The Holocaust As Public History
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Shoah 1 Shoah
Shoah 1 Shoah [1] (« catastrophe » ,שואה : Le terme Shoah (hébreu désigne l'extermination par l'Allemagne nazie des trois quarts des Juifs de l'Europe occupée[2] , soit les deux tiers de la population juive européenne totale et environ 40 % des Juifs du monde, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale ; ce qui représente entre cinq et six millions de victimes selon les estimations des historiens[3] . Ce génocide des Juifs constituait pour les nazis « la Solution finale à la question juive » (die Endlösung der Judenfrage). Le terme français d’Holocauste est également utilisé et l’a précédé. Le terme « judéocide » est également utilisé par certains pour qualifier la Destruction du ghetto de Varsovie, avril 1943. Shoah. L'extermination des Juifs, cible principale des nazis, fut perpétrée par la faim dans les ghettos de Pologne et d'URSS occupées, par les fusillades massives des unités mobiles de tuerie des Einsatzgruppen sur le front de l'Est (la « Shoah par balles »), au moyen de l'extermination par le travail forcé dans les camps de concentration, dans les « camions à gaz », et dans les chambres à gaz des camps d'extermination. L'horreur de ce « crime de masse »[4] a conduit, après-guerre, à l'élaboration des notions juridiques de « crime contre l'humanité »[5] et de « génocide »[6] , utilisé postérieurement dans d'autres contextes (génocide arménien, génocide des Tutsi, etc.). Une très grave lacune du droit international humanitaire a également été complétée avec l'adoption des Conventions de Genève de 1949, qui protègent la population civile en temps de guerre[7] . L'extermination des Juifs durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale se distingue par son caractère industriel, bureaucratique et systématique qui la rend unique dans l'histoire de l'humanité[8] . -
An Analysis of the Acquittal of John Demjanjuk and Its Impact on the Future of Nazi War Crimes Trials Lisa J
Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Volume 18 | Issue 1 Article 4 12-1-1995 Not Guilty – But Not Innocent: An Analysis of the Acquittal of John Demjanjuk and its Impact on the Future of Nazi War Crimes Trials Lisa J. Del Pizzo Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Lisa J. Del Pizzo, Not Guilty – But Not Innocent: An Analysis of the Acquittal of John Demjanjuk and its Impact on the Future of Nazi War Crimes Trials, 18 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 137 (1995), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol18/iss1/4 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Not Guilty-But Not Innocent: An Analysis of the Acquittal of John Demjanjuk and Its Impact on the Future of Nazi War Crimes Trials INTRODUCTION On July 29, 1993, the Supreme Court of the State of Israel acquit ted John Demjanjuk of charges that he was "Ivan the Terrible," a sadistic Nazi gas chamber operator who assisted in the extermina tion of thousands of Jews at the Treblinka death camp in Poland during World War II.! The acquittal, which overturned the district court's 1988 conviction and death sentence,2 was based on new evidence which created a "reasonable doubt" that Demjanjuk was "Ivan the Terrible" of Treblinka.3 The acquittal of John Demjanjuk comes after a sixteen year legal battle which began in the United States in 1977, when the U.S. -
Holocaust Archaeology: Archaeological Approaches to Landscapes of Nazi Genocide and Persecution
HOLOCAUST ARCHAEOLOGY: ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO LANDSCAPES OF NAZI GENOCIDE AND PERSECUTION BY CAROLINE STURDY COLLS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The landscapes and material remains of the Holocaust survive in various forms as physical reminders of the suffering and persecution of this period in European history. However, whilst clearly defined historical narratives exist, many of the archaeological remnants of these sites remain ill-defined, unrecorded and even, in some cases, unlocated. Such a situation has arisen as a result of a number of political, social, ethical and religious factors which, coupled with the scale of the crimes, has often inhibited systematic search. This thesis will outline how a non- invasive archaeological methodology has been implemented at two case study sites, with such issues at its core, thus allowing them to be addressed in terms of their scientific and historical value, whilst acknowledging their commemorative and religious significance. -
POLAND-BUDAPEST and ISRAEL
