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Cleveland, Paul M

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Cleveland, Paul M The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR PAUL M. CLEVELAND Interviewed by: Thomas Stern Initial interview date: October 20, 1996 Copyri ht 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Boston - raised in New York and Washington Yale University, Georgetown University U.S. Air Force Entered Foreign Service - 19,9 State Department - Administration - A-OP. 19,7-19,9 Social Assistant to Tom Estes State Department - FS0 - German language training 19,9-1910 Canberra, Australia - Economic-Political officer 1910-1912 Personnel Environment Duties Papua New Guinea visit Australian immigration policy Bonn, Germany - Staff assistant to Ambassador 1912-1914 Ambassador George 7cGhee President 8ennedy9s visit Soviet problems Fletcher School 1914-191, Djakarta, 0ndonesia - Economic officer 191,-1918 U.S. investments and interests A0D program Petroleum explanation 7ining Anti-Americanism Sukarno9s coup 1 General Sukarno9s victory The "Berkeley 7afia" Bribery 0bnu Sukarno Ambassador 7arshall Green Comments on career development State Department - Office of Fuels and Energy 1918-1970 James Abim A learning experience Oil import contingency plan Latin America visit OPEC Efficiency reports State Department - East Asia - Special assistant to Asst. Secretary 1970-1973 Duties Personnel 8orea9s Yshin Constitution Dealing with the media Bill Sullivan State - NSC chain of command problems Henry 8issinger9s China trip China relations 7arshall Green - Assistant Secretary - EA Seoul, 8orea - Political-7ilitary officer; Political counselor 1973-1977 Local contacts orth-South 8orea relations U.S. military presence-withdrawal Duties Dealing with the U.S. military General Dick Stilwell U.S. military personalities JUS7AAG 7ilitary sales US-.O8 military exercises "8aeseng" houses C0A Contacts with 8orean opposition U.S. Economic Assistance program President Park Chung Hee Contact with 8orean officials Contacts with U.S. press U.S. policy objectives 2 Human rights Ambassador Phil Habib Japan relationship 8im Dae Jung kidnapping 7adame Park9s assassination Student demonstrations Tongsme Park Two officer9s murder at D7A "Tree Trimming" at D7A General Hollingsworth Saudi missile program uclear issue State Department - 0nspector General9s office 1977 State Department - Director - .egional Affairs - EA 1977-1979 Human rights East Asia refugee problem State Department - Office director - Thailand Affairs 1979-1981 Thai border issues U.S. military assistance to Thais State Department - Director - Office of 8orean Affairs 1981 Park assassination aftermath Seoul, 8orea - DC7 1981-198, Embassy operations JUS7AAG .elations with the press Human rights Patt Derian 8orean military vs. government Democracy Chun Doo Whan Corruption U.S. business dealings U.S. commercial interests Trade issues 8orean popular unrest 8orean political development Students occupy US0A library orth 8orean troop buildup Soviet defector D7A operations 3 .elations with missionaries 8im Dae Jung 8im Young Sam uclear plant competition Bisa fraud 8AL 007 tragedy Burma assassinations U.S. objectives in 8orea achieved Wellington, New Aealand - Ambassador 1981-1989 uclear ship visit issue A AYA alliance Prime 7inister Lange U.S.- ew Aealand relations Trade and commercial issue Local press Antarctica base issue 8uala Lumpur, 7alaysia - Ambassador 1989-1992 Local cultures U.S. interests Commercial interest promotion tour U.S. military interests and program Political relationship EAEG CEast Asian Economic GroupD Prime 7inister 7ahathir 7alaysia9s stance in Gulf War State Department - Coordinator for Export Controls 1992-1993 Exports to "rogue" states .elations with Europeans State Department - Coordinator for Business Affairs 1993 Operations Evaluation INTERVIEW $: First of all, on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Trainin , let me welcome you to the first of a series of sessions that we will hold. My first question will be to ask you to talk a little about your back round with the ob,ect of tryin to find out what lead you into the Forei n Service. 4 CLEBELA DE 0 was born in Boston in 1931, but 0 was for the most part raised in New York and Washington. 0 attended schools in Washington until 0 entered Phillips Academy, Andover. After that, 0 started Yale University, where 0 graduated in 19,3 with an English major. Following graduation, 0 entered the Air Force and after a year9s training, was assigned to Germany where 0 flew transport planes all over Europe. 0t was during this tour that 0 developed an interest and a desire to join the Foreign Service. 