Simone Veil Leon Greenman Anne Frank Noor Khan Primo Levi Esther Brunstein Gustav Schiefer First they came for survivor and Witness to a new Diarist (1929-1945) Courageous Fighter Chronicler of Holocaust Survivor and Witness Anti Nazi Trade Unionist communists, and I did not politician (1927- ) generation (1910-2008) (1914-1944) (1919-1987) (1928- ) (b. 1876) speak out—because I was not a Born in Frankfurt-am-Maim in communist; Simone Veil was interned in Born in and taken Germany, Anne Frank’s family Born to an Indian father and Primo Levi was born in Turin, Esther Brunstein was born in Gustav Schiefer, Munich Chairman a Nazi concentration camp to Holland as a child, Leon went to Holland to escape Nazi American mother in Moscow, Italy. He was sent to Auschwitz Lodz, . When the Nazis of the German Then they came for the socialists, during the Second World War Greenman was arrested after persecution of . Given a diary Noor Khan was an outstandingly in 1944. Managing to survive invaded in 1939 she was forced to Association, was arrested, and I did not speak out—because because of her Jewish heritage. the Nazis invaded. He was for her 13th birthday she began brave woman. She escaped from he later penned the poignant wear a yellow star identifying her beaten and imprisoned in Dachau I was not a socialist; After being liberated she subjected to experimentation to chronicle her forced hiding for France after it fell to Hitler’s and moving book If this be a as a Jew. In 1940 she had to live concentration camp. Members Then they came for the trade later became a lawyer and a and beatings at Auschwitz. His 2 years. She was arrested and armies in 1940. As wartime man. He managed to powerfully in the Lodz ghetto. In August 1944 of trade unions and the Social unionists, and I did not speak French government minister. wife and son were gassed. He taken to Auschwitz where she British agent she was sent to Nazi portray the moral, physical, she was taken to Auchswitz and Democratic Party were targeted by out—because I was not a trade Her life story, her courage spoke of his experiences to died. Fortunately, her diary was occupied France in 1943. She and emotional degradation that then to Bergen Belsen. Almost the Nazis. Later he testified against and determination in successive generations in the UK, saved. In it she wrote, “It’s was betrayed and sent to marked life in the death camps. all her family did not survive. the Nazis, “And how decent were unionist; overcoming the publishing a book, really a wonder that a concentration His work evocatively After being liberated we once more in the year 1945. Then they came for the Jews, early setbacks in Leon Greenman, I haven’t dropped camp. She was describes how the she settled in the Not a hair on the head of and I did not speak out—because life have made an Auschwitz survivor all my ideals tortured and survivors survived UK. Today she gives any of these swine was I was not a Jew; inspiring symbol 98288. He later because they shot in gruesome the camps and how meetings in schools harmed on behalf of the Then they came for me—and in France and said, “Whatever seem so absurd circumstances they reconstituted and elsewhere Trade Unions. We bore there was no one left to speak out internationally. some historians and impossible… but refused to themselves recounting her witness, and still bear say, it happened. Yet, I keep capitulate. afterwards. experiences. witness today, for for me. And it could them, in spite of He committed human dignity Pastor Niemoller, Why we mark Holocaust Memorial Day, 27 January… happen again.” everything.” suicide. and justice.” victim of the Nazis As educators UCU members recognise our unique responsibility to tell the truth about our past to ensure the lessons are learnt for our future. The millions who died at the hands of the Nazis and their allies during the Holocaust must be Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Roma and Gypsies The Disabled Black people Political opponents. remembered not just as the victims of an unparalleled man-made tragedy – but also as a warning that we must never Within days of taking power Hitler attacked Due to their religious beliefs, Jehovah’s Witnesses The “Parajamos” or the devouring led to the The Nazis exterminated approximately 70,000 Black Germans (24,000 before 1933 according to Millions of political “undesirables” ranging from allow it to happen again. We must continue to educate our children against the dangers of anti-Semitism, the German gay population closing down gay refused to swear allegiance to the Nazi regime. extermination of approximately 200,000 Gypsies disabled people deeming them to be inferior. some estimates) were systematically sterilised communists, trade unionists, members of the boy organisations. An estimated 10,000-15,000 Approximately 2,000 were killed for refusing to and Romas by the Nazis. Gypsy and Roma people After 1939 all children