2020 ADULT MARCH OF THE LIVING: POLAND-BUDAPEST and ISRAEL We are now accepting deposits on a first come, first served basis. In Poland we will visit sites of Jewish interest in Krakow, Warsaw, and the several death camps. In Budapest, we will visit places connected with the Holocaust and the Jewish community. On Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Memorial Day) we will march with over 12,000 teens and other adults from Auschwitz to Birkenau to commemorate the death march imposed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In Israel our activities will include visits to many sites in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. We will be in Israel to commemorate Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day) and to celebrate the 72nd Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day). * itinerary changes are possible due to weather, traffic issues, and security concerns * Tour includes: Deluxe hotels throughout, Daily breakfast provided throughout trip & most meals are included All entrance fees, fully guided, luxury motor coach, all tips, daily water & bus snacks All Shabbat meals in Europe & Israel and BBQ at the "Main Event" on Yom Ha’Atzmaut Participation in the March of the Living on Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) in Poland Participation in the March of the Living parade on Yom H'Atzmaut (Independence Day) in Jerusalem Touring to various sites in Poland, Budapest and Israel ** LAND PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE OVERSEAS AIR TRAVEL TO and FROM THE USA ** EUROPE SEGMENT POLAND & BUDAPEST - April 20 - 28, 2020 (8 hotel nights) $ 6,250 (THIS INCLUDES AIR TRAVEL BETWEEN POLAND and BUDAPEST) (This program ends -
Hosting the 'Holohoax': a Snapshot of Holocaust Denial Across Social Media
COVID-19 disinformation briefingISD Briefing No.2 HostingFar-right the m ‘Holohoax’obilisation 10th9th August April 2020 2020 COVIDHosting-19 the disinformation ‘Holohoax’: A Snapshotbriefing of Holocaust no. 2 Denial Across Social Media Far-rightJakob Guhl mobilisation & Jacob Davey This is the second in a series of briefings from ISD’s Digital Research Unit on the information ecosystem around coronavirus (COVID-19). These briefings expose how Executivetechnology platformsSummary are being used to promote disinformation, hate, extremism and authoritarianism in the context of COVID-19. It is based on ISD’s mixture of natural Overviewlanguage processing, network analysis and ethnographic online research. This briefing Holocaustfocuses denialon the has way long far-right been one groups of the most and insidious individuals conspiracy are mobilising theories targeting around Jewish COVID-19 in communities,the with US. its The extremist first proponents briefing drawnin the from series across can the be ideological found on spectrum, ISD’s website. from extreme right-wing to hard left to Islamist. Research has shown that digital platforms have only served to amplify and mainstream this warped strain of thinking inTop recent Lines years.1 Far-rightThis briefing groups paper andprovides individuals a snapshot are of Holocaust denialAntisemitic content acrossspeech major and social ideas media are beingplatforms. opportunisticallyBy analysing the term using ‘holohoax’, the ongoingwhich is commonly usedadapted by Holocaust to incorporate deniers, -
Expert Report by Professor Richard Evans (2000)
Expert Report by Professor Richard Evans (2000) IRVING VS. (1) LIPSTADT AND (2) PENGUIN BOOKS EXPERT WITNESS REPORT BY RICHARD J. EVANS FBA Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge Warning: This title page does not belong to the original report. The original report starts on the second page which is to be considered page number 1. IRVING VS. (1) LIPSTADT AND (2) PENGUIN BOOKS EXPERT W ITNESS REPORT BY RICHARD J. EVANS FBA Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Purpose of this Report 3 1.2 Material Instructions 4 1.3 Author of the Report 4 1.4 Curriculum vitae 9 1.5 Methods used to draw up this Report 14 1.6 Argument and structure of the Report 19 2. Irving the historian 26 2.1 Publishing career 26 2.2 Qualifications 28 2.3 Professional historians and archival research 29 2.4 Documents and sources 35 2.5 Reputation 41 2.6 Conclusion 64 3. Irving and Holocaust denial66 3.1 Definitions of ‘The Holocaust’ 67 3.2 Holocaust denial 77 3.3 The arguments before the court 87 (a) Lipstadt’s allegations and Irving’s replies 87 (b) The 1977 edition of Hitler’s War 89 (c) The 1991 edition of Hitler’s War 92 (d) Irving’s biography of Hermann Göring 100 (e) Conclusion 103 3.4 Irving and the central tenets of Holocaust denial 106 (a) Numbers of Jews killed 106 (b) Use of gas chambers 126 (c) Systematic nature of the extermination 134 (d) Evidence for the Holocaust 140 (e) Conclusion 173 3.5 Connections with Holocaust deniers 174 (a) The Institute for Historical Review 174 (b) Other Holocaust deniers 190 3.6 Conclusion 200 4. -
Abba Kovner - Yitzchak Zuckerman - Two Approaches to the Jewish Exodus from Europe Shalom Cholawski
