 3.0 km x 0.5 km. The population on Mount Miga­- ria is estimated to spread over a potential area of 2.0 km x 0.5 km. Estimates sug- gest there may be up to 8 fragmented subpopulations and suitable habitat in nearby areas has been identified. These new potential subpopulations would increase the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and total population, but all are estimated to remain low (EOO EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v) < 5,000 km2, AOO < 500 km2). If no W Georgia (Mt. Migaria, Mt. Jvari) other subpopulations are identified this species would qualify as Critically En- Betula megrelica is a relict species dangered. Further field study is needed endemic to Georgia, found only on two to verify distribution and population size. mountains in the Mingrelia (Samegrelo) There is an observed continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals, as a result of wood extraction for fuel and grazing. The main threat to this species is overgrazing from livestock and wild animals, which causes damage to the trunk and stems. Shrubs growing at lower elevations are more at risk from overgrazing. Other threats include poor forest management and uncontrolled Betula megrelica growing on Mt Jvari, Betula megrelica growing on Mt Migaria, logging. Although this species is located Georgia. Endangered (Bartlett, P., Stone Lane Georgia. Endangered (Bartlett, P., Stone Lane within the Samegrelo Planned Protected Gardens) Gardens)

24 The Red List of Betulaceae

Area, there seems at present little to programmes set up for this species stems radiating from just above soil no control on the use or misuse of the at present, however recent research level. These stems are often horizontal resources on the ground. This species in Georgia has been essential in or even downward curving. It has a has very specific habitat requirements. improving the understanding of this rare similar appearance to B. medwediewii The habitat must be high enough to species. Identifying that B. megrelica but has much smaller, narrower leaves suppress the growth of taller species, has a restricted, niche habitat makes it and smaller fruiting catkins. At high steep enough to avoid damage from susceptible to damage and destruction elevations it forms dense thickets and grazing livestock, the aspect is between by both man-made and natural events. dwarf forests on grassy slopes. It can north and east, and on limestone. Future conservation work aims to also be found growing from the sides propagate seedlings collected from the of rock outcrops with little soil. At lower This species is fairly rare in cultivation, Mingrelia region for possible use in a elevations the shrub grows smaller and reported to only occur in the University reintroduction programme and further sparser. It is likely that the shrubs are of Liverpool Botanic Gardens, Wake- explore the region for more populations. covered by snow throughout the winter hurst Place and Stone Lane Gardens, season. all of which are in the UK. There are no Betula megrelica is a small shrub, known propagation or reintroduction 1–4 m in height, with several main This species was listed as Indeter- minate in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. This species was evaluated as Vulnerable under criteria B1ab(iii,v)+2b(iii,v) in the Red List of the Endemic Plants of the Caucasus, based on a provisional assessment undertaken during a Global Tree Specialist Group workshop in Tbilisi in 2005. The higher threat category suggested here is based on data gathered from more recent surveys, indicating that the actual extent of occurrence and area of occu- pancy of this species is more restricted than previous estimates suggested.

Refs: 5, 7, 9, 11, 74, 110, 126, 133, Betula megrelica growing on Mt Migaria, Georgia. Endangered (Bartlett, P., Stone Lane Gardens) 208, 222, 236, 255

Betula murrayana B.V.Barnes & Dancik CR D

Taxonomic note: Some debate exists over whether this species should be considered an independent taxonomic lineage

Canada (Ontario), United States (Michigan)

Described as a new species in 1985, this species is an unusual natural hybrid of an already naturally hybridised species, Betula x purpusii, crossed with another native species, Betula alleghaniensis.

B. murrayana has a severely frag- mented population, containing two subpopulations separated by a distance of approximately 320 km.

25 The Red List of Betulaceae

The site from which this species was and more than likely, based on the additional subpopulations would be first collected was from a low swampy Michigan subpopulation data, less than large enough to reduce the proposed area adjacent to a lake in Washtenaw 10 individuals. This species therefore category. County, Michigan. Two individuals qualifies as Critically Endangered under Ex situ collections of B. murrayana are were found here in the early 1980s, criterion D. held in the Holden Arboretum, the Uni- but one individual has since died. At both sites B. murrayana faces threats versity of Michigan Matthaei Botanical A high likelihood that the second from stochastic events and small Gardens (US) and the Ness Botanic individual may die before new seedlings population size. Garden, University of Liverpool (UK). become established is inferred, which The specimen in the Holden Arboretum would lead to a loss of one of the two The species nearly qualifies as Critically has recently been diagnosed with subpopulations. Endangered under criterion B, as the Bronze Birch Borer (see Case Study 3). two subpopulations have an extent In 1987, a second occurrence was However, the single tree in cultivation of occurrence and area of occupancy discovered in Norfolk County, Ontario. at the Ness Botanic Garden produces of less than 1.0 km2, but it has been This likely represents an independent viable seed which comes true. These suggested that it is highly likely that this origin of the species. Although no hard seedlings are now being distributed to species will be found elsewhere in the population data exists for the Ontario other botanic gardens to increase the Great Lakes/St Lawrence Valley areas subpopulation, it has been inferred security of ex situ collections. as it is a hybrid, but it is not thought that there are less than 25 individuals This naturally occurring hybrid takes different characteristics from its related taxa. The bark is shiny, smooth, dark red with pale horizontal lenticels and peels in a similar way to B. alleghenien- sis. The leaves are ovate with serrated margins similar to Betula x purpusii but are larger. This is a medium sized tree to 15 m tall, usually with several trunks. It flowers in late spring and fruits in late autumn.

This species is ranked G1Q (Critically imperilled with questionable taxonomy) on NatureServe. This species was listed as Endangered in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.

Refs: 5, 6, 44, 133, 143, 221, 222, 224, 236

Assessor: Stritch, L. Betula murrayana (Reznicek, A.A., michiganflora.net) Betula murrayana (Reznicek, A.A., michiganflora.net)

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Betula tianschanica Rupr. reported as a threat (to its synonym B. jarmolenkoana). Part of the range of this species is within a protected area; the Xinjiang Tian Shan mountain system in China, a World Heritage Site. It is therefore better conserved within this part of its range, but no other reported conservation actions are in place in other parts of its range.

This species was assessed as Endan- gered A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii) on the IUCN Red List (in 2007) and in the Red List of Trees of Central Asia (in 2009). These assessments did not take occurrence in Mongolia into account and presence in Tajikistan was uncertain. These occur- rences increase the area of occupancy of this species, likely above threatened thresholds. Population information in these new areas is not available and NT occupancy. Populations are fragment- therefore it cannot be assessed under China (Xinjiang: Tian Shan), Kazakhstan, ed. Populations in Central Asia (Uz- criterion A over its entire range. Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, bekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) This species is assessed as Near Uzbekistan have declined at a rapid rate (exceeding Threatened under criterion A, assuming 50% over the past 3 generations). This species occurs in the river basins the known decline in population in parts This species is threatened by livestock and valleys of western Tian Shan of its range equates to a total popula- grazing, wood collection, avalanches (Ugan, Pskem and Chatkal). It is found tion reduction of nearly 30%. and tourism in Central Asia, but these from 1,300 to 2,500 m ASL in Xinjiang threats are likely present across the Refs: 5, 39, 42, 74, 77, 99, 100, 133, (China). Despite a fairly wide range, range of this species. Fire has also been 208, 220, 222, 246 this species has a restricted area of

Carpinus hebestroma Yamam. CR B1ab(iii,v) Province of China (East Taiwan: Hualien Xian)

Endemic to Taiwan, this species is known only from the type specimen locality in Batakan, Hualien Xian (Hualien County). Within this locality, the species has small and fragmented subpopulations, distributed 20 km along the Li-Wu riverbank.

It is assessed here as Critically Endan­ gered due to its limited extent of occur­- rence, be­ing only known from only a single loca­tion and a projected decline in number of mature individuals and quality of habitat as a result of natural threats.

27 The Red List of Betulaceae

This species is threatened by This species is very rare in cultivation bark and lanceolate shaped leaves with disturbances including landslides and is not currently known to be serrated margins. The tree is monoe- after typhoons, which are common in involved in any propagation or rein- cious and flowers between May–July. Taiwan. The habitat of this species is troduction programmes. This species It prefers to grow on limestone areas located in the Taroko National Park would benefit from ex situ conservation in montane forests, and is found at an which is a protected area, but this does to provide additional protection against altitude of 1,000–1,500 m ASL. not provide protection against natural natural threats. Refs: 11, 42, 74, 91, 94, 99, 120, 133, occurrences. Carpinus hebestroma is a small decid- 208 uous tree to 8 m, with greyish black

Carpinus putoensis W.C.Cheng sexually in the wild, but strong winds during flowering and seed-setting stages mean natural regeneration is almost absent. Low soil fertility also hinders natural succession and many once forested areas are now covered by tussock rangelands and grasses.

Carpinus putoensis is cultivated in the Hangzhou Botanical Garden where various propagation experiments are being conducted. This species is also part of a conservation programme led by the Zhoushan Institute of Forestry. This has involved cultivation and planting of approximately 79 individuals in a 1 hectare near situ reintroduction site, close to the remaining single mature individual. These 79 individuals were planted 30 years ago, but have not yet reached maturity.

CR D to intense human use for many years. A joint BGCI and Zhoushan Institute of China (Zhejiang: Zhoushan Dao) It is for these reasons that there are Forestry initiative is also propagating many rare and endangered tree species a supply of plants to be planted Carpinus putoensis is endemic to Putuo endemic to these islands. A new on Huaniao Island, next to Putuo Island of the Zhoushan Archipelago, marine economy zone in the Zhoushan Island, establishing an additional near Zhejiang Province, China. Originally Archipelago is increasing human activity situ reintroduction site providing further growing in evergreen broad-leaved in this area, further threatening these protection for the species, and enabling forests, this species now exists as a rare species. reintroduction to Putuo Island in future. single mature individual (approximately Full floristic survey of Huaniao Island is 200 years old), preserved on the top of Putuo Island has been proclaimed a also underway. If C. putoensis is found Foding Mountain. This species might nation’s key nature reserve and this on Huaniao Island in situ conservation have disappeared many years ago if species is under first-grade state measures will be put in place. it was not for its location beside Huiji protection. A fence has been erected temple, an indirectly protected environ- around the remaining C. putoensis tree Conservation measures being under- ment. This single tree was discovered in to protect it with an interpretation panel taken for this species will help improve the early 1930s and since then no more containing information about the tree. the chance of survival. C. putoensis is wild individuals have been found. a deciduous tree, up to 13 m tall. It has With a well-developed root system, brown grey bark and elliptic leaves with The islands of the Zhoushan Archi- this species is thought to be able to double serrated margins. pelago have unique geographical withstand both drought and storms. environments and climatic conditions The species is monoecious, thereby Refs: 11, 42, 74, 99, 105, 121, 123, and their forests have been subjected in principle is still able to reproduce 133, 171, 190, 208, 241, 253

28 The Red List of Betulaceae

Carpinus tientaiensis W.C.Cheng species is also a threat, especially bamboo which is a fast growing species reaching full size within 3–4 months. Conservation of this species should be a priority.

This species is not known to cultivation. No propagation or reintroduction pro­- grammes are known to exist for this species.

Carpinus tientaiensis is a medium sized tree, reaching heights of 16–20 m. It is found growing in forests on mountain slopes.

Carpinus tientaiensis is assessed as Critically Endangered, occurring in a single location with a very small area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, with a low population number. Decline in area, extent and quality of habitat is CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D Decline in area, extent and quality of also observed and predicted to continue. China (Zhejiang: Tianmu Shan) habitat is observed and predicted to This species is also assessed as Critically continue. Observed population decline Endangered on the Chinese Red List. Endemic to China, this species is only is due to deforestation and conversion found in the forests of Tiantai Mountain Refs: 11, 42, 74, 99, 105, 133, 171, of land into monoculture plantations of in the North West Province of Zhejiang. 208 bamboo and tea. A very small popula- It has a reported area of occupancy of tion makes this species susceptible to 0.03 km2. This species is rare and it is stochastic events as well as continued reported that only 21 mature individuals habitat loss. Competition from other exist in the wild, at a single location.

Corylus colchica Albov VU B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii) Georgia

This species is endemic to Georgia, found in Abkhazeti (Bzipi range, Mt. Arabika massif, Kodori range) and Samegrelo (Egrisi range).

The extent of occurrence of this species is estimated to be 5,000–20,000 km2 and the area of occupancy is estimated to be 500–2,000 km2.

The population of this species is severely fragmented and composed of 15–20 small subpopulations, occurring in rocky limestone areas from the middle mon- tane through to subalpine zones. This species is threatened by forest clear cutting and grazing. Forest clearance is ongoing across Georgia and there is

29 The Red List of Betulaceae

currently little financial or administrative To ensure survival of this species, List Authority in 2007. No additional support available to reverse this trend. population monitoring is required, along information contradicting this assess- A continuing decline in the area, extent with the identification and establishment ment has been found. The assessment and quality of habitat is inferred from of new protected areas. therefore remains unchanged. the overall continuing decline in forested This species is listed as Vulnerable in Refs: 74, 133, 208 areas in Georgia. the Red List of Georgia (2006) and by Assessor: IUCN/SSC Caucasus Plant the IUCN/SSC Caucasus Plant Red Red List Authority

Ostrya chisosensis Correll of oak (Quercus) pine (Pinus) woodlands along streams and on adjacent moist slopes. As such, these two taxa are to be considered glacial relicts restricted to these canyons as well as reproductively isolated.

O. chisosensis is protected by United States Federal Law and is protected within Big Bend National Park, but threats still exist, including insect and disease damage and climate change. The oak- pine woodlands in which this species occurs are heavily-timbered and also subject to wildfires, the intensity and size of fires has been increasing in the distributional region of this species due to recent droughts. Drought also threat­- ens to dry out streams and moist slopes which this species relies upon to survive.

