Shoah 1 Shoah

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Shoah 1 Shoah Shoah 1 Shoah [1] (« catastrophe » ,שואה : Le terme Shoah (hébreu désigne l'extermination par l'Allemagne nazie des trois quarts des Juifs de l'Europe occupée[2] , soit les deux tiers de la population juive européenne totale et environ 40 % des Juifs du monde, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale ; ce qui représente entre cinq et six millions de victimes selon les estimations des historiens[3] . Ce génocide des Juifs constituait pour les nazis « la Solution finale à la question juive » (die Endlösung der Judenfrage). Le terme français d’Holocauste est également utilisé et l’a précédé. Le terme « judéocide » est également utilisé par certains pour qualifier la Destruction du ghetto de Varsovie, avril 1943. Shoah. L'extermination des Juifs, cible principale des nazis, fut perpétrée par la faim dans les ghettos de Pologne et d'URSS occupées, par les fusillades massives des unités mobiles de tuerie des Einsatzgruppen sur le front de l'Est (la « Shoah par balles »), au moyen de l'extermination par le travail forcé dans les camps de concentration, dans les « camions à gaz », et dans les chambres à gaz des camps d'extermination. L'horreur de ce « crime de masse »[4] a conduit, après-guerre, à l'élaboration des notions juridiques de « crime contre l'humanité »[5] et de « génocide »[6] , utilisé postérieurement dans d'autres contextes (génocide arménien, génocide des Tutsi, etc.). Une très grave lacune du droit international humanitaire a également été complétée avec l'adoption des Conventions de Genève de 1949, qui protègent la population civile en temps de guerre[7] . L'extermination des Juifs durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale se distingue par son caractère industriel, bureaucratique et systématique qui la rend unique dans l'histoire de l'humanité[8] . Paroxysme d'un antisémitisme européen à la très longue histoire, ce génocide a voulu éliminer radicalement la totalité d'une population qui ne représentait aucune menace militaire ou politique pour les bourreaux. Les femmes, les bébés ou les vieillards furent tout aussi systématiquement traqués et voués à la mort de masse que les hommes adultes. En particulier, 1500000 enfants furent victimes de l'anéantissement[9] . L'extermination physique des Juifs fut aussi précédée ou accompagnée de leur spoliation systématique (aryanisation) et de la destruction d'une part considérable de leur patrimoine culturel ou religieux. Perpétré sur l’ordre d’Adolf Hitler, le crime a principalement été mis en œuvre par la SS et le RSHA dirigés par Heinrich Himmler, ainsi que par une partie de la Wehrmacht, et par de nombreux experts et bureaucrates du IIIe Reich. Il a aussi bénéficié de complicités individuelles et collectives dans toute l’Europe, notamment au sein des mouvements collaborationnistes d’inspiration fasciste ou nazie, et de la part de gouvernements ou d’administrations ayant fait le choix de la collaboration d'État. Les passivités ou les indifférences de beaucoup ont aussi indirectement aidé à son accomplissement. Parallèlement, de nombreux anonymes désintéressés, parfois honorés de la distinction de « Juste parmi les nations », se sont dévoués pour sauver des persécutés. Le Troisième Reich a aussi exterminé en masse les handicapés mentaux (leur gazage massif lors de l’aktion T4 a précédé et préfiguré celui des Juifs d'Europe), les Tziganes (Porajmos), les homosexuels et les populations slaves notamment polonaises et soviétiques, mais seul le massacre des Juifs a été conduit avec acharnement jusqu'aux derniers instants du Reich. La Shoah constitue l'un des événements les plus marquants et les plus étudiés de l'histoire contemporaine. Son impact moral, culturel et religieux a été immense et universel, surtout depuis sa redécouverte à partir des années Shoah 2 1960-1970. À côté de l'investigation historique, la littérature de la Shoah offre quelques pistes aux nombreuses interrogations posées à la conscience humaine par la nature et l'horreur exceptionnelles du génocide. La Shoah comme terme d'un processus Dans La Destruction des Juifs d'Europe, Raul Hilberg analyse la Shoah comme un processus, dont les étapes sont la définition des Juifs, leur expropriation, leur concentration, et enfin leur destruction[10] . La première étape[11] est codifiée par les lois dites de Nuremberg, en 1935, qui elles-mêmes venaient après une série de mesures discriminatoires prises dès l'avènement d'Hitler et des nazis le 30 janvier 1933. Les Juifs y sont définis par la