The Geologic Time Scale Shows Earth's Past
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1350-5 Geologist
POSITION DESCRIPTION 1. Position Number 2. Explanation (show any positions replaced) 3. Reason for Submission New Redescription Reestablishment Standardized PD Other 4. Service 5. Subject to Identical Addition (IA) Action HQ Field Yes (multiple use) No (single incumbent) 6. Position Specifications 7. Financial Statement Required 10. Position Sensitivity and Risk Designation Subject to Random Drug Testing Yes No Executive Personnel-OGE-278 Non-Sensitive Employment and Financial Interest-OGE-450 Non-Sensitive: Low-Risk Subject to Medical Standards/Surveillance Yes No None required Public Trust Telework Suitable Yes No 8. Miscellaneous 9. Full Performance Level Non-Sensitive: Moderate-Risk Fire Position Yes No Functional Code: -- Pay Plan: Non-Sensitive: High-Risk Law Enforcement Position Yes No BUS: - - Grade: National Security 11. Position is 12. Position Status Noncritical-Sensitive: Moderate-Risk Competitive SES Noncritical-Sensitive: High-Risk 2-Supervisory Excepted (specify in remarks) SL/ST Critical-Sensitive: High-Risk 4-Supervisor (CSRA) 13. Duty Station Special Sensitive: High-Risk 5-Management Official 6-Leader: Type I 14. Employing Office Location 15. Fair Labor Standards Act Exempt Nonexempt 7-Leader: Type II 16. Cybersecurity Code 17. Competitive Area Code: 8-Non-Supervisory #1: #2: - - #3: - - Competitive Level Code: 18. Classified/Graded by Official Title of Position Pay Plan Occupational Code Grade Initial Date a. Department, Bureau, or Office b. Second Level Review -- -- 19. Organizational Title of Position (if different from, or in addition to, official title) 20. Name of Employee (if vacant, specify) 21. Department, Agency, or Establishment c. Third Subdivision U.S. Department of the Interior a. Bureau/First Subdivision d. -
History of Geology
FEBRUARY 2007 PRIMEFACT 563 (REPLACES MINFACT 60) History of geology Mineral Resources Early humans needed a knowledge of simple geology to enable them to select the most suitable rock types both for axe-heads and knives and for the ornamental stones they used in worship. In the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, about 5000 to 2500 BC, flint was mined in the areas which are now Belgium, Sweden, France, Portugal and Britain. While Stone Age cultures persisted in Britain until after 2000 BC, in the Middle East people began to mine useful minerals such as iron ore, tin, clay, gold and copper as early as 4000 BC. Smelting techniques were developed to make the manufacture of metal tools possible. Copper was probably the earliest metal to be smelted, that is, extracted from its ore by melting. Copper is obtained easily by reducing the green copper carbonate mineral malachite, itself regarded as a precious stone. From 4000 BC on, the use of clay for brick-making became widespread. The Reverend William Branwhite Clarke (1798-1878), smelting of iron ore for making of tools and the ‘father’ of geology in New South Wales weapons began in Asia Minor at about 1300 BC but did not become common in Western Europe until Aristotle believed volcanic eruptions and nearly 500 BC. earthquakes were caused by violent winds escaping from the interior of the earth. Since earlier writers had ascribed these phenomena to The classical period supernatural causes, Aristotle's belief was a By recognising important surface processes at marked step forward. Eratosthenes, a librarian at work, the Greek, Arabic and Roman civilisations Alexandria at about 200 BC, made surprisingly contributed to the growth of knowledge about the accurate measurements of the circumference of earth. -
Geological Timeline
Geological Timeline In this pack you will find information and activities to help your class grasp the concept of geological time, just how old our planet is, and just how young we, as a species, are. Planet Earth is 4,600 million years old. We all know this is very old indeed, but big numbers like this are always difficult to get your head around. The activities in this pack will help your class to make visual representations of the age of the Earth to help them get to grips with the timescales involved. Important EvEnts In thE Earth’s hIstory 4600 mya (million years ago) – Planet Earth formed. Dust left over from the birth of the sun clumped together to form planet Earth. The other planets in our solar system were also formed in this way at about the same time. 4500 mya – Earth’s core and crust formed. Dense metals sank to the centre of the Earth and formed the core, while the outside layer cooled and solidified to form the Earth’s crust. 4400 mya – The Earth’s first oceans formed. Water vapour was released into the Earth’s atmosphere by volcanism. It then cooled, fell back down as rain, and formed the Earth’s first oceans. Some water may also have been brought to Earth by comets and asteroids. 3850 mya – The first life appeared on Earth. It was very simple single-celled organisms. Exactly how life first arose is a mystery. 1500 mya – Oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen is made by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as a product of photosynthesis. -