This species is a tree to 12 m, occurring CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) States is becoming drier and warmer. It in canyons along stream sides and on United States (Texas) can be inferred under these conditions moist slopes. that the chance of intense or catastrophic Endemic to the United States, Ostrya wildfires is greatly increased, especially This species is ranked as G5T2 on chisosensis is known from eight occur-­ in the next 150 years. Besides wildfire NatureServe, using a place holder name rences in Big Bend National Park in there is a high probability that the current Ostrya virginiana var. 1 (var. 1 in place Texas, with an extent of occurrence plant communities in these canyons will of Ostrya virginiana var. chisosensis, of approximately 20.5 km2. The eight change with the potential loss of the a widely accepted synonym for this subpopulations occur in geographically oak pine overstorey and the concurrent taxon, but it has not been published). separated canyons and are therefore loss of moist slopes and streamside Personal communication with staff at reproductively isolated. The area of habitats leading to the loss of O. chisosen­- Big Bend National Park reports there occupancy is 4.0 km2. The population sis to taxa adapted to drier and warmer are 8 occurrences, but several of these size is 639 mature individuals with climate. locations were last visited in 1993. Field around 150 mature individuals in the surveys are recommended to ensure largest subpopulation. During the Pliocene/Pleistocene era, the these subpopulations are still present. Arcto-tertiary geoflora extended south­- Based on inaccessibility, populations ward in to the mountains of the American NatureServe also reports 2 occurrences are thought to be stable, however cat- southwest and adjacent Mexico. As in Mexico, but there is no published astrophic wildfire has been identified as the Pleistocene Era came to a close documentation of these occurrences. being able to cause loss of any and/or the climate became warmer and drier. all eight subpopulations. The overstorey Tree taxa such as O. knowltonii and Refs: 11, 14, 44, 74, 133, 143, 161, vegetation in the canyons is oak-pine O. chisosensis became restricted to 196, 208, 222, 224, 226, 227, 230, 231 and is subject to very intense wildfires. canyons, occurring in the understorey Assessor: Stritch, L. The climate in the southwestern United

30 The Red List of Betulaceae

Ostrya rehderiana Chun and have reduced genetic variation, which can threaten the overall survival of the species by reducing the ability to adapt to a changing environment. It is advisory to reproduce each remaining individual via asexual reproduction, to reduce the risk of the permanent loss of genetic variation if one individual were to die, and then set up propagation and reintroduction programmes.

West Tianmu Mountain has been declared a nature reserve and stone fences have been erected around the remaining individuals of this species. However, despite these efforts, the wild populations do not appear to be regenerating naturally.

This species is rare in cultivation, but is reported to occur in a few arboreta and botanic gardens outside of its CR B1ab(i,ii,v)+2ab(i,ii,v); C2a(i); D (1 m DBH) has had the top of its trunk natural range. The Arnold Arboretum of China (Zhejiang: Tianmu Shan) broken and the other four have had Harvard University, U.S., has cultivated their lower lateral branches cut off. Endemic to China, this species occurs a collection of 11 living specimens of this only in the western part of Tianmu The rapid reduction in population of this species collected from Mount Xitianmu. Mountain (Mount Xitianmu) in the species is mainly due to deforestation This deciduous tree occurs in broad- Zhejiang Province. It has an estimated and the planting of bamboo. The major leaved forests and can grow to 21 m extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of threats to this species in the wild are in height. The male inflorescences bud 2 occupancy (AOO) of 0.04 km . human disturbance and competition in July and blossom in April; the female with bamboo and other tree species. The only species of the genus Ostrya inflorescences appear while buds are Continued human disturbance can occurring in eastern China, Ostrya developing and leaves completely weaken regenerative ability and reduce rehderiana was once a fairly common unfold in April. The fruits ripen in the number of seedlings beneath the species in the woods of Tianmushan September and leaves fall in November. remaining mature individuals. As O. (Tianmu Mountains) when it was rehderiana is shade intolerant compe- This species was listed as Critically discovered there in 1927. However, tition from nearby trees is of particular Endangered (D1) in the 1998 World List it is now considered extremely rare. concern, especially bamboo which is a of Threatened Trees. The same conser- This reduction in population size has fast growing species reaching full size vation category (Critically Endangered) been rapid, with the wild population within 3–4 months. is given here. New updated information now reported as consisting of only five on its population size and range, more individual trees confined to the western There is low genetic variation in the criteria (B, C and D) have now been part of the mountain. All five individuals remaining 5 individuals. Offspring from able to be used to assess this species. have experienced damage to either the remaining individuals have been the trunk or branches, one of them found to have experienced inbreeding Refs: 11, 42, 74, 99, 121, 123, 133, 155, 171, 208, 248

31 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betulaceae taxa evaluated as data deficient

Additional research is needed to gather information on the status of taxa assessed as Data Deficient. Many taxa assessed as Data Deficient have very small reported distributions. As an insurance policy, all Data Deficient taxa should be considered under threat until sufficient information is available to fully assess their conservation status, or taxonomic uncertainty is resolved.

The following taxa are assessed as threatened on the Chinese Red List. However very little information is available on these taxa Category and they are therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Further research and conservation action is required for these taxa which on Chinese have small reported distributions and are likely to be threatened. Red List

Carpinus purpurinervis Hu VU China (Guangxi: Du’an Taozu Zizhixian, Guizhou: Dushan Xian, Xingyi Xi) A small tree to 5 m, found growing in sparse forests or thickets on limestone. Distribution is restricted to two provinces in China. Potentially threatened but needs further field research to establish its conservation status. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208

Corylus wangii Hu VU China (Sichuan?, Yunnan: Weixi Xian) Known only from NW Yunnan, with a possible specimen type collected from E Sichuan in 1988. A tall tree up to 7 m, found growing in temperate broad-leaved forests. Potentially threatened but requires further field research. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208, 222, 242

Ostrya yunnanensis W.K.Hu CR China (Yunnan: Luquan Xian) Known only from the Luquan Xian region of Yunnan, it grows up to 20 m, in moist forests at 2,600 m ASL. Further field research is needed to establish its conservation status. Refs: 42, 56, 74, 75, 99, 107, 133, 208, 222

Ostryopsis nobilis Balf.f. & W.W.Sm. VU Taxonomic note: Populations found in north west Yunnan previously ascribed to Ostryopsis nobilis are now recognised as a new species O. intermedia China (SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan) A small shrub to 5 m, forming thickets on sunny mountain slopes. Distribution is restricted to SW Sichuan and NW Yunnan with populations described as sparse. Potentially threatened with habitat loss, but requires further field research to establish its conservation status. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 168, 208, 222, 253

Betula schmidtii Regel NT China (E Jilin: Linjiang, NE Liaoning), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan (N and C Honshu), Republic of Korea, Russian Federation (Central Asian Russia: Primoryi) In the wild this species is able to grow up to 35 m tall and 9 m in girth, making it the tallest growing Birch. In the mountains of Korea it forms gnarled, mulit-stemmed trees and is much smaller. It is found growing in rocky places in the mountains, in mixed forest. Although widespread, it is reported as rare in Russia and to be threatened in China. It is also rare in cultivation. This species is considered potentially threatened, but requires further field research to establish its conservation status. Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 113, 114, 133, 154, 159, 208, 222

The following species are assessed as there is limited population information Alnus fauriei H.Lév. & Vaniot Data Deficient as not enough information is available for this species. There is insuf­ Japan (N and C Honshu) available to carry out a full conservation ficient information available to carry out A large shrub capable of achieving tree- assessment. Infraspecific taxa (even if given a full conservation assessment. stature, A. fauriei grows on soils with a Data Deficient rating) are presented Refs: 74, 250 per­manent moisture. This species is re­- below the species-level assessment ported to be a recent introduction to (see Globally Threatened Betulaceae Alnus dolichocarpa H.Zare, Amini & cultivation, but is not commonly grown. taxa, pages 15 - 31 and Least Concern Assadi Further research is needed to determine Betulaceae taxa, pages 37 - 53). N Islamic Republic of Iran the conservation status of this species. A small to large tree found only near the Refs: 74, 77, 133, 154, 208 Alnus djavansnameshirii H.Zare Caspian Sea, this species is considered N Islamic Republic of Iran relatively rare. However, there is insuf­- Alnus firma Siebold & Zucc. A large tree reaching 20–30 m in height, ficient information available to carry out Japan (Kyushu) this species has a limited geographical a full conservation assessment of this This species has a small natural distribu-­ distribution, known only from Dodangeh species. tion but has been used extensively forest. It is reported to be very rare, but Refs: 74, 250 to control erosion and improve soil

32 The Red List of Betulaceae

conditions in Korea, outside of its information available to carry out a full Cyprus, Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, natural range. It has spread from conservation assessment. Further field Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, planting sites and become naturalized, research is required. Turkey in Asia implying that natural regeneration Refs: 74, 99, 133, 208 Insufficient information is available on is not a problem for this species. the distribution or population status of However, limited information is available Alnus maximowiczii Callier A. orientalis across its range, although on the status of wild populations of this threats are reported to be impacting species within its natural range. This upon part of the range of this species. species is therefore assessed as Data This species is therefore assessed as Deficient. Data Deficient. Further field research is Refs: 74, 133, 154, 159, 208, 222 required to verify the current distribu- tion, population and threat status of this Alnus glutipes (Jarm. ex Czerpek) species. Vorosch. Refs: 46, 54, 74, 133, 136, 208, 222, 250 Russian Federation (Central Asian Russia: Yakutiya) Occurring as a shrub or tree, this Alnus paniculata Nakai species is found in mountain-taiga Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, forests. However, there is insufficient Republic of Korea information available to carry out a full Alnus maximowiczii growing at Stone Lane This species has a small reported dis­ conservation assessment. Further field Gardens. Data Deficient(Bartlett, P., Stone Lane tribution. There is insufficient information Gardens) research is required. available to carry out a full conservation Refs: 74, 133, 208 assessment. Further field research is required. Alnus hakkodensis Hayashi Refs: 74, 133, 208 Japan (Honshu) Occurring as a shrub or tree, this Alnus serrulatoides Callier species Japan (S Honshu, Shikoku) is found in the mountains of Honshu. A small tree to 5 m. This species has This species was assessed as Rare in a small reported distribution. There is the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened insufficient information available to carry Plants, but is assessed as Data Deficient out a full conservation assessment. in the Red List of Threatened Plants of Further field research is required. Japan . Further field research is required Refs: 74, 133, 154, 208 for a full conservation assessment to be Alnus maximowiczii undertaken. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Refs: 74, 132, 133, 208, 211, 236 Alnus sieboldiana Matsum. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Republic of Korea, Russian Federation (Central Alnus lanata Duthie ex Bean Asian Russia: Kurile Islands?, Primoryi, China (W Sichuan: Kangdang Xian, Sakhalin; European Russia: Khabarovsk) Luding Xian) Despite a fairly wide range, this species A tree to 20 m tall it is found on stream is reported to be scarce and seldom sides in montane forests. However, seen. There is insufficient information there is insufficient information available available to carry out a full conservation to carry out a full conservation assess- assessment. Further field research is ment. Further field research is required. required. Refs: 42, 74, 77, 133, 208, 222 Refs: 74, 133, 154, 159, 208, 222

Alnus mairei H. Lév. Alnus orientalis Decne. Alnus sieboldiana Taxonomic note: Alnus orientalis var. China (Yunnan) Japan (Honshu, Shikoku?, Nansei-sho- pubescens was listed as Rare and This species has a small reported to: Suwanose-jima?) endemic to Turkey, but this variety has distribution occurring only in one region This tree is found in lowlands and foothills, since been included in the species A. of China. It is not assessed on the especially in coastal areas. The distrib­­- orientalis. Chinese Red List. There is insufficient ution of this species is uncertain and no