législation nazie selon la religion de leurs Apposition d'affiche indiquant le boycott des magasins juifs en 1933 ascendants et leur propre confession. Toute personne ayant trois ou quatre grands-parents juifs est considérée comme juive. Une personne ayant deux grands-parents juifs est considérée également comme juive si elle est elle-même de religion israélite, ou si elle est mariée à une personne de cette confession. Si tel n'est pas le cas, ou si la personne n'a qu'un seul grand-parent juif, elle est rangée dans une catégorie spécifique, les Mischlinge[12] . La définition des Mischlinge est arrêtée en 1935. À partir de là, ils restent soumis aux mesures de discriminations concernant les non-aryens, mais échappent en principe aux mesures ultérieures, comme le processus de destruction, qui ne concerneront que les seuls Juifs[13] . À partir de l'automne 1941, les Le boycott des magasins juifs en 1933 Juifs d'Allemagne doivent porter une étoile jaune, signe rendu également obligatoire en 1942 à travers les territoires européens occupés, où les nazis ont d'emblée fait recenser et discriminer la population juive. Le 28 juillet 1942, alors que l'extermination bat son plein, Himmler interdit à ses experts de continuer à chercher la définition du Juif - afin de ne pas lier les mains aux tortionnaires[14] . En règle générale, les lois de Nuremberg sont rapidement introduites telles quelles par ordonnance allemande dans la plupart des pays vaincus et occupés (Belgique, Pays-Bas, Grèce, etc.). Mais plusieurs pays européens avaient adopté d'eux-mêmes leur propre législation antisémite dès l'avant-guerre, notamment l'Italie fasciste de Mussolini en 1938, la Hongrie de l'amiral Horty, la Roumanie du maréchal Ion Antonescu, la Slovaquie de Mgr Tiso. En France, le gouvernement de Vichy du maréchal Pétain, issu de la défaite de juin 1940, a mis en place un statut discriminatoire des Juifs dés octobre 1940[15] . Toutes ces dispositions n'ont aucun objectif homicide par elles-mêmes, mais elles prédisposent les gouvernants à collaborer aux futures Boycott officiel des magasins juifs par les SA, déportations. Et en isolant et en fragilisant les Juifs nationaux et Berlin, printemps 1933. étrangers, elles les rendent vulnérables lorsque surviendra la tentative nazie d'extermination. Shoah 3 L'expropriation prend la forme de très fortes incitations sur les Juifs à vendre les grandes entreprises qu'ils possèdent (aryanisation), puis, à partir de 1938, de ventes légalement forcées. La concentration des Juifs du Reich dans des immeubles réservés commence à partir d'avril 1939[16] . Cette phase d'expropriation est également mise en œuvre avec des variantes dues aux circonstances locales dans l'ensemble des pays d'Europe sous domination nazie[17] . La dernière étape, l'extermination physique, se dessine entre 1938 et 1941. Autodafé le 11 mai 1933 Avant-guerre, le but est d'abord de chasser les Juifs par une persécution sans cesse plus radicale. La liste des métiers interdits s'allonge sans fin, celle des brimades et des interdictions aussi : toute vie normale leur est rendue impossible, afin de les contraindre à l'émigration hors du Reich. Mais beaucoup refusent de quitter leur pays, et à partir de 1938, la volonté nazie d'expansion territoriale met cette politique dans une impasse : à chaque agrandissement, le Reich absorbe plus de Juifs qu'il n'en sort de ses frontières[18] . C'est le cas lorsqu'il annexe l'Autriche en mars 1938 (l'Anschluss est Humiliation publique d'un notable Juif à Munich accompagnée d'un déchaînement immédiat de brutalités contre les en 1933 Juifs, agressés, battus, dépouillés ou humiliés jusqu'en pleine rue), puis lors du rattachement des Sudètes (octobre 1938) et de l'entrée des troupes allemandes à Prague le 15 mars 1939. La conquête de la Pologne, en septembre 1939, fait à elle seule tomber plus de trois millions de Juifs sous la coupe des nazis. Le 1er septembre 1939, Hitler autorise personnellement l'aktion T4, qui entraîne l'extermination par gazage de plus de 150000 handicapés mentaux allemands en deux ans, dans des « centres d'euthanasie » prévus à cet effet. Les forces nazies fusillent en outre systématiquement les malades incurables qu'elles trouvent en Pologne et en URSS occupées. La continuité entre cette politique d'eugénisme criminelle et la Shoah est très importante : nombre de spécialistes de l'euthanasie sont ensuite réaffectés au gazage massif des Juifs, qui survient à son tour à partir de fin 1941. L'élimination physique des Juifs a commencé à partir de la nuit de Cristal du 9 novembre 1938, pogrom