CENS'US' OF INDIA 1961
VOLUME I PART.I-A {i) TEXT
I ND IA
'LEVELS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Being Part I of General Report on India
A. MITRA . ( oj-the Indian Civil Service Rkgisitbf l,(;enerat '(lnd ex-officio census C(Jn'lrtriss{oner for IMia CENsus OF INDIA 196t-uNION PUBtICAttON~
PART I General l<.eport~on the Census, Sub-divided into three sub- parts, viz.; -"_- PART I-A General Report PART I-A (i)-TEXT Levels of Regional Development in India PART I-A(ii)-TABLES Levels of Regional Development in India
PART 1-B Vital Statistic;. of the decade PART 1-C Subsidiary Tables
PART II Census Tables on Population, sub-divic!ed into : PART II-A(i) General Population Tables PART II-A(ii) Union' Primary Census Abstracts PART II-B(i) Gene/al Economic Tables (B-1 to B-IV) PART II-B(ii) General :economic Tables (B-V) PART II-B(iii) General Economic Tables (B-VI to B-IX) PART II-CCi) Social and Cultural Tables PART II-CCii) Language Tables PART II-CCiii) Migration Tables (D-I to D-llI and D-V) PART H-C(iv) Migration Tables CD-IV and D-VI)
PART III PART III-(i) Household Economic Tables (14 States) PART 1II-(ii) Household Economic Tables (India, Uttar Pradesh and Union Territories)
PART IV PART IV-A(i) Housing Report PART IV-A(ii) Report on Industrial Establishments PART IV-ACiii) . House Types and Villages layouts PART IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables
PART V . Special Tables for Scheuled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Ethnographic notes sub-divided into two Sub-parts viz., PART V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART V-B Ethnographic Notes
PART VI Village Survey Monograpbs
PART VII Monographs on Rural Crafts Survey and list of Fairs and Festivals PART VII-A Handicraft Survey Monograph PART VIJ-B Fairs and Festivals
PART VITI Administration Report Administration Report (Enumeration) PART VIII-A }l'l'ot for salt PARTVUl-B Administrahon ,Report (Tapulation)
PART1X Census Atlas Volume ft\RTX Special Reports on cities with PopUlation of 1 million and over CON T E N't s
PAGB!
Introductory Note CHAPTER I Natural Reaions, S13bNgions and Divisions 1-7
CH~ER II The Ranking Device 9-49
CHAPTER III Delineation of Natural Region> and levels of development 51-187
CHAPTER IV Association of Characteristics CHAPTER V Relationship between patterns of shift from agriculture to non-agriculture 1951-61 and the levels of development 265-285
CHAPTER VI
Distribution of Industrial Licences among districts arran~ed by levels of development • 287-314 CHAPTER VII Cases of hire purchase under the National Small Industries Corporation among ,districts arranged by levels of development • 315-346 !:CHAPTER VIII The Fourth Estate and the levels of development • 347-351 CHAPTER IX The General Elections of 1957 and 1962 and the levels of development. 353-357 ~A:rS 1. INDIA, Natural Regions, Subregions and Divisions.
2. INDIA, Crop regions showing proportionate distribution of areas u!?-der fro!?,sJ?~~-59. 3. INDIA, Districtwise distribution of major languages) 1961,. 4. INDIA, Distribution of three district wise numerically strong_ Scheduled.. Tribes, 1961. 5. INDIA, Percentage of members of Scheduled Castes to the total population; 1961.l 6. INDIA, Percentage of members of SC'heduled Tribes to the total popuiatfo'n; 19'6(' 7. INDIA, Levels of Development, 1961. 8. INDIA, Number of workers in registered factories engaged in food processing industries. 9. INDl A, Number of workers in registered factorieS' producing sugar and gut:' 10. INDIA, Number of workers in registered factories producing edible oil and 12. INDIA, Number of· workers in registered factories enga~ed;in textiles~ !&o!tg:~ and jute). 13. INDIA, Number of workers in mining industry. 14. INDIA, N~mper of work~rs in regi~tered factqries prodv«wg .i:;eme.ut. and. p~per_ 15. INDIA, Industriallicences issued between January 1953 and Marcb 1~9J,. ~4S!.I' the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, classified by major industrfal g,roups an~ by ~istr\ct tp whjch. issued. r' .. 16. INDIA, Pattern of Gain or Loss of Votes in each district in 1962 over,,; ,19fi7'.,Wi:jhe Congress and all other political parties combined in the General Elections sll'Perposed 0)1. the pattern of levels of .development, 1961-.. 17. INDIA, Gain or Loss in votes polled in General Elections of 1962 as percentage of those polled in 1957 by Congress Party. 18. INDIA, Gain or Loss in votes polled in General Elections of 1962 as percentage of those polled in 1957 by all parties (other than Congress) taken together. PREFACE This pan of t~le General Report on the 1961 Census of India was designed, processed and written out ~J.lles.t emU-ely between the second half of May and the; end of July this year. Th(( critical' reader will naturally find in it many bl®lishes. a.I\q areas of inCoU1pi~t~ analysis wh~cll a more leisurely and careful treatment might have avoided. The pressures in the conduct of the Indian Census Programme hatdly pel"mit .desirable periods of, gestation. This Report is therefore presented more out of regarg ~or t4(( d~ta. it conta,ius than any pretensions to other claims, for admittedly the presentation here i!tt~mpted is tentative and needs further calibration by. means of principal compon~nts CUlalysis. The data are published in a separate volume [Part I-Alii)]. This book started put with two aims. First to dissolve the political and administrative outlines and let the natural regions, subregions and divisions emerge in their complex associations of natural features, social, cultural and general ecological characteristics. Secondly, to apply to the picture that emerged a ranking device based on about three dozen, what appeared to the writer to be, significant indicators. This ranking device was based on a simple hypothesis. Given a certain amount of agricultural. general and economic infrastructure and a potential of human resources one is entitled to expect economic growth in the modern sense of the word, parti cularly in organised industry, in direct relation to them. This process of delineation should be able to bring out zones of backwash and spread effect and also those which a further instalment of economic growth might be able to retrieve from areas of backwash into those of spread. It was assumed that these areas of. backwash and spread would set in motion forces of polarisation. It was therefore decided to apply several validity tests to verify this polarisation. Of the fact of economic and even social and cultural polarisation there is little room for doubt. The main aim has been to let the facts speak for themselves. The abstract statements at the end of Chapter II bring out some of the salient ones. Fortunately for the country this polarisation has been far from regional, nothing like the north-south polarisation that one finds in Europe or the Americas. The picture that emerges is one of pockets and zones of backwardness invariably enclosed by areas of prosperity or spread effect. In very many areas except in the north and north east, the areas of prosperity and spread effect join hands across areas of backwash. Such a situation is particularly heartening for the logistics of development. It is no longer so mnch It mattei of invasion of one region by another by organising and injecting all the prerequisites of economic growth, but of encircling and mopping up of pockets. How the sights should be set for this operation is of course outside the scope <;If thi~ work. tn the chapter on Delineation I haVe quoted very frequently from O.H.K. Spate's India &: Pakistan (1954) and S. P. Chatterjee's Regional Patterns of the Density and Distribution of Population in India published in The Geographical Review of India, June 1962. Dr. Spate's book has served as a constant companion during my travels as well as Dr. Chatterjee's short piece and it is quite likely that some of their own words have crept into my writing unnoticed despite every wish to acknowledge each observation to its author. I am indebted to Dr. B. S. Minhas of the Planning Unit of the Indian Statistical Institute for a very useful discussion on Chapter II and partiCUlarly on the tasks that lie un accomplished. Dr. Miss P. Sengupta; Map Officer and her staff kindly undertook to design the physiographic' table and execute the maps. My warmest personal thanks must go to my colleagues 'who processed and reprocessed, checked and rechecked all the statistics that were planned and designed and who enriched the final copy with useful suggestions, and to Shri Prem Nariani, my Secretary, and Shri S. Rajagoplan who typed out a long and difficult manuscript. The brunt of the work fell on Shri O. P. Sharma and his team for whom nothing seemed to be too. big a job. This book owes the most to their zeal and devotion. There]s no greater pleasure for me than to acknowledge my debt particularly to : Shri O. P. Sharma Shri Mahal Singh Shri V. P. Kataria Shri D. N. Dixit Shri N. S. Bhatnagar Smt. Tripta Sarin Shl:i P. S. Sharma Shri D. S. Mehra Shri R. P. Bhatnagar Shri B. R. Kalra Shri P. N . .Baweja Shri N. S. Soam Shri V. A. Deshrnukh 5hri Har Gopal Saini NEW DELHI ASOK MITRA September 30, 1964 Registrar General lndia INTRODUCTORY NOTE INDIA'S FIVE YEAR PLANS aim to level ordinate to the compulsions of economic the local features which divide the country and administrative unity. into natural regions and subregions that have so long sheltered an immense variety Second, to which the first provides a of cultural and economic organisation. frame, a set of ad hoc indicators has been Natural regions and