33 The Red List of Betulaceae

population or threat information is avail­ Betula corylifolia Regel & Maxim. Betula fargesii Franch. able. Further field research is required. Japan (Honshu) China (Chongqing, Hubei) Refs: 74, 77, 133, 154, 208, 222 Despite a small distribution, this species This species is reported as Least Con­- is reported to be fairly widespread in cern on the Chinese Red List. However, Alnus vermicularis Nakai the mountains of central Honshu. This Ashburner and McAllister report that this species is considered the most distinct Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, species is known only from [a] restricted birch, probably not closely related to any Republic of Korea area on both sides of the Sichuan/Hubei other living species. This species needs This species has a small reported dis­ border and that its conservation status is further field research to determine dis­- tribution. There is insufficient information uncertain, so it seems likely this species tribution and threats. available to carry out a full conservation is rare in the wild. Part of its distribution Refs: 5, 74, 133, 154, 208, 222 assessment. Further field research is is within Shennongjia Forest Reserve in required. West Hubei. This species is very rare Refs: 74, 133, 208 Betula delavayi Franch. in cultivation. Further field research is required to determine the conservation Taxonomic notes: (1) B. delavayi, B. status of this species. bomiensis, B. calcicola and B. potaninii Betula baschkirica Tzvelev Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 133 taxa are sometimes confused. How- East European Russia ever they are separable by their visible This taxon is not listed by Ashburner morphological characters, ploidy and Betula honanensis S.Y.Wang & and McAllister but are recognised by geographical distribution (2) Confusion C.L.Chang the World Checklist of Selected Plant with other species, and simple misiden- Families. Due to the taxonomic uncer- China (Henan) tifications of such a poorly understood tainty and very little information available This taxon is not listed by Ashburner and species, makes its complete distribution on distribution and population status, McAllister but are recognised by the difficult to determine (3)B. delavayi var. it is assessed as Data Deficient and in World Checklist of Selected Plant Fam- polyneura closely resembles both B. need of further study. ilies. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty delavayi and B. calcicola, but has more Refs: 5, 74 and very little information available on numerous veins, it may represent a distribution and population status, it is distinct taxon (4) B. delavayi var. micro­ assessed as Data Deficient and in need Betula celtiberica Rothm. & Vasc. stachya deserves further study of further study. Taxonomic note: There is taxonomic un-­ China (Gansu?, W Hubei?, Qinghai?, W Refs: 5, 74 certainty over whether this taxon should Sichuan, E Xizang?, NW Yunnan) be recognised as a distinct species. Its This species is assessed as Least Betula karagandensis V.N.Vassil. geographical isolation and the fact that Concern on the Chinese Red List, but Kazakhstan it can be distinguished morphologically this species has uncertain distribution This taxon is not listed by Ashburner and suggests that it is worth recognising. and Ashburner and McAllister report McAllister but are recognised by the NW Spain (Cordillera Cantabrica) that its conservation status is uncertain. World Checklist of Selected Plant Fam- Other populations of birch in isolated Further research is required to enable ilies. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty ranges in central Spain may belong to a full conservation assessment to be and very little information available on this species, but are thought more likely carried out. distribution and population status, it is to be relict populations of B. pendula Refs: 5, 42, 74, 75, 77, 99, 123, 133, assessed as Data Deficient and in need or B. pubescens. Further field research 208 is needed to verify the distribution and of further study. population status of this species to Refs: 5, 74 enable a full conservation assessment Betula falcata V.N. Vassil. to be carried out. Tajikistan Betula klokovii Zaver. Refs: 5, 74, 133, 163 This taxon is not listed by Ashburner Ukraine and McAllister but are recognised by This taxon is not listed by Ashburner and the World Checklist of Selected Plant Betula coriaceifolia V.N. Vassil. McAllister but are recognised by the Families. Due to the taxonomic uncer- World Checklist of Selected Plant Fam­ Uzbekistan tainty and very little information available ilies. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty This taxon is not listed by Ashburner and on distribution and population status, and very little information available on McAllister but are recognised by the World it is assessed as Data Deficient and in distribution and population status, it is Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Due need of further study. assessed as Data Deficient and in need to the taxonomic uncertainty and very Refs: 5, 74 little information available on distribution of further study. and population status, it is assessed as Refs: 5, 74 Data Deficient and in need of further study. Refs: 5, 74

34 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betula kotulae Zaver. Betula saviczii V.N.Vassil. Betula zinserlingii V.N.Vassil Ukraine Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan This taxon is not listed by Ashburner This taxon is not listed by Ashburner This taxon is not listed by Ashburner and McAllister but are recognised and McAllister but are recognised by and McAllister but are recognised by by the World Checklist of Selected the World Checklist of Selected Plant the World Checklist of Selected Plant Plant Families. Due to the taxonomic Families. Due to the taxonomic uncer- Families. Due to the taxonomic uncer- uncertainty and very little information tainty and very little information available tainty and very little information available available on distribution and population on distribution and population status, on distribution and population status, status, it is assessed as Data Deficient it is assessed as Data Deficient and in it is assessed as Data Deficient and in and in need of further study. need of further study. need of further study. Refs: 5, 74 Refs: 5, 74 Refs: 5, 74

Betula potamophila V.N.Vassil. Betula skvortsovii McAll. & Ashburner Carpinus dayongiana K.W.Liu & Tajikistan Taxonomic note: Described for the first Q.Z.Lin This taxon is not listed by Ashburner time by Ashburner and McAllister, 2013 China (Hunan: Dayong Xian) and McAllister but are recognised China (Sichuan) A small tree to 4 m found in subtropical by the World Checklist of Selected Shrub with several stems growing to broad-leaved forests. There is no Plant Families. Due to the taxonomic 2.5 m, this species grows on dry slopes quantitative data available from which uncertainty and very little information and thickets. There is insufficient in­- to ascertain if the population trend is available on distribution and population formation available to carry out a full increasing, stable or decreasing across status, it is assessed as Data Deficient conservation assessment. Further field its geographic range. and in need of further study. research is required. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 Refs: 5, 74 Refs: 5, 25, 133

Carpinus eximia Nakai Betula psammophila V.N.Vassil. Betula sunanensis Y.J.Zhang Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kazakhstan China (Gansu) Republic of Korea This taxon is not listed by Ashburner This taxon is not listed by Ashburner Very little information is available for this and McAllister but are recognised and McAllister but are recognised by species. Field research is required to by the World Checklist of Selected the World Checklist of Selected Plant determine its conservation status. Plant Families. Due to the taxonomic Families. Due to the taxonomic uncer- Refs: 74, 133, 208 uncertainty and very little information tainty and very little information available available on distribution and population on distribution and population status, Carpinus faginea Lindl. status, it is assessed as Data Deficient it is assessed as Data Deficient and in and in need of further study. need of further study. India (Himanchal Pradesh, Jammu- Refs: 5, 74 Refs: 5, 74 Kashmir, Uttaranchal), Nepal Found in cool broad-leaved forests in temperate Himalaya. There is insuffi- Betula saksarensis Polozhij & Betula wuyiensis J.B.Xiao cient information available to carry out ­A.T.Malzeva China (Fujian) a full conservation assessment. Further Central Asian Russia: Krasnoyarsk This taxon is not listed by Ashburner field research is required. This taxon is not listed by Ashburner and McAllister but are recognised by Refs: 21, 41, 74, 76, 133, 208, 222 and McAllister but are recognised the World Checklist of Selected Plant by the World Checklist of Selected Families. Due to the taxonomic uncer- Carpinus japonica Blume Plant Families. Due to the taxonomic tainty and very little information available uncertainty and very little information on distribution and population status, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku) available on distribution and population it is assessed as Data Deficient and in This species can grow as a shrub or status, it is assessed as Data Deficient need of further study. a tree. It is shade intolerant, therefore and in need of further study. Refs: 5, 74 disturbance events are important for Refs: 5, 74 the seedling growth of this species. It grows at high elevations on the upper slope of valleys. It is reported to be rare, however insufficient data is available to carry out a full conservation assess- ment. Further field research is required. Refs: 74, 133, 154, 193, 208, 222

35 The Red List of Betulaceae

Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) There is insufficient information available Carpinus shimenensis C.J.Qi Blume to carry out a full conservation assess- China (Hunan) ment. Further field research is required. This species has a small distribution, Refs: 74, 79, 106, 133, 208 restricted to one province of China. This species is not assessed on the Carpinus mengshanensis S.B.Liang & Chinese Red List. There is insufficient F.Z.Zhao information available to carry out a full conservation assessment. Further field China (Shandong) research is required. This species has a small distribution, Refs: 74, 133, 208 restricted to one province of China. This species is assessed as Data Deficient on the Chinese Red List. There is Corylus jacquemontii Decne. insufficient information available to carry Afghanistan?, India (Himachal Pradesh, out a full conservation assessment. Jammu-Kashmir, Uttaranchal), Nepal Further field research is required. A tall tree to 25 m, found growing in Refs: 74, 99, 133, 208 moist Oak forests of the upper montane zones. It is reported as rare in the Carpinus microphylla Z.C.Chen ex Himalayan region. The wood can be Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang used for agricultural implements and household articles, its nuts are edible China (W Guangxi: Tianyang Xian) and parts of the tree can be used as a Carpinus laxiflora A shrub to 3 m high this species grows medicinal tonic. Potentially threatened in thickets. This species has a small Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, but requires further field research. distribution, restricted to one province Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Refs: 1, 21, 28, 68, 74, 133, 195, 208, of China. This species is assessed as Shikoku), Republic of Korea 222 Data Deficient on the Chinese Red List. A tree to 15 m this species occurs in There is insufficient information available woodland in mountainous areas. There to carry out a full conservation assess- Corylus potaninii Bobrov is insufficient information available to ment. Further field research is required. carry out a full conservation assess- China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 ment. Further field research is required. Sichuan, Yunnan) Refs: 74, 113, 133, 154, 208, 222 This species is not assessed on the Carpinus omeiensis Hu & W.P.Fang Chinese Red List. There is insufficient information available to carry out a full China (Guizhou: Dejiang Xian, Sichuan: Carpinus lipoensis Y.K.Li conservation assessment. Further field Emei Shanm Junlian Xian) China (Guizhou) research is required. A tree to 7 m found in broad leaved This species has a small distribution, Refs: 74, 133, 208 forests. This species has a small restricted to one province of China. distribution, restricted to two provinces This species is not assessed on the of China. This species is not assessed Ostryopsis intermedia B.Tian & Chinese Red List. There is insufficient on the Chinese Red List. There is J.Q.Liu information available to carry out a full insufficient information available to carry China (NW Yunnan) conservation assessment. Further field out a full conservation assessment. research is required. A recently discovered species it grows Further field research is required. Refs: 74, 133, 208 as a small shrub to 5 m, forming Refs: 42, 74, 77, 133, 208 thickets on sunny slopes. Only known from NW Yunnan, its population is Carpinus luochengensis J.Y.Liang Carpinus paohsingensis W.Y.Hsia sparce and likely threatened by habitat China (Guangxi) loss, plantations and over collection C and E China (exact locations unknown) A shrub to a height of 2–3 m found for building materials and fuelwood. Found in evergreen forests at 1,500 m growing in montane dwarf forest at Therefore this species is likely to be ASL. The distribution of this species is mid to high altitudes. This species has threatened but there is insufficient unknown. This species is not assessed a small distribution, restricted to one information available to carry out a full on the Chinese Red List. There is province of China. This species is not conservation assessment. Further field insufficient information available to carry assessed on the Chinese Red List. research is required. out a full conservation assessment. Refs: 42, 74, 133, 208, 209 Further field research is required. Refs: 74, 133, 208

36 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betulaceae taxa evaluated Guerrero, Hidalgo, México Distrito ensure this species does not become as least concern Federal, México State, Michoacán, threatened in future. This species is Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro?, assessed as Least Concern on the Most taxa have been assessed as Least Sinoloa, Tlaxcala, Veracruz?) Chinese Red List. Concern on the basis of their wide Refs: 24, 29, 59, 64, 74, 77, 133, 208 Refs: 42, 74, 92, 99, 133, 205, 206, distribution and the lack of any direct Assessor: Stritch, L. 208, 245 threats to the species. For taxa that are Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii less widespread additional information C.K.Schneid. is provided to justify their assessment China (Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan) as Least Concern. (Data deficient This species is assessed as Least infraspecific taxa are also listed here Concern on the Chinese Red List. under the assessment of the species). Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 107, 133, 208 Alnus acuminata Kunth N Argentina Alnus formosana (Burkill) Makino (Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Province of China (Taiwan: Tanshui) Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Although this species has a fairly small Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El distribution, found only in Taiwan, it Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, is not currently subject to any major Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Alnus cordata threats and the population is not pre- Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby dicted to decline in the near future. This México Distrito Federal, México State, NW Albania, France: Corsica, Southern species is assessed as Least Concern Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Italy (inc. Sicily) on the Chinese Red List. Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, This species has a limited natural Refs: 42, 74, 77, 82, 91, 94, 99, 133, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz), range, but most of the range of this 208, 222 Panama, Peru, Plurinational States of species occurs in protected areas. It Bolivia Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. also spreads readily and rapidly, and Refs: 24, 26, 29, 32, 58, 59, 60, 64, 74, Alnus glutinosa subsp. glutinosa has become naturalised in much of 77, 84, 87, 112, 117, 133, 140, 157, Europe. It is therefore not considered 160, 178, 179, 208, 222, 235, 254 Albania, Algeria, Armenia?, Austria, to be threatened, however some Azerbaijan?, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Alnus acuminata subsp. acuminata threats have been identified, including; and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Taxonomic note: There is some debate a reduction in clear cutting practices Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, over the acceptance of this subspecies. in protected areas which could have a Finland, France (inc. Corsica), Georgia, N Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), negative impact on population growth, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Islamic Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, competition from other species, climate Republic of Iran, Italy (inc. Sardegna, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Plurinational change at lower altitudes, and root rot Sicilia), Kazakhstan, Latvia, Libya?, States of Bolivia caused by the pathogen Phytophthora Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Refs: 24, 26, 32, 64, 74, 77, 84, 112, alni. Active conservation management Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, 133, 157, 222 within protected areas and population Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, studies are advised for this species, to Russian Federation (Eastern Asian Alnus acuminata subsp. arguta ensure it does not become threatened Russia: West Siberia; European Russia: (Schltdl.) Furlow in future. Central European Russia, Chechnya, Taxonomic note: There is some debate Refs: 11, 74, 102, 133, 136, 157, 170, Dagestan, East European Russia, over the acceptance of this subspecies. 208, 222, 238 Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Honduras?, Mexico (Chiapas, Chihua- Alnus cremastogyne Burkill North European Russia, Northwest hua?, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, China (SE Gansu, N Guizhou, S Shaanxi, European Russia, Servero-Osetiya, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México Distrito Sichuan, Zhejiang) South European Russia, Stavropol), Federal, México State, Michoacán, This species is endemic to south Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swe- Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, western China with a fairly small natural den, Switzerland, The Former Yugoslav Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, distribution. Although there are some Republic of Macedonia, Tunisia, Turkey Sonora, Veracruz), Panama reported threats impacting the survival in Asia, Turkey in Europe, Ukraine (inc. Refs: 24, 29, 59, 64, 74, 77, 87, 133, of this species in parts of its range, it Krym), United Kingdom (Great Britain, 140, 144, 178, 179, 208, 222, 235 grows rapidly and has a rapid regen- Northern Ireland) (The species and type eration rate. It is also being planted at subspecies share the same distribution). Alnus acuminata subsp. glabrata restoration sites within its natural range. Refs: 4, 12, 16, 19, 20, 23, 40, 43, 44, (Fernald) Furlow This species is therefore not considered 71, 74, 102, 116, 131, 133, 138, 146, Taxonomic note: There is some debate to be threatened, but monitoring of 149, 170, 189, 208, 222, 223, 224, over the acceptance of this subspecies. reported threats would be beneficial, to Mexico (Chiapas?, Durango, Guanajuato, 233, 238, 243, 249