Abba Kovner - Yitzchak Zuckerman - Two Approaches to the Jewish Exodus from Europe Shalom Cholawski In December 1944, partisans from Vilna and Kovno met in Lublin. Those who arrived from the Soviet Union immediately began organizing the Bericha in motion. On January 20, 1945, a few days after the liberation of Warsaw, Yitzchak Zuckerman and Zivia Lubetkin, two of the commanders of the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt, arrived in Lublin and met with Kovner and his colleagues from the partisans. Kovner later recalled his meeting with Zuckerman: “His face, like mine, was drawn, haggard in the flame of a small candle, and the candle, standing on the low stool between us, flickered as though at the foot of a dead man. Only our shadows on the naked walls were long and mute.” Zuckerman and Kovner concurred that no Jewish community could be established in the graveyard that was now Poland. The only course was to press for Aliyah through every possible means. However, they disagreed as to the modus operandi. Yitzchak Zuckerman argued that the group of pioneer leaders must not abandon the remnant of Polish Jewry. It was the duty of the leadership to organize and bring them to Eretz Israel. The veteran leadership was no longer in existence, and it devolved on the younger people who had survived, the ghetto fighters and partisans, to create the organizational framework needed to remove the Jews from Poland. Zuckerman said the departure of the activists would be tantamount to desertion and therefore intolerable. Kovner said they must leave the detested soil of Europe at once, and in the course of leaving take their revenge on Nazis who were still walking about __________________________________________________________________________ מרכז המידע אודות השואה, יד ושם ביה"ס המרכזי להוראת השואה 1 freely. -
Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: the Evolution of a Doctrine
www.doew.at Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: The Evolution of a Doctrine Published in: Hermann Kurthen/Rainer Erb/Werner Bergmann (ed.), Anti-Sem- itism and Xenophobia in Germany after Unification, New York–Oxford 1997 Development of “revisionism” since 1945 Most people understand so called „revisionism“ as just another word for the movement of holocaust denial (Benz 1994; Lipstadt 1993; Shapiro 1990). Therefore it was suggested lately to use the word „negationism“ instead. How- ever in the author‘s point of view „revisionism“ covers some more topics than just the denying of the National Socialist mass murders. Especially in Germany and Austria there are some more points of National Socialist politics some people have tried to minimize or apologize since 1945, e. g. the responsibility for World War II, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (quite a modern topic), (the discussion) about the number of the victims of the holocaust a. s. o.. In the seventies the late historian Martin Broszat already called that movement „run- ning amok against reality“ (Broszat 1976). These pseudo-historical writers, many of them just right wing extremist publishers or people who quite rapidly turned to right wing extremists, really try to prove that history has not taken place, just as if they were able to make events undone by denying them. A conception of “negationism” (Auerbach 1993a; Fromm and Kernbach 1994, p. 9; Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz 1994) or “holocaust denial” (Lipstadt 1993, p. 20) would neglect the additional components of “revision- ism”, which are logically connected with the denying of the holocaust, this being the extreme variant. -
Holocaust-Denial Literature: a Fourth Bibliography
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research York College 2000 Holocaust-Denial Literature: A Fourth Bibliography John A. Drobnicki CUNY York College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/yc_pubs/25 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Holocaust-Denial Literature: A Fourth Bibliography John A. Drobnicki This bibliography is a supplement to three earlier ones published in the March 1994, Decem- ber 1996, and September 1998 issues of the Bulletin of Bibliography. During the intervening time. Holocaust revisionism has continued to be discussed both in the scholarly literature and in the mainstream press, especially owing to the libel lawsuit filed by David Irving against Deb- orah Lipstadt and Penguin Books. The Holocaust deniers, who prefer to call themselves “revi- sionists” in an attempt to gain scholarly legitimacy, have refused to go away and remain as vocal as ever— Bradley R. Smith has continued to send revisionist advertisements to college newspapers (including free issues of his new publication. The Revisionist), generating public- ity for his cause. Holocaust-denial, which will be used interchangeably with Holocaust revisionism in this bib- liography, is a body of literature that seeks to “prove” that the Jewish Holocaust did not hap- pen. Although individual revisionists may have different motives and beliefs, they all share at least one point: that there was no systematic attempt by Nazi Germany to exterminate Euro- pean Jewry. -
Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945