subregions have in the applied with the object of ranking the na past created much diversity and even exclu tural regions, subregions, divisions and dis siveness in many spheres of India's life, tricts by certain broad stages of social, cul thought and activity, to which the Plans tural and economic achievement. This now seek to give unity and cohesion. ranking will incidentally indicate which indicators generally constitute the strong India is thus at a most interesting stage and weak features of districts, divisions, of a dialectical process: the unity of social natural subregions and regions. and economic planning at grips with a many-splendoured diversity of natural re Finally, on the strength of this ranking, gi,ans and subregions, economic situations, a regrouping of districts has been made to cultures, and tongues. The latter, enjoying bring into relief those areas which show a truly continental range, leaves room for greater affinity to each other in terms of more than one kind of classification. social and economic development and in doing so are either isolated from their im What is attempted below is, first, a fresh mediate neighbours or, ignoring the barriers classification of natural regions, subregions of natural regions and subregions, form and divisions of India. This classification tracts of their own astride them. These staps at the level of the administrative dis tracts which form either small islands or trict even when a district like Dehra Dun, continuous belts across natural regions and Madurai, Ganjam or Burdwan is composed subregions will show the extent to which of distinct, mutually exclusive features, for the twin process of economic development it is both important and expedient to rea and cultural change is at work in any part lize that at this level its diversity is sub- of the country. CHAPTER! NATURAL REGIONS, SUBREGIONS AND DIVISIONS nus' CLASSIFICAT,ON differs in certain the West to the Brahmaputra and Surma features from the one adopted in the Census Valleys in the East. of 1951. It generally agrees with the classi 2. Uttar fradesh--- l~S R.C.I.-2. 2 Vindhyas proper, Rewa Plateau (Vindhyan Mysore Deccan into Inland Kamataka, Scarp Lands) and Kaimur Vindhyachal Northern Maidan, Central Maidan, Malnad (Mirzapur of u.P.). The Central Madhya and Southern Maidan; Tamilnad Hills and Pradesh Plateau has been divided into Uplands into Nilgiri and Coimbatore Narmada Valley (Jabalpur, Narsimhapur Plateau. and Hoshangabad), Western, Central and 9. Kathiawar has been split into two, Eastern Satpuras, Baghelkband Plateau, Kanthadesh consisting of Banaskantha and Chhattisgarh and Dandakaranya. The I • Sabarkantha composed of the AravalIi out- Orissa Hills and Upland districts have been liers and the alluvial shelf and Kathiawar; divided into two divisions west and east , .t Dangs has been named as a separate divi- of Mahanadi, while Dhanbad, Santal sion and so has Greater Bombay as Ulh~ farganas, Purulia and Rarh (Birbhum, Basin. I have borrowed the J{Onkl!Ai Burdwan and Bankura) have been classi Kerala Transition from O.H.K. Spate ,to as separate divisions. ~e4 define a Subregion consisting of the GO!l and the Karnataka Coast STATEMENT 1.1 Natural Regions, Subregions and Divisions of India No. of Subregion Division districts D,istrict 2 3 4 5 Himalayas 1. 1 West Himalayas 1.11 Jammu and Kashmir 9 Ladakh, Srinagar, BaramuIIa, Anantnag, Doda~ Poonch, Udhampur, Jammu, Kathua. 1.12 Himachal Pradesh 9 Chamba, Mandi, Bilaspur, and Himalayan Sirmur, Kinnaur, ,.Mahasu; Punjab Lahaul and Spiti, Kapgra~ Simla. '.. 1.13 Himalayan Uttar 8 Uttar 'Kashi,' '<:hamoIi, 'Tehrl Pradesh (Highland Garhwal, Garhwal, Dehra Districts) Dun, Pithoragarh, Almora;, Naini Tal.' .. fr J ,1.2 East Himalayas 1.21 Darjeeling-Sikkim 2 DarjeeIing, Sikkim. t .22 Bhutan-Assam 2 Bhutan, North-East Frontier Himalayas Agency. STATEMENT I.! .Natural Regions, Subregions and Divisions of India-eontd. No. of Region Subregion Division districts District 1 2 3 4 5 1 Himalayas-concld. 1. 3 North~Eastern 1. 31 Assam Hills 4 United Khasi and Jaintia Hills, Ranges (Meghalaya) United Mildr and North Cacha'r Hills, Garo Hills, Mizo Hills. 1. 32 North-Eastern Border 3 Nagaland (Kohima, Tuensang, Hills Mokokchung). 1.33 Manipur. 1.34 Tripura. 2 Northern Plains 2.1 Rajasthan Plain 2.11 Rajasthan Desert 3 Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur. (Thar : Marwar) 2.12 Rajasthan Dry Area 6 Ganganagar, Churn, Nagaur, Pali, Jalor, Barmer. 2.2 Punjab Plains· 2.21 North Punjab Plain 4 Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Kapurthala, Ferozepur. 2.22 Beas-Sutlej Doab 3 Hoshiarpur, Jullundur, Ludhiana. tBisht Doab) 2.23 East Punjab Plain 3 Ambala, Patiala, Karnal. 2.24 South Western 5 Bhatinda, Sangrur, Rohtak , Punjab (Hariana) Hissar, Mahendragarh. 2.3 Uttar Pradesh 2.31 Upper Jamuna- 5 Saharanpur, Muzaffamagar, Plains Ganga Doab Meerut, Bulandshahr, Aligarh. 2.32 Lower Ganga-Jamuna 9 Mathura, Agra, Mainpuri, Etah, Doab Farrukhabad, Etawah, Kanpur. Fatehpur, Allahabad. 2.33 Uttar Pradesh Tarai 8 Pilibhit, Kheri, Sitapur. Bahraich, (Koshala) Gonda, Basti, Gorakhpur, Deoria. • 2.34 Rohilkhand 6 Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Budaun, Shahjahan pur. 2.350udh 7 Hardoi. Lucknow, Bara Banki, Unnao, Rae Bareli, Sultanptu, Faizabad. 2.36 East Uttar Pradesh 6 Pratapgarh, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, BalHa, Azamgarh. 2.4 Bihar Plains 2.41 North Bihar Plain 6 Saran, Champaran, Muzaifarpur, (Tirhut) Darbhanga, Saharsa, Purnea. 2.42 South Bihar Plain 5 Shahabad, Gaya, Patna, (Magadha) Monghyr, Bhagalpur. 2.5 West Bengal 2.51 North Bengal Plain 2 Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar. Plains (Duars) 2.52 Northern para Delta 2 West Dinajpur, MaIda. (Barind) 2. 53 Ganga Delta 4 Murshidabad, Nadia, Calcutta, 24-Parganas. 2.54 Damodar Delta 3 Hooghly, Howrah, Midnapore. .2:6 Assam Valleys 2.61 Brahmaputra Valley 6 Goalpara, Kamrup, Darrang, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhim pur. 2.62 Surma Valley I Cachar. 4 STATEMENT 1.1 Natural Regions, Subregions and Divisions of India-contd. No. of Region Subregion Division districts District 2 3 4 5 3 'Central Hills and 3 . 1 Rajasthan Hills 3.11 Aravallis and Uplands 9 Jaipur, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Plateaus and Plateaus Bharatpur, Alwar, Sikar, Bhilwara, Jhunjhunu, Ajmer. 3' 12 Delhi Ridges Delhi. 3' 13 Aravalli Outlier 1 Gurgaon. 3.14 Rajasthan Hills 4 Udaipur, Sirohi, Banswara. (Mewar, Bagar) Dungarpur. 3.15 East Rajasthan Hills 4 Chitorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar. 3.2 Bundelkhand 3.21 Chambal Ravines 4 Morena, Bhind, Gwalior, Datia. (North Western. Madhya Pradesh) 3.22 Trans Jamnna Alluvial 4 Jhansi, Jalann, Hamirpur, Veneer Banda. 3.23 North Central 2 Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur. Madhya Pradesh 3.3 Malwa 3.31 North Malwa Uplands 2 Shivpuri, Guna. 3.32 Malwa Plateau 9 Rajgarh, Mandsaur, Shajapur, Ratlam, Ujjain, Dewas, Indore, Jhabua, Dhar. 3.4 Vindhya Ranges 3.41 Vindhyas 5 Vidisha, Raisen, Sehore, Sagar, and Plateaus Damoh. 3.42 Rewa Plateau: Vin~ 3 Panna, Satna, Rewa. dhyan Scarp Lands 3.43 Kaimur (Vindhyachal) 1 Mirzapur. 3.5 Central Madhya 3.51 Narmada Valley. 3 Jabalpur, Narsimhapur. Pradesh Plateau Hoshangabad. 3.52 Western Satpuras 2 West Nimar, East Nimar. (SatPura~Gawilgarh Hills) 3. 53 Central Satpuras 3 Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni. (Gawilgarh-Mahadeo Hills) 3. 54 Eastern Satpuras 2 Balaghat, Mandla. (Maikala Range) 3.55 Baghelkhand Plateau 3 Shahdol, Sidhi, Surguja. 3. 56 Chhattisgarh 4 Durg, Raipur, Bilaspur, Raigarh. 3. 57 Dandakaranya Bastar. 3'6 Orissa Hills and 3.61 North Western Hills 5 K:.oraput, Kalahandi, Baudh- Plateaus Xhondmals, Bolangir, Ganjam. 3.62 North Eastern Hills 5 Sambalpur, Sundargarh, Keonjhar, DhenkanaI, Mayurbhanj. !> sr .(\'I'13~NT Ill' lfatural Regions,.SubregiO/ls 'and Divisions of India-contd. No. of Region Subregion" ; Division districts District 1 2 4 5 3 Central Hills and 3.7 So\\tl\Bihar Hills 3. 71 Chho~ ~ur 4 P~uS _Hazaribagh ••Ranchi, Plateaus--concld. and Platellus Plateau Smghohum. 3. 72 GOl)dwan~ T:.;ough 1 Dhanbad. 1 3.73 Rajmahal H~ Sfinlal Parganas. 3.8 West Bengal 3.81 RancliiPe'neplains 1 Purulia. Up'lands' 3.82 Rarh 3 Birbhum, Burdwan, Bankura. 4.1 Maharashtra 4.11 K1um'desn 2 DhuJia, Jalgaon. Deccan 4.12 NasikBasin Nasik.. 4.13 Vidarb'ha 4 BuJd.b.l1na, Alcola, Amravati, Ye'otmal. 4,14 M~akoshal 4' Nagptu., Wardha, Bhandara, ~anda. 4.15 Maratbawada 5 Auranga9a4. PlU'blli\ni, .Bhlr, Nan'ded; Osma:nabi"d: 4.1& Westero GIlat!! 6 Poona, Satara, Sholapur, Sangli, (Desh) Kolhapur. Ahmadnagar. 4.2 Andhra Deccan 4.21 Telengana (Southern 9 Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak, Deccan) Hy,qyrabi}d, Mahbubnagar, Karunnagar, Warangal, Khammam, Nalgonda. 4.22 Rayalaseema 4 Kurnool, Cuddapah,Anantapur, Chittoor. 4.3 MysoreDeccan 4.31 Inland Karnataka 2 Belgaum, Dharwar. 4.32 Southern Deccan 3 Bidat, GuJbarga, Bijapur. :r.lateau (North Maidan) 4.33 R.aichur-BQllflIYj 2 R~s:hqr, Bellary. , (Central Maidatr) 4.34 So~th Maidan 5 Chitf.aq)lI'.i\l... r~Uf, Manp~Ilj(' " . Bangaltite', Kola'r. 4.3S Mafnad 5 Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Coorg, Mysore. t Nilgm. 4.