planifié d'en-haut qui fait 91 morts à travers toute l'Allemagne et entraîne l'arrestation de 30000 Juifs conduits en camp de concentration, la dévastation de centaines de magasins et la destruction de dizaines de synagogues. Le 30 janvier 1939, pour le sixième anniversaire de sa prise du pouvoir, dans un discours tonitruant devant le Reichstag, Hitler « prophét[is]e » qu'au cas où les Juifs « Timbre de la RFA commémorant la nuit de Cristal (9 novembre provoqueraient » une nouvelle guerre mondiale, la 1938). conséquence en serait « l'extermination des Juifs d'Europe ». Or c'est à l'accomplissement de cette « prophétie » que lui-même comme Goebbels et de nombreux responsables nazis feront de nombreuses références au cours de la guerre. En particulier, lorsque la guerre devient mondiale en décembre 1941 avec l'agression japonaise à Pearl Harbor et la déclaration de guerre du Reich aux États-Unis, Hitler et son entourage se persuadent qu'il faut « punir » les Juifs, Shoah 4 jugés responsables de la guerre que l'Axe a elle-même provoquée, et donc vus comme coupables des pertes allemandes au front ou des bombardements sur les villes.
Recommended publications
  • POLAND-BUDAPEST and ISRAEL
    2020 ADULT MARCH OF THE LIVING: POLAND-BUDAPEST and ISRAEL We are now accepting deposits on a first come, first served basis. In Poland we will visit sites of Jewish interest in Krakow, Warsaw, and the several death camps. In Budapest, we will visit places connected with the Holocaust and the Jewish community. On Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Memorial Day) we will march with over 12,000 teens and other adults from Auschwitz to Birkenau to commemorate the death march imposed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In Israel our activities will include visits to many sites in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. We will be in Israel to commemorate Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day) and to celebrate the 72nd Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day). * itinerary changes are possible due to weather, traffic issues, and security concerns * Tour includes: Deluxe hotels throughout, Daily breakfast provided throughout trip & most meals are included All entrance fees, fully guided, luxury motor coach, all tips, daily water & bus snacks All Shabbat meals in Europe & Israel and BBQ at the "Main Event" on Yom Ha’Atzmaut Participation in the March of the Living on Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) in Poland Participation in the March of the Living parade on Yom H'Atzmaut (Independence Day) in Jerusalem Touring to various sites in Poland, Budapest and Israel ** LAND PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE OVERSEAS AIR TRAVEL TO and FROM THE USA ** EUROPE SEGMENT POLAND & BUDAPEST - April 20 - 28, 2020 (8 hotel nights) $ 6,250 (THIS INCLUDES AIR TRAVEL BETWEEN POLAND and BUDAPEST) (This program ends
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
    THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2008 Genocide in Which Six Million European Jews Were Exter- Minated
    We, women and men in public life, historians, intellectuals and people from all faiths, have come together to declare that the defence of values of justice and fraternity must overwhelm all obstacles to prevail over intolerance, racism and conflict. We say clearly that the Israelis and the Palestinians have a right to their own state, their own sovereignty and security and that any peace process with such aims must be supported. In the face of ignorance, prejudice and competing memories that we reject, we believe in the power of knowledge and the primacy of History. We there- fore affirm, beyond all political considerations, our deter- mination to defend historical truth, for no peace is built on lies.The Holocaust is a historical fact: the annual rePorT 2008 genocide in which six million European Jews were exter- minated. To deny this crime against humanity is not only an insult to the memory of the victims, but also an insult to the very idea of civilization. Hence, we believe that the teaching of this tragedy concerns all those who have at heart the will to prevent further genocides. The same requirement of truth calls on us to recall the actions of the Righteous in Europe and in the Arab and Muslim world. Together, we declare our common desire to promote a sincere dialogue, open and fraternal. It is in this spirit 10, avenue Percier that we have gathered around the Aladdin Project. We call 75008 Paris — France on all men and women of conscience around the Tel: +33 1 53 42 63 10 Fax: +33 1 53 42 63 11 world to work with us in this common endeavour www.fondationshoah.org of shared knowedge, mutual respect and peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Institute of National Remembrance