37 The Red List of Betulaceae

Alnus glutinosa subsp. antitaurica Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Yalt. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, DD Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West N Islamic Rupublic of Iran, SC Turkey Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming). (Turkey in Asia) Alnus incana is ranked G5 (Globally This little known subspecies occurs secure) on NatureServe. as a shrub or tree found in deciduous Refs: 4, 40, 44, 48, 64, 71, 74, 81, 89, scrub or forest areas by streams. This 97, 110, 115, 116, 131, 133, 136, 138, subspecies has been previously listed 143, 149, 172, 186, 189, 208, 212, as rare in national and regional red 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 233, list publications, but at the time was 237, 238, 249 thought to be endemic to Turkey. It has Alnus incana subsp. incana since been reported as present in Iran, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, but there is insufficient data available Alnus hirsuta Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, to carry out a full conservation assess- China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, ment. Further research is required and it Nei Mongol, Shandong), Democratic Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, is assessed here as Data Deficient. People’s Republic of Korea, Japan Germany, Greece?, Hungary, Italy, Refs: 46, 47, 54, 74, 133, 250 (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, (Central Asian Russia: Amur, Buryatiya, (C.A.Mey.) Yalt. Russian Federation (Eastern Asian Chita, Kamchatka, Magadan, Primoryi, DD Russia: West Siberia; Central European Sakhalin, Yakutiya; European Russia: Armenia?, Azerbaijan?, Georgia, Islamic Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, East Khabarovsk) Republic of Iran, Russian Federation European Russia, Ingushetiya, Kab- Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 136, 154, 159, (European Russia: Chechnya, Dages- ardino-Balkariya, Karacheyevo-Cher- 180, 208, 222 tan, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, kessiya, Krasnodar, North European Karacheyevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Alnus incana (L.) Moench Russia, Severo-Osetiya, South Europe- Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol), Turkey in Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, an Russia, Stavropol), Serbia, Slovakia, Asia Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bul­- Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The This species occurs as a shrub or tree garia, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedo- found in damp woods and along river Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, nia, Turkey in Asia, Ukraine. banks. There is insufficient information Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Alnus incana subsp. incana is ranked as available to carry out a full conservation Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince G5T5 (Globally secure) on NatureServe. assessment. Further field research is Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchevan, Refs: 64, 74, 133, 222, 224 required. It is assessed here as Data Yukon), Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Deficient. Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) Refs: 15, 30, 74, 133, 208 Greece?, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechten-­ R.T.Clausen stein, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Canada (Labrador, Manitoba, New Alnus glutinosa subsp. betuloides Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Sco- Ansin Russian Federation (Eastern Asian Russia: tia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward DD West Siberia; Central European Russia, Island, Québec, Saskatchewan), Saint SE Turkey (Turkey in Asia) Chechnya, Dagestan, East European Pierre and Miquelon, United States A little known subspecies which occurs Russia, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, (Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, as a shrub or tree, this taxon is restrict- Karacheyevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mich- ed to the mountains of East Anatolia in North European Russia, Northwest Euro-­ igan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Erzurum, Bingöl and Bitlis Provinces. pean Russia?, Severo-Osetiya, South Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, It is found by streams and swamps. European Russia, Stavropol), Saint Pierre Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, This species was assessed as Rare in and Miquelon, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Sweden, Switzerland, The Former Yu- Refs: 44, 64, 74, 81, 133, 143, 172, Plants (ref 236). However, there is goslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey 186, 208, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, insufficient information available to carry in Asia, Ukraine, United States (Alaska, 225, 233, 237 out a full conservation assessment. Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecti- Further field research is required. subsp. (Nutt.) cut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Alnus incana tenuifolia Refs: 47, 74, 80, 133, 236 Breitung Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Yukon), United States (Alaska, Arizona,

38 The Red List of Betulaceae

California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, (2,300 m to 3,800 m ASL). Climate Alnus oblongifolia Torr. Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, change may therefore present a threat Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), United Washington, Wyoming). to this taxon. It is assessed here as States (Arizona, New Mexico) Alnus incana subsp. tenuifolia is Data Deficient. This species is ranked G3G4 (Vulnera- ranked as G5T5 (globally secure) on Refs: 64, 59, 74, 133, 145 ble/Apparently Secure) on NatureServe NatureServe. (ref 143). Alnus jorullensis subsp. lutea Furlow Refs: 44, 64, 74, 133, 143, 186, 208, Refs: 44, 64, 74, 133, 143, 161, 208, DD 217, 221, 222, 224, 225, 233 221, 222, 224, 225 Mexico (Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Assessor: Stritch, L. Alnus incana subsp. kolaensis (Orlova) Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México Dis- Á.Löve and D.Löve trito Federal, México State, Michoacán, Alnus pendula Matsum. DD Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Taxonomic note: the taxonomic status Sinaloa, Veracruz, Zacatecas) of this species is uncertain. This is a Little known taxon, with a Finland, Norway, Russian Federation fairly wide range within Mexico, but its (European Russia: Northwest European distribution is limited to along streams in Russia)?, Sweden areas between 1,000 m and 2,500 m A tree found growing in river valleys, ASL. It is assessed here as Data frequently found bordering boreal or Deficient. alpine areas and can also be found in Refs: 59, 74, 133, 208 shrub tundra in the bordering Arctic. Assessor: Stritch, L. Alnus pendula This is a little known subspecies. It is Alnus mandshurica (Callier) Hand.- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, assessed here as Data Deficient. Mazz. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Republic of Refs: 48, 74, 97, 133, 143, 208, 212 China (Heilongiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Korea Assessor: Stritch, L. Mongol), Democratic People’s Republic Refs: 74, 77 133, 154, 159, 208, 222, Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. of Korea, Republic of Korea, Russian 224 China (Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Federation (Central Asian Russia: Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong), Democratic Primoryi; European Russia: Khabarovsk) United States (California, Idaho, People’s Republic of Korea, Japan Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 159, 208, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington) (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu 222 This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Islands, Shikoku), Province of China Alnus matsumurae Callier NatureServe (ref 143). (Taiwan), Republic of Korea, Russian Japan (N and C Honshu) Refs: 44, 74, 90, 133, 143, 208, 217, Federation (Central Asian Russia: Kurile This tree species has a small distribu- 221, 222, 224, 225, 233 Islands?, Primoryi, Sakhalin) tion, but it is reported to be common Assessor: Stritch, L. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 120, 133, 157, 159, across its range. Due to its relatively 208, 222 Alnus rubra Bong. small range, monitoring is recommend- Canada (British Columbia, Yukon), Alnus jorrullensis Kunth Guatemala?, ed to ensure populations remain stable. United States (Alaska, California, Idaho, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Refs: 74, 77, 133, 208, 222 Montana, Oregon, Washington) Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hi- Alnus nepalensis D.Don This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on dalgo, Jalisco, México Distrito Federal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Guangxi, NatureServe (ref 143). México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), Refs: 16, 44, 64, 74, 90, 133, 143, 157, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, 165, 208, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, Veracruz, Zacatecas) Darjiling, Himanchal Pradesh, Manipur, 225, 233, 224, 225, 233 Refs: 29, 33, 59, 64, 74, 133, 140, 145, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Assessor: Stritch, L. 147, 160, 208, 222, 235 Tripura, Uttaranchal), Myanmar, Nepal, Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. Alnus jorullensis subsp. jorullensis N Thailand, N Vietnam Taxonomic note: this species has been DD Refs: 3, 28, 37, 41, 43, 60, 68, 74, 83, erroneously called Alnus rugosa in a Guatemala?, Honduras, Mexico 99, 125, 133, 152, 157, 181, 191, 195, number of earlier floristic works. (Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, 208, 222, 224, 234 Canada (New Brunswick?, Nova Scotia, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México Distrito Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Québec), United States (Alabama, Ar- Federal, México State, Michoacán, NE Afghanistan, India (Himachal kansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Uttaranchal), of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, This is a little known taxon, with a W and C Nepal, N Pakistan Indiana, Kansas?, Kentucky, Louisiana, fairly wide range within Mexico, but its Refs: 15, 37, 41, 45, 74, 125, 133, 208, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, distribution is restricted to high altitudes 222 Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire,

39 The Red List of Betulaceae

New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, West Siberia; European Russia: Central Yakutia-Sakha), United States (Alaska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode European Russia, Irkutsk, Khaborovsk, California, Oregon, Washington) Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, North European Russia), Serbia, This taxon is not ranked (G5TNR) on Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia). Slovenia, Switzerland, The Former NatureServe (ref 143). This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Refs: 44, 64, 74, 143, 186, 208, 215, NatureServe (ref 143). United States (Alaska, Aleutian Islands, 222, 224, 233 Refs: 43, 44, 64, 72, 74, 81, 133, 143, California, Colarado, Idaho, Maine, Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (Regel) 172, 186, 208, 221, 223, 224, 225, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Á.Löve & D.Löve 233, 237 Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Taxonomic note: There is still some Assessor: Stritch, L. North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, debate over the acceptance of the Tennessee, Vermont, Washington, Alnus trabeculosa Hand.-Mazz. naming of this taxon. Alnus alnobetula Wyoming), Ukraine. China (Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, subsp. sinuata is sometimes considered This species is ranked G5 (secure) on Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, E Hunan, the accepted name for this taxon. NatureServe. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Japan Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Refs: 18, 44, 57, 62, 64, 71, 74, 81, 86, (Honshu). Northwest Territories, Yukon), Russian 98, 111, 133, 139, 143, 167, 172, 182, This species is reported as rare in Federation (Siberia), United States 186, 199, 208, 215, 217, 221, 222, Japan, but it also occurs in China where (Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, 223, 224, 233, 238 it is not considered to be threatened. Oregon, Washington, Wyoming) This species is therefore assessed as Alnus viridis subsp. viridis (Chaix) DC. This taxon is ranked G5T5 (Secure) on Least Concern, but population moni- Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, NatureServe. toring should be implemented in Japan Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Refs: 44, 64, 74, 143, 182, 186, 208, and conservation action if necessary, to Germany, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, 217, 222, 223, 224, 233 maintain genetic diversity across the full Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Assessor: Stritch, L. range of this species. Switzerland, Ukraine. Betula alleghaniensis Britton Refs: 42, 74, 77, 96, 99, 132, 133, 141, Refs: 215, 222 154, 208, 222, 224 Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Taxonomic note: There is still some Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfound- debate over the acceptance of the land, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, naming of this taxon. Many references Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, report Alnus alnobetula as the accepted Quebec, Saskatchewan), Greenland, name. As this complex occurs in North France (St. Pierre and Miquelon), United America, the taxonomy used here States (Alaska, Maine, Massachusetts, reflects the taxonomy widely used in Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, that region. This differs to the taxonomy New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, of the World Checklist of Selected Plant Tennessee, Vermont, Wisconsin). Families and recognises only three This taxon is not ranked (G5TNR) on subspecies; subsp. crispa, subsp. NatureServe. fruticosa and subsp. sinuata. The Refs: 44, 64, 74, 81, 143, 172, 186, Alnus alnobetula complex recognises 208, 222, 224, 233 additional infraspecific taxa. subsp. (Rupr.) Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzego­ Alnus viridis fruticosa Nyman vina, Bulgaria, Canada (Alberta, British Taxonomic note: There is still some de- Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Betula alleghaniensis bate over the acceptance of the naming Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, of this taxon. Alnus alnobetula subsp. Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, fruticosa is sometimes considered the Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatcheven, Prince Edward Island, Québec), Saint accepted name for this taxon. Yukon), China?, Croatia, Czech Re- Pierre and Miquelon, United States Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, public, France (inc Corsica), Germany, (Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Greenland, Hungary, Italy, Japan (Hok- Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Yukon), China (Nei Mongol), Mongolia, kaido, Honshu), Mongolia, Montenegro, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Russian Federation (Altay, Amur, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Arkhangelsk, Buryatiya, Chita, (Central Asian Russia: Amur, Buryatiya, York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyl- Gomo-Altay, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Chita, Kamchatka, Krasnoyarsk, Kurile vania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Khabarovsk, Kirov, Komi, Krasnoyarsk, Islands, Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Magadan, Nenets, Novosibirsk, Yakutiya; Eastern Asian Russia: Altay, Virginia, Wisconsin) Omsk, Perm, Tomsk, Tuva, Tyumen,