~~ Coim.i)atoJ.'p Plateau 4 North Arcot, Salem, Coimbatore, I INDIA 1,232,561* 439,234.771 100·00 100'00 1 Himalayas 171,215* 13,943,898 13'89 3'17 2 Northern Plains 272,361 162,021,323 22'10 36'89 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 336,433 85,438,548 27'30 19'45 4 The Deccan 270,880 85,969,395 21'98 19'57 5 The West Coast Plains 107,665 49,185,358 S'73 11'20 6 The East Coast Plains 70,781 42.588,593 5'74 9'70 7 The Islands 3,226 87,656 0·26 0'02 ·Excludes non-censused area of 32,358 sq, miles of 1ammu and Kashmir. ·f INDIA z NATURAL REGIONS, SUBREGIONS AND DIVISIONS IOUNDARY, INTH-NATIONAl _._ DOUNOAP.Y. STATE WUNOAIIY I DfSTRJCT CEASE.F1tE UNE IN y..HHU I KMHHI!I. ): I U M A B A Y ,j ,j o F BENGAL A R A I A N A It NATURAL REGIONS, SUBREGIONS AND DIVISIONS lOUNDAIY, NATlJUI. REGIONS D!l'lIIONS HATURA~ REGIONS HIMAlAYAS NORTHtRN III..AlNS 11 If - - C!NTRAl HillS AND PLATEAm THf DECCAN I'l -- THE WEST COAST PUlNS ~~ THE foUr COAST I'1JJHS THt: ISLANDS \~• 0 f ) 1.0. nHRI GA.RHWAl (UTTAR I'UOESH) \\ G. GWALIOR (HADHYA PRADeSH) ~~ f(. I(''''U~THALA (PUNJAB) '; C. CHIlORGAJIIH (1I.\JA51IWI) H.P. HIMACHAL PRADfSi1 FOil: nAUMfNT 1.1 '.lHotlQ4 DfrAIIJ $If i! 71 d INDIA CROP REGIONS SHOWING PROPORTIONATE DISTRIBUTION OF AREAS UNDER CROPS, 1958-59 BOUNDMY, INTERNATIONAL,. _._ BOUNDARY, STATE., _o_._ ZONAL .• DtmICT ______ CEA,n-ffR.E LINE IN JAMMU " r:MHNIfI, •••• lilt 50 0 '00 lIlCl 300 MILES ! i ! : i : ; \''1. i' -., ...... ,...... _. -'I M A BAY o F A R II iAN BENGAL A PERCENTAGE OF ACREAGE UNDER CROI'S , ZONAL Dlm.leT _~ ___ _ CEASE· F1kE LINE IN .!AMMU. KASHMIR ' 100 50 0 Mlm ! I ! ~ I : "" I '" : "" I KILOMmES 100 50 0 '10 .. '" .. sao tI U M A A R A I A N A IIHA"I tEN(iAU , """-H,,,,,, SbDO/BQP.O UNlU DlM,IS" !"UN).'.II ... ~ NNO. L GUfAMTI 0 LANGUAGES • > ~IL I ~. KH.t.NDfSHt MjASTHANI PAHAll- UNsr£QflfD i; N~f~U T1!HO-HIMAlAYAN H~lA YALAM KUM"'UNI TlBETAN/aHo I. •to' z LADAKHI I("NN~D" - G.... MtWAU -j"~ ~ L,\tfuLl COORGI/ m,I1Au~1 --9. 0 KOOAGU Z • f) 7 $\KK1M eoo roW ".a..NDE"U • KANAUkl mUGu ~~~~~AURI/ GONG, l'tPCH'" CHAI1EAll BHOTIA ' J:;UkUKH/ UNSPECIRE ORAON CHUlAHI Ii SALTt W, "-I\CACHCH" ONGE 0 • "'AOJJ..WAIiI ...... rhiolrl .roup opoktn ill P90Ia ~h'rlct iyll.1,1',.DIIIJ,.,ulatle printed by Gul~bsonB Offset Works. New Delhi. INDIA DISTRIBUTION OF THREE DISTRICTWISE I- NUMERICALLY STRONG SCHEDULED TRIBES,1961 '" o BOUNDAp,.Y,INTERNATIONAl _._ BOUND"R.'f,STATE 31 ZONAL • J1 DtSlPJCT ______ CEASE-FIRE LINE IN JAMMU & KASHMIR 100 50 100 ,., 300 MILES ! ~ : i : : i KILOMETRES 100 50 100 "" 300 .. 100 11 14 U M A BAY o F A R A iAN B ENGA L A 10,000 _ FI~ST R"'NK1NG TP.IBES GOND o " BHll OMON HINA MUNDA KHONO o BORo.aop..o 12 KAC'1AI\I 'OL c::=:J He r---, CONCE"iTM flON Of L___j TP.IB:S OTHER THAN AWVE ME"NS HillE uSiEo U WITH m,ENGTI-I ,A,BOVE 1,00,000 HEAN5 TIIIBE LISfED 74 WITH STIIENGtH 50,000 -1,00,000 I1 EANSTRIBE LISTED '9 WITH STFl£NGTH I O,OOO- ~ 9,m mCENTAGE F1GUIUS BENE ATH THE ABSOLUTE flGUREIIS lNOICA.Tf THE DISH.1CTWlSE PERCENTAGE OF n.18"l POf'UlATlON TO THE TOTAL POPULATION H.&.lISIJ fOP. DETAilS SEE 11.1 (BLOCK. IV) PERCENTAGE OF MEMBERS OF SCHEDULED CASTES TO THE TOTAL POPULATION, 1961 BOUNDARY ,1tIT(JtHATIONAL...... !OUNDARY. I1'ATE II ZONAl. DISTRICT - CUII·PIAE LINI IN JAIA4U I KASHMIR ____ _ 100 10 0 100 :roo _MLlI , .., .. '. I' Kn..OMETREI IN ~O" 100 toG JOO 400 JOO U R hi! A BAY OF BENGAL 5 E A PERCENTAGE to 110 BfLOW 10.1-I!!.O 'OR DnAIU SEITABl.En. I (BLocK.'V) " 15.1-20.0 20.1-25.0 ABOVE 2!!.0 HO SCHeDULED CASTES \ I~H ,.... ____ ,.. PERCENTAGE OF MEMBERS Of SCHEDULED TRIBES TO THE TOTAL .. POPULATION, 1961 8OUNDAAY, INTtAN"TIONAL_'_ IIOUNDAAY,S'TATt _._._ Z<,"", DISTRICT __ - -- Cf,ASE'FIR£ UNE IN JAMt.4U & KASHMIR ---- 'lOO, A SOO MILD KII.OldETRE& 100 50 Q 100 too 500 400 50Q q N BAY OF ARABI AN BEN GA~ 5 E A 'ERCENTAG£ EJ 8ELOW 5 ~ § S - 25 \ ~ 25-45 mm FOR DETAILS $E! TAU U.1 'If. (8I.OCII-1V) 'I, .,'\', : 45 - 65 , ',\ } •lIIIIIl A80VE 65 ~~ ~\:~ \ !. 0 NO SCHEDULED TlIBES f " N,A,- DATA HOT AVAILABLE \ ,\ \~ . , 76 .. '-...... ,;..1 ...... "",,'r ) z j f LEVELS OF DEVELO PMENT la~akh SJ H M I R' 1961 .... , BOUNDAR.Y. IN'rEAN"'TjONA1..~ .. _._ 10000AR.'(,STAn ...... _._._._._ Jl ZONAL DISTP.ICT, .••••. ••• _~ __ ~ ____ ~ __ _ CEASHIRE'LINEIN]AMMU au.s~Mlp.._ ..• , .•. , .. , ______.. __ _ f>.. ,."\ ..... "1' ".) N ( J" •-t.' r<,~' "., ...... 1 t· ",.. J -boo- " \i...... ) . ).-, ",,I U M A BAY A R A B I Of SEA N GAL , • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT o "'" ,0' LOWEST LEVEl , D 5f(OHD LEVEL I' D THIRD lEVll FeURTI1 "" TOP lMl \ D DATA HOT AYAlWLI " fOI, DETAILS SEE' APPENDIX XXN 80' ,,' II' II' ,,' II' II z INDIA .( NUMBER OF WORKERS IN REGISTERED ... FACTORIES ENGAGED IN FOOD- 411 PROCESSING INDUSRIES Il . BOUNDAR.Of', INTERNATIONAL . . _._ 60UNOA.RV, sun _,_o_ II " ZONAL " blsTRlc1 _ _ ___ C CEASE-FIRE LINE IN JAUUU I KASHUIR ··, _-_ - II 100 50 0 100 100 soo MILES ,.. I i ~ I i i i i : KILOMURES 100 so 0 100 100 500 ,,' U R t.1 P, BAY 10 OF BENGAL ~EA1£R .s03 IIO~""Y SEA 18 SOUTH KANARA II' FIGUft£S INSID£ THE CIACI..ES SHOW NuutER QF R~GISTERED FACTORIES , · " " INDIA ' NUMBER OF WORKERS IN REGISTERED I- FACTORIES PRODUCING SUGAR AND GUR II) , J2 , eouNDA~Y. JNTERNA'IiON-'l. _._ BOUNDAAY, STATE _.~._ u ,; , " ,., BAY o F A R A I A N BENGAL A , " WUMBaI OF WORKERS .10."".., AND ABOVE "" <100 AND BELOW , \ I' -SUGAR V -GUR FIGURES INSIDE THE CIRCLES INDICATE \ THE NUMBE~ OF REGlmRED FACTORIES " N S.K.I1UKHHljEE , " Gulabsoll80tl'sel Works. New Delhi. , 92 , " z INDIA NUMBER OF WORKERS IN REGISTERED FACTORIES PRODUCING EDIBLE OIL AND HYDROGENATED OIL , BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL .. _._ BOUNOARY,STATE _. __ _ )l " ZONAL DISTRICT ______(' CEASE· RRE LINE IN J.'HHU" KASHMIR '00 " '00 "" 300 MilES KILOMETRES SO 0 500 '00 '"' "" '" "" ~ ,.A':,/'~ ") ~ . , \ ,; U M A o F A R A BENGAL A HUMBER Of WO~KERS IO. ,",,0 2.500 400 AND BI~:LOW EDIBLE Oil o ""'~~".. , fiGURES lNSIDE THE CIRCLES INDIC ... TE THE NUMBER Of IlEGISTERED FACTORIES " GuiabsODS Offset Works. ~ew Delhi. , a , , u INDIA " « NUMBER OF WORKERS IN REGISTERED FACTORIES PRODUCING TEA, COFFEE, RUBBER AND RUBBER PRODUCTS &OUI'tDAAY, M"ERNAT~NAL . _._ aouNDA~Y, sr,l,n _._._ n' JI ZONAL OImICT ~ ____ h CEAsE. FI!l.E UNl IN J.oV1MU.WtlM)~ ~' .. U M" 20 a A Y Of A R " BENGAL HUMen Of WORms II' ------. tO~OOO AND A80VE ---.. ---- .,900 ------l~OO ------. '00 ANtI IELew TEA , \ " ."~ 0 ~'" ,.:04:'\', . ',\ FIGURES INSIDE THE CIRCLES ["OleATE NUMBER 0' REGI,TEAn FACTORIES \ " N ~.l HOHOO , n' • E .. ' ...... ,; N " ~· z INDIA t' I « NUMBER OF WORKERS IN REGISTERED ! .... FACTORIES ENGAGED IN TEXTILES (COTTON AND JUTE) 0 BOUND"RY,INTE'-NATIONI\l .. _._ IOUNOAI\T,STATE _ ,_,_ Jl J2 ZONAL Dlm,ICT c- ... CiME. RkJ: lM.1N )AMMO I K.\SHMk 0 ,., )(Xl '00 .. P1m 'l' i ~" I i i i i i KILOI1ETRES 100 50 (I "...... !GO ~ It '" "\.,." "') t.t ,. .... ~ . t, 1..'\0., , , j-, / 1; f· /r \ ...... ___• (- \ " P Iv ~ U M A , • BAY OF A R A A N BENGAL A "· HUMafR Of WORKfttS \? 12· GINNING" PP.ESSING COTTON• Mlll5 JUTE HILLS A~ AHMEDABAO H, HOQ(jHlY HOW HOWRAH FIGURES INSIDE TH£ m,cLtS INDIO, TE THE NUHSE" Of REGlffiRED f"'CTORIE~ " GulabsODS Offset Works. ~e" Delhi. ,. , • INDIA NUMBER OF WORKERS 0- IN MINING INDUSTRY , aotJND""'Y , lNTtJt.NA'T10Nr\L _. _._ BOUND}\~'f, s'f ....n " " ZONAL HI OISiRlcr c CEASE - FIRE LINE IN JAMMU & KASHMIR. !ea 5Q" Q 300 MlLES : ".! ! mOHm!"'1'7O ! ". J:) i J" , " , " M A 8 A Y o F A R A I A N BENGAL A PlUMBER OF WORKERS , 12 Hie" COAL MANGANESE tAuXltE DOlOMITii AGUm INSIDE THE CIRCLES INDICATE rHE ~UM&Ek OF p.EG1SnP.fD FACTOP.IES , . so II " , • t . ,,' ,,' 16' N -T " " '6 " z INDIA « NUMBER OF WORKERS IN REGISTERED I- FACTORIES PRODUCING CEMENT AND PAPER III . eoUNDAAY, INTERNATIONAL ___ BOUNDARY, STATE ,,' II ZONAL DISTRICT _____ c: CEASE-FIRE LINE IN JAMMU &. KASHMI~ l(- 100 SO 100 ZOO 100 ~llES 'r q I(ILO~T",ES 10050 '00 200 '" '" 100 t-I ,; 11 U R M A. B A. Y OF A R A. B BEN GAL S f: A. ,. NUMBER OF WORKERS II' II' OTHERP.6.PER PA.PER o PRODUCTS0 FIGUR.ES INSIDe THE CIRCLES INDICATE NUMflER OF REGISTERED FACTORIES INDIA INDUSTRIAL LICENCES ISSUED BETWEEN JANUARY 1953 AND MARCH 1961 UNDER THE INDUSTRIES(DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) ACT, ClASSIFIED BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL GROUPS AND 8V DISTRICT TO WHICH ISSUED. IOUNDAAY.INTU.~Anol'W.z_ ._._ IOUNPAAY,STATt; _._._ ". . ClSTIICT ~ ___ _ " CWE .1IkE UNE IN jAHH\,I1 KASHI1111. . D . " I~ M I~ ISOttLfS ~ )'lFt1lL1J.)Il.GICM. IrlWmlES " I~ lOG"'" Eii:Wi FlJeu AND B01LEM L:qo o ,{ .ENGlNtEkINGINDUSTRIES NUHBER OF INoumJ"L LICENCES ~l ~ CHEl-1ICAU AN~ mm1 CHEMICALS PROOUcrs ~ FOOL! I'II.OCE$SING ~ ~DUmIU mmmm rAPEp. AND ''''PER PRODUCTS UIlllill T1M8El PkODUCT! \ DTEXT1~S \~ ~ GlASS, aAAI11CS "i'Il G11'SUH p"oourn l o_,fi: ',\ ,,' ~CEf1ENT !J t1oc.l'IonIab.d IImI.l'!ma UATHEP.AND iIiURIlW UATH£R GOODS 11111. B1JAol' .\\ NIL. NalnITIil .. [_] t1ISCElI.ANEOUS INOOS'TkIiS 0 ,L,.l...... J - ,\ , ,,' 76. '1/)' 14' II' ,,' . N " , ",' " INDIA < PATTERN OF GAIN OR LOSS OF VOTE.S IN EACH DISTRICT IN 1962 OVER 1957 OF THE. CONGRESS I I- AND ALL OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES COMBINED IN THE GENERAL E.LECTIONS SUPERPOSED ON THE VJ PATTERN OF LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT! 1961 ~IoT ___ 80UNDAAY,$lATE __ '-:- ,,' ,,I &OUNDAJIY, INTER IONAl " ZONAL DfSTRICT ______CEASE-FIRE ~ I !IIE IN JAMMU" I KASHMIR.,. _ _ _ __ 100 51) 100 ,00 JO() t.4t ~ ES I I '" ~ I I I KILOMETRES 100 10 ,00 100 laO 400 SOO r>: 'f It /': ""\. "'\ I ..... ' . Q N . , ,,' IS·- V, '" ~ ,., U R M A 10· 8 A Y o F II ENG' A L ARABIAN SEA "· GAIN AND LOSS OF LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT VOTES BY CONGRESS & ALL OTHER PARTIES IN 1962 OVER 1957 D CONGIIES5 (+) "'"'" P""'E~ (+) § '>T·ll"""') . , ' 12 \~ ~: "· , D CQItIGR£SS (-) or"", """ , 5 l-1~ 2ND· ..