    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/654,The-Stroop-Report-available-online.html 2021-10-02, 06:36 25.04.2013 The Stroop Report available online The Stroop Report, originally entitled The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is No More!, which was prepared for Heinrich Himmler after the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto in 1943, is a unique document in human history. We have just published it on the website of the Institute of National Remembrance at www.pamiec.pl/ftp/ilustracje/Raport_STROOPA.pdf It is available in Polish and German. The uniqueness of the report is not tarnished by the fact that, as by Professor Andrzej Zbikowski writes in the introduction to the release of the Report in 2009, it does not differ from hundreds of other German reports on the destruction of European Jews. It describes the liquidation of Jewish communities in a language of statistics, officially and in a neutral and purely technical tone. However, it reveals in an exceptional way the attitude of Germans towards the Jews as the main ideological enemy of the Third Reich. The report also shows their views on the genocide of the Jews planned in cold blood. Contrary to Stroop's intentions the Report became a posthumous tribute for the Jewish people. It shows their moral and ethical superiority. Everyone knows the picture of a little Jewish boy in a large cap standing with raised hands among terrified people at whom German soldiers point their barrels - it comes from the Report. Dozens of photographs form an integral part of the document.
    [Show full text]
  • GSI Newsletter May 2018
    [email protected] [email protected] www.genshoah.org Generations of the Shoah International Newsletter May 2018 Dear Members and Friends, Registration is now open for the intergenerational conference GSI is having in conjunction with the World Federation of Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Descendants. For dates and registration information please see the November 9th conference listing below. Generations of the Shoah International (GSI) Membership in our interactive leadership listserv is open to leaders / representatives of landsmanschaften and other Holocaust-related groups. If your local survivor, second generation or third generation group has not yet delegated a representative to join the GSI interactive online discussion / listserv group, please join us now. We already have dozens of members throughout the USA and from other countries. This global interactive listserv is the fastest way to reach the survivor community: [email protected]. For event submissions: www.genshoah.org/contact_gsi.html. Please fill out the information requested in the text areas and submit it to us at [email protected]. You must send us your information no later than the 23rd of the month if you wish for it to appear in the upcoming month’s issue. To search the newsletter by geographic area: Search by country for programs outside the USA or use the city and / or state abbreviations for those areas in the USA. All times listed below are local unless otherwise stated. Visit our GSI website at www.genshoah.org for updated information on new books, films, helpful links to Holocaust-related organizations and institutions, etc. Survivors, their children and grandchildren are welcome to post contact information for their local groups on our website.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOKS CONTRIBUTED to YIVO by Miriam Weiner General / Page 1 / Revised December 12, 2001
    BOOKS CONTRIBUTED TO YIVO By Miriam Weiner General / Page 1 / Revised December 12, 2001 _____. The Black Book of Poland. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1942. _____. Guide to Compensation and Restitution for Holocaust Survivors. New York: Claims Conference, undated. 2 BOOKS _____Correspondence with Judenrad and Accounts by Survivors in Drohobych with Krakow and Lvov. (PHOTO COPY). _____, Counted Remnant: Register of the Jewish Survivors in Budapest. Budapest: World Jewish Congress and Jewish Agency for Palestine, 1946. _____. Fragments of the Jewish History of Riga: A Brief Guide-Book with a Map for a Walking Tour. Riga: Museum and Documentation Centre of the Latvian Society of Jewish Culture, 1991. (5 books) _____. From Horror to Hope. Germany: German Information Center, 1997. _____. Guide to Yale University Library Holocaust Video Testimonies, Vol. I. Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990. _____. I Never Saw Another Butterfly. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971. _____. The Jewish Communal Register of New York City: 1917-1918. 2nd Ed. New York: Kehillah of New York City, 1918. _____. Jews in Linz (alpha list of names, date and place of birth). (PHOTO COPY) _____. Life Reborn: Jewish Displaced Persons 1945-1951. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2000. _____. List of Holocaust Survivors at the World Gathering, June 14-18, 1981. Jerusalem (PHOTO COPY) _____. Lithuanian Jewry. Vol. II. Israel, 1972. _____. Lithuanian Jewry. Vol. III. Israel, 1967. _____. Lithuanian Jewry. Vol. IV. Israel, 1984. _____. Nagel’s Encyclopedia Guide: Poland. Geneva: Nagel Publishers, 1978. _____. Nagel’s Encyclopedia Guide: U.S.S.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Famine Fascism
    Fraud, Famine and .. , Fascism. The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard ..·" ' . I Douglas Tonie ABOUT THE AUTHOR Born in Quebec, Douglas Tattle has spent most of his life in Western Canada. Tattle has worked as a photographer and photo-lab technician, fine anise, underground miner, and as a steelworker. An active trade unionise, Toccle edited the United Steelworkers' journal The Challen[!.er from 1975 co 1985, during which time the paper received over 20 international and Canadian labor journalism awards. Toccle has also worked as a labor history researcher, and as an organizer. During the 1970s he assisted the organizing drive of Chicano farmworkers in California and worked with Native Indian farmworkers in Manitoba. Toccle has wriccen for various Canadian and U.S. periodicals, magazines, and labor journals. ·Fraud, Famine and Fascis1n The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard Douglas Tottle- PROGRESS BOOKS TORONTO ·~t .... , ; r ·'. i , I Copyright© 1987 by Douglas Tottle No part of this book may be reproduced, recorded or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except for brief quotations for purposes of review. Cover art: Richard Slye Published by Progress Books 71 Bathurst Street Toronto, Canada MSV 2P6 Printed and bound in Canada Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Tottle, Douglas, 1944- Fraud, famine and fascism Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-919396-51-8 1. Ukraine - History - 1921-1947 - Public opinion. 2. Ukraine - History - 1921-1947 - Historiography. 3. Famines - Ukraine - Public opinion. 4. Famines Ukraine - Historiography.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Adult March of the Living
    April 19-May 3, 2020 Young Adult March of the Living The Young Adult March of the Living is a journey to Poland and Israel to learn about the Jewish community that once flourished in Europe, the tragedy of the Holocaust, and the establishment and survival of the State of Israel. The opportunity to travel with Holocaust survivors is limited and Canadian young adults are encouraged to take advantage of this unique experience. About the Trip Program Dates: April 19-May 3, 2020* (dates subject to change by two days) In POLAND: The program includes visits to Polish cities, towns and villages that were once vibrant centers of Jewish life and learning. You will visit the concentration/death camps of Auschwitz- Birkenau, Majdanek, and Treblinka where millions of European Jews were annihilated. Your experience in Poland will be marked by special observances, culminating with the March of the Living itself on Yom Hashoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) – a three-kilometer silent march between Auschwitz and Birkenau with thousands of people from around the world. A one-week Poland-only option is available. In ISRAEL: The program will combine visits exciting places and ancient sites, including Jerusalem, the Galilee and Golan Heights, Tel Aviv, the Negev Desert and more. On Yom Hazikaron (Israel’s Remembrance Day) participants will attend ceremonies honoring Israeli soldiers who sacrificed their lives in defense of their country. The next evening, Yom Ha’aztmaut (Israel’s Independence Day) will include a celebration in honor of the establishment of the State of Israel. For more information contact: Bonnie Goldberg p: 416.398.6931 ext.5518 e: [email protected] 2020 YOUNG ADULT MARCH OF THE LIVING REGISTER ONLINE: www.marchofthelivingcanada.org Program Fees & Payment Details: The fee of the program varies by community.
