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Home , History, Indian country, Indian removal, Indian reservation, Indian Territory, Yakima War

American Indian History

1886 1980 With v. Kagama the Supreme U.S. v. Nation. The Court rules that the Court upholds Congress' authority to pass Sioux must be awarded compensation with the Major Crimes Act, holding that the U.S. interest for the U.S. confiscation of the Black Federal Government has the "plenary power" Hills. The Sioux Nation refuses the money in the or supreme, absolute control over Indians. hopes of regaining the land itself. LEGISLATION 1887 1981 The General Allotment Act, In v. the U.S. the Court ruled introduced by Senator Henry Dawes, that a 's regulation of non-Indian POLICY is passed by Congress. The single hunting on non-Indian land within a 1823 1831 most destructive piece of legislation reservation was inconsistent with a tribe's Johnson v. Nation v. , 1883 aimed at tribal land. The act and its status as a dependent domestic nation. McIntosh, the the case in the "Marshall subsequent amendments created the . EVENTS first of the three Trilogy." The court found that general framework for removing 1978 The Supreme Court Supreme Court the was not reservation land from communal In U.S. v. Wheeler ruled that the murder 1982 2005 cases referred to a "foreign " but a "domestic tribal ownership and allotting parcels 1974 the Supreme Court of one Indian by In Tribe v. Butterworth, In of Sherrill v. of , the as the "Marshall dependent nation," to whom to individual members, which U.S. v. grants the existence another within Indian the Court ruled that have a Supreme Court held that the repurchase of traditional tribal lands Trilogy." The the U.S. has a guardian- could eventually be sold, given, or 1954 (the Boldt Decision) of tribal sovereignty was not right to create gambling enterprises did not restore tribal sovereignty to that land, meaning that the land court ruled that relationship. Dictum in the otherwise transferred to non-Indians Brown v. Board of is holds that but declares this a criminal offense on their land. could not be exempted from local property taxes. Indian tribes case also affirmed the status of after expiration or termination of decided by the Supreme Court with tribes in the sovereignty subject 1989 punishable by the could not convey tribes as states and the validity of a 25--period. Reservation land prohibiting states from segregating Northwest that to Congressional In Hodel v. Irving, the Supreme United States. Indian land to private treaties with tribes. that exceeded the amount needed schools based on race – based on preserve the right whim. 1987 Court invalidated original Section tribes in their parties without by an individual allotments on a 1903 the principles of equality. to fish "at all usual In v. 207 of the Indian Land Consolidation 2009 were free of regulation the reservation was considered surplus, The "plenary power" of Congress over and accustomed In Oliphant v. Cabazon Band of Act of 1983 on the grounds that it In Carcieri v. Salazar, the Supreme Court’s decision eliminated the 1781 by other sovereign of the federal 1832 taken out of tribal ownership and Indians is further strengthened in grounds and stations" Squamish, the Court , effected a taking of private property ability of the federal government to take land into trust for Indian The Articles of Confederation declare the governments absent was open to general homesteading by Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock. The Court struck down tribal the Supreme tribes that were not recognized as “under federal jurisdiction” in 1934, government. The Worcester v. Georgia. The 1955 guarantees tribes an without just compensation. federal government shall have authority explicit direction non-natives. This formed the basis ruled that treaties may be unilaterally jurisdiction over Court rules the when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed, unless there is some Court reasoned third part of the "Marshall In Tee-Hit-Ton v. U.S. the Supreme opportunity to take over Indian affairs, "provided that the from Congress. for modern land trust status, land breached or modified by Congress. crimes committed grant to civil other statutory authority for the trust acquisition. that European Trilogy." The Supreme Court held that aboriginal is "not half of all harvestable legislative right of any within its own fractionation, checkerboard land The Court also restricted its review of by non-Indians on jurisdiction under conquest and the Court held that state a property right but amounts to a right fish. This was later limits (sic) be not infringed or violated." ownership and on-going land loss. political acts of Congress affecting the reservations. P.L. 280 does not establishment of did not extend into Indian of occupancy which the sovereign extended to shellfish 1997 the United States federal trust responsibility to Indians. and game. include regulatory 2010 Country because they were grants and... may be terminated and In Babbitt v. Youpee Sr,. the Supreme diminished the authority; therefore, After 14 of litigation, President Barack Obama signs legislation approving incompatible with treaties, such lands fully disposed of by the Court affirmed that Section 207 1788 sovereignty of 1891 1978 the state laws the Cobell Settlement, the terms of which require the federal government the Constitution and the laws sovereign itself without any legally 1975 (as amended) of the Indian Land The U.S. Constitution, Article 1, tribes and limited Congress permits The Indian American Indian relating to gaming to create a $1.5 billion fund to pay individual Indian trust beneficiaries, a $1.9 "giving effect to the treaties." 1906 enforceable obligation to compensate Consolidation Act of 1983 violated Section 8, Clause 3, asserts that their power the leasing of The is 1953 Self- Religious Act is cannot be enforced billion Trust Land Consolidation fund, and an Indian Education Scholarship the Indians." the Just Compensation Clause of the Congress shall have the power, to dispose of individual Indian passed which allows the 280 is passed Determination passed promising against Indians. fund of up to $60 million to improve access to for Indians. Fifth Amendment. "to regulate Commerce with their land. allotments by Secretary of the Interior which transferred civil and Education to "protect and The Settlement terms also include a government commitment to reform the foreign nations, and among 1934 and criminal jurisdiction 1830 1862 1885 non-natives 1898 to administer Indian trust 1924 1956 1971 Act is passed preserve for Indian trust and accounting system. the several States, and with the wherever the property. This also allowed The Indian over Indian lands to state which American Indians 1983 The Act authorizes the President to The Homestead Act of 1862 is passed, In response The Curtis The Indian The Relocation The Native Claims Indian Tribes." State power on Secretary of the Secretary to take this Reorganization governments in six states. recognized the their inherent right The first 1988 1990 2004 negotiate with tribes to give up land in the East in turning over lands within the American to Crow Dog Act expanded Citizenship Act is passed Settlement Act is passed Indian issues is thus subordinated the Interior property out of trust Act is passed. right of Indian and freedom to Indian Land The Indian The Native American American exchange for land in the West. This resulted in the public domain to private U.S. citizens. case, Congress the powers Act is passed encouraging which creates regional and 2012 to federal power. See also finds that the for allottees that applied This Act 1946 tribes to self- believe, express and Consolidation Gaming Graves Protection Indian Probate forced removal of most Eastern tribes to the West of passes the of the federal declaring all From 1946 to 1978 the Indian Claims Indians to move corporations to own In Patchak v. Salazar, the Supreme Court held that Congress Article VI, Clause 2, where the allottee, "by for fee patents and for repealed the government exercise" traditional Act is passed. Regulatory and Repatriation Act Reform Act the River by the U.S. Army. Only small Congress passes the Pacific Railway Major Crimes government non-citizen Commission, using an adversarial court to urban areas. and manage 44 million waived the federal government’s immunity from suit to constitution states that treaties of or those landowners deemed and "as domestic , "including This law, and Act is passed. (NAGPRA) is passed. (AIPRA) remnants remained in their traditional lands in the East. Act authorizing the construction of a Act, extending over Indian Indians process, hears land claims brought by of land. challenge Secretarial trust land acquisitions in the Administrative are the "supreme law of the land." disability" cannot competent by the local enabled tribes dependent but not limited to its 1984, 2000 passed. Note in transcontinental railroad. federal criminal Affairs. born within tribes for wrongful dispossession of Procedure Act. The decision compounds the problems created "personally and Indian superintendent. to voluntarily nations, Indian access to sites, use and 2004 2000 Federal Register jurisdiction over American their lands. Tribes pressed 484 claims by Carcieri by broadening the class of individuals who could with benefit to Some 27 million acres of organize and tribes exercise and possession of amendments, Amendments to and notice to major crimes in Territorial and won 58% of them. The commission's challenge trust acquisitions, and provides that the fee-to-trust himself occupy allotted land were lost to adopt federally 1968 inherent sacred objects, and promotes the Indian Land landowners in . limits to be remedy was to provide cash payment conversion could be reversed if successfully challenged. or improve his sale by 1934. approved Indian Civil sovereign the freedom to tribal land, Consolidation 2005, went into U.S. citizens. rather than land transfers. allotment or any constitutions Rights Act powers over worship through allotment, Act are passed. effect in June part thereof." and by-laws. passed. their members ceremonial and and interest 2006. and territory." traditional rites." consolidation.