~o Q [J.,_ o CONGO AREAS WH ERE COMPAIl.AIRE f I GU~~$ WE Il ~ NOr "'( "'ll " ~tE HAVE m~ LEFT BL"NK - e' N 5~ il4UK H(RJH 88' GulabsOIlB Olis, Worl< f. '6i 71' to' il . 'A' ,,' INDIA GAIN OR LOSS IN VOTES POLLED IN GENERAL I- ELECTIONS OF 1962 AS PERCENTAGE OF THOSE Ul POLLED IN 1957 BY CONGRESS PARTY ,,' !OUND".'t,'NTERNATtONAl _.- BOUNDARY,STATE " c- lONAL DISTRICT .)< CIEAIf-m'f LINE 1111 JANWU • KAliHMIR '00 10 0 '00, 100 100 WILES ~ I I I I(llOMETR(S IDe H 0 10. '00 100 .00 q ,I ,,' U R 1:.4 A 8AY 2' OF BENGAL "RA8IAN SEA PERCENTAGE GAIN OR LOSS IN VOTES POLLED . BY CONGRESS fAm IN 1962 OVER 1957 . " GAIN LOSS D ~OO & BELOW D D 5'01 10-00 D D 1001 15:00 0 . ,~1 ~ " ~ " 1501 2000 .' D W ~",ri: 0 D 20-01 & ABOVE ~ D" r;...... o~ \ "'9 oJ '-. "~E"S W11UE COHP"M8~E FIGUkeS WERE NOT ,AV.'.IL"m HAVE BEEf'.I lfFT BLANK 9 ~~ o a. Il' H nK.M. ( 121 II' 0 Gulabsons OII'8.t Works, New DelhI. ,; 10' ,,' ..' ,,' ,i ,,' INDIA I- ELECTIONS OF 1962 AS PERCENTAGE OF THOSE POLLED IN 1957 BY ALL PARTIES (OTHER THAN '" CONGRESS) TAKEN TOGETHER BOUNOAFlY, INTERNATIONAL _._ SOUNO ... RY, STATE _._._ " " ZONAL " DISTRiCt ___ ~~_ c CEASE-FI~E. LINE IN JAMMU, K,ASHMIR. 100 50 100 200 lOO MILE.S ! 1 ( ...... ; : KILOMETRES 100 SO 0 100 lOO 300 N ,. " U R M A 5 A Y o F BENGAL ARABIAN SEA PERCENTAGE GAIN OR LOSS IN VOTES POLLED BY ALL PARTIES OTHER THAN CONGRESS IN 1962 OVER 1957 GAIN LOSS D 5.00 SHOll' D g 5.01 10.00 ~ 10· 01 15.00 \ ~ EI3 II ~ • ~. I 15.01 - 20.00 . ....\ ~ Cd Ei 20.01 & ABOVE m ,.,f.EM WHEH COMPARASlE FIGURES WEI\E NOr AV,t.,II.ABLE HAVE !H:EN lEFT BLANK , GulabsonB OtlBet Works. ~e" Delhi CnAPTBR Ii THE N:ANfCING DEVICE Table u. 1 is divided into several cohvenienl blocks. The ~ontents of each block ate given below: In!ormtlfion preparM for each district of InOia Block I A. Geology, Topograp!z~, Rainfall, House Type, Language and Schedultd· Tribes and Oaste's Continuous Bloqk Serial Serial 1 1 Geological features 2 Topography 2 (a) PH.ysical features 3 (b) Rivers and streamg 4 (c) Slope anti drainage 3 Altitude (Range} 5 Ca) Minimu'IIl 6 (b) MaXimum 7 4 Rainfall 8 5 Type of building by wall and roofmaterial 9 6 Numerically major language (Name and percentage to popUlation) 10-12 7 Names and strengtp. of three major Scheduled Tribes where tbeir nUmber exceed.s' lO,OOO'Mch B. Soils, Crops and yield of Rice .. 13 8 Soil 14-25 9 Local names of types of soil and incidence of revenue (wherever available); 12 columns (limited to six types, minimum and maximum for each) 26 10 Food crops (with percentage orland under each crop limited to 5 per cent and above of gross area sown) 27 11 Cash crops (With percentage ofland under each crop limited to 5 per cent and ab6ve Of gross area sown) 28 12 Yield otclean rice per standard acre in mauntis (wherever availab~e) Blo~k 11 Agricultural'ihfrastructure 29 1 Area under double crop pet cent of net area sown 30 2 Gross areairfigated per cent of gross area sown 31 3 Households cultivating 0-5 acres per cent orall clJltivating households 32 4 Pure tenancy' holdings per cent of all cultivating households 33 5 Hired attached workers per cent of all workers at cultivation 34 6 Cultivators and agriculturall\lbourers per 100 acres of net area sown 35 7 Cultivators and agrieultural hibourers per cent of rural workini populatipn 9 163 R.G.I.-3 10 BlockllII Participation rates in trad tional sector 36 1 Male participation .rate, 1961 37 2 Female participatioD; rate~ 1961 38, • 3 Males wprking in agriculture per cent of male working pop~lations, 1951 .. 39 4 Single an~ family workers in non-agricultural per cent of total .on agricu1tural workers, 1961 40 5 Workers in household intlustry per cent of total working population, ~961 . . Block'lV Potential of human resources 41 1 Persons per sq. mile 42 2 Females per 1,000 males 43 3 Rural pbpulation per 1,000 of total population 44 4 Percentage increase ofpopulation, 1951-61 4') 5 Immigrants per cent of total, population, 1961 46 6 Children 0-4 percent of women aged 15-44, 19.61 47 7 Crude literacY rate, 1961 48 8 Scheduled Tribe popUlation per cent of total population, 1961 49 9 Scheduled Caste popUlation per cent of totl11 population, 1961 Block V Di-stributive ,trade, manujacturjng .and· infrastructure 1 Workers in retail trade perJ.,OOO of total population 50 • I \ ) 51 2 Wor kCi"S in m'an~fac\uring per 1,000 oftotal population 52 3 Census houses used as business 'houses or offices per 1,000 of all census houses ' 53 4 Census houses used as community centres per 1,000 of all census houses' 54 ') Census houses used as restaurants and eating houses per '1,000 of all census houses' 55 6 Census houses used as rest house~ per'1,OOO, of all census houses 56 7 Census houses used as sooool h~Vs~~ ~'e,r 1,000 of all census houses 57 8 Census houses used as medical in.s~itQtjons per 1,000 of all census houses 58 9 Miles of surfaced roads per 1,000 sq. miles of area BI~k VI Organised industrial activity in the modern s~ctor 59 1 Establishments run on electricity per cent of all industrial establish- men'ts 60 2 Workers in registered factories per cent of all workers 61 3 Degree of congestion in housing 62 4 Whether headquarters town (1) generates own electricity or (2) is connected to grid or (3) both or (NE) none 5 Industrial specialization in organised sector. Five industries graded according to declining ratio It Briefly, therefore, the blocks bring out the following broad features Bloc k 1 • General ecology Block II • Agricultural infrastructure Block III . Participation rates with special reference to traditional economy Block IV • Potential of human resources Block V • Distributive irade manufacturing and i'n!rastructure Block VI Organised industry in the modern sector :The table thus, seeks to bring into focus geologioal and topC1graphical features, the not only ,the dominant natural features but rainfall, water supply, drainage, the'type of the ~ssential demographic picture in its building assdciated with- each type', of rain~ relation both to the local social frame and fall, terrain and crop, and the linguistic and - . , the lev~l of economic activity. ethnic cQmposition. The nefCt 16 c.;qlumns (l3~28) describe the n~ure of 'the sbil The assumption behind this presentation and the inCidence of revenue dependIng on is sirnpl~·enough. I have proceed«d,on the the nature of the soil and an account of premise that given a certain degree of huma~ end~avour and skill in q~alii~th:ely ag~jq.Iltural and general infrastructure along and quantitatively variegating\ the agricul~ With. a potential of human and other re tural produce. Column 28 (Yield of clean sources, there is bound to be a certain level rice per standard acre in rpaunds wherever of economic developmflnt. and of organised available) affords some, measure ·of the indu~trial activity in the modern sector. qu!tlity of till(}ge and the efijciency of agri At the outset it is important to point out cultural practices, of inputs j()f· \ various than do'not pretend that all the indices are kinds and the maintained level bf soil I' ~ ~ either essential or the best that .;ould be nutrients. chosen. On the contrary I was compelled to' a'bandC>n certain more obvious and signi Block U. Agricultural·infrastructure. ficant indices merely because they ·were difficult to collect with reference' ,to a Col. 29. Area under double crop per ¢nt particular point of time. Not having yet of net area sown was regarded as a devised fl. system of statistical weights I composite end-expression 01: effort in chos~ safety·in a.large number of indiaes. I three -directions: area, yield and cropping, believe it will, be possible·in later exercises pattern and an urge for ~ash ('cops. to weed out a number of indices by means of component analysis and replace some of Col. 30. Gross area irrigated per cent of the present ones by more significant gross area sown was r~garded as on ones. I consider this a purely preliminary indirect. measure of, total of inputs that exercise which is going to print not so gq mith irrigation, viz., better technique, much for its own worth but for the value manures and fertilizers, seed and a o( the data. higher. 'level of farming , activity and the Block I. General ecology. urge for cash crops. It is now necessary briefly to explain the Col. 31. Households cultiv/lthzg 0-5 acres reason why each index wa's chosen. The per cent of all cultivating households. first 12 columns very obviousiy bring to This was expected 10 provide an estimate gether the composite ecological picture of of agriculture carried on primarily by eac}t region, subregion and division: the subsistence-oriented peasant households 12 and a measure of the built-in ·depressor Col. 46. 'Children 0-4 per cent of women in Indian agriculture. aged 15-44. A rough index of the Col. 32. Pure tenancy holdings per cent of ability of the population to multiply. all cultivating households was expected Col. 47. Crude literacy rate, 1961. A to provide a measure of the built-in general index of cultural and techno depressor in Indian agriculture, the logical advance. concentration of ownership and of con Col. 48-49. Scheduled tribe aM scheduled trol. caste population. An index of yet largely Col. 33. Hired attached workers per cent untapped human reserves. -of all· wOl'l(frs at cultivation was inte'Ild Block V. ·Distributive "trade, manufactur ed-to pro~de a .measure of crop produc ing and infrastrnctnre. lion 'for the market .and of 'regional labour Cols. 50-58. These are self-e~lanatory. supply. It is possible that in later exercises I shall Col. ,34. C~ltivfltors and agricultural like to weed out some columns or labourers per 160 acres of net area sown -replace them. was intended as an index of .pressure of Block VI. Ol'g1lDised industrial activity in famUy, free and unfree agri~ultural the modem sector· labour on the crop bearing soil. Col. 59. Establishments run on electricity Co1. 