Callisto: a Guide to the Origin of the Jupiter System
A PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DECADAL SURVEY ON PLANETARY SCIENCE AND ASTROBIOLOGY Callisto: A Guide to the Origin of the Jupiter System David E Smith 617-803-3377 Department of Earth, Atmospheric and PLanetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 [email protected] Co-authors: Francis Nimmo, UCSC, [email protected] Krishan Khurana, UCLA, [email protected] Catherine L. Johnson, PSI, [email protected] Mark Wieczorek, OCA, Fr, [email protected] Maria T. Zuber, MIT, [email protected] Carol Paty, University of Oregon, [email protected] Antonio Genova, Univ Rome, It, [email protected] Erwan Mazarico, NASA GSFC, [email protected] Louise Prockter, LPI, [email protected] Gregory A. Neumann, NASA GSFC Emeritus, [email protected] John E. Connerney, Adnet Systems Inc., [email protected] Edward B. Bierhaus, LMCO, [email protected] Sander J. Goossens, UMBC, [email protected] MichaeL K. Barker, NASA GSFC, [email protected] Peter B. James, Baylor, [email protected] James Head, Brown, [email protected] Jason Soderblom, MIT, [email protected] July 14, 2020 Introduction Among the GaLiLean moons of Jupiter, it is outermost CaLListo that appears to most fulLy preserve the record of its ancient past. With a surface aLmost devoid of signs of internaL geologic activity, and hints from spacecraft data that its interior has an ocean whiLe being only partiaLLy differentiated, CaLListo is the most paradoxicaL of the giant rock-ice worlds. How can a body with such a primordiaL surface harbor an ocean? If the interior was warm enough to form an ocean, how could a mixed rock and ice interior remain stable? What do the striking differences between geologicaLLy unmodified CaLListo and its sibling moon Ganymede teLL us about the formation of the GaLiLean moons and the primordiaL conditions at the time of the formation of CaLListo and the accretion of giant planet systems? The answers can be provided by a CaLListo orbitaL mission. -
Capricious Suntime
[Physics in daily life] I L.J.F. (Jo) Hermans - Leiden University, e Netherlands - [email protected] - DOI: 10.1051/epn/2011202 Capricious suntime t what time of the day does the sun reach its is that the solar time will gradually deviate from the time highest point, or culmination point, when on our watch. We expect this‘eccentricity effect’ to show a its position is exactly in the South? e ans - sine-like behaviour with a period of a year. A wer to this question is not so trivial. For ere is a second, even more important complication. It is one thing, it depends on our location within our time due to the fact that the rotational axis of the earth is not zone. For Berlin, which is near the Eastern end of the perpendicular to the ecliptic, but is tilted by about 23.5 Central European time zone, it may happen around degrees. is is, aer all, the cause of our seasons. To noon, whereas in Paris it may be close to 1 p.m. (we understand this ‘tilt effect’ we must realise that what mat - ignore the daylight saving ters for the deviation in time time which adds an extra is the variation of the sun’s hour in the summer). horizontal motion against But even for a fixed loca - the stellar background tion, the time at which the during the year. In mid- sun reaches its culmination summer and mid-winter, point varies throughout the when the sun reaches its year in a surprising way. -