COLONIAL PERIOD REMOVAL RESERVATION ALLOTMENT & ASSIMILATION REORGANIZATION TERMINATION ERA SELF-DETERMINATION SOVEREIGNTY

1787 1987 1763 The Northwest 1916 Intertribal As exemplified Ordinance, an 1849 The policy of issuing fee patents to 1969 by the Royal Council is early American 1803 1824 The Bureau of Indian 1871 allottees without application begins. 1953 Indian Proclamation of Policy statement The Bureau of activists 1970 1978 established. The Affairs is placed in the newly Congress approves a rider to an Indian The DOI establishes 'competency The policy of tribal termination 2001 1763, the English on relations with Indian Affairs is occupy President Nixon delivers The federal government creates Territory is established Department of appropriations act which provides commissions' to visit reservations began with the passage of Indian Land Crown began 1775 tribes states: "The created under the Alcatraz a speech to Congress on regulations known as the Federal purchased from the Interior. that the U.S. would no longer make and issue fee patents to landowners House Concurrent Resolution Tenure Foundation to make official Three departments of utmost faith jurisdiction of the Island. This Indian Affairs stressing Acknowledgement Process which sets France for $15 1838 treaties with Indian tribes, but that without their or consent. 108 which up the process is established. statements Indian Affairs created by shall always be War Department. drew the importance of forth the process by which unrecognized million. Cherokee Trail of obligations under existing treaties are Competency Commission members whereby a tribe's political status 2102 of policy that . observed towards attention genuine Indian self- tribes gain federal recognition. Tears. The Cherokee protected. The rider was introduced travelled to settlements of allotted could be dissolved, tribal lands 1991 All