    [Show full text]
  • Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest
    Evading the Hangman’s Noose: Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest Ernest 2 Contents Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program 3 Background and Historiography 10 Chapter 1: Investigations into Other Trials Erode the United States’ Resolve 17 Chapter 2: The Onset of Trial Fatigue Due to Public Outcry 25 Chapter 3: High Commissioner McCloy Authorizes Sentence Reviews 38 Chapter 4: McCloy and the United States Set the War Criminals Free 45 Conclusion: A Lesson to be Learned 52 Chart: A Complicated Timeline Simplified 57 Bibliography 58 Ernest 3 Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program “There is a supervening affirmative duty to prosecute the doers of serious offenses that falls on those who are empowered to do so on behalf of a civilized community. This duty corresponds to our fundamental rights as citizens and as persons to receive and give respect to each other in view of our possession of such rights.” Such duty, outlined by contemporary philosopher Alan S. Rosenbaum, was no better exemplified than in the case of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II. Even before the floundering Axis powers of Germany and Japan declared their respective official surrenders in 1945, the leaders of the Allies prepared possible courses of action for the surviving criminals in the inevitable collapse of the Nazi regime. Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented a policy of waging a war so barbaric in its execution that the total numbers of casualties rivaled whole populations of countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 1''Rii 'I"" 1'1 ' 0' a UT 100 000 Ylert I -
    r(G)) lU[]~NA]L AID SOCIETY TMII , .TMI fT 0' TMI iLAUGI-ITI 1''rII 'I"" 1'1 ' 0' A UT 100 000 Ylert I - , . ' . 0" TMI ILIIC DIATM 'CAMII . THI URDll 11 JIWI .,- .,.. - W WIRI · 'I I.ID IITWIIN '1IRUA'f A D DleIMIIK' ff41 -- " .NAI-I ·GI MANY . , . IA.TH. DO NOT C Y 0 f . LIT TMI"I I1 NO 'RIITI PLACI 'OR MY OU .CRYl JOt·",'1 . MARTIN HELLER 5 North End Road • London NW11 7RJ Tel 020 8455 6789 • Fax 020 8455 2277 enlail: [email protected] simmons stein & co. SOLICITORS 58 Queen Anne Street London \\11 ~l 9LA Telephone 020 7224 6006 Facsimile 020 7224 2764 \veb site 'vvww.simmons-stein.co.uk e-n1ail [email protected] Gary Simmons and Jeffrey Stein wish the '45 Aid every success SECTION I QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE VAUDIlY OF ART AS CHAIRMAN'S COMMENTS Page 4 DOCUMENTAllON OF THE HOLOCAUST Sam Dresner Page 37 SECTION 11 PAST AND PRESENT Page 5 ONE SMAll STEP FOR THE THE '45 AID SOCIElY AND THE BOND OF EUROPEAN UNION INTIMACY Aubrey Rose CBE Page 38 Reuven Sherman Page 5 THE YOUNG ONES, FOR THE MARTYRED ARllSTS MALES ESPECIALLY Marc Chagall Page 6 Aubrey Rose CBE Page 39 MENDEL PRETER'$ STORY SAM FREIMAN'S STORY Moniek Goldberg Page 7 Sam Freiman Page 39 SURVIVING SURVIVAL - THE WAY IT FELT MY LOST WORLD RECOVERED Ono Grunfeld Page 8 FROM THE PAST SURVIVING SURVIVAL - A PERSONAL Sam Frelman Page 40 PERSPEcnVE G-D AT THE WHEEL Otto Grunfeld Page 9 David Turek Page 41 A MILITARY FAMILY SHAVO UT, YIZKOR 5776 Janina Fischler Martinho Page 11 Rabbi Jack Riemer Page 42 MY VISIT TO POZNAN MESSAGE OF JOHN PAUL 11 TO THE Jerry Herszberg Page 13 CHIEF RABBI OF ROME Page 44 WHAT HAPPENED TO US CONTINUES TO LIVE KADDISH FOR A PRIEST WITHIN US FOREVER Stanislaw Musial SJ.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript of Spoken Word
    http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection USHMM Archives RG-50.549.05*0003 1 JUSTINE LERNER May 5, 1999 Tape 1, Side A [copychecked & partially authenticated by A.D. –9/1/05] Q: This is an interview with Justine Lerner, conducted on May 5th, 1999 by Arwen Donahue. We’re at Mrs. Lerner’s home in Louisville, Kentucky. And this interview will become part of the Holocaust Survivors in Kentucky Oral History Project Collection. Okay, Mrs. Lerner, would you begin, let’s begin by you telling me your full name as it was at birth and your date of birth. A: I was born October 23, 1923. My name was Jospe Weisman, my maiden name was Weisman. Q: Would you spell your first name as it was at birth? A: Yes. J O S P E. Q: J O S P E, and your last name? A: W E I S M A N. Q: And where were you born? A: Poland, Białystok. Q: Will you tell me something about your early life in Białystok? First of all, why don’t you say something about your parents, what they did, what your father’s occupation was and perhaps something about your family’s history in the area of Białystok. A: My father’s name was Josef (ph) and my mother’s name was Chaya (ph). I was born, I was the fifth child; we were eight children. I was one of the youngest. We were four girls, four sisters and three brothers and one was a twin.
    [Show full text]
  • Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
    Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J.
    [Show full text]