under 3 with Down’s and murdered. Captured African American scouts, to pacifists were killed by the Nazis. Any and racial discrimination. Encouraging them – and us – to take a stand against hatred and intolerance wherever they gay people died in the concentration camps. renounce their faith. were sterilised, experimented on, and used as syndrome, cerebral palsy, or “suspected idiocy” soldiers said their horrific treatment did not freedom of expression or difference was crushed find it is the best way to ensure a just, democratic and tolerant society where all can live free from fear. forced labour in a number of death camps. were targeted for termination. compare to that meted out to black Germans. along with elections and other political parties. Sally Hunt, UCU general secretary GROUPS VICTIMISED BY THE NAZIS

The Holocaust was a “specific genocidal event in the Resistance twentieth-century history: the state sponsored, systematic Jan. Chancellor Jan. Speedy Jews mount serious resistance in the persecution and annihilation” of 6 million Jews, “…by Nazi Hitler becomes Chancellor deportation and ghetto. This comes at a time when the of Germany. threats The deportation Nazis send Gypsies to extermination camps. Germany and collaborators.” of Jews increases. The , formed in 1920s by Hitler, organised Feb. No more Trade following month Jews must The Nazi Party Unions The property give their gold and silver to the Holocaust. They won power on the back of German of communists and Mar. Take over The Nazis seize Austria. the state. defeat in World War One, promising to create jobs in the pacifists is confiscated. later establishes an office for Jewish Independent trade union immigration in Vienna. Jews lose Mar. Czechoslovakia taken over midst of the 1929 world wide economic depression, and buildings are attacked and to property; employment; the right to enter parks. The Nazis take Czechoslovakia. a “racially pure” Germany. trade unions banned two months later. Following this, the Slovaks pass the Pogroms, Pronouncements, . Apr. Register Jews are forced to register all equivalent of the Nuremberg laws in 2,000 Jews are killed in a pogrom in Romania. Jan. Mechanised genocide and a 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. Mar. Opponents put away wealth and holdings. Later in the year Jews over 15 Germany (see 1935). During the same year Himmler visits conference Thousands of Jews, church people, homosexuals, and are forced to apply for identity cards. Jews can no Auschwitz and orders its expansion. The Nazis Mass killings of Jews at Auschwitz Birkenau Millions of other “undesirables” were killed by the Nazis. communists are sent to the growing Dachau concentration camp. longer practice medicine. invade Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. using gas begin. Leading Nazis at the Wannsee Thousands of Jews are arrested in Paris. conference agree the details of the ‘Final Estimated 39 death camps across Europe. June business Jewish businesses must register Solution’ i.e. the extermination of all Jews. Stalingrad The Nazis are defeated by the with special ministry. June Nazis invade the Soviet Union Russian army at Stalingrad in Russia. 4 million people (mainly Jewish) were murdered In the course of the war the Nazis let 5 million Mar. Another camp in 6 death camps alone – Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, July Evian 32 countries meet in Evian, France soviet prisoners die of starvation. The Nazis Belzec camp is built with fitted gas chambers. Auschwitz expanded The Nazis open 4 new Belzab, Majdanek, and Auschwitz. to consider the plight of Jews escaping Hitler. No unleashed a wave of genocide against the Slovak and French Jews deported to Auschwitz. gas chambers at Auschwitz. Jews are deported country accepts them. millions of Jews living in the Soviet Union. to the camp from Italy and Austria. It is reported 90% of Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust. May Sobibor death camp later that 106 castrations were performed there by JAN. Auschwitz Aug. More repression Nazis destroy the Great Final Solution Fitted with three gas chambers, this camp December 1943. Liberated Synagogue in Nuremberg. Jewish women Himmler meets Hess, Auschwitz would later become the scene of the most The Red Army must add Sarah to their names, and men May St Louis commandant declaring “The Fuhrer has heroic instances of resistance to the Nazis. Treblinka exterminations cease Two hundred Jews liberates Auschwitz on all legal documents. A month later, 930 Jewish refugees leave Europe on ordered the Final solution of the reported the same manage to escape Treblinka death camp soon after the on 27 January, and Jews cannot practice law and their board the St Louis for the Americas. Jewish question… I have… month that as many as 400,000 Jews had been extermination, but 870,000 were killed there. Majdanek camp passports are stamped with J in