35. Ct/ltivators and agricultural per cent of all industrial estab1i~hrrten.ts. ldbaurers per cent.of rural working I have included all manufacturirrg, re population was i'n1enJed as a general pairing and serviciQg establis'hments 'that index of the two major sectors, agricul- are run on electricity inclusive 'of s'in~le 'ture atid -non-agriculture. . person establishments on the - .ground that the use of electrioity itself means· a Block III. Participation rates in traditional clean break with .the Ipast, te!chnologi€al sector. and ,industrial advance 1ncluding adop All the indices 'in this block were intend tion (jf new tools and sctl1es -of tprodu£ ed a~ indices of the strength of traditional tion. enterPrise. Col. 60. Workers in registereiJ facto'lJlfs per 'Cent of -all wO'Fkers may be regarded Block IV. Potential of .human resources. as a good index '4>f'modetitIizatioD. Col. 41. Persons per sq. mile. This is a Col. 61. Degree of congestion'in·housing. generally Tecognised index. A good general in~x of 'econemie Col. 42. Females per 1,000 males. A activity in ~ndia. .general index of migration. Col. 62. .Whether headquarters town (1) ge~rates own electricity or (2) is cOn Col. 43. Rural population per 1 ;000 of total nected to grid or (3) both or (NE) population. An index or urbanization. none. Connexion to grid is an impor Col. 44. Percentage increase of population tant consideration and a firm qualitative 1951-61 intended as a composite index. index of future growth. Col. 63. Industrial specialization in orga1lis Col. 45. Immigrants per cent of total ed sector. Five industries graded .accord population 1961. A measure of the pull ing to declining rt;~UO, Thi& is II {actor operatins itt certaiu arc:as, qualitative inq~X, IS The degree of reliability of the data 'The JWtt 't>tep ,was. to pool :tile ejgb,th varies .not only from one item to another values ~btain~ ,for all the ~UQUlS"to but from one geographical area to an gether by this process. of ra~ and other for any particular item. It is im obt~in their t~l sccre for each district. portant to bear this in mind before one All the districts) thereafter, ·we(e fieshly proceeds to apply refined calibrations arrsm.ged in quartiles in ,asGe~ oI:der 'OJ which the traffic may not bear. For their total. scores. This rearrangement· and obvious reasons, therefore, it ·is whole the po&wn of each district in temus oi some and expedient to keep the rankin,g its total score formed the basis of the final technique as simple as possible. The ranking in the four lev~ls of development method is briefly described below. presente_d in 'the next chapters. It was decided to leave out of statisti cal use the data of block I as' being large I must hasten at this point to mention ly descriptive and qualitative. Thereafter the. obvious shortcomings fiom which this for each column in blocks IT .to VI, ex technique suffers. I;irst, it oversimplifies cept for those for housing congestion and the scoring. and loads the dice in. favour of industrial pettem, the distt,icts were those indicators which ~e po$itively asso arranged in quartiles in order of their ciated against those others which are observed values. E~ch quartile was there negatively asswfated. Secon?ly, the .as after split as much as possible in two slgJ1ing of integer rank valqes to quanti equal halves of values. In. some cases the tative data split up ,into quarilles or pctiles marks (1 to 8 or 1 to 4) were directly a.nd thep addip.g up integer rank values related to the ascending values of -a cell a.gain .for a large number ot characteristics on the assumption that a Jri'gh '9'alue re introduces an element of arbitrary ,and flected credit on a district while a low subjective weighti~g. This may easiJy value signifled tAe reverse. In some others result in the accumulation of small dif the eighths or fourths were inversely tt ferenc~s ilfoupd the margins of quartile latoo to the value oj e GeU, a 1rlgh ~igPl'th classe~, par.ticulady in the twiljght 7;ones or fourth va1ue b'ein'g associated 'With ·a of octiles 2 ~nd 3 and octiles 6 and 7.and low actua'l value 9f the cell con.cemed. distort the tr,ue picture of var\aoiiity_ ThiS too was a matter of simple rul'es; Ideally, therefore, such an array of qu(\n. e.g., eigh'th .values al1d -actUal values were titative data should be subjected to analysis inversely related in 'the column devotetl to in search of principal components, first, to houselldlds 'cUltivating 0-5 acres per 100 derive the implicit Weights, whicb one 'oan of 'cultivating hous'elibld~ but were 'direct not really do witbout and, secon.tlly, to ly related in the column tlevoted to gross reduce the'llumber of effective characteris> area irrigated as percentage df gross area tics. :It is proposed to under'thlce 'Such sown. I have retained a positive gmtii~ ·anaeysis in the near future and present the of proportions of members of scheduled modified rankings in a later part of the tribes and castes according to their General Report for 1961. strength-high eighths for high ratio and vice versa-although there may be more But the present device, too. has its than one opinion on the subject because points. Whilb it possibly 'distorts the there is nothing to dispute the long-::term scores at either end, the middle zones value of this asset. Greater Bombay, should be fai:dy dependable. 'Even itt tlte· Calcutta and Madras Corporatipn, which terminal regions, as has been ooserved have no rural areas, have been placed as above, the distortions on account of a matter of course in the highest level of marginal accumulations will be largely development. .. Y! _A S:lS.. limited to two sections: the ones between octiles 2 and' 3 and octiles 6 and 7. In the score for the block exceeds 10. following chapters we sh!ill. examine whe Where' aggregates of like ranks in one ther this technique seems to talk 'practical block 'are matched by aggregates of like politics and helps demarcate area~ and ranks in another, the association is taken districts where human effort has or has to be positive. not got the better of nature. It should (2) Whether the pattern of shift of male a1so- be able !to put the finger on the strong participation rate from agriculture to non and weak points in the life of each district. agriculture is gen~rally positively associat ed with the levels of development as In the chapters that iollpw, (propose to worked out by this ranking device. apply several'validity tests: (1) Whether (3) Whether the concentration of regis values in agriculture (block II) and dis- tered factor!es and organised industrial I 1 ' ~ ~ tribuqve tra?e, man,macturin_g and social activity in the ;modem sector occurs in and pconomic infrastructure (block )1) districts rank~d in the .higher levels of are poshively ~ssoCtatea ~it'b vall;les in development. organised fudustrial activity in the modem (4) Whether the districts ranked in the sector '(block VI). Also the' nature ~f higher le~els of development have been asSochlFon of participatio~ rates in the abie to attrl\ct the bulk of new industrial traditional .sector ~lo~k IiI) and I t'hat of licenses jssued under the Industries (De polbntial of h~man' resources (bl,ock N) velopment and Regulation) Act between with blocks II, V and VI. Tqe 'nature of ~953 and .1,961. this: association is sought to be' bro~gli~ p~t NOlle :of ;these tests appears to have by' arranging the .total sCore for each of been applied before which offers itself as t~ first four blocks into three groups: (i) a reason f9r presenting this analysis, al Low ~r A in which the 'total soo,re fof the thougq I ,am only .too mindful of the inade bl~k {s less than 20; (ii), Medium or B in qUflcy of tpy treatment. As I have ex which the total score for the block lies pl~ny,fl -above, I, do not regard the' between"20 and 30; and (iii) High of C i~ ll\ethodology, as anything but tentative, w:h{yh. the total score for the block ~xceed~ despite, the fact that the results look en 30. The fifth block is simil\lrly arrange~ couraging: ;At the same time I think the ~ th,ree groups : data are too v,aluable and exciting to be denied· to other research workers in this (i) Low or A in which -the total score and otqer allied fields, and I look forward, for the Iblock is less than 5; (ii) Medium to their COl]1ments. The following picture or B in which the total score is 5 to 10; of the four. levels of development emerges and (iii) High or C'in which the total on the map of India: STATEMENT'II.l Isolated or disconti nuous districts sur rounded by districts of other levels of Natural Division Blocks of contiguous districts development 1 2' 3 Tbe.first or lowest .level of deyeldpment. 1 . U Jammu and Kashmir . . . Ladakh, Bar;unulla, ,Poonch, Anantnag, Doda, Udhampur, Kathua. 1 .12 Himachal PrAdesh and HimalaYan Bilaspur, Kangra, Chamba, Lahaul and Punjab ,Spiti, Kinnaur. 1 :13 HimalaYan Uttar Pradesh (Highl~nd Uttar Kashi, Tehri Garhwal, Chamoli, Districts) Pithoragarh, Almora, Garhwal. 1: 21 D,arjeeling-Sikkim Sikkim 1.22 Bliutan-Assam Himalayas North-East FrqBtic:r AgeBcy" ST~'PEMEN'if n. J ,.-con/d. Isolated or dtscoatt nuous districts lur rounded by districts of .othel Jevell of Natural Division Blocks of contiguous districts development 2 3 1.31 Assam Hills (Meghalaya) 'Garo Hills, Mizo Hills 1.32 North-Eastern Border Hills .