Simone Veil Leon Greenman Anne Frank Noor Khan Primo Levi Esther Brunstein Gustav Schiefer First they came for the Holocaust survivor Witness to a new Diarist (1929-1945) Courageous Fighter Chronicler of Holocaust Survivor and Witness Anti Nazi Trade Unionist communists, and I did not and politician (1927- ) generation (1910-2008) (1914-1944) (1919-1987) (1928- ) (b. 1876) speak out—because I was not a Born in Frankfurt-am-Maim in communist; Simone Veil was interned in Born in London and taken Germany, Anne Frank’s family Born to an Indian father and Primo Levi was born in Turin, Esther Brunstein was born in Gustav Schiefer, Munich Chairman a Nazi concentration camp to Holland as a child, Leon went to Holland to escape Nazi American mother in Moscow, Italy. He was sent to Auschwitz Lodz, Poland. When the Nazis of the German Trade Union Then they came for the socialists, during the Second World War Greenman was arrested after persecution of Jews. Given a diary Noor Khan was an outstandingly in 1944. Managing to survive invaded in 1939 she was forced Association, was arrested, and I did not speak out—because because of her Jewish heritage. the Nazis invaded. He was for her 13th birthday she began brave woman. She escaped he later penned the poignant to wear a yellow star identifying beaten and imprisoned in Dachau I was not a socialist; After being liberated she subjected to experimentation to chronicle her forced hiding for from France after it fell to and moving book If this be a her as a Jew. In 1940 she had concentration camp. Members Then they came for the trade later became a lawyer and a and beatings at Auschwitz. 2 years. She was arrested and Hitler’s armies in 1940. As man. He managed to powerfully to live in the Lodz ghetto. In of trade unions and the Social unionists, and I did not speak French government minister. His wife and son were gassed. taken to Auschwitz where she wartime British agent she was portray the moral, physical, August 1944 she was taken to Democratic Party were targeted by out—because I was not a trade Her life story, her courage He spoke of his experiences to died. Fortunately, her diary was sent to Nazi occupied France in and emotional degradation that Auchswitz and then to Bergen the Nazis. Later he testified against and determination in successive generations in the UK, saved. In it she wrote, “It’s 1943. She was betrayed marked life in the death camps. Belsen. Almost all her family the Nazis, “And how decent were unionist; Then they came for the Jews, overcoming the publishing a book, really a wonder that and sent to a His work evocatively did not survive. After we once more in the year 1945. early setbacks in Leon Greenman, I haven’t dropped concentration describes how the being liberated she Not a hair on the head of and I did not speak out—because life have made an Auschwitz survivor all my ideals camp. She was survivors survived settled in the UK. any of these swine was I was not a Jew; inspiring symbol 98288. He later because they tortured and shot the camps and how Today she gives harmed on behalf of the Then they came for me—and in France and said, “Whatever seem so absurd in gruesome they reconstituted meetings in schools Trade Unions. We bore there was no one left to speak out internationally. some historians and impossible… circumstances themselves and elsewhere witness, and still bear say, it happened. Yet, I keep but refused to afterwards. recounting her witness today, for for me. And it could them, in spite of capitulate. He committed experiences. human dignity Pastor Niemoller, Why we mark Holocaust Memorial Day, 27 January… happen again.” everything.” suicide. and justice.” victim of the Nazis As educators UCU members recognise our unique responsibility to tell the truth about our past to ensure the lessons are learnt for our future. The millions who died at the hands of the Nazis and their allies during the Holocaust must be Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Roma and Gypsies Disabled people Black people Political opponents. remembered not just as the victims of an unparalleled man-made tragedy – but also as a warning that we must never An estimated 100,000 men were arrested as Due to their religious beliefs, Jehovah’s Witnesses The “Parajamos” or the devouring led to the The Nazis exterminated approximately 70,000 Black Germans (24,000 before 1933 according to Millions of political “undesirables” ranging from allow it to happen again. We must continue to educate our children against the dangers of anti-Semitism, fascism homosexuals, serving time in regular prisons. refused to swear allegiance to the Nazi regime. extermination of approximately 200,000 Gypsies disabled people deeming them to be inferior. some estimates) were systematically sterilised communists, trade unionists, members of the boy It is estimated that 10,000–15,000 homosexuals Approximately 2,000 were killed for refusing