40 The Red List of Betulaceae

This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on conservation status of the full species Pradesh, Assam, Darjiling, Himanchal NatureServe. complex is considered more secure. Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Refs: 5, 16, 44, 51, 74, 90, 133, 143, Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 113, 133, 159, 208, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttaranchal), 172, 202, 208, 222, 224, 233 222 N Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Assessor: Stritch, L. Refs: 5, 9, 42, 67, 74, 77, 83, 99, 133, Betula cordifolia Regel 208, 222 Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Taxonomic note: until recently this Bhutan, Bangladesh, China (Fujian, species has been regarded as a variety Betula dahurica Pall. Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Sichuan, of B. papyrifera. Studies confirm the S Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, diploid status of B. cordifolia, defined Assam, Darjiling, Himanchal Pradesh, its morphological distinctness and Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, suggest that it is likely to be one of Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttaranchal), the constituent genomes of hexaploid Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, B. papyrifera. Vietnam Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, Refs: 5, 37, 41, 42, 56, 68, 64, 83, 99, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, 125, 133, 152, 208, 222, 234 Prince Edward Island, Quebec), Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States Betula ashburneri McAll. & Rushforth (Connecticut?, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia) Refs: 5, 44, 74, 77, 133, 222, 233 Betula dahurica Betula costata Trautv. Taxonomic note: This species occurs as China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, two cytotypes: the octoploid cytotype is Liaoning, Nei Mongol), Democratic common and widespread in continental People’s Republic of Korea, Republic north-eastern Asia including Korea, of Korea, Russian Federation (Central but the hexaploid is rare and found in Betula ashburneri growing in the Himalayas Asia Russia: Amur, Primoryi; European Japan and the Kurile Island of Iturup. It at 3,400 m Russia: Khabarovsk) has been proposed by Ashburner and Bhutan, China (SW Sichuan, NW Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 113, 133, 159, 208, McAllister (2013) that the continental Yunnan, SE Xizang) 222 octoploid cytotype is recognised as var. This species is known only from a few dahurica, the Kurile Island and Hokkaido Betula cylindrostachya Lindl. ex Wall. localities within its range. However, it is populations as var. okuboi, and the Taxonomic notes: (1) This tetraploid reported by Ashburner and McAllister more distinct Honshu populations as species is often confused with the (ref 5) to be ‘probably locally common’. var. parvifolia closely related diploid B. alnoides and Refs: 5, 9, 74, 127, 208 China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, E Jilin, B. luminifera. It can be distinguished N Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi), Betula chinensis Maxim. from B. alnoides by its spring rather Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Taxonomic note: This species has a than autumn-winter flowering period, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Republic of morphologically distinct 6x cytotype its wider fruiting catkins and more Korea, Mongolia, Russian Federation known only from two high mountains in cordate leaf bases. B. luminifera is (Central Asian Russia: Amur, Buryatiya?, South Korea whose conservation status morphologically very similar, but has Chita, Kurile Islands, Primoryi; European is uncertain. The species otherwise is (usually) solitary female catkins (catkins Russia: Khabarovsk) 8x which is common. Until more collec- are in groups of two to six in the other (B. dahurica var. dahurica does not tions of both types have been checked two species) (2) The recently described occur in Japan, otherwise its distribu- and compared, and a geographical B. fujianensis would seem to be synon- tion matches the species) difference has emerged, the two types ymous with B. cylindrostachya, the only B. dahurica is assessed as Vulnerable do not merit different names. significant difference being the glandular in Japan, but due to its wide distribution China (E Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaon- shoots and the absence of hair tufts in outside of Japan it is considered to be ing, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, the secondary vein axils on the abaxial locally threatened in Japan, but not Shanxi), Democratic Republic of Korea, leaf surface (3) B. rhombibracteata is globally threatened. Republic of Korea doubtfully distinct from Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 128, 132, 133, 154, Ashburner and McAllister note that the B. cylindrostachya 159, 208 conservation status of the 6x cytotype Bhutan, China (SW Sichuan, NW in South Korea is uncertain. The Yunnan, Fujian), India (Arunanchal

41 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betula dahurica var. dahurica Betula ermanii Cham. Taxonomic note: B. ermanii var. China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, E Jilin, saitoana was previously described as N Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi), threatened is no longer an accepted Democratic People’s Republic of Korea variety of B. ermanii This taxon is reported to be common Betula ermanii var. ermanii and widespread (see taxonomic note for China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei B. dahurica). Mongol), Democratic People’s Republic Refs: 5, 74 of Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Betula dahurica var. okuboi Miyabe & Shikoku), Republic of Korea, Russian Tatew. Federation (Central Asian Russia: Amur, DD Buryatiya, Chita, Kamchatka, Kurile Japan (Hokkaido), Russian Federation Islands?, Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, (Central Asian Russia: Kurile Islands) Yakutiya; European Russia: Irkutsk, This little known variety is reported to Khavarovsk) be rare in the wild (see taxonomic note Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 113, 133, 154, 159, for B. dahurica). It is assessed as Near 208, 212, 222 Threatened in Japan, but insufficient Betula ermanii var. lanata Regel information is available to carry out a full China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), range wide conservation assessment. It Betula ermanii 'Polar Bear' Russian Federation (Central Asian Rus- is assessed here as Data Deficient and sia: Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, Magadan, in need of further field research. Primoryi, Sakhalin, Yakutiya; European Refs: 5, 74, 128, 133 Russia: Irkutsk, Khabarovsk) Betula dahurica var. parvifolia Refs: 5, 74, 133 Ashburner & McAll. Betula fruticosa Pall. DD Taxonomic notes: (1) B. tatewakiana Taxonomic note: this is described as a is generally considered a minor variant new variety by Ashburner and McAllister of B. fruticosa (2) B. baicalensis is a (2013) possible hybrid between B. fruticosa Japan (Honshu) and B. pendula (3) B. middendorfii and This taxon is known only from a small B. divaricata probably belong here, but population near Nobeyama in Nagano are very similar to B. glandulosa from Prefecture in the central part of the Goose Bay in Labrador main island of Honshu, Japan. Culti- China (N Heilongjiang, Jilin?, Nei Mongol), vated living collections and all known Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, herbarium specimens seem to be from Mongolia, Japan (Hokkaido)?, Republic the same locality. This taxon is reported of Korea, Russian Federation (Central as ‘not rare’ in the single locality that Betula ermanii Asian Russia: Amur, Buryatiya, Chita, it is known from, however, only one Kamchatka, Magadan, Primoryi, Sakhalin, seed bearing tree was found. The very Yakutiya; European Russia: Irkutsk, restricted distribution of this taxon Khabarovsk) makes it vulnerable to natural disaster, This species is assessed as Vulnerable including pest or disease outbreak, or in Japan under the synonym Betula human induced land clearance. Natural ovalifolia. This species is therefore regeneration is also assumed limited as considered locally threatened in Japan, only one seed bearing tree has been but due to its wider distribution outside reported from the remaining population. of Japan it is not considered to be Additional fieldwork is recommended globally threatened. to ensure no other populations exist. Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 132, 133, 154, 159, As this taxon is only recently described 208, 212, 222 there is very little published information about this taxon. Currently available Betula glandulosa Michx. information indicates this may threat- Taxonomic note: B. nana subsp. exilis ened. Further field research is required is here treated as a dwarf, mainly more to determine its conservation status. northern, variant of B. glandulosa. Refs: 5 Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Betula ermanii Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories,

42 The Red List of Betulaceae

Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward People’s Republic of Korea, Estonia, Betula insignis subsp. fansipanensis Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Ashburner & McAll. Greenland, Russian Federation (Central Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, DD Asian Russia: Amur, Buryatiya, Kam- Switzerland, Russian Federation Taxonomic note: Described for the first chatka, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Islands?, (Central Asian Russia: Buryatiya, time by Ashburner and McAllister, 2013 Magadan, Sakhalin, Yukutiya; Eastern Krasnoyarsk; Eastern Asian Russia: China (Yunnan), Vietnam Asian Russia: Altay, West Siberia; West Siberia; European Russia: Central This little known subspecies occurs European Russia: Irkutsk, Khabarovsk), European Russia, East European Rus- on mountain ridges on limestone, in Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United sia, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Khabarovsk, southwest Yunnan and Fan-Si-Pan States (Alaska, California, Colorado, South European Russia, Northwest in Vietnam. As this taxon is recently Idaho, Maine, Montana, New Hamp- European Russia), Mongolia, Ukraine described, further field research is shire, New York, Oregon, South Dakota, This species has a wide but patchy required to enable a full conservation Utah, Washington, Wyoming) distribution and has a reducing assessment to be undertaken. It is Refs: 5, 44, 49, 55, 74, 81, 95, 133, population across its range, which is assessed here as Data Deficient. 143, 182, 194, 208, 217, 221, 222, likely to continue to decline if additional Refs: 5 223, 224, 225, 233 conservation measures are not put in Betula lenta L. Assessor: Stritch, L. place. It is now rare in Western Europe, has only a few locations reported in Betula gmelinii Bunge Germany, is scarce in Poland where Taxonomic note: B. apoiensis, a species it appears to be absent from formerly previously listed as Vulnerable in the recorded sites, and is thought to be 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened extinct in the Czech Republic where it Plants (ref 236), is a probable local has not been seen for at least 50 years. variant of B. gmelinii Populations are reported to be rare China (N Heilongkiang, N Liaoning, Nei in Austria, Vulnerable in Romania and Mongol), Democratic People’s Republic Critically Endangered in Switzerland. of Korea, Japan (Hokkaido: Mt Apoi), N This species has declined over past Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Russian centuries, primarily due to the advance Federation (Central Asian Russia: of cultivation and the drainage of bogs. Buryatiya, Chita, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya; The threats facing this species are not Eastern Asian Russia: West Siberia; likely to cease, therefore depending on European Russia: Irkutsk) current area of occupancy, this species Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 133, 222, 236 could qualify as Vulnerable under Betula grossa Sieb. & Zucc. criterion A due to its reduced popula- Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku) tion. However, due to a lack of data on This species has a fairly small range, population reductions, it is currently not but it colonises easily following distur- possible to specify a threat category bance. It is therefore assessed as Least or Near Threatened category. Further Concern, but would benefit from further study is needed to better quantify the field research to verify distribution and population size reduction. population status within its range. Refs: 5, 11, 22, 40, 42, 71, 74, 78, 99, Refs: 5, 74, 133, 154, 208, 222 109, 116, 124, 131, 133, 138, 149, 208, 216, 222, 244, 251 Betula humilis Schrank Betula insignis Franch. Betula insignis subsp. insignis China (Chongqing, Fujian?, Guang- dong?, Guangxi?, Guizhou, Hunnan, W Betula lenta f. uber Hubei, Jiangxi?, Sichuan, Yunnan) Taxonomic note: B. uber, previously This species and subspecies are reported as threatened, is thought to be common and widespread in central a form of B. lenta because leaf shape is China. They have no known threats. the only consistent differential character. The species is assessed as Least Assessments for B. lenta f. lenta and Concern on the Chinese Red List. (The B. lenta f. uber are included here. Their species and type subspecies share the range information is incorporated into Betula humilis same distribution). the species-level assessment. See case Austria, Belarus, China (Xinjiang: Altay Refs: 5, 42, 74, 75, 77, 99, 133, 208, study 1 for more information on B. lenta Shan), Czech Republic, Democratic 222 forma uber.

43 The Red List of Betulaceae

Canada (Ontario), United States Betula microphylla Bunge Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire?, (Alabama, Connecticut, Georgia, Taxonomic note: Betula halophila is a New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachu- probable synonym of B. microphylla. The Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South setts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New status of B. halophila is uncertain–this Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, species previously listed as Extinct in Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Plants. Although its unique habitat for a NatureServe. West Virginia). birch suggests that it may be genetically Refs: 5, 16, 27, 38, 43, 44, 55, 74, 90, This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on distinct from any other birch, it is not 119, 133, 143, 172, 202, 208, 222, NatureServe (ref 143). easily distinguishable morphologically. 223, 224, 232 Refs: 5, 16, 44, 74, 77, 90, 119, 133, China (Xinjiang: Altay Shan, Hami Xian), Assessor: Stritch, L. 143, 172, 208, 224, 228, 233 Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?, Mongolia, Betula occidentalis Hook. Assessor: Stritch, L. Russian Federation (Altay, Buryatiya, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Tuva), Uzbekistan Betula luminifera H.J.P.Winkl. Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Refs: 5, 42, 74, 99, 133, 208, 236 China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, N Guang- Nunavut?, Ontario, Saskatchewan, dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Betula nana L. Yukon), United States (Alaska, Arizona, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Austria, Belarus, Canada (Nunavut)?, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North This species is common and wide- France, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, spread across its range, with no known Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Washington, Wyoming) threats. This species is assessed as Romania, Russian Federation (Central This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Least Concern on the Chinese Red List. Asian Russia: Krasnoyarsk; Eastern NatureServe. Refs: 5, 42, 74, 75, 99, 133, 208, 222 Asian Russia: West Siberia; European Refs: 5, 34, 35, 44, 74, 90, 118, 133, Russia: Central European Russia, 143, 182, 208, 217, 218, 221, 222, Betula maximowicziana Regel East European Russia, Irkutsk, North 223, 224, 225, 233, 239 European Russia), Slovakia, Svalbard Assessor: Stritch, L. and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Betula papyrifera Marshall United Kingdom (Great Britain) Taxonomic note: B. kenaica is said to This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on differ from B. papyrifera primarily in its NatureServe. smaller stature and in its smaller, blunt- Refs: 4, 5, 19, 31, 40, 44, 53, 74, 78, er-tipped, more coarsely and regularly 109, 116, 131, 133, 138, 142, 143, serrate leaves. It is best considered a 149, 156, 208, 215, 222, 224, 233, 244 westward extension of B. papyrifera into Assessor: Stritch, L. southern Alaska, perhaps affected by Betula nigra L. introgression from B. pendula subsp. mandshurica. Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Betula maximowicziana Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido), Russian Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United Federation (Central Asian Russia: Kurile States (Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Islands) Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Refs: 5, 74, 133, 136, 154, 177, 208, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, 222 Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Betula michauxii Spach Ohio?, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Canada (Labrador, New Brunswick, Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Québec), Washington, West Virginia?, Wisconsin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wyoming) Refs: 5, 44, 74, 133, 208, 222, 224, Betula nigra This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on 233 United States (Alabama, Arkansas, NatureServe. Assessor: Stritch, L. Connecticut, Delaware, District of Co- Refs: 5, 16, 44, 50, 74, 90, 95, 119, lumbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, 133, 143, 172, 202, 208, 221, 222, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, 223, 224, 225, 233 Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Assessor: Stritch, L.