• (Nagaland) • Kohuuli, "Tuehsang, Mokokchung. 1.33 North-Eastc;m ~order Hills (Manipur) - Manipur, 2.11 Rajasthan Desert (Thar: Marwar) J~lmer 2.12 Rajasthan Dry Area BjUlJler, ~.a¥aur 2.32 Lower Ganga-Jamuna Doab Fatehpur 2.33 Uttar Pradesh Tarai (Koshala) . Kberi, Sitapl,lI, Bahraich, Gonda, Bi\sti, 'Gbtakh);lUt, Deoria. ' 2.34 Rohilkhand Budaun 2.35 Oudh Hardoi, Unnao, Rae Bareli, Bara Banki, Faizabap, ,.~u1~Pur. 2.36 East Uttar Pradesh . Pratapgarh, .Jaunpur, Azamgarh, '"Ballia, . Ghazipur. 2.41 North Bihar Plain (Tirhut) • Saran, Champaran. Mu~ftarpur, Darbhan'ga. 3.11 Aravallis and Uplands . Bhilwara 3.14 Rajasthan Hills (Mewar, Bagar) Banswara 3.22 Trans Jamuna,Alluvial Veneer • • Hamirpur. Banda. 3.32 Malwa Plateau Jhabua 3.42 Rewa Plateau: Vindhyan Scarp Lands Rewa 3.53 Central Satpuras (Gawilgarh-Mahadeo Hills) Seoni 3.54 Eastern Satpuras (Maikala Range) Mandla 3.55 Baghelkhand Plateau '.' Sfdhi; 6urguja. 3.56 Chhattisgarh '. • Bilaspur, Raigarh. 3.57 Dandakaranya 'Baktar 3.61 North Western Hills • Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir. Baudh-Khondmals. 3.62 North Eastern Hills Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sambalpur. 3.81 Ranclii' Peneplains. Purulia 4.21 Telengana (Southern Deccan) Medak,~ahoubnaiar 4.33 Raichur-Bellary (Central Maidan) Raichur 5.33 Kolaba-Ratnagiri . Ratnagiri 6.31 Orissa Coastal Plain 'PlU'i The second or lowest but one level of development. 1.11 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar 1.12 Himachal Pradesh and Himalayan Punjab. • Mandi, Mahasu, Sirmur. 1.31 Assam Hills (Meghalaya) • United MMr a\l~ North Cachar "Hin, . 2.12 Rajasthan Dry Area Jalor, Pali. Churn 2.22 Beas-Sutlej Doab (Bisht Doab) , Hosbiarptir 2.24 South Western Punjab (Hariana) Mahendragarh 2.32 Lower Ganga-Jamuna Doab _ Etab, Mainpuri. Farrukhabad. Etawah. 2.34 Rohilkhand _ Shahjahanpur 2.41 North Bihar Plain (Tirbut) _ 'Sah'arSa, Pumta! 16 STATEMENt II .1-collttt. Isolated or discontl· nuous districts sur rounded by districts of other levels of Natural Division Blocks of contiguous districts development 1 2 3 2.42 Soutk Bihar Plain (Magadha) • Shahabad, Gaya. Monghyr 2.51 North Bengal Plain (DU8!S) Cooch Behar l.SZ .. Noitlkn Para,Delta (Barind) West Diruijpur, Maida. 2.53 Ganga Delta Murshidabad 2.54 Damodar Delta • 1... ~apore, Bankura. ~82 Rarh • ·f . 2.61 Brahma'putra Valley Goalpara, Nowgong 2.62 Surma Valley Cachar . 3.11 Aravallis and Uplands • Jhunjhunu, Silear; ToDk, Sawai Madhopur: 3.14 Rajasthan Hills (Mewar, Basat) • Ud&1PUk Dljn8arPur. 3.1S East Rajasthan Hills Chitorgarh, Jhaiawar 3.21 Chambal Ravines (North Western Madhya Pradesh)- • Morena, Bbfnd, Datia. 3.22 Trans Jamuna Alluvial Veneer J~un 3.23 North Central Madhya Piadesb n1ca.mgarh. Chhatarpur. 3.31 North MalwltUplands Shivpuri, Guna. 3.32 Malwa Plateau Rajgarh, Shajapur. Dhar 3.41 Vindhyas Datnoh 3.42 Rewa PIatel1nt,lVindhyan Scarp Lands Panna, Satna. 3.51 Narmada yaney Narsimhapur 3.52 Western Satpuras (Satpura·Gawilgarh Hills) ...... West Nimar 3.53 Central. Satputas (Gawilgarh· Mahadeo Hills) . • Betul, Cbhindwara. 3.54 Eastern Satpuras (Maikala Range) Balaghat 3.55 Baghelkhand Plateau Shahdol 3.56 Chhattisgarh . Raipur 3.61 North Western Hills Ganjam 3.62 North Eastern Hills . Dhenkanal 3.71 Chhota NligpurPlateau Palamau, Ranchi. 3.73 Rajmah.al Hills Santal Parganas 4.14 Mahakoshal . Bhandara, Chanda. 4.15 Marathawada.- Parbhani, Bhir. Osmanabad. 4.16 Western Ghats{Desh) Kolbapur 4.21 Telengana (Southern Deccan) Karimnagar, Nalgonda 4.22 Rayalaseema. Cuddapah, Chittoor. 4.31 Inland Kamataka Belgaum 4.32 Southern Deccan Plateau (North ¥aidan) Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur. 4.)4. SQutb Maidan. Tumkur 5.12 Kanthadesh . Banaskantha 5.21 Gujarat Plain . Panchmahals 5.22 Dugs . Dangs 5.33 Kolaba·Ratnagiri Kolaba 5.51 Malabar • Palghat 6.21 Andhra Coastal Plain • Srikalculam. Vlsakhapatnam. Nellore 6.31 Orissa Coastal Plain • Balasore. Cuttack. 17 STATEMENT II.l-contd. Isolated or disconti nuous districts sur rounded by distric~s of other levels of Natural Division Blocks of contiguous districts development 1 2 3 The third or one below highest level of development. 1.12 Himachal Pradesh and Himalayan Punjab Simla 1.34 North-Eastern Border Hills (Tripura) Tripura 2.11 Rajasthan Desert (Thar: Marwar) Bikaner, Jodhpur. 2.12 Rajasthan Dry Area Ganganagar 2.24 South Western Punjab (Hariana) Sangrur 2.31 Upper Jamuna-Ganga Doab Bulandshahr 2.32 Lower Ganga-Jamuna Doab "I Allahabad, Varanasi 2.36 East Uttar Pradesh Mirzapur. 3.43 Kaimur (Vindhyachal) 1 2.33 Uttar Pradesh Tarai (Koshala) Pilibhit 2.34 Rohilkhand . Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly. 2.42 South Bihar Plain (Magadha) Bhagalpur 2.61 Brahmaputra Valley Kamrup, Darrang, Sibsagar. 3.11 Aravallis and Uplands Alwar 3.14 Rajasthan Hills (Mewar, Bagar) Sirohi 3.15. East Rajasthan Hills Bundi 3.22 Trans Jamuna Alluvial Veneer . Jhansi 3.32 Malwa Plateau Mandsaur, Dewas 3.41 Vindhyas Vidisha, Sagar, Raisen. 3.51 Narmada Valley Hoshangabad 3.56 Chhattisgarh . Durg 3.62 North Eastern Hills Sundargarh 3.71 Chhota Nagpur Plateau Hazaribagh 3.82 Rarh Birbhum 4.13 Vidarbha '.} Yeotmal. Wardha. Buldhana 4.14 Mahakoshal 4.15 Marathawada Aurangabad, Nanded 4.16 Western Ghats (Desh) Satara, Sangti. 4.21 Telengana (Southern Deccan) • Adilabad, Nizamabad, WarangaJ, Khammam. 4.22 Rayalaseema • Anantapur, Kuroool. 4.31 Inland Karnataka Dharwar 4.33 Raichur-Bellary (Central Maidan) Bellary 4.34 South Maidan' Mandya, Kolar 4.35 Malnad • Hassan, Mysore. 4.42 Coimbatore Plateau (Kongunad) Salem 5.11 Kutch Kutch 5.12 Kanthadesh Sabarkantha 5.13 Kathiawar Mehsana, AmreJi 5.21 Gujarat Plain • • Broach, Surat. Kaira 5.41 Coastal Karnataka . North Kanara, South Kanara. 5,51 Malabar Cannanore, Kozhikode. 5.52 Kerala Coastal Plain Trichur, Ernakulam, AUeppeYQ Quilon, Trivandrum. 6.11 Nagarcoil Valley Kanyakumari 6.12 Dry South East . Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli. 6.13 Coromandel Coast . South Arcot 6.21 Andhra Coastal Pla,in ~ast Go4avari, West GQctavari. Quntur l63 R.G.I.-4. 18 STATEMENT II.l-concld. Isolated or disconti nuous districts sur rounded by district of other levels of Natural Division Blocks of contiguous districts development 1 2 3 The fourth or highest level of development. 1.11 Jammu and Kashmir Jammu 1.13 Himalayan Uttar Pradesh (Highland Districts). . . . Dehra Dun, Nami Tal 1.21 Darjeeling-Sikkim • Darjeeling 1.31 Assam Hills (Meghalaya) United Khasi and ]aintia Hills 2.21 Nor..th Punjab Plain Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Kapurthala, Ferozepur. 2.22 Beas-Sutlej Doab (Bisht Doab). Jullundur, Ludhiana. 2.23 East Punjab Plain . Ambala, Patiala, Kamal. 2.24 South Western Punjab (Hariana) Bhatinda, Hissar, Rohtak. 2.31 Upper Jamuna-Ganga Doab Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Aligarh Meerut. 2.32 Lower Ganga-Jamuna Doab Mathura, Agra. Kanpur 2.35 Oudh Lucknow 2.42 South Bihar Plain (Magadha) Patna 2.51 North Bengal Plain (Duars) Jalpaiguri 2.53 Ganga Delta. Nadia, 24-Parganas. 2.54 Damodar Delta Hooghly, Howrah. 2.61 Brahmaputra Valley Lakhimpur 3.11 Aravallis and Uplands Jaipur, Ajmer. Bharatpur 3.12 Delhi Ridges . l 3.13 Aravalli Outlier .r Delhi, Gurgilon. 3.15 East Rajasthan Hills Kota 3.21 ChambalRavines (N.W. Madhya Pradesh) Gwalior 3.32 Malwa Plateau RatIam, Ujjain, Indore. 3.41 Vindhyas Sehore 3.51 Narmada Valley Jabalpur 3.52 Western Satpuras (Satpura-Gawilgarh Hills) East Nimar 3.71 Chhota Nagpur Plateau Singhbhum 3.72 Gondwana Trough. Dhanbad 3.82 Rarh Burdwan 4.11 Khandesh Dhulia, JalgaoD. 4.12 Nasik Basin Nasik 4.13 Vidarbha Mola, Amravati. 4.14 Mahakoshal Nagpur 4.16 Western Ghat~ (Desh) Ahmadnagar, Poona, Sholapur. 4.21 Telengana (Southern Deccan) Hyderabad 4.34 South Maidan Chitradurga, Ban galore 4.35 Malnad. Shimoga, Chikmagalur. Coorg 4.41 Nilgiri . Nilgiri 4.42 Coimbatore Plateau (Kongunad) Coimbatore, Madurai. North Arcot 5.13 Kathiawar . • . . Bhavnagar, Surendranagar, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Junagadh. 5.21 Gujarat Plain Ahmedabad, Barodl} 5.31 North Konkan . Thana 5.52 Kerala Coastal Plain Kottayam 6.13 Coromandel Coast . Tiruchirapalli, Thanjavur. Chingleput ~.21 Andhra Coastal Plam Krishna 19 The clusters in each level of develop cal reasons while Kottayam and Krishna ment are extremely interesting, particular are each on the fringe of districts of the ly in the third and fourth levels where third level, apart from what they have they are more agglomerated than in the developed themselves. first and second and testify to the unmis takable spread effects which will be The districts In the 4 levels of evident later on in this chapter. Of parti development are arranged State by State cular significance are the isolated districts. in Appendix XXII at the end of this These isolated districts amount to a total Chapter. of 127, of which 23 are in the first level, 36 in the second level, 34 each in the third Despite the fact that all indices have and fourth levels. A phenomenon of the been given equal weight, the association greatest importance is the isolated dis between the different blocks are so high tricts in the third level with the exception that several features stand out hard and of Tripura and Bhagalpur, which are all clear. either on the fringe of the districts of the Let us, for instance, consider urban fourth or top level or are new active population. The two statements below centres of industry themselves like Durg give (1) percentage distribution of total and Sundargarh. Of the isolated districts popUlation and (2) percentage distribu in the fourth level, Jammu, Naini Tal, tion of ur):>an popUlation in the sum of all United Khasi and J aintia Hills, Kanpur, districts placed in each level of develop Lucknow, Kota, Jabalpur, Patna, Lakhim ment. The statement on urban population pur, Singhbhum, Hyderabad, Coorg and yields a clear picture of concentration of Bangalore derive their importance either urban population in the upper levels of for very strategic or historic or geographi- development. STATEMENT II.2 Percentage distribution of total popUlation among levels of development in each State Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 INDIA . 