Simone Veil Leon Greenman Anne Frank Noor Khan Primo Levi Esther Brunstein Gustav Schiefer First they came for the Holocaust survivor Witness to a new Diarist (1929-1945) Courageous Fighter Chronicler of Holocaust Survivor and Witness Anti Nazi Trade Unionist communists, and I did not and politician (1927- ) generation (1910-2008) (1914-1944) (1919-1987) (1928- ) (b. 1876) speak out—because I was not a Born in Frankfurt-am-Maim in communist; Simone Veil was interned in Born in London and taken Germany, Anne Frank’s family Born to an Indian father and Primo Levi was born in Turin, Esther Brunstein was born in Gustav Schiefer, Munich Chairman a Nazi concentration camp to Holland as a child, Leon went to Holland to escape Nazi American mother in Moscow, Italy. He was sent to Auschwitz Lodz, Poland. When the Nazis of the German Trade Union Then they came for the socialists, during the Second World War Greenman was arrested after persecution of Jews. Given a diary Noor Khan was an outstandingly in 1944. Managing to survive invaded in 1939 she was forced Association, was arrested, and I did not speak out—because because of her Jewish heritage. the Nazis invaded. He was for her 13th birthday she began brave woman. She escaped he later penned the poignant to wear a yellow star identifying beaten and imprisoned in Dachau I was not a socialist; After being liberated she subjected to experimentation to chronicle her forced hiding for from France after it fell to and moving book If this be a her as a Jew. In 1940 she had concentration camp. Members Then they came for the trade later became a lawyer and a and beatings at Auschwitz. 2 years. She was arrested and Hitler’s armies in 1940. As man. He managed to powerfully to live in the Lodz ghetto. In of trade unions and the Social unionists, and I did not speak French government minister. His wife and son were gassed. taken to Auschwitz where she wartime British agent she was portray the moral, physical, August 1944 she was taken to Democratic Party were targeted by out—because I was not a trade Her life story, her courage He spoke of his experiences to died. Fortunately, her diary was sent to Nazi occupied France in and emotional degradation that Auchswitz and then to Bergen the Nazis. Later he testified against and determination in successive generations in the UK, saved. In it she wrote, “It’s 1943. She was betrayed marked life in the death camps. Belsen. Almost all her family the Nazis, “And how decent were unionist; overcoming the publishing a book, really a wonder that and sent to a His work evocatively did not survive. After we once more in the year 1945. Then they came for the Jews, early setbacks in Leon Greenman, I haven’t dropped concentration describes how the being liberated she Not a hair on the head of and I did not speak out—because life have made an Auschwitz survivor all my ideals camp. She was survivors survived settled in the UK. any of these swine was I was not a Jew; inspiring symbol 98288. He later because they tortured and shot the camps and how Today she gives harmed on behalf of the Then they came for me—and in France and said, “Whatever seem so absurd in gruesome they reconstituted meetings in schools Trade Unions. We bore there was no one left to speak out internationally. some historians and impossible… circumstances themselves and elsewhere witness, and still bear say, it happened. Yet, I keep but refused to afterwards. recounting her witness today, for for me. And it could them, in spite of capitulate. He committed experiences. human dignity Pastor Niemoller, Why we mark Holocaust Memorial Day, 27 January… happen again.” everything.” suicide. and justice.” victim of the Nazis As educators UCU members recognise our unique responsibility to tell the truth about our past to ensure the lessons are learnt for our future. The millions who died at the hands of the Nazis and their allies during the Holocaust must be Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Roma and Gypsies Disabled people Black people Political opponents. remembered not just as the victims of an unparalleled man-made tragedy – but also as a warning that we must never An estimated 100,000 men were arrested as Due to their religious beliefs, Jehovah’s Witnesses The “Parajamos” or the devouring led to the The Nazis exterminated approximately 70,000 Black Germans (24,000 before 1933 according to Millions of political “undesirables” ranging from allow it to happen again. We must continue to educate