0 had heard about the Foreign Service from friends at Yale, who were considering joining that organiFation, although none of them ever did. On several occasions, while in 7unich during my military service, 0 went to the Consulate General, where 0 had some friends. They of course told me a lot more about the Foreign Service. When 0 left the Air Force in 19,1, 0 first worked in the Department of the Navy in Washington. C7y first job offer was from the EW YO.8 T07ES which was looking for a copy boy for G48 per week, which was not enough to make ends meet.D While working for the Navy, 0 attended Georgetown9s Foreign Service School at night in an effort to raise my academic standards which had been somewhat lackluster at Yale. By this time, it was clear to me that 0 wanted to be involved in international relations. 7ost of my family had devoted their lives to the government. 0 had three older cousins--Harlan, Ban and Stanley--who had encouraged me in the direction of government work, even while 0 was in college. Stanley actually was Foreign Service officer. While at Georgetown, 0 took courses in international economics, diplomatic history and other such subject matters. 0 took the Foreign Service written entrance examination in December, 19,1 in Washington and the oral in early 19,7--both in Washington. The written was at this time a three hour exam--multiple choice--in which 0 managed to get about three out of four answers correctly. 0 felt that if an applicant had had good freshmen classes in several disciplines, he or she could pass the exam. There were for example several Huestions on weather, which 0 was able to answer in light of my Air Force experience. But during the oral examination, one of the panel members noted that 0 had not done so well in the economic section, answering only three out of 34 Huestions correctly. 0 pointed out that that was pretty good because 0 had only tried to answer four econ Huestions. 0 must say the panel was not amused by my response. The panel members were properly stern. The first part of that examination was relatively easy because, as 0 anticipated, they asked me a lot of personal Huestions about my background. Then the Huestions began to change. 0 remember one that dealt with the economic change in the United States and particularly with the move south of the New England industrial base. 0 fumbled around with that answer for a while. After the end of the interview, the candidate was asked to step outside the room and await the decision. When the panel summoned me back, the chairman said that 0 had passed, but "weakly". He 5 suggested that 0 need considerable more knowledge. evertheless, 0 was very pleased to have passed both the written and oral ordeals. After the oral, 0 had to wait for the medical and security clearances. 0n fact, the process was rather expeditious because 0 think many new recruits were being taken in that year. 0 entered the Foreign Service in July, 19,7 and went to the A-100 course of the Foreign Service 0nstitute. 0 don9t remember too much about that course, but 0 believe that it was a pretty good, highly concentrated few weeks of indoctrination into the Department of State and the Foreign Service. 0 believe that the consular segment of the course lasted for a week or two, and was a very good introduction into a subject with which 0 never subseHuently had any acHuaintance. 0 was one of the rare recruits who never had to serve in a consular job; most of my colleagues did. What elseI 0 remember Bushrod Axel from the Department of Agriculture telling us that there were about three million farmers at the time which was about twice as many as necessary. We had someone who talked to us about cross-cultural experiences which 0 found fascinating. Loy Henderson told us to do our best, not worry about the next guy. There were about 2,-30 members in my class. 0t consisted of a great variety of people. Some, like Frank Carlucci, became well known--although Frank didn9t join the class until about mid course. He had been in the Foreign Service for more than a year, but had never attended the A-100 course. Bob Oakley and Dan O9Donahue were members. As 0 suppose happens freHuently, some of us in that entrance course are still friends to this day--almost forty years later. There were a very few women, mostly in the preceding classes. One of the Huestions 0 had been asked during my orals was to discuss the new practice of appointing new Foreign Service officers from a broad spectrum of universities and colleges--not restricting the Foreign Service to 0vy League graduates. 0 said that geographic distribution was a meritorious goal, but that excellence should never be diluted. 7y class had several 0vy League graduates, but also included some very capable people from all regions of the US. 0 don9t recall that we had any minorities in the class. The A-100 course lasted about four months. 0 did not attend the subseHuent consular course which people whose first assignments would be in that line of work were reHuired to attend. Somewhat to my disappointment, my first assignment was to a Washington office--A-OP.
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