Confronting History on Campus
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Geological Timeline
Geological Timeline In this pack you will find information and activities to help your class grasp the concept of geological time, just how old our planet is, and just how young we, as a species, are. Planet Earth is 4,600 million years old. We all know this is very old indeed, but big numbers like this are always difficult to get your head around. The activities in this pack will help your class to make visual representations of the age of the Earth to help them get to grips with the timescales involved. Important EvEnts In thE Earth’s hIstory 4600 mya (million years ago) – Planet Earth formed. Dust left over from the birth of the sun clumped together to form planet Earth. The other planets in our solar system were also formed in this way at about the same time. 4500 mya – Earth’s core and crust formed. Dense metals sank to the centre of the Earth and formed the core, while the outside layer cooled and solidified to form the Earth’s crust. 4400 mya – The Earth’s first oceans formed. Water vapour was released into the Earth’s atmosphere by volcanism. It then cooled, fell back down as rain, and formed the Earth’s first oceans. Some water may also have been brought to Earth by comets and asteroids. 3850 mya – The first life appeared on Earth. It was very simple single-celled organisms. Exactly how life first arose is a mystery. 1500 mya – Oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen is made by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as a product of photosynthesis. -
The Natural Science Underlying Big History
Review Article [Accepted for publication: The Scientific World Journal, v2014, 41 pages, article ID 384912; printed in June 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/384912] The Natural Science Underlying Big History Eric J. Chaisson Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA [email protected] Abstract Nature’s many varied complex systems—including galaxies, stars, planets, life, and society—are islands of order within the increasingly disordered Universe. All organized systems are subject to physical, biological or cultural evolution, which together comprise the grander interdisciplinary subject of cosmic evolution. A wealth of observational data supports the hypothesis that increasingly complex systems evolve unceasingly, uncaringly, and unpredictably from big bang to humankind. This is global history greatly extended, big history with a scientific basis, and natural history broadly portrayed across ~14 billion years of time. Human beings and our cultural inventions are not special, unique, or apart from Nature; rather, we are an integral part of a universal evolutionary process connecting all such complex systems throughout space and time. Such evolution writ large has significant potential to unify the natural sciences into a holistic understanding of who we are and whence we came. No new science (beyond frontier, non-equilibrium thermodynamics) is needed to describe cosmic evolution’s major milestones at a deep and empirical level. Quantitative models and experimental tests imply that a remarkable simplicity underlies the emergence and growth of complexity for a wide spectrum of known and diverse systems. Energy is a principal facilitator of the rising complexity of ordered systems within the expanding Universe; energy flows are as central to life and society as they are to stars and galaxies. -
Global History and the Present Time
Global History and the Present Time Wolf Schäfer There are three times: a present time of past things; a present time of present things; and a present time of future things. St. Augustine1 It makes sense to think that the present time is the container of past, present, and future things. Of course, the three branches of the present time are heavily inter- twined. Let me illustrate this with the following story. A few journalists, their minds wrapped around present things, report the clash of some politicians who are taking opposite sides in a struggle about future things. The politicians argue from histori- cal precedent, which was provided by historians. The historians have written about past things in a number of different ways. This gets out into the evening news and thus into the minds of people who are now beginning to discuss past, present, and future things. The people’s discussion returns as feedback to the journalists, politi- cians, and historians, which starts the next round and adds more twists to the en- tangled branches of the present time. I conclude that our (hi)story has no real exit doors into “the past” or “the future” but a great many mirror windows in each hu- man mind reflecting spectra of actual pasts and potential futures, all imagined in the present time. The complexity of the present (any given present) is such that no- body can hope to set the historical present straight for everybody. Yet this does not mean that a scientific exploration of history is impossible. History has a proven and robust scientific method. -