our children against the dangers of anti-Semitism, fascism homosexuals, serving time in regular prisons. refused to swear allegiance to the Nazi regime. extermination of approximately 200,000 Gypsies disabled people deeming them to be inferior. some estimates) were systematically sterilised communists, trade unionists, members of the boy It is estimated that 10,000–15,000 homosexuals Approximately 2,000 were killed for refusing to and Romas by the Nazis. Gypsy and Roma people After 1939 all children under 3 with Down’s and murdered. Captured African American scouts, to pacifists were killed by the Nazis. Any and racial discrimination. Encouraging them – and us – to take a stand against hatred and intolerance wherever they died in concentration camps. renounce their faith. were sterilised, experimented on, and used as syndrome, cerebral palsy, or “suspected idiocy” soldiers said their horrific treatment did not freedom of expression or difference was crushed find it is the best way to ensure a just, democratic and tolerant society where all can live free from fear. forced labour in a number of death camps. were targeted for termination. compare to that meted out to black Germans. along with elections and other political parties. Sally Hunt, UCU general secretary GROUPS VICTIMISED BY THE NAZIS

The Holocaust was a “specific genocidal event in the Resistance twentieth-century history: the state sponsored, systematic Jan. Chancellor Jan. Speedy Jews mount serious resistance in the Warsaw persecution and annihilation” of 6 million Jews, “…by Nazi Hitler becomes Chancellor of Mar. Take deportation ghetto. This comes at a time when the Germany. over The Nazis and threats The Nazis send Gypsies to extermination camps. Germany and collaborators.” seize Austria. deportation of Jews , formed in 1920s by Hitler, organised Feb. No more Trade Unions Adolf Eichmann later increases. The following The Nazi Party The property of communists establishes an office month Jews must give their the Holocaust. They won power on the back of German and pacifists is confiscated. for Jewish immigration in Vienna. Jews lose the right gold and silver to the state. defeat in World War One, promising to create jobs in the Independent trade union to property; employment; the right to enter parks. buildings are attacked and trade unions banned two months later. Mar. Czechoslovakia taken over midst of the 1929 world wide economic depression, and Apr. Register Jews are forced to register all The Nazis take Czechoslovakia. a “racially pure” Germany. Mar. Opponents put away wealth and holdings. Later in the year Jews over 15 Following this, the Slovaks pass the Pogroms, Pronouncements, Paris. Thousands of Jews, church people, homosexuals, and are forced to apply for identity cards. Jews can no equivalent of the Nuremberg laws in 2,000 Jews are killed in a pogrom in Romania. Jan. Mechanised genocide and a 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. communists are sent to the growing Dachau concentration camp. longer practice medicine. Germany (see 1935). During the same year Himmler visits conference Auschwitz and orders its expansion. The Nazis Mass killings of Jews at Auschwitz Birkenau Millions of other “undesirables” were killed by the Nazis. June business Jewish businesses must register invade Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. using gas begin. Leading Nazis at the Wannsee with special ministry. Thousands of Jews are arrested in Paris. conference agree the details of the ‘Final Estimated 39 death camps across Europe. Solution’ i.e. the extermination of all Jews. Stalingrad The Nazis are defeated by the July Evian 32 countries meet in Evian, France June Nazis invade the Soviet Union Russian army at Stalingrad in Russia. 4 million people (mainly Jewish) were murdered to consider the plight of Jews escaping Hitler. In the course of the war the Nazis let 5 million Mar. Another camp in 6 death camps alone – Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, No country accepts them. soviet prisoners die of starvation. The Nazis Belzec camp is built with fitted gas chambers. Auschwitz expanded The Nazis open 4 new Belzab, Majdanek, and Auschwitz. unleashed a wave of genocide against the Slovak and French Jews deported to Auschwitz. gas chambers at Auschwitz. Jews are deported Aug. More repression Nazis destroy millions of Jews living in the Soviet Union. to the camp from Italy and Austria. It is reported 