44 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betula pendula Roth European Russia, Ingushetiya, Irkutsk, Russian Federation (Russian Federation Taxonomic notes: (1) Trees from the Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo-Cher- (Central Asian Russia: Buryatiya, Chita, extremes of the distribution in Europe kessiya, Krasnodar, North European Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya; Eastern Asian (B. pendula), north-east Asia and Russia, Northwest European Russia, Russia: West Siberia; European Russia: Japan and western North America (B. Severo-Osetiya, South European Irkutsk), United States (Alaska) platyphylla, B. mandshurica) and SW Russia, Stavropol), Serbia (inc. Kosovo), Refs: 5, 44, 177, 221, 223, 224, 225 China and Tibet (B. szechuanica) do Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Assessor: Stritch, L. look different and can be distinguished Switzerland, The Former Yugoslav Betula pendula subsp. szechuanica from one another. However, when the Republic of Macedonia, Turkey in Asia, (C.K.Scheid.) Ashburner & McAll. whole continuous geographical range Ukraine (inc. Krym), United Kingdom DD of diploid silver birches is considered, (Great Britain, Northern Ireland), United Taxonomic note: a newly described com-­ all those named as species intergrade States (Alaska), Uzbekistan bination by Ashburner & McAllister, 2013 in geographically intervening areas. Refs: 4, 5, 12, 15, 19, 23, 30, 40, 61, China (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, SE It is thought to be best divided into 71, 74, 99, 102, 110, 116, 131, 133, Xizang, N Yunnan) three subspecies, subsp. pendula in 138, 146, 149, 175, 177, 189, 203, This little known subspecies occurs as Europe and eastwards to central Asia, 204, 208, 213, 215, 222, 229, 249 a tree to 10 m with a spreading habit, subsp. mandshurica in eastern Asia Betula pendula subsp. pendula occurring in woodland and on open hill­- and western North America and subsp. Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan?, sides. This taxon is cultivated for orna­ szechuanica in western China from Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herze- mental purposes. This taxon is reported Qinghai and Gansu to Yunnan and govina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Repub- to have a fairly wide distribution, occurr­- southeast Xizang (2) B. platyphylla has lic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France ing across five states of China. However, been described as a separate species, (inc. Corsica), Georgia, Germany, it is recently described and no popula- representing birches from Mongolia Greece, Hungary, Iraq, Islamic Republic tion information or detailed distribution east of the Altai and into western and of Iran, Italy (inc. Sicily), Kazakhstan, information is available for this species. north-eastern China but it is thought the Kyrgyzstan?, Latvia, Lithuania, Additional field research is needed to two are synonymous (3) B. oycoviensis Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, determine distribution and population previously listed as threatened is a form Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, status to enable a full conservation of B. pendula (4) B. pendula subsp. Romania, Russian Federation (Central assessment to be undertaken. It is font-queri and B. pendula subsp. Asian Russia: Chita, Buryatiya, Kras- assessed here as Data Deficient. parvibracteata, previously listed as noyarsk, Tuva; Eastern Asian Russia: Refs: 5, 177 threatened are thought to be only minor Altay, West Siberia; European Russia: variants of B. pendula (5) B. szaferi, Betula populifolia Marshall Central European Russia, Chechnya, described previously as extinct in the Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Dagestan, East European Russia, In- wild, is now considered a weak growing Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), gushetiya, Irkutsk, Kabardino-Balkariya, and heavily fruiting form of B. pendula, United States (Connecticut, Delaware, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, due to the presence of a mutant gene Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, North European Russia, Northwest Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azer- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New European Russia, Severo-Osetiya, baijan?, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South European Russia, Stavropol), and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Serbia (inc. Kosovo), Slovakia, Slovenia, (Alberta, British Colombia, Manitoba, Virginia, West Virginia) Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedo- Saskatchewan, Yukon), China (Gansu, NatureServe (ref 143). nia, Turkey in Asia, Ukraine (inc. Krym), Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Si- Refs: 5, 44, 55, 74, 81, 90, 133, 135, United Kingdom (Great Britain, Northern chuan, Xinjiang, SE Xizang, N Yunnan), 143, 169, 172, 208, 217, 221, 222, Ireland), Uzbekistan Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, 223, 224, 233 Refs: 4, 5, 12, 15, 19, 23, 30, 40, 61, Estonia, Finland, France (inc. Corsica), Assessor: Stritch, L. 71, 74, 99, 102, 110, 116, 131, 133, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, 138, 146, 149, 175, 177, 189, 203, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy (inc. Betula potaninii Batalin 204, 208, 213, 215, 222, 229, 249 Sicily), Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz- Taxonomic notes: (1) B. delavayi, B. bomiensis, B. calcicola and B. potaninii stan?, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica taxa are very confused. However they Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, (Regel) Ashburner & McAll. are separable by their visible morpho- Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Taxonomic note: a newly described logical characters, ploidy and geograph- Romania, Russian Federation (Central combination by Ashburner & McAllister, ical distribution. (2) B. trichogemma Asian Russia: Amur, Chita, Buryatiya, 2013 seems to be no more than a minor Krasnoyarsk, Magadan, Tuva, Yakutiya; Canada (Alberta, British Colombia, Mani-­ variant of B. potaninii. (3) B. jiulungensis Eastern Asian Russia: Altay, West Sibe- toba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, may be a tree form of B. potaninii or ria; European Russia: Central European Ontario, Saskatchewan, Yukon), China perhaps a distinct species Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, East (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin), Japan,

45 The Red List of Betulaceae

North European Russia, Northwest Euro-­ Betula pubescens var. golitsinii pean Russia, Severo-Osetiya, South (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev European Russia, Stavropol), Serbia DD (inc. Kosovo), Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, South European Russia Switzerland, The Former Yugoslav This taxon is not listed by Ashburner Re­public of Macedonia, Turkey in Asia, and McAllister but are recognised Turkey in Europe, Ukraine, United King- by the World Checklist of Selected dom (Great Britain, Northern Ireland) Plant Families. Due to the taxonomic Refs: 4, 5, 8, 12, 19, 23, 40, 44, 69, 71, uncertainty and very little information 74, 111, 116, 131, 133, 138, 146, 148, available on distribution and population 149, 153, 189, 192, 199, 204, 208, status, it is assessed as Data Deficient 212, 213, 215, 222, 224, 233, 249 and in need of further study. Refs: 5, 74 Betula pubescens var. pubescens Betula potaninii Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Betula pubescens var. litwinowii China (SE Gansu, Shaanxi, N and W Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, (Doluch.) Ashburner & McAll. Sichuan) Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, DD This species has no known threats and Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Taxonomic notes: (1) A newly described is assessed as Least Concern on the Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, combination by Ashburner and Mc­- Chinese Red List Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Allister, 2013 (2) B. litwinowii is hardly Refs: 5, 42, 74, 75, 99, 133, 208, 222 Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian distinguishable from B. pubescens var. Federation (Central Asian Russia: Bury- litwinowii of the Swiss Jura or the Pyre­- Betula pubescens Ehrh. atiya, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya; Eastern nees (3) B. recurvata differs mainly in its Taxonomic note: (1) Although there is Asian Russia: Altay, West Siberia; larger leaves and absence of resin glands great variation in habit and stature in European Russia: Central European and is probably a local variant (4) The trees of this species associated with Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, East recently described B. browicziana, which different habitats there are no clear European Russia, Ingushetiya, Irkutsk, was listed as Rare in the 1997 IUCN boundaries between the different forms. Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo-Cher- Red List of Threatened Plants (ref 236) The most useful taxonomic treatment is kessiya, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, North and Endangered at a GTSG regional to give names to the most distinct, but European Russia, Northwest European tree Red Listing workshop in Georgia in only at the varietal level. Therefore var. Russia, Severo-Osetiya, South Euro- 2005, is thought to be a local variant pubescens for the tall central European pean Russia, Stavropol), Serbia (inc. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian and southern British and Scandinavian Kosovo), Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Federation (European Russia: Chechnya, populations, var. pumila for northern The Former Yugoslav Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetiya, Kabardino- populations, which are probably derived Macedonia, Turkey in Asia, Turkey in Balkariya, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, from var. pubescens through adaptive Europe, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Great Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol), selection and introgression from B. nana, Britain, Northern Ireland) Turkey in Asia var. fragrans for aromatic, small leaved Refs: 4, 5, 8, 12, 19, 23, 40, 44, 69, 71, At high elevations it has a multi-stemmed, trees from northwest Britain, and var. 74, 111, 116, 131, 133, 138, 146, 148, crooked shape and is shorter in height. litwinowii for Anatolian and Caucasian 149, 153, 189, 199, 204, 213, 215, It is often found clinging to cliff sides. populations which are probably largely 222, 224, 233, 249 The status of this taxon remains the result of introgression from B. uncertain. pendula var. Betula pubescens fragrans Refs: 5, 8, 192, 236, 256 Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Ashburner & McAll. Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, DD Betula pubescens var. pumila (L.) Canada (Newfoundland), Croatia, Czech Taxonomic note: this is described as a Govaerts Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, new variety by Ashburner & McAllister, DD France, Georgia, Germany, Greenland, 2013 Canada (Newfoundland), Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechten- United Kingdom (Great Britain: Nor- Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russian stein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monte- thumberland, Lake Bala) Federation (Eastern Asian Russia: Altay, negro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Small trees to about 5 m with twisted West Siberia; North European Russia), Romania, Russian Federation (Central trunks. This taxon can be found on Sweden Asian Russia: Buryatiya, Krasnoyarsk, steep hillsides and rocky streambanks A dwarf shrub found in sheltered rocky Yakutiya; Eastern Asian Russia: Altay, in the mountains and throughout the valleys in the arctic, and on mountains West Siberia; European Russia: Central Scottish Highlands at all altitudes. This further south. These populations are European Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, is a new variety described by Ashburner extensive and dominate the vegetation East European Russia, Ingushetiya, Ir­- and McAllister (2013). Little information over large areas. The conservation kutsk, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo- is available about this taxon. status of this taxon remains uncertain. Cherkessiya, Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Refs: 5 Refs: 5, 74, 133, 208, 212

46 The Red List of Betulaceae

Betula pumila L. between them. They are here treated as Afghanistan, India (Jammu-Kashmir), Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, subspecies of B. utilis: B. utilis subsp. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, utilis, B. utilis subsp. jacquemontii, B. Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, utilis subsp. albosinensis (2) B. jinpin- Refs: 5, 74, 133, 208 Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward gensis is doubtfully distinct from B. utilis Betula utilis subsp. albosinensis Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China (Gansu, (Burkill) Ashburner & McAll. Yukon), Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai, DD United States (California, Colorado, Shaanxi, Shanxi, W Sichuan, E and S China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Xizang, NW Yunnan), India (Arunachal Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan) Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Pradesh, Darjiling, Himachal Pradesh, A tree to 35 m it forms a component of Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Ne- Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttaranchal), cool temperate mixed or mainly conifer braska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, forest. It is cultivated for ornamental New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan use. The wood is hard, dense and South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Refs: 2, 5, 9, 41, 42, 45, 68, 74, 99, rather brittle, being used for many Wisconsin, Wyoming) 107, 122, 125, 133, 177, 208, 219, 222 purposes. There is little information This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Betula utilis subsp. utilis available about this taxon. Further NatureServe (ref 143). research is required. It is assessed here Refs: 5, 44, 74, 133, 143, 208, 221, as Data Deficient. 222, 224, 225, 233 Refs: 5, 177 Assessor: Stritch, L. Betula utilis subsp. jacquemontii Betula raddeana Trautv. Armenia? Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation (Dagestan, Karacheyevo- Cherkessiya) This species was assessed as Near Threatened in the World List of Threat- ened Trees. However a more recent assessment led by the IUCN, Missouri Botanical Garden and botanists from five countries situated in the Caucasus region, has reassessed this species as Least Concern due to its wide distribution on the eastern Greater Caucasus, pre­ Betula utilis subsp. utilis sumed large population and because it Bhutan, China (Sichuan, Xizang, is unlikely to be declining fast enough to Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Betula utilis subsp. jacquemontii qualify for listing in a threatened category. Darjiling, Sikkim), Nepal However, population monitoring is needed, (Spach) Ashburner & McAll. Refs: 2, 5, 9, 41, 42, 45, 68, 74, 99, taking into account forest clear-cutting DD 107, 122, 125, 133, 177, 208, 219, 222 and negative effects of traditional land India (Himanchal Pradesh, Jammu- use (incl. grazing and cattle camping in Betula utilis subsp. occidentalis Kitam Kashmir, Uttaranchal), Nepal subalpine forests). The effects of global A small tree to 15 m, this taxon is found climate change on this species should in forests, stony river beds, screes and be studied, but it is predicted to ascend rocky places in the mountains. Older to higher altitudes. trees develop thick plates of bark and Refs: 5, 8, 9, 74, 110, 133, 192, 208, form gnarled trees on the mountains. 222 It is cultivated as an ornamental, this Assessor: IUCN/SSC Caucasus Plant taxon has long been a favourite in Red List Authority gardens and arboreta. The timber is used for firewood, and the bark stripped Betula utilis D.Don for roofing. Further population informa- Taxonomic notes: (1) B. utilis, B. jacque-­ tion is required to ensure exploitation is montii and B. albosinensis, are clearly not causing a population decline. It is closely related, and have been recog­ assessed here as Data Deficient. nised in the past as separate species, Refs: 5, 74, 133, 208 subspecies or varieties. All are tetraploid and, although the extremes are very different, it is often difficult to distinguish Betula utilis subsp. occidentalis

47 The Red List of Betulaceae

Carpinus betulus L. This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on NatureServe. Refs: 16, 29, 43, 44, 59, 66, 73, 74, 77, 81, 90, 133, 135, 136, 143, 172, 200, 202, 208, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 233