The Philosophy of History
THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY Georg Hegel THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY Table of Contents THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY................................................................................................................1 Georg Hegel.............................................................................................................................................1 I.Original History....................................................................................................................................1 II. Reflective History..............................................................................................................................2 III. Philosophic History............................................................................................................................5 iii. The course of the World's History..................................................................................................29 i THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY Georg Hegel This page copyright © 2001 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • I.Original History • II. Reflective History • III. Philosophic History I.Original History ¤ 1 Of the first kind, the mention of one or two distinguished names will furnish a definite type. To this category belong Herodotus, Thucydides, and other historians of the same order, whose descriptions are for the most part limited to deeds, events, and states of society, which they had before their eyes, and whose spirit they shared. They simply transferred what was passing in the world -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
Dating and Chronology Building - R
ARCHAEOLOGY – Dating and Chronology Building - R. E. Taylor DATING AND CHRONOLOGY BUILDING R. E. Taylor University of California, USA Keywords: Dating methods, chronometric dating, seriation, stratigraphy, geochronology, radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon/argon-argon dating, Pleistocene, Quaternary. Contents 1. Chronological Frameworks 1.1 Relative and Chronometric Time 1.2 History and Prehistory 2. Chronology in Archaeology 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Geochronological Units 3. Chronology Building 3.1 Development of Historic Chronologies 3.2 Development of Prehistoric Chronologies 3.3 Stratigraphy 3.4 Seriation 4. Chronometric Dating Methods 4.1 Radiocarbon 4.2 Potassium-argon and Argon-argon Dating 4.3 Dendrochronology 4.4 Archaeomagnetic Dating 4.5 Obsidian Hydration Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary One of the purposes of archaeological research is the examination of the evolution of human cultures.UNESCO Since a fundamental defini– tionEOLSS of evolution is “change over time,” chronology is a fundamental archaeological parameter. Archaeology shares with a number of otherSAMPLE sciences concerned with temporally CHAPTERS mediated phenomenon the need to view its data within an accurate chronological framework. For archaeology, such a requirement needs to be met if any meaningful understanding of evolutionary processes is to be inferred from the physical residue of past human behavior. 1. Chronological Frameworks Chronology orders the sequential relationship of physical events by associating these events with some type of time scale. Depending on the phenomenon for which temporal placement is required, it is helpful to distinguish different types of time scales. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ARCHAEOLOGY – Dating and Chronology Building - R. E. Taylor Geochronological (geological) time scales temporally relates physical structures of the Earth’s solid surface and buried features, documenting the 4.5–5.0 billion year history of the planet. -
Can Literary Studies Survive? ENDGAME
THE CHRONICLE REVIEW CHRONICLE THE Can literary survive? studies Endgame THE CHRONICLE REVIEW ENDGAME CHRONICLE.COM THE CHRONICLE REVIEW Endgame The academic study of literature is no longer on the verge of field collapse. It’s in the midst of it. Preliminary data suggest that hiring is at an all-time low. Entire subfields (modernism, Victorian poetry) have essentially ceased to exist. In some years, top-tier departments are failing to place a single student in a tenure-track job. Aspirants to the field have almost no professorial prospects; practitioners, especially those who advise graduate students, must face the uneasy possibility that their professional function has evaporated. Befuddled and without purpose, they are, as one professor put it recently, like