90% of Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust. the Great Synagogue in Nuremberg. Jewish May Sobibor death camp later that 106 castrations were performed there by JAN. Auschwitz women must add Sarah to their names, and Final Solution Fitted with three gas chambers, this camp December 1943. Liberated men Israel on all legal documents. A month Himmler meets Hess, Auschwitz would later become the scene of the most The Red Army later, Jews cannot practice law and their May St Louis commandant declaring “The Fuhrer has heroic instances of resistance to the Nazis. Treblinka exterminations cease Two hundred Jews liberates Auschwitz passports are stamped with J in red. 930 Jewish refugees leave Europe on ordered the Final solution of the The New York Times reported the same manage to escape Treblinka death camp soon after the on 27 January, and board the St Louis for the Americas. Jewish question… I have… month that as many as 400,000 Jews had been extermination, but 870,000 were killed there. Majdanek camp APR. Unlawful boycott Jewish establishments are Oct. Arrested 17,000 Polish Jews They are forced to return to Europe chosen Auschwitz for this machine gunned in Nazi-occupied territory. the previous year. boycotted by Nazis across Germany. Jews are expelled from are arrested in Germany. They are expelled to after being refused entry. Two months purpose.” Later that year The Red Army also universities. In the following weeks books are burnt. Poland which refuses them entry leaving them with later, Jews lose the right to hold Zyklon B (poison gas) is June Yellow stars Jews in a number liberates Warsaw nowhere to go. government jobs in Germany. used at Auschwitz for the of occupied territories forced to wear and Budapest. JULY Sterilisation People with “genetic defects” are forcibly first time. a yellow star. The Allied armies sterilised. Four months later beggars, the homeless, alcoholics Sep. Poland and war The Nazis liberate numerous and the unemployed are sent to concentration camps. invade Poland. Jews are put into New Ghettoes, new Efficiency Nazis hold a special death camps like Homosexual people in Germany, especially Berlin, had enjoyed ghettoes in preparation for the “final massacres, new camps meeting to co-ordinate Jewish deportations. Buchenwald and a higher level of freedom & acceptance than anywhere in the goal.” England and France declare New Jewish Ghettoes were Later that month, a new gas chamber is opened Dachau in defeating world until the Nazis took power. Homosexual organisations war. Jews in Germany cannot be on established in occupied at Auschwitz. Sterislisation experiments begin at the Nazi war were banned and homosexuals within the Nazi party murdered. the streets after 8pm (winter) and territories e.g. Minsk, Lvov, and Auschwitz the following month. machine. Scholarly books about homosexuality, or sexuality in general, 9pm (summer). It is now illegal for Bialystok in Russia. 3,800 Jews were burned. Jews to own radios in Germany. are murdered in pogrom in at Leaks News of the death camps is leaked Apr. Hitler Kovno, Lithuania. Also, 33,771 Jews to the British and American governments. kills himself Division of death Oct. Euthanasia All sick and are murdered at Babi Yar in Kiev, Dutch and French Jews are sent to Auschwitz Race laws A special division, disabled people are rounded up Russia. A new camp is established the same month. Later that year, they will be First warnings about Auschwitz An escapee May Germany The Nuremberg race laws SS Death’s-head unit, extermination by the Nazis in Germany. in Majdanek in Poland. joined by German Jews. from Auschwitz, Rudolf Vrba, gives one of the first surrenders are passed which mean guards concentration accounts of what has happened there. Jews from Jews lose their German camps. By the end of Camp opening and Hungary and Greece deported to Auschwitz. By the end Nov. Nuremberg citizenship and are 1936 thousands of Jews Nov. Kristallnacht Thousands of Jewish opposition of June half of Hungary’s Jews were at Auschwitz. trials forbidden relationships leave Germany fleeing businesses and synagogues were attacked and A new camp called Some, but not all, with non Jews. Jews relentless persecution. 