red. They are forced to return to Europe chosen Auschwitz for this machine gunned in Nazi-occupied territory. the previous year. after being refused entry. Two months purpose.” Later that year The Red Army also Oct. Arrested 17,000 Polish Jews later, Jews lose the right to hold (poison gas) is June Yellow stars Jews in a number liberates Warsaw APR. Unlawful boycott Jewish establishments are are arrested in Germany. They are expelled to government jobs in Germany. used at Auschwitz for the of occupied territories forced to wear and Budapest. boycotted by Nazis across Germany. Jews are expelled from Poland which refuses them entry leaving them with first time. a yellow star. The Allied armies universities. In the following weeks books are burnt. nowhere to go. Sep. Poland and war The Nazis liberate numerous invade Poland. Jews are put into New Ghettoes, new Efficiency Nazis hold a special death camps like JULY Sterilisation People with “genetic defects” are forcibly ghettoes in preparation for the “final massacres, new camps meeting to co-ordinate Jewish deportations. Buchenwald and sterilised. Four months later beggars, the homeless, alcoholics goal.” England and France declare New Jewish Ghettoes were Later that month, a new is opened Dachau in defeating and the unemployed are sent to concentration camps. war. Jews in Germany cannot be on established in occupied at Auschwitz. Sterislisation experiments begin at the Nazi war the streets after 8pm (winter) and territories e.g. Minsk, Lvov, and Auschwitz the following month. machine. 9pm (summer). It is now illegal for Bialystok in Russia. 3,800 Jews Jews to own radios in Germany. are murdered in pogrom in at Leaks News of the death camps is leaked Apr. Hitler Division of death Kovno, Lithuania. Also, 33,771 Jews to the British and American governments. kills himself Race laws The A special division, Oct. Euthanasia All sick and are murdered at Babi Yar in Kiev, Dutch and French Jews are sent to Auschwitz Nuremberg race laws SS Death’s-head unit, disabled people are rounded up Russia. A new camp is established the same month. Later that year, they will be First warnings about Auschwitz An escapee May Germany are passed which mean guards concentration extermination by the Nazis in Germany. in Majdanek in Poland. joined by German Jews. from Auschwitz, Rudolf Vrba, gives one of the first surrenders Jews lose their German camps. By the end accounts of what has happened there. Jews from citizenship and are of 1936 thousands of Camp opening and Hungary and Greece deported to Auschwitz. By the end Nov. Nuremberg forbidden relationships Jews leave Germany opposition of June half of Hungary’s Jews were at Auschwitz. trials with non Jews. Jews fleeing relentless A new camp called Some, but not all, are then barred from persecution. Nov. Kristallnacht Thousands of Jewish New site for murder New camp called Treblinka is opened in Bad trade The Nazis offer to trade Jews for trucks of the people who cinema ownership. businesses and synagogues were attacked and Auschwitz established in Poland. European Poland. It has 10 gas and other commodities with Western Allies. were involved in Aug. Combating 30,000 Jewish men arrested by Nazis. Jews are Jews are deported to Poland. The Nazis take chambers (200 persons perpetrating Homosexuality later fined 1 billion marks for damages arising over Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, per chamber). At Highest daily murder rate ever recorded the Holocaust are put An Office for from Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass). Holland, and Luxembourg, Sachsenhausen camp, 9,000 people a day are gassed or burned at Auschwitz- on trial. Health Jews Combating Jews are expelled from non Jewish German however, the SS meet Birkenau during the summer. A revolt by some Jewish can no longer get Homosexuality schools. AUG. Madagascar A plan is proposed to Dec. yet more camps stiff Jewish resistance. inmates leads to the destruction of one the crematories. National Health and Abortions is deport all European Jews to an island near The Chelmno camp is opened Belzec is closed insurance, and established. Soon Dec. Goring It is decreed that all Jewish East Africa, Madagascar. Nazi-occupied in Poland. Jews are gassed in after killing an estimated 600,000 Jews. Oct. transport The last transport of Jews was to are banned from after 25% of all Jewish businesses must be aryanised. France passes severe measures against its mobile gas vans. Victims include The Nazis try to hide its existence. Auschwitz. A little later people were gassed there for the getting legal wealth is taxed. Jewish populations deporting thousands. The 5,000 gypsies. Meanwhile, sterilization experiments are last time. Himmler later ordered the destruction of the qualifications. Nazis begin to seal off Jewish ghettos from tested on women in Birkenau. crematories in Auschwitz. the world e.g. the Krakow ghetto in Poland.