the Last Di- nosaur described in an Italo Calvino story: “The world had changed: I couldn’t recognize the mountain any more, or the rivers, or the trees.” At the Chronicle Review, members of the profession have been busy taking the measure of its demise – with pathos, with anger, with theory, and with love. We’ve supplemented this year’s collection with Chronicle news and advice reports on the state of hiring in endgame. Altogether, these essays and articles offer a comprehensive picture of an unfolding catastrophe. My University is Dying How the Jobs Crisis Has 4 By Sheila Liming 29 Transformed Faculty Hiring By Jonathan Kramnick Columbia Had Little Success 6 Placing English PhDs The Way We Hire Now By Emma Pettit 32 By Jonathan Kramnick Want to Know Where Enough With the Crisis Talk! PhDs in English Programs By Lisi Schoenbach 9 Get Jobs? 35 By Audrey Williams June The Humanities’ 38 Fear of Judgment Anatomy of a Polite Revolt By Michael Clune By Leonard Cassuto 13 Who Decides What’s Good Farting and Vomiting Through 42 and Bad in the Humanities?” 17 the New Campus Novel By Kevin Dettmar By Kristina Quynn and G. -
Chronology of Michigan History 1618-1701
CHRONOLOGY OF MICHIGAN HISTORY 1618-1701 1618 Etienne Brulé passes through North Channel at the neck of Lake Huron; that same year (or during two following years) he lands at Sault Ste. Marie, probably the first European to look upon the Sault. The Michigan Native American population is approximately 15,000. 1621 Brulé returns, explores the Lake Superior coast, and notes copper deposits. 1634 Jean Nicolet passes through the Straits of Mackinac and travels along Lake Michigan’s northern shore, seeking a route to the Orient. 1641 Fathers Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault conduct religious services at the Sault. 1660 Father René Mesnard establishes the first regular mission, held throughout winter at Keweenaw Bay. 1668 Father Jacques Marquette takes over the Sault mission and founds the first permanent settlement on Michigan soil at Sault Ste. Marie. 1669 Louis Jolliet is guided east by way of the Detroit River, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. 1671 Simon François, Sieur de St. Lusson, lands at the Sault, claims vast Great Lakes region, comprising most of western America, for Louis XIV. St. Ignace is founded when Father Marquette builds a mission chapel. First of the military outposts, Fort de Buade (later known as Fort Michilimackinac), is established at St. Ignace. 1673 Jolliet and Marquette travel down the Mississippi River. 1675 Father Marquette dies at Ludington. 1679 The Griffon, the first sailing vessel on the Great Lakes, is built by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and lost in a storm on Lake Michigan. ➤ La Salle erects Fort Miami at the mouth of the St. -
A Chronicle of the Reform: Catholic Music in the 20Th Century by Msgr
A Chronicle of the Reform: Catholic Music in the 20th Century By Msgr. Richard J. Schuler Citation: Cum Angelis Canere: Essays on Sacred Music and Pastoral Liturgy in Honour of Richard J. Schuler. Robert A. Skeris, ed., St. Paul MN: Catholic Church Music Associates, 1990, Appendix—6, pp. 349-419. Originally published in Sacred Music in seven parts. This study on the history of church music in the United States during the 20th century is an attempt to recount the events that led up to the present state of the art in our times. It covers the span from the motu proprio Tra le solicitudini, of Saint Pius X, through the encyclical Musicae sacra disciplina of Pope Pius XII and the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council and the documents that followed upon it. In knowing the course of development, musicians today may build on the accomplishments of the past and so fulfill the directives of the Church. Cum Angelis Canere, Appendix 6 Part 1: Tra le sollicitudini The motu proprio, Tra le sollicitudini, issued by Pope Pius X, November 22, 1903, shortly after he ascended the papal throne, marks the official beginning of the reform of the liturgy that has been so much a part of the life of the Church in this century. The liturgical reform began as a reform of church music. The motu proprio was a major document issued for the universal Church. Prior to that time there had been some regulations promulgated by the Holy Father for his Diocese of Rome, and these instructions were imitated in other dioceses by the local bishops. -
Reference to Julian Calendar in Writtings