Carpinus caroliniana subsp. carolin- iana United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Carpinus betulus Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Iowa?, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Carpinus cordata Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey?, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carpinus cordata var. cordata Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia) China (SE Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, This species is ranked G5T4T5 (Appar- Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong: Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Latvia, ently Secure/Secure) on NatureServe Kunyu Shan, Shanxi), Democratic Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, (ref 143). People’s Republic of Korea, Japan Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Refs: 16, 29, 44, 66, 73, 74, 77, 133, (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Poland, Romania, Russian Federation 135, 143, 200, 217, 221, 224, 225 Republic of Korea, Russian Federation (European Russia: Central European Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virgini- (Central Asian Russia: Primoryi) Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushe- Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 tiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, ana (Marshall) Furlow Karacheyevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Canada (Ontario, Quebec), United Carpinus cordata var. chinensis Severo-Osetiya, South European States (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecti- Franch. Russia, Stavropol), Serbia, Slovakia, cut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ken- The Former Yugoslav Republic of tucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Macedonia, Turkey in Asia, Turkey in Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Europe, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Great Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Britain) New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Refs: 15, 19, 22, 23, 30, 71, 74, 116, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 131, 133, 137, 138, 146, 149, 176, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, 189, 204, 208, 222, 224, 247, 249 Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) This species is ranked G5T5 (Secure) Carpinus caroliniana Walter on NatureServe (ref 143). Taxonomic note: there is some confusion Refs: 16, 29, 44, 74, 77, 81, 133, 135, Carpinus cordata var. chinensis in the naming of this species. This species 143, 172, 202, 208, 217, 221, 224, China (Anhui, SE Gansu, Guizhou, has been recorded as Near Threatened 225, 233 Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, in the Mexican cloud forests but it is now Assessor: Stritch, L. SW Shaanxi: Tabai Shan, Sichuan, recognised that C. tropicalis is the ac-­ Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Carpinus chuniana Hu cepted name of this tree species as it Shikoku)? China (N Guangdong: Lechang Xian, occurs in Mexico and Central America. Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208 The range of C. caroliniana is now Guizhou: Fanjing Shan, SE Hubei) delimited to North America. The ranges Assessed as Least Concern on the Carpinus cordata var. mollis (Rehder) of the two subspecies overlap and Chinese Red List. W.C.Cheng ex C.Chen hybrids with intermediate features are Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 China (Gansu, S Ningxia, Shaanxi: Hua Shan, Sichuan) common. Carpinus cordata Blume Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 Canada (Ontario, Quebec), United States China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Dela­- Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Lia- Carpinus fangiana Hu ware, District of Columbia, Florida, Geor­- oning, S Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, China (N Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, E gia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Democratic Yunnan) Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachu­ People’s of Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Assessed as Least Concern on the setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Republic Chinese Red List. Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, of Korea, Russian Federation (Central Refs: 42, 74, 75, 77, 99, 133, 208 New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Okla-­ Asian Russia: Primoryi) homa, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 113, 133, 154, Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, 159, 208, 222 Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin)

48 The Red List of Betulaceae

Carpinus fargesiana H.J.P.Winkl. Carpinus kawakamii Hayata China (Hainan) Carpinus fargesiana var. fargesiana China (Fuijian: Liancheng Xian)?, Only found growing in subtropical China (S Gansu, W Henan, W Hubei, S Province of China (Taiwan: Alishan) forests on Hainan Island, population Shaanxi, Sichuan) Reported to be a common species numbers are unknown. There is limited Assessed as Least Concern on the with a large population and no known information available about this taxon Chinese Red List. threats. Assessed as Least Concern on and further research is required. It is Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208, 222 the Chinese Red List. assessed here as Data Deficient. Refs: 42, 74, 77, 91, 94, 99, 120, 133, Refs: 42, 74, 106, 133, 208, 210 Carpinus fargesiana var. hwai (Hu & 208, 222 W.C.Cheng) P.C.Li Carpinus londoniana var. xiphobrac- China (W Hubei: Lichuan Xian, E Sichuan: Carpinus kawakamii var. kawakamii teata P.C.Li Wan Xian) DD DD Assessed as Least Concern on the Province of China (Taiwan) China (Zhejiang: Yin Xian) Chinese Red List. This taxon has a small reported Found growing in forests on moist Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 distribution. There is limited information mountain slopes at around 700 m ASL. available about this taxon and further There is limited information available Carpinus firmifolia (H.J.P.Winkl.) Hu research is required. It is assessed here about this taxon and further research China (Guizhou: Guiyang Shi) as Data Deficient. is required. It is assessed here as Data Assessed as Least Concern on the Refs: 42, 74, 77, 91, 94, 99, 133, 222 Deficient. Chinese Red List. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133 Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133 Carpinus kawakamii var. minutiserra- ta (Hayata) S.S.Ying Carpinus mollicoma Hu Carpinus henryana (H.J.P.Winkl.) DD China (Sichuan: Emi Shan, E Xizang: H.J.P.Winkl. Province of China (Taiwan) Bomi Zian, SE Yunnan: Malipo Xian) China (E Gansu, W Guizhou, Henan, W Found in forests on mountain slopes Assessed as Least Concern on the Hubei, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Yunnan) at medium altitudes. This taxon has Chinese Red List. Assessed as Least Concern on the a small reported distribution. There is Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 Chinese Red List. limited information available about this Refs: 42, 74, 75, 77, 99, 133, 208, 222 Carpinus monbeigiana Hand.-Mazz. taxon and further research is required. It China (Xizang, C and NW Yunnan) Carpinus henryana var. henryana is assessed here as Data Deficient. Assessed as Least Concern on the DD Refs: 74, 120, 133, 208 Chinese Red List. China (Sichuan) Carpinus kweichowensis Hu Refs: 42, 74, 75, 77, 99, 133, 208 This taxon has a small reported distrib­- China (SW Guizhou: Zhenfeng Xian, SE ution. There is limited information avail-­ Carpinus orientalis Mill. Yunnan) able about this taxon and further research Carpinus orientalis subsp. orientalis Assessed as Least Concern on the is required. It is assessed here as Data Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Chinese Red List. Deficient. Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Refs: 42, 74, 93, 99, 133, 208 Refs: 74, 133, 208 Greece, Hungary, Islamic Republic of Iran, Carpinus londoniana H.J.P.Winkl. Italy (inc. Sicilia), Lebanon?, Moldova, Carpinus henryana var. oblongifolia Carpinus londoniana var. londoniana Montenegro, Romania, Russian Federa-­ (Hu) Rushforth China (S Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, ­tion (European Russia: Chechnya, Dages-­ DD Guangxi, SE Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, tan, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, China (Hubei) Jiangxi, SC Sichuan, S Yunnan, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, A tree to 18 m tall, found in subtropical Zhejiang), Lao People’s Democratic Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol), Serbia, forests. This taxon has a small reported Republic, SE Myanmar, N Thailand, Slovenia, Syrian Arab Republic?, The distribution. There is limited information Vietnam Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,­ available about this taxon and further Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 106, 133, 208, Turkey in Asia, Turkey in Europe, Ukraine research is required. It is assessed here 210 (Krym) (The species and type subspecies as Data Deficient. share the same distribution). Refs: 74, 133, 208 Carpinus londoniana var. latifolius Refs: 15, 30, 74, 110, 133, 136, 170, P.C.Li Carpinus henryana var. simplicidentata 192, 203, 204, 208, 222, 249 China (Zhejiang: Ningbo Xian) (Hu) Rushforth Assessed as Least Concern on the Carpinus orientalis subsp. macrocar- DD Chinese Red List. pa (Willk.) Browicz China (Hubei) Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133 DD This taxon has a small reported distribu­ Islamic Republic of Iran tion. There is limited information available Carpinus londoniana var. lanceolata Often found in transition forests includ- about this taxon and further research (Hand.-Mazz.) P.C.Li ing deciduous temperate mixed forest is required. It is assessed here as Data DD and scrub at high altitudes. Further field Deficient. Refs: 74, 77, 133, 208 49 The Red List of Betulaceae

research is required to obtain enough Province of China (Taiwan) Carpinus tropicalis subsp. mexicana information for an assessment to be Reported to be common across its Furlow performed. range, with a large population and no DD Refs: 15, 74, 101, 133, 208 known threats. The two varieties are Mexico (Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, assessed as Least Concern on the Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Neuvo Carpinus polyneura Franch. Chinese Red List. León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamauli- China (Fujian, N Guangdong, Guizhou, Refs: 42, 74, 77, 91, 94, 96, 99, 120, pas, Veracruz) Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, NE 133, 208 Sichuan: Chengkou Xian, Zhejiang) This subspecies is endemic to Mexico Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208, 222 Carpinus rupestris A.Camus and occurs in the mountains and the China (W Guangxi, SW Guizhou: Xingyi trans-Mexican volcanic belt. It is found Carpinus polyneura var. polyneura Xian, SE Yunnan) on moist slopes and canyons in cloud DD Assessed as Least Concern on the forest. The wood is collected for fire- China (Hunan, Sichuan) Chinese Red List. wood and coal. This taxon is potentially This taxon has a small reported Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 threatened but further field research is distribution. There is limited information needed to determine its conservation Carpinus shensiensis Hu available about this taxon and further status. It is therefore assessed here as China (S Gansu, S Shaanxi: Nanwutai) research is required. It is assessed here Data Deficient. Assessed as Least Concern on the as Data Deficient. Refs: 17, 74, 133, 164 Chinese Red List. Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208, 222 Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208 Carpinus tsaiana Hu Carpinus polyneura var. sunpanensis China (SW Guizhou, SE Yunnan: Ping­- Carpinus tropicalis (Donn.Sm.) Lundell (K.C.Hsia) P.C.Li bian Miaozu Sishixian) Taxonomic note: There is some DD Assessed as Least Concern on the confusion over the naming of this China (Sichuan) Chinese Red List. species. It is sometimes referred to as Restricted to North Sichuan, this tree Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 C. caroliniana. grows up to 10 m in height and is found El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. in temperate broad-leaved forests. Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, China (Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, W There is limited information available Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, about this taxon and further research Morelos, Nayarit, Neuvo León, Oaxaca, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Democratic is required. It is assessed here as Data Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, People’s Republic of Korea, Japan Deficient. Tamaulipas, Veracruz), Nicaragua (Honshu, Shikoku), Republic of Korea Refs: 74, 133, 208 Refs: 10, 17, 29, 44, 65, 73, 74, 130, Assessed as Least Concern on the Carpinus polyneura var. tsunyihensis 133, 145, 164, 187, 188, 208 Chinese Red List. (Hu) P.C.Li Assessor: Stritch, L. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 136, 154, 159, DD 174, 208, 222 Carpinus tropicalis subsp. tropicalis China (Guizhou) El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Carpinus turczaninowii Hance Found only in Guizhou. A tree to 7 m Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, China (Beijing: Jinshan, S Gansu, in height, it is found growing in moun- Jalisco, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Henan, Jiangsu, S Liaoning, Shaanxi, tainous mixed forest. There is limited Sinaloa, Veracruz), Nicaragua Shandong), Democratic People’s information available about this taxon Refs: 17, 66, 74, 133, 164 Republic of Korea, Japan (Honshu, and further research is required. It is Kyushu, Shikoku), Republic of Korea The parent species is reported to assessed here as Data Deficient. Assessed as Least Concern on the Refs be Near Threatened within Mexico, : 74, 133, 208 Chinese Red List. however it is assessed globally as Carpinus pubescens Burkill Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 136, 154, Least Concern as it is not considered China (Guizhou, Hubei?, Shaanxi, 159, 208, 222 threatened in other parts of its range. C. Sichuan, Yunnan: Mile Xian), N Vietnam tropicalis subsp. tropicalis has a smaller Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl. Assessed as Least Concern on the distribution in Mexico and its distribution Bangladesh,­ Bhutan, China (Anhui, Fujian, Chinese Red List. outside of Mexico aligns with the parent N Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Refs: 42, 74, 75, 77, 99, 133, 208 species. Neither are considered to meet Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Carpinus rankanensis Hayata thresholds to be considered threatened Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Arunachal Taxonomic note: The two varieties at present, but deforestation of cloud Pradesh, Assam, Darjiling, Himachal (C. rankanensis var. rankanensis and forest habitat poses a threat and there- Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Manipur, C. rankanensis var. matsudae) are not fore a reassessment is recommended Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, recognised in the most recent taxonom- in 10 years for both the parent species Tripura, Uttaranchal), Myanmar, Nepal, ic treatment. and C. tropicalis subsp. tropicalis. Thailand, Vietnam Refs: 41, 42, 68, 74, 75, 77, 99, 133, 208, 222, 234 50 The Red List of Betulaceae

Corylus americana Walter Corylus avellana var. pontica (K.Koch) Canada (Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, H.J.P.Winkl. Saskatchewan), United States DD (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Greece (East Aegean Islands?), Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Russian Federation (European Russia: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Chechnya, Dagestan, Inguschetiya, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachu- Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo-Cher- setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, kessiya, Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Stavropol), Turkey in Asia. New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, This lesser known variety is found Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode growing in deciduous scrub and forest. Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, It produces edible nuts which are often Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West harvested from the wild and sold at Virginia, Wisconsin) local markets. There is little information This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on available about this species. Over NatureServe (ref 143). exploitation could present a threat to Corylus colurna at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Refs: 43, 44, 74, 81, 133, 135, 143, this species. It is assessed here as Data Kew, Millennium Seed Bank 172, 202, 208, 217, 222, 223, 224, Deficient. Stavropol), Serbia, The Former Yugoslav 233, 237 Refs: 74, 85, 133, 158, 203, 208 Republic of Macedonia, Turkey in Asia, Assessor: Stritch, L. Corylus chinensis Franch. Turkey in Europe Corylus avellana L. Refs: 15, 30, 45, 71, 74, 114, 133, 136, Corylus avellana var. avellana 177, 197, 204, 208, 222, 249

Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Corylus cornuta Marshall Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Islands?, Finland, France (inc. Corsica), Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Sas­ Georgia, Germany, Greece (inc. East katchewan), Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Aegean Islands?, Kriti?), Hungary, United States (Alabama, California, Colo­- Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq?, Italy (inc. rado, Connecticut, Delaware?, Georgia, Sardegna, Sicilia), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Minnisota, Montana, New Hampshire, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Corylus chinensis New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Federation (European Russia: Central China (Gansu, Guizhou, Henan?, Hubei, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsyl- European Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Hunan?, Shaanxi, SW Sichuan, Xizang, vania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, East European Russia, Ingushetiya, NW Yunnan) South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo-Cher- This species was assessed as Endan- Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, kessiya, Krasnodar, North European gered (EN) in the 1998 World List of Wisonsin, Wyoming) Russia, Northwest European Russia, Threatened Trees, but has a fairly wide This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Severo-Osetiya, South European distribution and is assessed as Least NatureServe. Russia, Stavropol), Serbia, Slovakia, Concern on the Chinese Red List. Refs: 44, 74, 81, 133, 135, 143, 172, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Declines have been witnessed due to 182, 202, 208, 217, 222, 223, 224, The Former Yugoslav Republic of deforestation, but the local assessment 233, 237 as Least Concern implies these threats Macedonia, Turkey in Asia, Ukraine Corylus cornuta subsp. cornuta are not large enough for this species to (inc. Krym), United Kingdom (Great Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, qualify in a threat category. Britain, Northern Ireland) (The species Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Refs: 42, 74, 99, 121, 133, 190, 208, and type subspecies share the same Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, 222 distribution). Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Sas-­ Refs: 1, 4, 15, 19, 20, 23, 30, 36, 71, Corylus colurna L. katchewan), Saint Pierre and Miquelon, 74, 85, 102, 110, 116, 131, 133, 136, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzego-­ United States (Alabama, Colorado, Con-­ 138, 146, 149, 158, 170, 177, 189, vina, Bulgaria, Croatia?, Georgia, Greece, necticut, Delaware?, Georgia, Idaho, 203, 204, 208, 222, 249 Islamic Republic of Iran, Montenegro, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massa­- Romania, Russian Federation (European chusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Russia: Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingusche­- New Hampshire, New Jersey, New tiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo- York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 51 The Red List of Betulaceae

South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennes- Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv. Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica see, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, China (Anhui, E and S Gansu, Guizhou, (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, This species is ranked G5T5 (Secure) Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, on NatureServe. E Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shan- Refs: 44, 74, 81, 133, 135, 143, 172, dong, Shanxi, NE Sichuan, Zhejiang), 202, 224, 233, 237 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), Corylus cornuta subsp. californica Republic of Korea, Russian Federation (A.DC.) A.E.Murray (Central Asian Russia: Amur, Chita, Taxonomic note: This subspecies is Khabarovsk, Primoryi), E Mongolia? most often treated as a variety of the Refs: 42, 74, 75, 99, 113, 133, 154, northern C. cornuta. The two taxa may 159, 208, 222 not be very closely related, differing conspicuously in appearance, habitat, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla phytogeography and various other China (E Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang: Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica features. A thorough taxonomic study of Dailing, Daxinganling, Henan, this group should be undertaken. Jilin: Changbai Shan, Liaoning, E Nei Canada (British Columbia), United Mongol, Ningxia: Liupan Shan, Shanxi), States (California, Oregon, Washington) Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, This species is ranked G5T5 (Secure, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu), inexact numeric rank) on NatureServe. Republic of Korea, Russian Federation Refs: 44, 74, 133, 143, 182, 208, 217, (Amur, Chita, Khabarovsk, Primoryi), 223, 224, 233 E Mongolia? Assessor: Stritch, L. Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 222

Corylus fargesii (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuen- China (S Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, ensis Franch. Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Ningxia, China (Anhui, S Gansu, Guizhou, Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica Shaanxi, NE Sichuan: Chengkou Xian) Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, China (E Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Assessed as Least Concern on the Shaanxi, Shandong, NE Sichuan: Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Chinese Red List. Chengkou Xian, Zhejiang) Shaanxi, E and N Sichuan), Democratic Refs: 42, 74, 77, 99, 133, 208, 222 Refs: 42, 74, 75, 99, 133, 208, 222 People’s Republic of Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Republic of Korea, Corylus ferox Wall. Corylus maxima Mill. Russian Federation (Amur, Chita, Bhutan, China (SE Gansu, Guizhou, Croatia, Greece?, Serbia, Slovenia Khabarovsk, Primoryi) W Hubei, Ningxia, Shaanxi, E and Refs: 30, 74, 133, 136, 177, 208, 249 SW Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan), India This taxon has a wide distribution, how­- Corylus sieboldiana Blume (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Darjiling, ever it would benefit from further research China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Naga- to verify population status. Its nuts are Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, land, Sikkim, Tripura), Myanmar, Nepal edible and therefore over-exploitation Shaanxi, Sichuan), Democratic People’s Refs: 41, 42, 74, 75, 99, 125, 133, 151, could be a risk. Republic of Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, 208, 222 Refs: 74, 133, 154, 159, 208, 222 Honshu), Republic of Korea, Russian Q.X.Liu & Corylus ferox var. ferox Federation (Central Asian Russia: Amur, Corylus wulingensis C.M.Zhang Bhutan, China (Guizhou: Fanjiang Shan, Chita, Primoryi; European Russia: China (Hunan) SW Sichuan, NW and W Yunnan), India Khaborovsk) Assessed as Least Concern on the (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Darjiling, Refs: 74, 113, 133, 154, 208, 222 Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Naga- Chinese Red List. Corylus sieboldiana var. sieboldiana land, Sikkim, Tripura), Myanmar, Nepal Refs: 74, 99, 133, 208 DD Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208, 222 (Franch.) Democratic People’s Republic of Corylus yunnanensis A.Camus Corylus ferox var. tibetica (Batalin) Korea?, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, China (W Guizhou, Hubei, SE and W Franch. Kyushu, Shikoko) Sichuan, W Yunnan: Dali Xian) China (SE Gansu, Guizhou, W Hubei, This taxon has a small reported Assessed as Least Concern on the Ningxia, Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Xizang, distribution. There is limited information Chinese Red List. Yunnan) available about this taxon and further Refs: 42, 56, 74, 75, 99, 107, 133, 208, Assessed as Least Concern on the research is required. It is assessed here 222 Chinese Red List. as Data Deficient. Refs: 42, 74, 75, 99, 133, 208, 222 Refs: 74, 133, 159, 208, 222

52 The Red List of Betulaceae

Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Ostrya knowltonii Sarg. Tamaulipas, Veracruz), United States United States (Arizona, New Mexico, (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Texas, Utah) Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, This species is ranked G3G4 (Vulnera- Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, ble/Apparently Secure) on NatureServe Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, (ref 143). Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Refs: 13, 14, 44, 74, 133, 143, 150, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New 166, 208, 214, 217, 224, 240 Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Assessor: Stritch, L. North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Ostrya multinervis Rehder South Carolina, South Dakota, Ten- China (Guizhou, S Hunan: Xinning Xian nessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West and Junyan Shan, Jiangsu, SE Sichuan, Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Zhejiang) This species is ranked G5 (Secure) on Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 NatureServe . Ostrya trichocarpa D.Fang & Refs: 10, 16, 29, 43, 44, 59, 73, 74, Y.S.Wang 90, 130, 133, 135, 143, 145, 172, 187, Ostrya carpinifolia China (SW Guangxi) 188, 198, 202, 208, 217, 222, 223, Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia Assessed as Least Concern on the 224, 233, 237 Chinese Red List. and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 208 France (inc. Corsica), Georgia, Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Greece, Hungary?, Italy (inc. Sarde- Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward gna, Sicilia), Lebanon, Montenegro, Island, Quebec), United States Russian Federation (European Russia: (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetiya, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachaevo-Cher- Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, kessiya, Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Stavropol), Serbia, Slovenia, Switzer- Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, land, Syrian Arab Republic, The Former Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Turkey in Asia, Turkey in Europe North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Refs: 20, 30, 71, 74, 102, 110, 111, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 133, 170, 208, 222, 249 South Carolina, South Dakota, Ten- Ostrya virginiana Ostrya japonica Sarg. nessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Taxonomic note: There continues to Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) be some debate on the acceptance of This taxon is ranked G5T5 (Secure) on subspecific taxa of this species. It has NatureServe. been reported that Ostrya virginiana Refs: 16, 29, 73, 74, 133, 135, 143, is Near Threatened in The Red List of 172, 202, 217, 233, 237 Mexican Cloud Forest Trees, however it is thought that this assessment refers to Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalen- O. virginiana subsp. guatemalensis that sis (H.J.P.Winkl.) A.E.Murray occurs in cloud forests from southern El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico into Guatemala, El Salvador and Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Honduras. Veracruz) Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Refs: 10, 29, 44, 73, 74, 130, 133, 145, Nova Scotia, S Ontario, S Quebec), 187, 188, 198, 208 El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Assessor: Stritch, L. Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua?, Duran- Ostryopsis davidiana Decne. Ostrya japonica go, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México China (Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, Nei China (S Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, State, Michoacán?, Nayarit, Neuvo Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, W Sichuan) Shaanxi, W Sichuan), Democratic León?, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro?, Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 168, 208, 222 People’s Republic of Korea, Japan San Luis Potosí?, Sinaloa, Sonora, (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), Republic of Korea Refs: 42, 74, 99, 133, 154, 159, 208, 222, 224

53 The Red List of Betulaceae

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Annex I IUCN red list categories and criteria (version 3.1)

EXTINCT (EX) DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate informa- last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when tion to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. appro­priate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distri- should be over a time-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life bution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category cycle and life form. of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) future research will show that threatened classification is A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or data are available. In many cases great care should be exer- popula­tions) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed cised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/ range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last annual), through­-out its historic range have failed to record an record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. individual. Surveys should be over a time-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) against the criteria. A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, Critically En­-dangered (see Section V), and it is therefore ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) the wild. A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available ENDANGERED (EN) evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence in- (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an ex­ dicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered tremely high risk of extinction in the wild: (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: very high risk of extinction in the wild. 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected popula­ tion size reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or VULNERABLE (VU) three generations, whichever is the longer, where the A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND un­ indi­cates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable derstood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a of the following: high risk of extinction in the wild. (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon NEAR THREATENED (NT) (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against and/or quality of habitat the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, En- (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation dangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, patho- likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. gens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.

LEAST CONCERN (LC) 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected popu- A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against lation size reduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, En­ three generations, whichever is the longer, where the dangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may abundant taxa are included in this category. not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

65 The Red List of Betulaceae

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three individuals and either: generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) three years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up under A1. to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of population size reduction of 80% over any 10 year or ≥ the following (a-b): three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than period must include both the past and the future, and 50 mature individuals, OR where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased (ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one sub- OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, population. (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. mature ­individuals. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occur­ D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature rence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: individuals. 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, single location. whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: ENDANGERED (EN) (i) extent of occurrence A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence (ii) area of occupancy indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of (iv) number of locations or subpopulations extinction in the wild: (v) number of mature individuals. A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected pop- (i) extent of occurrence ulation size reduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years (ii) area of occupancy or three generations, whichever is the longer, where (iii) number of locations or subpopulations the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND (iv) number of mature individuals. understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, of the following: and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: (a) direct observation a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon single location. (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, and/or quality of habitat in any of the following: (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (i) extent of occurrence (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, patho- (ii) area of occupancy gens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected popu- (iv) number of locations or subpopulations lation size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or (v) number of mature individuals. three generations, whichever is the longer, where the c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may (i) extent of occurrence not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (ii) area of occupancy (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals.

66 The Red List of Betulaceae

3. A population size reduction of ≥50%, projected or C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2,500 suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three mature individuals and either: genera­tions, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) five years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up under A1. to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, population size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a the following (a-b): maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: period must include both the past and the future, AND (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased 250 mature individuals, OR OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, (ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one sub- based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. population. (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occur­ rence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 individuals. km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, than five locations. whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: VULNERABLE (VU) (i) extent of occurrence A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indi- (ii) area of occupancy cates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in (iv) number of locations or subpopulations the wild: (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected pop- (ii) area of occupancy ulation size reduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years (iii) number of locations or subpopulations or three generations, whichever is the longer, where (iv) number of mature individuals. the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible AND 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: of the following: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more (a) direct observation than five locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon inferred or projected, in any of the following: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence (i) extentofoccurrence and/or quality of habitat (ii) area of occupancy (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, patho- (iv) number of locations or subpopulations gens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. (v) number of mature individuals. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected popu- c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: lation size reduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or (i) extent of occurrence three generations, whichever is the longer, where the (ii) area of occupancy reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may (iii) number of locations or subpopulations not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (iv) number of mature individuals. (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

67 The Red List of Betulaceae

3. A population size reduction of ≥30%, projected or (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three (iv) number of locations or subpopulations genera­tions, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum (v) number of mature individuals. of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: under A1. (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected (iii) number of locations or subpopulations population size reduction of 30% over any 10 year or ≥ (iv) number of mature individuals. three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 period must include both the past and the future, AND mature individuals and either: where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occur­ numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the rence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: following (a-b): 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: km2, and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more 1,000 mature individuals, OR than 10 locations. (ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of (ii) area of occupancy the following: (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat 1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1,000 (iv) number of locations or subpopulations mature individuals. (v) number of mature individuals. 2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (typi­cally less than 20 km2) or number of locations (typ- (i) extent of occurrence ically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of (ii) area of occupancy human activities or stochastic events within a very short (iii) number of locations or subpopulations time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable (iv) number of mature individuals. of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a 2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km2, very short time period. and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. than 10 locations. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, Source: IUCN (2001) in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy

68 The Red List of Betulaceae

Kirsty Shaw, Larry Stritch, Malin Rivers, Shyamali Roy, Becky Wilson and Rafaël Govaerts

The Red List of Betulaceae

For further information please contact: BGCI Descanso House 199 Kew Road, Richmond Surrey, TW9 3BW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.bgci.org