30,000 Jewish men arrested by Nazis. Jews are New site for murder New camp called Treblinka is opened in Bad trade The Nazis offer to trade Jews for trucks of the people who are then barred from later fined 1 billion marks for damages arising Auschwitz established in Poland. European Poland. It has 10 gas and other commodities with Western Allies. were involved in cinema ownership. Aug. Combating from Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass). Jews are deported to Poland. The Nazis take chambers (200 persons perpetrating Homosexuality Jews are expelled from non Jewish German over Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, per chamber). At Highest daily murder rate ever recorded the Holocaust are put An Office for schools. Holland, and Luxembourg, Sachsenhausen camp, 9,000 people a day are gassed or burned at Auschwitz- on trial. Health Jews Combating however, the SS meet Birkenau during the summer. A revolt by some Jewish can no longer get Homosexuality Dec. Goring It is decreed that all Jewish AUG. Madagascar A plan is proposed to stiff Jewish resistance. inmates leads to the destruction of one the crematories. National Health and Abortions is businesses must be aryanised. deport all European Jews to an island near Dec. yet more camps Belzec extermination camp is closed insurance, and established. Soon East Africa, Madagascar. Nazi-occupied The Chelmno camp is opened after killing an estimated 600,000 Jews. Oct. transport The last transport of Jews was to are banned from after 25% of all Jewish France passes severe measures against its in Poland. Jews are gassed in The Nazis try to hide its existence. Auschwitz. A little later people were gassed there for the getting legal wealth is taxed. Jewish populations deporting thousands. The mobile gas vans. Victims include Meanwhile, sterilization experiments are last time. Himmler later ordered the destruction of the qualifications. Nazis begin to seal off Jewish ghettos from 5,000 gypsies. tested on women in Birkenau. crematories in Auschwitz. the world e.g. the Krakow ghetto in Poland.

The Yids, the yids, we gotta get rid of the Yids” As the world wide British Union of Fascists chant, 1936 Mar Blocked in Bolton Sep Halted in Tower Hamlets economic crisis th Blackshirts, Brownshirts & Leagues “ and stopped in Stoke On the eve of the 75 anniversary of the Battle of deepens the threat Muslim scum off our streets” The EDL mobilises Cable Street, the EDL attempts to march through east from groups like the London. Unable to congregate at Liverpool Street References and acknowledgements Author/Creative Director: Gaverne Bennett. English Defence League chant, 2010 800 members only to be EDL both in the UK Designer: Jon Wedderburn algebradesign.com A short history of far right street movements station due to the action of rail workers, the 600 EDL If this a man/The truce Primo Levi. “ met by 3,500 anti-fascists. and Europe is not The Ghetto Fights Marek Edelman. Picture Researcher: Sarah Edwards. They cannot enter the marchers fail to march through Tower Hamlets. The Mussolini’s Hitler’s Brownshirts hit the streets British blackshirts and The Holocaust Lessons for Humanity Acknowledgements: Professor Deborah Lipstadt, Lewisham town centre. A few months thousands of trade unionists, people of all races, likely to go away. Blackshirts formed Hitler’s SA, or Brownshirts, played the battle of Cable Street BNP win first seat Learner Interactive Resource Book. Dorot professor of modern Jewish and Holocaust The National Front earlier an EDL demonstration is religions and communities who have come out to show The examples of How to stop the Nazi BNP Chris Bambery. studies at Emory University, Atlanta; Dr Francois 20th Century League hits the streets The first fascist an important role in his rise to power. Leader of the newly established British British National Party – described as tries to march cancelled in Stoke-on-Trent. opposition to the EDL march claim victory. The Holocaust Martin Gilbert. Guesnet, Department of Hebrew and Jewish studies, The British Brothers League is formed dictatorship is established Formed and led by Ernst Röhm, they Union of Fascists, Oswald Mosley, an “openly Nazi Party” by a European Cable Street (1936); The Second World War Day 5: The Holocaust in through an area with University College London; Eddie Alexander, lecturer by Captain William Stanley Shaw by Mussolini in Italy in were modelled on Italy’s Blackshirts and announces a march through the committee on racism – wins its first Lewisham (1977); The Guardian and The Observer. Waltham Forest; Hazel Brown, research assistant a high black and Asian May BNP defeated in elections Nov New hate targets with a strong following amongst pub 1922, with help of his engaged in violent