to and Romas by the Nazis. Gypsy and Roma people After 1939 all children under 3 with Down’s and murdered. Captured African American scouts, to pacifists were killed by the Nazis. Any and racial discrimination. Encouraging them – and us – to take a stand against hatred and intolerance wherever they died in concentration camps. renounce their faith. were sterilised, experimented on, and used as syndrome, cerebral palsy, or “suspected idiocy” soldiers said their horrific treatment did not freedom of expression or difference was crushed find it is the best way to ensure a just, democratic and tolerant society where all can live free from fear. forced labour in a number of death camps. were targeted for termination. compare to that meted out to black Germans. along with elections and other political parties. Sally Hunt, UCU general secretary GROUPS VICTIMISED BY THE NAZIS The Holocaust was a “specific genocidal event in the ResIstANCE twentieth-century history: the state sponsored, systematic JAN. CHANCELLOR JAN. SpeedY Jews mount serious resistance in the Warsaw persecution and annihilation” of 6 million Jews, “…by Nazi Hitler becomes Chancellor of MAR. TAKE depORTATION ghetto. This comes at a time when the Germany. OVER The Nazis AND thREAts The Nazis send Gypsies to extermination camps. Germany and collaborators.” seize Austria. deportation of Jews , formed in 1920s by Hitler, organised FEB. NO MORE TRAde UNIOns Adolf Eichmann later increases. The following The Nazi Party The property of communists establishes an office month Jews must give their the Holocaust. They won power on the back of German and pacifists is confiscated. for Jewish immigration in Vienna. Jews lose the right gold and silver to the state. defeat in World War One, promising to create jobs in the Independent trade union to property; employment; the right to enter parks. buildings are attacked and trade unions banned two months later. MAR. CZechOSLOVAKIA TAKen OVER midst of the 1929 world wide economic depression, and ApR. ReGIsteR Jews are forced to register all The Nazis take Czechoslovakia. a “racially pure” Germany. MAR. OppOnents put AWAY wealth and holdings. Later in the year Jews over 15 Following this, the Slovaks pass the POGROms, PRONOuncements, PARIS. Thousands of Jews, church people, homosexuals, and are forced to apply for identity cards. Jews can no equivalent of the Nuremberg laws in 2,000 Jews are killed in a pogrom in Romania. JAN. MechANIsed GenOCIde And A 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. communists are sent to the growing Dachau concentration camp. longer practice medicine. Germany (see 1935). During the same year Himmler visits COnfeRence Auschwitz and orders its expansion. The Nazis Mass killings of Jews at Auschwitz Birkenau Millions of other “undesirables” were killed by the Nazis. June BUSIness Jewish businesses must register invade Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. using gas begin. Leading Nazis at the Wannsee with special ministry. Thousands of Jews are arrested in Paris. conference agree the details of the ‘Final Estimated 39 death camps across Europe. Solution’ i.e. the extermination of all Jews. STALINGRAD The Nazis are defeated by the JULY EVIAn 32 countries meet in Evian, France June NAZIS INVAde the SOVIet UNION Russian army at Stalingrad in Russia. 4 million people (mainly Jewish) were murdered to consider the plight of Jews escaping Hitler. In the course of the war the Nazis let 5 million MAR. AnOtheR CAmp in 6 death camps alone – Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, No country accepts them. soviet prisoners die of starvation. The Nazis Belzec camp is built with fitted gas chambers. AuschwITZ EXPAnded The Nazis open 4 new Belzab, Majdanek, and Auschwitz. unleashed a wave of genocide against the Slovak and French Jews deported to Auschwitz. gas chambers at Auschwitz. Jews are deported AUG. MORE RepRessION Nazis destroy millions of Jews living in the Soviet Union. to the camp from Italy and Austria. It is reported 90% of Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust. the Great Synagogue in Nuremberg. Jewish MAY SOBIBOR deAth CAmp later that 106 castrations were performed there by JAN. AuschwITZ women must add Sarah to their names, and FINAL SOLutION Fitted with three gas chambers, this camp December 1943. LIBERAted men Israel on all legal documents. A month Himmler meets Hess, Auschwitz would later become the scene of the most The Red Army later, Jews cannot practice law and their MAY ST LOUIS commandant declaring “The Fuhrer has heroic instances of resistance to the Nazis. TREBLINKA EXteRMINATIOns CEAse Two hundred Jews liberates Auschwitz passports are stamped with J in red. 930 Jewish refugees leave Europe on ordered the Final solution of the The New York Times reported the same manage to escape Treblinka death camp soon after the on 27 January, and board the St Louis for the Americas.