The sheer presence of the ANL had made I am well aware that the orthodox opinion is 6 million Jews were gassed or UCU and NUT statement on the BNP it impossible to get NF members on the cremated… Orthodox opinion once held the world is flat… I have reached the The policies and positions of the BNP are incompatible with the ethos and values of teaching. and fascism are the antithesis of the From Black shirts to the “ “ aims of education which strives for the liberation of every learner’s potential, irrespective of age, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, streets, had dashed recruitment and cut conclusion that the ‘extermination’ tale is a … extremely profitable lie. It’s well race or religion. away at their vote” known that the chimney from the gas chambers at Auchswitz are fake” In common with the mainstream political parties, NUT and UCU find the policies of the BNP utterly unacceptable. We call on the government to take urgent action to ensure that racism and fascism have no place in the classroom or lecture hall, and to give consideration BNP – resisting fascism , one of the leaders of the National Front , leader of the BNP References and acknowledgements Author/Creative Director: Gaverne Bennett. to making membership of the BNP incompatible with registration as a qualified teacher or lecturer, in line with policy for the police. Designer: Jon Wedderburn. If this a man/The truce Primo Levi. Both unions find espousal of BNP policies to be incompatible with membership of our organisations. Picture Researcher: Sarah Edwards. The Ghetto Fights Marek Edelman. The battle of The Holocaust Lessons for Humanity Acknowledgements: Professor Deborah Lipstadt, Mosley announces a march through the Learner Interactive Resource Book. Dorot professor of modern Jewish and Holocaust poorest part of London, the East End, How to stop the Nazi BNP Chris Bambery. studies at Emory University, Atlanta; Dr Francois where he hopes to build a base. He is After the Second National Front grows First BNP win Oldham Love Music festival in Stoke The Holocaust Martin Gilbert. Guesnet, Department of Hebrew and Jewish studies, June Olympia rally met by 100,000 anti fascists and can’t World War the A speech denouncing non white Anti fascists, mainly – BNP poll Love Love Music Hate Racism hold music rally The Second World War Day 5: The Holocaust in University College London; Eddie Alexander, lecturer and The Observer. Waltham Forest; Hazel Brown, research assistant The BUF tries to hold a giant pass Cable Street. The police call off the 43 group (Jewish immigration in 1968 by a mainstream organised around the Anti described as an “openly 11 percent Music in Stoke-on-Trent which thousands attend Handbook for Teachers. Guidelines for teaching about at The Imperial War Museum, Holocaust exhibition; rally in Olympia. It is disrupted march. The fascists never recover. ex-servicemen and politician Enoch Powell, and the Nazi League, manage to unite Nazi Party” by a European in local carnival in the run up to the European elections. the Holocaust Task force for International Co-operation Tom Hickey, Brighton university. by hundreds of anti fascists anti fascists) smash hysteria around immigration, gives all sections of the community committee on racism – wins elections Love

on Holocaust Rememberance and Research. who are beaten up my Mosley’s BUF rallies as it tries the National Front a mass audience. in exposing the fascism of the first council seat on Isle of in Oldham. Music The Good June European Thanks also to The Imperial War Museum. The Bad Internet references & The Queen black shirts to regroup itself in the They beat the Liberals into fourth National Front and stopping Lead cosh Dogs, East London. Hate Babyshambles elections Jerry Dammers H a r d -F i (ex-The Specials) Special thanks to special people: Peggy, Aphra, lstars Roll Deep www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/ Rock Against Racism Al ft Tinchy Str yder & Jammer early post war years. place in 33 seats in the Greater them from marching. Blair Peach Binned Racism, ft very special guests BNP wins 2 MEP Brontyrre, and Herschell. Jay Sean Get Cape.Wear Cape.Fly article3524503.ece September Follow up rally London Council elections. is killed by Marching on the bunker First BNP successor seats in European www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Levi-Pri.html Thanks also to Matt Waddup, Chris Nicholas, www.hmd.org.uk Sharon Russell at the University College Union. The BUF try to have a rally in New front Carnivals the police 60,000 anti-fascists march councillor to Rock Against Racism, elections. Anti- www.answers.com/topic/martin-niem-ller Hyde Park. Again thousands of A former Lewisham Two successful carnivals at an anti on the BNP headquarters. loses seat. hold a carnival in Victoria fascists interrupt a www.veni.com/articles/firsttheycameforme.html This poster is dedicated to the memory of the survivor, Marek Edelman British fascist anti fascists stop the rally from member The National Front tries to march organised by Rock against fascist 40,000 people march against Later, Unite Park that attracts press conference www.ushmm.org taking place. of the BUF through an area with a high black Racism, sister organisation march in the BNP in East London on a Against 100,000 people. by BNP leader, http://london.iwm.org.uk , aristocrat and former www.shoaheducation.com/warsawtimeline.html MP for both the Tory and Labour establishes and Asian presence. They are met by of the ANL, draws 100,000 Southall. demonstration organised by Fascism and Nick Griffin, in front www.shoaheducation.com/aaaa.html parties, establishes the British Union the National thousands of anti fascists and, like people using music to the TUC. A giant ANL carnival BNP win a seat in the of the Houses of www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399805/The-Holocaust- of Fascists. Front the BUF in the 1930s, are forced to drive home the anti fascist is held in Brockwell Park. are formed to . Parliament. The BBC later invites him on The-facts.html call off the march. message among the young. stop the BNP. Question Time. www..co.uk 1932 1934 1936 1945 1967 1977 1979 1993 1994 2001 2008 2009