acts against Jewish poorest part of London, the East End, council seat on the Isle of Dogs, Welling (1993); and Handbook for Teachers. Guidelines for teaching about at The Imperial War Museum, Holocaust exhibition; presence. They are Mar 21st Century League hits the streets There are mass mobilisations The EDL attacks the North West the Holocaust Task force for International Co-operation landlords in east squadre d’azione (fighting people, trade unionists and others. where he hopes to build a base. The east London. They are associated Tom Hickey, Brighton university; John Rose; and met by thousands of Capitalising on a series of events in Luton, by anti-fascist organisations regional HQ of the trade union, Tower Hamlets (2011) on Holocaust Rememberance and Research. David Rosenberg. London. At its first squads) – also known When Hitler came to power in 1933 BUF targets Jewish people. Mosley with Combat 18 – an avowedly racist, The EDL Unmasked Martin Smith anti fascists and, like far right extremists and hooligans rampage like UAF and Hope not Hate to Unite. They are driven back with leave a rich legacy meeting in 1902 as the Blackshirts. they set up mini attempts to build a fascist street violent organisation. Fascism: A History Roger Eatwell Thanks also to The Imperial War Museum. the BUF in the 1930s, through its streets, attacking a mainly Asian stop the BNP winning seats. help of fellow trade unionists. 4,000 attended. They physically attacked concentration movement called the blackshirts. He is for all those who Internet references Thanks also to Matt Waddup, Chris Nicholas, are pushed back. Two area. The English Defence League is formed and This combined with Love Music One hundred and The BBL’s opponents such as camps in cinemas met by 100,000 anti-fascists and can’t Blocked by mass movement oppose the politics of www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/ Sharon Russell at the University College Union. years later, Blair Peach seems to combine BNP members and football Hate Racism carnivals – which seventy EDL members article3524503.ece anti-semitism socialists and trade and docks to pass Cable Street. The police call off 60,000 anti-fascists march on the BNP hatred, intolerance is killed by police at hooligans. Where the BBL and BUF violently attract hundreds of thousands are arrested after www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Levi-Pri.html becomes clear as unionists. In one incarcerate the march. The fascists never recover. headquarters. 40,000 people march an anti-fascist march targeted Jewish people in the 1900s, the EDL – ensure the BNP is defeated in threatening to and violent www.hmd.org.uk This poster is dedicated to the memory of the marches/indoor attack in 1920, “enemies”. against the BNP in East London on a www.answers.com/topic/martin-niem-ller Warsaw Ghetto survivor, Marek Edelman in Southall. targets Muslims today. In the next 2 years they Barking and elsewhere. attack the Occupy scapegoating. rallies were they killed Hitler had the demonstration organised by the TUC. www.veni.com/articles/firsttheycameforme.html would organise an estimated 71 “protests”. London protest www.ushmm.org filled with anti- 55 people. When leadership of 43 Group A giant Anti Nazi League carnival is held Aug Bashed in Bradford camp. A splinter http://london.iwm.org.uk (Jewish) immigrant speeches. Mussolini took the Brownshirts Jewish ex-servicemen and in Brockwell Park. First BNP councillor Aug Over a thousand people stop the group threatens to www.shoaheducation.com/warsawtimeline.html It claimed to have 12,000 members. power their shot in 1934, anti-fascists in the 43 Group loses his seat. Later, Unite Against www.shoaheducation.com/aaaa.html The EDL tries to repeat its Luton success EDL marching through Bradford. attack picket lines The BBL closed down in 1905. violent nature perceiving them smash BUF rallies as it tries Fascism and Hope Not Hate are formed www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399805/The-Holocaust- in Birmingham. They are outnumbered by EDL marches in Birmingham during 30 November The-facts.html made them hard as a danger to to regroup itself after the to stop the BNP, the English Defence anti-fascists this time. and elsewhere are opposed. one-day strike. www.bbc.co.uk to manage during his rule. Second World War. League and similar organisations. www.uaf.org.uk his reign. www.hopenothate.org.uk 1901 1919 1921 1936 1945 1977 1993 2009 2010 2011 2012 & beyond