Islamic Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Islamic calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -at اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي :The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During Khaled airport (10 Rajab 1428 / 24 July that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to 2007) Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijra") in parallel with the Christian (AD) and Jewish eras (AM). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[1] from its Arabic form ( [In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH ("Before the Hijra").[2 .(ﻫـ abbreviated , َﺳﻨﺔ ﻫِ ْﺠﺮﻳّﺔ The current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October 2016 to 21 September 2017.[3] Contents 1 Months 1.1 Length of months 2 Days of the week 3 History 3.1 Pre-Islamic calendar 3.2 Prohibiting Nasī’ 4 Year numbering 5 Astronomical considerations 6 Theological considerations 7 Astronomical -
Day-Ahead Market Enhancements Phase 1: 15-Minute Scheduling
Day-Ahead Market Enhancements Phase 1: 15-minute scheduling Phase 2: flexible ramping product Stakeholder Meeting March 7, 2019 Agenda Time Topic Presenter 10:00 – 10:10 Welcome and Introductions Kristina Osborne 10:10 – 12:00 Phase 1: 15-Minute Granularity Megan Poage 12:00 – 1:00 Lunch 1:00 – 3:20 Phase 2: Flexible Ramping Product Elliott Nethercutt & and Market Formulation George Angelidis 3:20 – 3:30 Next Steps Kristina Osborne Page 2 DAME initiative has been split into in two phases for policy development and implementation • Phase 1: 15-Minute Granularity – 15-minute scheduling – 15-minute bidding • Phase 2: Day-Ahead Flexible Ramping Product (FRP) – Day-ahead market formulation – Introduction of day-ahead flexible ramping product – Improve deliverability of FRP and ancillary services (AS) – Re-optimization of AS in real-time 15-minute market Page 3 ISO Policy Initiative Stakeholder Process for DAME Phase 1 POLICY AND PLAN DEVELOPMENT Issue Straw Draft Final June 2018 July 2018 Paper Proposal Proposal EIM GB ISO Board Implementation Fall 2020 Stakeholder Input We are here Page 4 DAME Phase 1 schedule • Third Revised Straw Proposal – March 2019 • Draft Final Proposal – April 2019 • EIM Governing Body – June 2019 • ISO Board of Governors – July 2019 • Implementation – Fall 2020 Page 5 ISO Policy Initiative Stakeholder Process for DAME Phase 2 POLICY AND PLAN DEVELOPMENT Issue Straw Draft Final Q4 2019 Q4 2019 Paper Proposal Proposal EIM GB ISO Board Implementation Fall 2021 Stakeholder Input We are here Page 6 DAME Phase 2 schedule • Issue Paper/Straw Proposal – March 2019 • Revised Straw Proposal – Summer 2019 • Draft Final Proposal – Fall 2019 • EIM GB and BOG decision – Q4 2019 • Implementation – Fall 2021 Page 7 Day-Ahead Market Enhancements Third Revised Straw Proposal 15-MINUTE GRANULARITY Megan Poage Sr. -
Dwarf Planet Ceres
Dwarf Planet Ceres drishtiias.com/printpdf/dwarf-planet-ceres Why in News As per the data collected by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, dwarf planet Ceres reportedly has salty water underground. Dawn (2007-18) was a mission to the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt - Vesta and Ceres. Key Points 1/3 Latest Findings: The scientists have given Ceres the status of an “ocean world” as it has a big reservoir of salty water underneath its frigid surface. This has led to an increased interest of scientists that the dwarf planet was maybe habitable or has the potential to be. Ocean Worlds is a term for ‘Water in the Solar System and Beyond’. The salty water originated in a brine reservoir spread hundreds of miles and about 40 km beneath the surface of the Ceres. Further, there is an evidence that Ceres remains geologically active with cryovolcanism - volcanoes oozing icy material. Instead of molten rock, cryovolcanoes or salty-mud volcanoes release frigid, salty water sometimes mixed with mud. Subsurface Oceans on other Celestial Bodies: Jupiter’s moon Europa, Saturn’s moon Enceladus, Neptune’s moon Triton, and the dwarf planet Pluto. This provides scientists a means to understand the history of the solar system. Ceres: It is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was the first member of the asteroid belt to be discovered when Giuseppe Piazzi spotted it in 1801. It is the only dwarf planet located in the inner solar system (includes planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars). Scientists classified it as a dwarf planet in 2006. -
Treasury's Emergency Rental Assistance