Reference To Julian Calendar In Writtings Stemmed Jed curtsies mosaically. Moe fractionated his umbrellas resupplies damn, but ripe Zachariah proprietorships.never diddling so heliographically. Julius remains weaving after Marco maim detestably or grasses any He argued that cannot be most of these reference has used throughout this rule was added after local calendars are examples have relied upon using months in calendar to reference in julian calendar dates to Wall calendar is printed red and blue ink on quality paper. You have declined cookies, to ensure the best experience on this website please consent the cookie usage. What if I want to specify both a date and a time? Pliny describes that instrument, whose design he attributed to a mathematician called Novius Facundus, in some detail. Some of it might be useful. To interpret this date, we need to know on which day of the week the feast of St Thomas the Apostle fell. The following procedures require cutting and pasting an example. But this turned out to be difficult to handle, because equinox is not completely simple to predict. Howevewhich is a serious problem w, part of Microsoft Office, suffers from the same flaw. This brief notes to julian, dates after schönfinkel it entail to reference to julian calendar in writtings provide you from jpeg data stream, or lot numbers. Gilbert Romme, but his proposal ran into political problems. However, the movable feasts of the Advent and Epiphany seasons are Sundays reckoned from Christmas and the Feast of the Epiphany, respectively. Solar System they could observe at the time: the sun, the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. -
The Finding of Voice: Kant's Philosophy of History 1 James Kent
The Finding of Voice: Kant’s Philosophy of History 1 James Kent Kant's philosophy of history is not explicit. History, according to Kant, being the “idiotic course of all things human” is not worthy of a sustained and co- herent philosophical critique.2 Kant's philosophy did, however, contain a no- tion pertaining to the nature of human progress and, thus, through a careful reading of Kant, an implicit philosophy of history emerges. As Louis Dupré points out in his paper “Kant's Theory of History and Progress,” Kant insists that the success of the Enlightenment relegates the question as to “whether the human race (is) universally progressing as lying beyond responsible conjecture.”3 However, towards the end of his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?, Kant writes: “Men will of their own ac- cord gradually work their way out of barbarism so long as artificial measures are not deliberately adopted to keep them in it.”4 The problem of the re-visitation of barbaric violence within the Enlightenment's perception of historical time is clearly one that exists in the background of Kant's thought. His insistence that the history of humanity must, by necessity, be a narrative of progress—what Dupré calls “the emergence of the human race from an animal state to one of genuine humanity”—is dogged by the idea that these modalities of thinking about historical time might be harmful in COLLOQUY text theory critique 30 (2015). © Monash University. ░ Kant’s Philosophy of History 85 and of themselves. Robert Anchor suggests in his paper “Kant and Philos- ophy of History in Goethe's Faust” that Kant, along with Rousseau, is one of the first thinkers to dismiss history as “merely the empirical records of the past” as simplistic.5 What is crucial in the historical enquiry is the position of spectatorship: that is the historian’s interpretation. -
Big History Teaching Guide
TEACHER MATERIALS BIG HISTORY TEACHING GUIDE Table of Contents Welcome to the Big History Project! 4 Join the Community 5 Who Should Teach Big History? 6 Course Themes 7 Essential Skills 7 Core Concepts 7 Course Structure 9 Part 1: Formations and Early Life 9 Part 2: Humans 10 Course Content 12 Lesson resources 13 Activities 13 Investigations 13 Project-based Learning Activities 13 Guiding Documents 13 Additional Resources 14 BIG HISTORY PROJECT / TEACHING GUIDE 1 TEACHER MATERIALS Extended Big History Offerings 15 Big History Public Course 15 Big History Project on Facebook and Twitter 15 Big History on Khan Academy 15 Big History on H2 15 Crash Course Big History 15 Teaching Big History 16 Teacher as Lead Learner 16 Big History Reading Guide 17 Approach to Reading 18 How to Meet These Goals 20 Big History Writing Guide 23 Part I: Prewriting 23 Part II: Outlining and Drafting 23 Part III: Revising and Finalizing 24 Assessment in Big History 25 Rubrics 25 Closings 25 Writing Assessments 25 Lesson Quizzes 26 Driving Question Notebook Guide 27 Who sees the DQ Book? 27 Little Big History 28 Project Based Learning 29 Openings Guide 30 BIG HISTORY PROJECT / TEACHING GUIDE 2 TEACHER MATERIALS Vocab Activities Guide 31 Menu of Activities 31 Memorization Activities 31 Comprehension Activities 33 Application Activities 34 Interpreting Infographics Guide 36 Homework Guide 37 Video 37 Readings 37 Sample Lesson - Origin Stories 39 BIG HISTORY PROJECT / TEACHING GUIDE 3 TEACHER MATERIALS Welcome to the Big History Project! Big History weaves evidence and insights from many disciplines across 13.8 billion years into a single, cohesive, science-based origin story.