DECISIONS AMID CHAOS: JEWISH SURVIVAL IN BUDAPEST, MARCH 1944 – FEBRUARY 1945 Allison Somogyi A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Konrad Jarausch © 2014 Allison Somogyi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Allison Somogyi: Decisions amid Chaos: Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945 (Under the direction of Chad Bryant) “The Jews of Budapest are completely apathetic and do virtually nothing to save themselves,” Raoul Wallenberg stated bluntly in a dispatch written in July 1944. This simply was not the case. In fact, Jewish survival in World War II Budapest is a story of agency. A combination of knowledge, flexibility, and leverage, facilitated by the chaotic violence that characterized Budapest under Nazi occupation, helped to create an atmosphere in which survival tactics were common and widespread. This unique opportunity for agency helps to explain why approximately 58 percent of Budapest’s 200,000 Jews survived the war while the total survival rate for Hungarian Jews was only 26 percent. Although unique, the experience of Jews within Budapest’s city limits is not atypical and suggests that, when fortuitous circumstances provided opportunities for resistance, European Jews made informed decisions and employed everyday survival tactics that often made the difference between life and death. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody who helped me and supported me while writing and researching this thesis. First and foremost I must acknowledge the immense support, guidance, advice, and feedback given to me by my advisor, Dr. -
Yudkin on Porat, 'The Fall of a Sparrow: the Life and Times of Abba Kovner'
H-Judaic Yudkin on Porat, 'The Fall of a Sparrow: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner' Review published on Monday, May 3, 2010 Dina Porat. The Fall of a Sparrow: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner. Translated and edited by Elizabeth Yuval. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture Series. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010. xxiv + 411 pp. $65.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8047-6248-9. Reviewed by Leon Yudkin (University College London)Published on H-Judaic (May, 2010) Commissioned by Jason Kalman A Leader Poet for the Nation We have here the first full account of the noted partisan and Hebrew poet Abba Kovner (1918-87) in an English version, translated from Hebrew by Elizabeth Yuval. Born in Sevastopol and raised in Vilna, Kovner became a leader of the partisan movement in the resistance to the Nazi invasion and conquest. The author, Dina Porat, who had only met her subject once briefly, shows some signs of hero worship. Her background account borders on hagiography, though sometimes she casts doubt on positions that Kovner adopted. Already in the preface, she praises him for the magnificence of his locks, for his beautiful Hebrew, for his sense of humor, and for the admiration that he managed to draw from all who came into contact with him. Porat opens with a description of Kovner's primary vision, namely, to provide a home for his homeless people following the devastation wrought by the Holocaust. That vision, for her, was matched by his natural gifts, leadership qualities, and intelligence. For the sake of convenience, she divides his life into four parts. -
Private Kaltman by Michael Kaltman
HERITAGE THE JEWISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF ILLINOIS VOLUME XXVII • NUMBER I SPRING 2012 ‘Saving’ Private Kaltman by Michael Kaltman This discussion explores three sometimes overlooked sources of information about relatives who served in the United States military during World War I. As in the case cited below, this information can give a more complete picture of that relative than the more commonly cited genealogical resources can, thereby “saving” them from obscurity. As a bonus, the information also provides a plausible explanation for the Ellis Island ship manifests of Private Kaltman’s parents. Schmerke Kaltman came to America in 1910 on the re-internment in U.S. military cemeteries in France, and SS Estonia, sailing out of Libau, Russian Empire (now the program to repatriate the bodies of soldiers. Also, Liepaja, Latvia). He was approximately 18 years old Laskin has included extensive reference citations and was listed as a “Hairdresser.” His trip began on all aspects of the war, including divisional in Samokhvalovichi, a tiny settlement about histories. 12 miles south-southwest of Minsk, Belarus. Sometime after his arrival in Laskin’s direct writing style sparked a America, Schmerke Americanized renewed interest in finding out about his name to Samuel. From his Samuel. After surfing the Internet, I naturalization records and his WWI decided to start my search with the Draft Registration Card, we know three volume Soldiers of the Great that his complexion was “dark,” his War by Haulsee, Howe, and Doyle, height was 5 feet 5 inches, and he 1920. This enormous compendium had a “medium” build. He owned lists every soldier who lost his life a barbershop on Avenue B in New in the war.