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: TREASURY’SHEADING EMERGENCY1 HERE RENTAL ASSISTANCEHEADING (ERA)1 HERE PROGRAM AUGUST 2021 ongress established an Emergency Rental Assistance (ERA) program administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to distribute critically needed emergency rent and utility assistance to Cmillions of households at risk of losing their homes. Congress provided more than $46 billion for emergency rental assistance through the Consolidated Appropriations Act enacted in December 2020 and the American Rescue Plan Act enacted in March 2021. Based on NLIHC’s ongoing tracking and analysis of state and local ERA programs, including nearly 500 programs funded through Treasury’s ERA program, NLIHC has continued to identify needed policy changes to ensure ERA is distributed efficiently, effectively, and equitably. The ability of states and localities to distribute ERA was hindered early on by harmful guidance released by the Trump administration on its last day in office. Immediately after President Biden was sworn into office, the administration rescinded the harmful FAQ and released improved guidance to ensure ERA reaches households with the greatest needs, as recommended by NLIHC. The Biden administration issued revised ERA guidance in February, March, May, June, and August that directly addressed many of NLIHC’s concerns about troubling roadblocks in ERA programs. Treasury’s latest guidance provides further clarity and recommendations to encourage state and local governments to expedite assistance. Most notably, the FAQ provides even more explicit permission for ERA grantees to rely on self-attestations without further documentation. WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE EMERGENCY RENTAL ASSISTANCE? Households are eligible for ERA funds if one or more individuals: 1. -
Geologic History of the Earth 1 the Precambrian
Geologic History of the Earth 1 algae = very simple plants that Geologists are scientists who study the structure grow in or near the water of rocks and the history of the Earth. By looking at first = in the beginning at and examining layers of rocks and the fossils basic = main, important they contain they are able to tell us what the beginning = start Earth looked like at a certain time in history and billion = a thousand million what kind of plants and animals lived at that breathe = to take air into your lungs and push it out again time. carbon dioxide = gas that is produced when you breathe Scientists think that the Earth was probably formed at the same time as the rest out of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago. The solar system may have be- certain = special gun as a cloud of dust, from which the sun and the planets evolved. Small par- complex = something that has ticles crashed into each other to create bigger objects, which then turned into many different parts smaller or larger planets. Our Earth is made up of three basic layers. The cen- consist of = to be made up of tre has a core made of iron and nickel. Around it is a thick layer of rock called contain = have in them the mantle and around that is a thin layer of rock called the crust. core = the hard centre of an object Over 4 billion years ago the Earth was totally different from the planet we live create = make on today. -
Confronting History on Campus
CHRONICLEFocusFocus THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION Confronting History on Campus As a Chronicle of Higher Education individual subscriber, you receive premium, unrestricted access to the entire Chronicle Focus collection. Curated by our newsroom, these booklets compile the most popular and relevant higher-education news to provide you with in-depth looks at topics affecting campuses today. The Chronicle Focus collection explores student alcohol abuse, racial tension on campuses, and other emerging trends that have a significant impact on higher education. ©2016 by The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, forwarded (even for internal use), hosted online, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For bulk orders or special requests, contact The Chronicle at [email protected] ©2016 THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS OODROW WILSON at Princeton, John Calhoun at Yale, Jefferson Davis at the University of Texas at Austin: Students, campus officials, and historians are all asking the question, What’sW in a name? And what is a university’s responsibil- ity when the name on a statue, building, or program on campus is a painful reminder of harm to a specific racial group? Universities have been grappling anew with those questions, and trying different approaches to resolve them. Colleges Struggle Over Context for Confederate Symbols 4 The University of Mississippi adds a plaque to a soldier’s statue to explain its place there. -
The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon
Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2.