recognized the 1855 (1861-1865) END OF THE CIVIL WAR. determination and the Indians; their Indians and made house-to-house be taken out of trust and sold to to radical 2005 lands are in Indian pre-existing were stripped of their Third Seminole by Representative Henry Dawes. empowerment. Indian Land Working land and property visits to determine the competency of non-natives, and imposed state Indian BIA no longer or storing ownership and control. inherent rights and forced to War begins. In 1858, Group is established. shall never be 1890 Indian householders, meaning their laws on former tribal members. activism 1976 wills for individual Indians. sovereignty of move against their will Seminole are removed taken from them 1817 1868 U.S. Army kills nearly ability to cope in a white man's world. 1950 From 1953 to 1970, 11,466 and the Intertribal Timber Indian tribes from to without their First Seminole Various Sioux 300 Indian men, Visits lasted less than 15 . Korean War (1950-1953). Indians lost their tribal identity Red Power Council is established. on the North to . in Oklahoma. 1993 1996 consent; and in War begins Tribes sign the Fort women and children More than 10,000 and 1,362,155 acres were lost. Movement. American Mni Sose (Lakota Elouise Cobell, a member of the the property, (ending in 1812) Laramie . 1876 at Wounded Knee. American Indians served. . rights and liberty, Gold was discovered on for River) Blackfeet Tribe, files one of the largest Battle of the United 1975 1598 The Royal they never shall the recently established The treaty 1917 1928 South and Intertribal Water Rights class-action suits in history against Yakima reservation Little Bighorn The Commissioner 1958 Council of Energy the U.S. government. Her suit seeks The of Proclamation be invaded or guaranteed the 1877 A report funded by the U.S. Eastern Coalition is established. 1804 and conflict erupted occurs and Sioux of Indian Affairs Inter Tribal Resource Tribes redress of the gross mismanagement recognized disturbed, unless 1832 1835 and all During the War, 1914 Government entitled the Merriam Tribes President Jefferson between encroaching warriors wipe issued a Declaration Council of is established. of 300,000 individual trust accounts. is founded. the rights of in just and lawful War The Second Seminole lands in current , pursued by the World War I (1914-1918). More Report is released. The report detailed 1953 (USET) is sends Meriwether white miners and tribes out Custer and of Policy under is Secretaries of the Interior under The next year Indian nations wars authorized in Northern War begins as the U.S. Army, leads his people than 10,000 Americans Indians the destructiveness of federal Indian Affiliated Tribes of established. Lewis and William marking the start of 250 U.S. soldiers. which Indians established. Presidents Clinton and Bush are held Don Juan de to aboriginal 1775 by Congress." and Southwestern Tribe resumes fighting west of the on an 1,800-mile retreat served in the war effort. policy and spurred changes within the Northwest Indians 1607 Clark to chart the the . As a result, the determined to in contempt. Oñate attacks title to land American War breaks for its land. The war . from their . Upon federal administration of Indian Affairs. (ATNI) is established. 1973 Jamestown part of the U.S. government be "able-bodied, Members of the American the Acoma which was not of Independence out as Sauk and Fox ends in 1842. surrender, Chief Joseph founded in North American confiscates the adult (and) of 1965 1966 Indian Movement (AIM) became killing 800 to be disturbed (1775-1783). To Tribes attempt to delivered his famous quote, “I . continent. Black Hills and less than one- All Indian Inter Tribal involved in a 10- standoff men, women without tribes finance the war, move back to their 1854 will fight no more forever.” much of the half Indian blood Council Council of with federal law enforcement and children, ceding or selling the American rebel ancestral homelands. Sioux Wars in the 1778 unceded territory were presumed recognized by is agents on the Pine Ridge capturing their lands to government sold begins and 1941 1944 Treaty-making period between set aside in the competent. In 1919, the Spanish established. Reservation in South Dakota. 500 and the Crown. speculative land continues through 1890. 1862 World War II National Congress 1957 the American government and Fort Laramie the presumption government in This violent siege becomes known condemning grants to areas still The largest mass (1941-1945). of American Indians Vietnam War Native North Americans begins Treaty. of competence was 1598, adopts an as “Wounded Knee II.” Indian all male rightfully occupied execution in U.S. More than 44,000 (NCAI) is established. (1957-1975). More than in 1778 with the first American expanded to include organizational 1970 activists occupy the BIA building captives over by Indians. history occurs in American Indians 42,000 American Indians treaty with the Tribe. 1849 Indians "of one-half constitution. Sacred Blue Lake in Washington D.C. for 6 days. 25 to have one Mankato, . served. served, 90% of whom Fighting between the Indian blood." and surrounding foot cut off. 38 Dakota are hanged 1756 and the U.S. Army volunteered for duty. 48,000 acres is for their participation Uranium mining results in the incarceration returned to the in the Dakota Uprising. operations begin 1972 begins. Algonquian Tribes of Navajo on a reservation. . ally with the French and the on the Navajo Southern California Reservation and Tribal Chairman’s with the British. Native American continued for Association is established. The war ends in 1763. Rights Fund is nearly 40 years. established.

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