100·00 19·66 25·02 24·60 30·72 Andhra Pradesh. 100·00 7·83 36·46 44·21 11'50 Assam 100-00 4·83 37·17 40'94 17·06 Bihar 100·00 32·55 45·35 8·84 13'26 Gujarat 100·00 12·30 45·04 42·66 Jammu and Kashmir. 100'00 67·50 17·98 14·52 Kerala 100·00 10'51 79'24 10'25 Madhya Pradesh 100'00 25·77 41·27 16'68 16'28 Madras 100·00 38·59 61·41 Maharashtra 100·00 4·62 22'37 20·39 52·62 Mysore 100·00 4·67 29'99 41·87 23·47 Orissa 100·00 53·64 42·04 4·32 Punjab 100·00 5·33 8'77 7·57 78·33 Rajasthan 100·00 15·21 40·01 20·58 24·20 Uttar Pradesh 100·00 50·12 9·16 20'12 20·60 West Bengal 100·00 3·90 33·96 4·14 58·00 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 100.00 100.00 Delhi 100·00 100·00 Himachal Pradesh 100·00 30·37 69'63 Manipur 100·00 100·00 Tripura 100'00 100·00 North-East Frontier Agency 100·00 100·00 Nagaland. . . . 100·00 100·00 SIKKIM 100·00 100·00 .. STATEMENT 11.3 Percentage distribution of urban population arranged for each State by the level of development of the districts Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 iNDIA • 100'00 5'86 13'7? 23'29 57,06 Andhra Pradesh 100'00 4,06 23'89 43'83 28'22 Assam 100'00 2,54 31'04 37'95 28,47 Bihar 100·00 17,24 39'01 9,91 33,84 Gujarat 100·00 4,24 31·95 63·81 Jammu and Kashmir. 100·00 28'73 49·73 21·54 Kerala 100'00 6'73 86'79 6'48 Madhya Pradesh 100·00 9·64 28'18 18'34 43·84 Madras 100·00 29·00 71·00 Maharashtra 100'00 1'32 9'57 10'64 78'47 Mysore 100·00 3'05 21'22 38'89 36·84 Orissa 100·00 42,40 45'37 12'23 Punjab 100'00 1-06 4'87 7·22 86·85 Rajasthan 100'00 7,99 31'59 24'40 36·02 Uttar Pradesh 100·00 18'55 7'44 29'64 44·37 West Bengal 100'00 1-08 10'22 1'18 87·52 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 100.00 100.00 Delhi 100'00 .. 100·00 Himachal Pradesh 100,00 25·59 74'41 Manipur . 100'00 100-00 Tripura . 100·00 100·00 Nagaland. 100·00 100·00 SIKKIM 100'00 100·00 The following statement underlines the Class I Cities and Town Groups (popula- feature brought out above in respect of tion above 100,000). STATEMENT II_4 Percentage distribution of population in Class I Cities, and Town Groups arranged for each State by the level of development of the districts to which they respectively belong Level of development State -. Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 INDlA • 100'00 1'03 5'30 16·67 77'00 Andhra Pradesh 100·00 10'79 30·08 59'13 Assam 100'00 49·58 50'42 Bihar 100,00 12,57 25'97 8,52 52'94 Gujarat 100·00 12·46 87'54 Jammu and Kashmir. 100'00 74, i7 25'83 Kerala 100·00 100·00 Mahdhya Pradesh 100·00 7'74 13·16 79·10 Madras 100'00 18'10 81,90 Maharashtra 100'00 2'67 1·75 95·58 Mysore 100·00 6'75 37'71 55·54 Orissa 100·00 100'00 Punjab 100·00 100·00 Rajasthan 100·00 8'95 30·24 60·81 Uttar Pradef h 100·00 3,49 2'28 34'70 59,53 West Bengal 100·00 3'05 96'95 Delhi . 100·00 100-00 Even more eloquent is the following factories and persons employed in regis ,tatement of the distribution of registered tered factories by States in 1961. STATEMENT 11.5 Disiribution of registered factories for each State b)'_ tke level of development of the districts to which they respectively belong Levelof development ------~ Total Bottom Second Third Top Stato No. workers No. Workers No. Workers No. workers No- worker. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 INDIA 49,960 3,915,131 2,284 116,787 7,249 278,578 11,947 844,524 28,480 2.675,242 Andhra Pradesb 4,918 223,371 140 2,142 1,210 35,517 2,645 145,253 923 40.459 Assam 1,241 80,047 2 34 299 13,825 557 32,591 383 33,597 Bihar 6,133 209,290 961 27,871 2,667 55,641 744 26,669 1,761 99,109 Gujarat 3,840 360,528 84 5,731 1,526 95,133 2,230 259,664 Jammu and KashlUU" 139 10,964 21 1,317 80 7,178 38 2,469 Kerala 2,412 252,961 215 11,551 1,968 224,569 229 16.841 M~dhya Pradesh 1,928 155,564 222 10,387 612 29,550 328 23,749 766 91,878 Madras 5,587 300,387 1,617 70,804 3,970 229,583 Maharashtra 8,233 787,379 36 1,779 705 25,768 450 40,514 7,042 719,318 Mysore 2,406 219,298 152 6,244 464 25,768 982 85,114 808 102,172 'Orissa 488 47,739 227 11,241 241 16,800 '20 19,698 Punjab 3,468 127,018 14 396 86 6,347 62 3,286 3,306 116,989 Rajasthan 914 57,507 99 4,316 159 8,992 308 14,859 348 29,340 Uttar Pradesh. 2,751 298,174 312 47,933 173 10,536 604 55,348 1,662 184,357 West BenaaI. . 4,307 719,793 60 2,812 230 23,507 74 5,040 3,943 688.434 Andaman and Nicobar Islands II 1,882 11 1,882 Delhi 1,060 59,150 1,060 59,150 Himachal Pradesh • 28 2,063 4 196 24 1,867 Mamp~ 34 119 34 119 Tripwa 62 1,897 62 1,897 Th(( following two stat€?ments giv~ the factories into four levels of development percentage distribution of registered in each State. STATEMENT II. 6 Percentage distribution of registered factories into four levels of development in each State_ Level of development (""" State Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 INDIA • 100'00 4'57 14'51 23'92 57'00 Andhra Pradesh 100·00 2'85 24'60 53'78 18'77 Assam 100-00 0'16 24'10 44·88 30'86 Bihar 100-00 15·67 43'49 12'13 28·71 Gujarat. . . 100'00 2'19 39'74 58'07 Jammu and Kashmir. 100·00 15·11 57·55 27'34 Kerala 100·00 8'91 81'59 9'50 Madhya Pradesh 100'00 11'52 31'74 17·01 39'73 Madras 100-00 28'94 71'06 Maharashtra 100-00 0·44 8'56 5·47 85'53 Mysore 100'00 6-32 19'29 40'81 33'58 Orissa 100-00 46·52 49'38 4'10 Punjab 100'00 0·40 2·48 1'79 95'33 Rajasthan 100·00 10-83 17·40 33'70 38·07 Uttar Pradesh 100·00 11'34 6'29 21'96 60-41 West Bengal. . . 100·00 1'39 5'34 1'72 91'55 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 100.00 100.00 Delhi 100'00 100-00 Himachal Pradesh 100'00 14'29 85'71 Manipur 100·00 100·00 Tripura 100·00 100'00 ~2 STATEMENT II. 7 Pprcentage distribution o/workers in registeredfactories/or each State by the level of development of the districts to which they respecti11ely belong Level of development ~'------__'A- ______~ State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 INDIA 100'00 2'98 7-12 21'58 68'32 Andhra Pradesh 100'00 0'96 15'90 65'03 18'11 Assam. 100'00 0'04 17'27 40'72 41'97 Bihar 100'00 13'32 26'59 12'74 47'35 Gujarat 100'00 1'59 26'39 72'02 Jammu and Kashmir 100'00 12'01 65'47 22'52 Kerala 100'00 88'77 6'66 Madhya Pradesh 100'00 18'99 15-27 Madras 100'00 23'57 76'43 Maharashtra 100'00 0'23 5'14 91'36 Mysore 100'00 2'85 11'75 38'81 46'59 Orissa . 100'00 23'55 35-19 41'26 Punjab 100'00 0'31 5'00 92'10 Rajasthan 100'00 7-50 15'64 25-84 51'02 Uttar Pradesh 100'00 16·08 61'83 West Bengal • 100'00 0'39 0'70 95'64 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 100.00 100'00 Delhi 100'00 100'00 Himachal Pradesh., 100'00 9'50 90'50 Manipur 100'00 100'00 Tripura 100'00 100'00 Even in the matter of industrial the concentration in the top levels is establishments, run on electricity, which remarkable as will appear from the two includes even single person establishments, statements given on pages 23 and 24 .. tg ST ATEMETT II. 8 Number of industria I estabUshment-s run on electricity for each State by level of development of each district Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 INDIA • 120,687 4,005 11.317 27,606 77,759 Andhra Pradesh • 5,156 89 1,159 2,186 1,722 Assam 474 7 114 217 136 Bihar 6,310 939 ~,554 667 2,150 Gujarat 13,559 297 7,322 5,940 Jammu and Kashmir • 1,016 215 435 366 Kerala • • 4,528 323 3,702 503 Madhya Pradesh 6.111 379 1,339 910 3,483 Madras 12,809 3,874- 8,935 Maharashtra • 18,555 86 1,383 1,370 15.716 Mysore J 7,901 160 1,212 2,360 4,169 Orissa • 659 243 375 41 .. Punjab. 10,003 100 337 315 9,251 Rajasthan 2,678 98 511 749 1,320 Uttar Pradesh • 10,538 1,561 645 3,702 4,630 West Bengal • 15,777 67 546 130 15,034 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 11 11 Delhi 4,393 4,393 c, Himachal Pradesh , 107 20 87 .. Manipur 39 39 Trjpura 61 61 S!p:u, • • 2 2 .. •• .. 24 ST A"TEMENT II, 9 Percentage distribution for each State of industrial establishments run on electricity by level oj development oj each,district Level of development ,--- '"""I State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 INDIA. . 100'00 3'32 9'38 22'87 64'43 Andhra Pradesh 100'Q{) 1'72 , 22'4.8 42'40 33'40 Assam. 100'OJ 1'48 24'05 45'78 28'69 Bihar 100'00 14'88 40'<\8 10'57 34'07 Gujarat 100'00 2'19 54'00 43'81 1ammu and Kashmir 100'00 21'16 42'82 36'02 Keraia 100'00 7'13 81'76 11'11 Madhya Pradesh 100'00 6'20 21'91 14'89 57'00 Madras 100'00 30'24 69'76 Mahatashtra _ 100'00 0'46 7-46 7-38 84'70 Mysore 100'00 2'02 15'34 29'87 52'77 Orissa • 100-00 36'87 56'91 6'22 Punja'b • 100'00 1'00 3'37 3'15 92'48 Rajasthan 100'00 3'66 19'08 27'97 49'29 Uttar Pradesh 100'00 14'81 , '12 35'13 43'94 west Bengal 100'00 0'43 3'46 0'82 95'29 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 100'00 100'00' Delhi . 100'00 100'00 Himachal Pradesh • 100'00 18'69 81'31 Manipur 100-00 100'00 - Tripura JOO-OO 100-00 •• 100-QO S~JM 100-00 H •• '.' 25 ,APPENDIX I Number of districts Level of development r- 'State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL . 3'].7 79 88 76 84 Anclhra Pradesh 20 2 7 9 2 Assam 11 2 4 3 2 Bihar 17 4 8 2 3 Gujarat 17 3 7 7 Jammu and Kashmir 9 7 1 Kerala • 9 1 7 1 Madhya Pradesh 43 9 20 7 7 Madras 13 5 8 Maharashtra • 26 1 7 7 11 Mysore 19 1 5 8 5 Orissa • 13 8 4 1 Punjab. 19 2 2 2 13 Rajasthan 26 5 11 6 4 Uttar Pradesh 54 28 6 10 10 W~t:nen~ 16 1 6 8 ! ,\p,daman and Nicobat Islan Delhi I .. 1 HImachal Pradesh 6 3 3 Manipur 1 1 Tripura 1 North-East Frontier Agency 1 Nagaland 3 3 SlKICIM 1 163 R.G.I.-5. 26 APPENDlxn T dtal popu]Qtion Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 438,156,951 86,131,875 109,610,928 107,772,980 134,(;41,168 Andhra Pradesh 35,983,447 2,818,047 13,118,431 15,907,018 4,139,951 Assa'll • 11,872,772 573,291 4,412,855 4,860,632 2,025,994 Bihar 46,455,610 15,122,554 21,067,242 4,107,547 6,158,267 Gu.iarat 20,633,350 2,536,657 9,293,946 8,802,747 Jammu and Kashmir 3,560,976 2,403,633 640,411 516,932 Kerala • 16,903,715 1,776,566 13,394,269 1,732,880 Madhya Pradesh 32,372,408 8,342,617 13,359,720 5,399,701 5,270,370 Madras 33,686,953 13,001,063 20,685,890 Maharashtra 39,553,718 1,827,203 8,847,062 8,065,281 20,814,172 Mysore 23,586,772 1,100,895 7,074,020 9,875,609 5,536,248 Orissa . 17.548,846 9,412,521 7,377,708 758,617 Punjab. · 20,306,812 1,082,971 1,181,343 1,531,341 15,905,157 Rajasthan 20,155,602 3,066,122 8,064,965 4,147,940 4,876,575 Uttllr Pradesh · 73,746,401 36,963,659 6,751,265 14,835,853 15,195,624 West Bengal · 34,926,279 1,360,016 11,861,904 1,446,158 20,258,201 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 63,548 6',$48 Delhi 2.658.612 2,658.612 HiHlachal Pradesh • 1,351,144 410,365 940.779 Manipur 780,034 780,034 Tripura 1,142,005 1,142.005 Nagaland 369,200 369,200 North-East Frontier Agency 336,558 336,558 SIXKIM 162,189 162,189 ~* APPENDIX III 'totttl number of Cities~ T.cwn Groups and T.oMlns (all classes) arranged for each Stale by the I~vel of development 0/ the districts to which they respectiW!l., belolfg Level of development Stat. Total Bottom Second nitd T.p 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 1,444 289 574 726 ~S Andhra Pradesh 212 22 70 103 17 Assam. 56 :2 21 24 10 Bihar 126 24 66 12 24 Gujarat 175 12 '16 8'1 ]ammftand Kashmir 41 33 1 '1 Ker.a:la • 79 7 '65 1 Mad,bya Pradesh 210 33 95 48 34 Maatu 287 113 174 Mahataalftra • 241 11 63 57 109 Mysore 214 10 54 93 'Sf Oris's1L • 62 32 26 4 Purljab • 177 7 14 22 131 Rajastblm 145 17 64- 32 31 Uttar Ptadesh • ' I . 244 84 29 65 66 W~tilengal 149 5 41 6 97 Andaman and Nicobar_Islands 1 1 Delhi . .. • 1 1 Himachal Pradesh • 13 3 10 Manipur 1 1 Tripura 6 , Nagaiand 3 3 SllCKIK 1 28 APPENDIX IV Total urban pbpdiMion Level of development ,------_____..__ State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 78,746,942 4,615,329 10,856,147 18,336,348 44,939,118 '. Andhra Pradesh 6,274,508 254,571 1,499,156 2,749,879 1,770,902 Assam. 913,028 23,145 283,438 346,498 259,947 Bihar . 3,913,920 , 674,941 1,526,616 387,903 1,324,460 Guja.{at 5,316,624 225,513 1,698,573 3,392,538 Jammu and Kashmir 593,315 170,455 295,084 127:776 Kerala • 2,554,141 171,85j) 2,216,822. Ip5,46~, Ma~hya Pradesh: • 4,627,234 , 446,243 1,304,019 848,510 2,028,462 Madras ,. 8,990,528 2,607,112 6,383,416 Maqarashtra • 11,162,561 147,858 1,068,024 1,187,414 8,759,265 Mysore 5,266,493 160,622 1,117,506 2,0<108,233 ,1,940,132 Orissa • 1,109,650 470,456 503,434 ,135,760 Punjab. 4,088,595 43.321 199,272 295,179 3,550,823 I Rajasthan 3,281,478 262,276 1,036,666 .800,566 1,181,970 Utt~ Pradesh 9,479,895 1,758,880 704,895 2,810,133 4,205,987 Wes~ Bengal 8,540,842 92,478 873,107 100,769 7,474,488 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 14,075 14,075 DeJhi 2,359,408 , 2,35~,408 Hiplachal Pradesh • 63,928 16,361 47,567 Manipur 67,717 67,717 .. Tripura 102,997 102,997 Nagaland 19,157 19,157 SlJa:IM 6,848 6.848 ~9 APPENDIX V Number of Cla£r I Cities and Town Groups ·arrangedfor each ~tate., the I.e/,el of development of tfoe di~tricts to which they respectively belong Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL • • 113 3 13 33 64 Andhra Pradesh . • • 11 2 (;j ,~ Assam 2 1 1 Bihar 9 2 3 1 3 Gujarat , 6 5 Jammu anfil Kashmir 2 1 Kierala 4 4 .~.. , Madhya Pradesh 8 1 2 ,S" Madras 11 4 1 Mllharashtra 13 1 1 '111 Mysore 6 4 1.' , Orissa " 1 1 ..'. Punjab . ' 5 5, Rajasthan 6 2 3 Uttar Pradesh 17 7 8' t West Bengal 11 1 10 " ' ' Andaman and Nicobar Islands • ,. Delhi 1 ,I Himachal Pradesh • .. ···,l Manipur ..., Tripara .. Nagaland SlKKIM ...... _',' .. .. POPlfllditm· in- (Jla~ f CUM·j. 'amI Town Groupj arrangtd for each Stare by the l~l'el rJf •. 'titve1vpmelU.bf th~ districts ttJ which they I'espectively fJeiong Level of development r- State Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL . 38,176,901 392,319 2,0.24,199 6,363,563 :t!1;:i96,ti26 Aitdhra ~deslt . 2,676,944 288,780 805,231 t,582,9~3 Aksam 203,105 100,707 102,a98 Btbar l,687,33S 212,064 438,165 143,850 893,256 dU.iarat 2,311,615 288,026 2,023,689 Ja\nmu and Kashmir 397,822 295,084 ~ . 102,t13~ Kerala 1,002,626 1,002,626 '., Madhya Pradesh 1,807,349 139,792 237,906 ' t;429;651 tiadras 3,716,114 672,756 " 3,043,358 Mlharashtra 7,2S0,924 193,186 127,183 -6,930,55S Mysore 2,173,169 146,790 819,418 1,206,961 Orissa • . " 146,308 .146,308 .. PUnjab 1,214,090 1,214,090 R'jasthan 1,241,562 111,139 375,394 75$,029 U~Pradesh 5,159,667 180,255 117,702 1,790,466 3,071,244 WestBenp! . 4,828,869 147,253 4,681,616 ( Anda:man and Nicobar Islands Delhi • 2,359,408 2,359,ItC}S rtimaChal Prad~h .,. Mahipur .\ ... Trilfura .. Nagaland S~ICIM ." For percentage distribution of urban.population.in Class I CIties aad Town Groups among districts in the four levels of deVelopment In each State set text above. 3l II AP.PENDIX VII Number of Class II Town Groups and Towns. arrangea/()T fach $!lltc by tAJ te;~1 of development of the 'districts to which they respectively belong Level of development r- State Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL. \ , . 138 10 %1 31, ,~~ ¥~ Pradesh ~ 3 5 Assam 1 1 I Bihar 7 1 3 1 2 I' Gujarat 10 1 S 4 Jammu and Kashmir KeraJa ( I. 4' .'. J 2 1 Madhya Prad~1l 5 1 4 Madras : 22. s 11- ." ", "I' M~~htra . 11 3 3 $ Mysore 9 1 2 3 3 • I Orissa . 3 1 1 1 " - Punjab 13 1 12 \ . Rajasthan . 4 1 2 1 Uttar Pradesh 16 5 2 3 6 West Bengal • 23 3 20 Andaman and Nicobar Islands .. :t)elhi 'J Himachal Pradesh • Manipur 1 1 ~, - Tripura 1 1- )lagaland SIIOOM ~ ~ ~ .. 62 APPENDI~.vIII Population in ClaS's II Town Groups and. Towns arranged for each State by the level 'o/.de.,elopment ~f the districts to which they respectively belong Level of development r- State Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 " 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 9,387,431 685,665 1,380,148 2,158,741 5,162,877 Ahdhra Pradesh' .' 532,301 182,724 349,577 Assam • 58,480 58,480 Bihar 503,491 88,264 205,672 60,208 149,347 Gujarat 622,03~ 52,167 309,435 260,428 Jammu and Kashmir f' Kerala 294,361 77,620 164,056 52,685 Madhya Pradesh • 380,245 86,706 293,539 Madras '_ 1,452.791 336,832 1,115,959 I Maharashtra 767,51'0 158,782 245,946 362,782 Mysore 662,445 63,329 175,923 215,529 207,664 . Orissa 228,033 60,815 76,931 90,287 , Punjab 887,086 50,739 836,347 I Rajasthan 241,128 50,636 136,561 53,931 Uttar Pradesh 1,114,462 318,834 164,272 195,432 435,924 West Benpl 1.520,473 184,682 1,335,791 Andaman aDd Nl.cebu lsi_Dds " Delhi . .. Hbnachal Pradesla . ., .. ~anipU1' .' 67,717 67,717 Tripura 54,878 54,878 Nagalaad SIKl'WI ~j. AP~~~qlX; IX Percentagf! d(striQution 0/ population 0/ qas~ II Tpwn Groups ard fowns arrange4 f.or eaf~ State by the level 0/ dpelofm61lt of t~e qlstric(s to ~fzich they rrsp,edtvely bt:h;ng Level of development r- state Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 , 3 4 S 6 TOTAL 100'00 7'30 14°70 23'00 55'00 Andhra Pradesh 100'00 340 33 65'67 As~am , 100'00 100:00 Bihar , 100'00 17'53 40'?5 Q'96 2~'&6 Gujarat 100·00 8·39 49'74 41'~7 Jammu and Kashmir .. Kerala 100'00 2"37 5~'73 P·99. 'I Madhya Pradesh 100'00 22'80 77-:?-9 Madras 100'00 23·19 7~:.~l Maharashtra 100'00 20·69 32·04 ~7:27 Mysore 100'00 ~'56 26'56 32·53 31' 35 1 Orissa 100'00 26·67 33'74 39'59 Punjab 100·00 5'72 9:t:28 Rajasthan 100'00 21'00 56·63 22·37. " Uttar Pradesh 100'00 28·61 14'74 17·54 ~9'H West Bengal 100'09 12'15 87'85 Andaman and Nicobar Islands .. Delhi . • Himachal Pradesh Manipur 100'00 100'00 Tripura 100·00 100-00 Nagaland • SIKKIM ~ ~...... ~~ l\.C.!.-~: 34 APPENDIX X Nuinber oj Class III Town Groups and Towns arranged for each Statt' by the level of development of the districts to which they respectively belong Level of development ,- State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 481 46 106 163 166 Andbra Pradesh 51 2 17 31 Assam. 11 S 4 2 Bihar • 28 7 12 4 5 Oujarat • 40 2 20 18 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Ketala 2S 2 22 1 Madhya Pradesh 30 4 14 9 3 Madras 60 28 32 Maharashtra • 45 2 7 11 25 Mysore 30 12 11 7 Orissa 8 4 3 Punjab 31 2 6 23 Rajasthan 23 4 13 S Uttar Pradesh 52 21 8 13 10 West Bengal 46 9 2 34 Apdaman and .Nicobar Islands .,. Delhi • Himachal Pradesh Manlpur Tripura Nagaland •• " 35 APPENDIX XI Population in Class III Town Groups and Towns arranged for each State by tlze level of development of the districts to which they respectively belong Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 14,529,866 1,447,870 l3,124,847 4,766,574 5,190,575 Andhra Pradesh 1,520,603 56,092 517,045 902,665 44;801 Assam l325,874 159,886 102,492 "" 63,496 Bihar 846,020 211,597 353,600 119,657 161,166 Gujarat 1,195,513 64,622 572,622 558,269 Jammu and Kashmir 21,087 21,087 Kerala 705,627 49,434 613,817 42,376 .l\1adhya Pradesh 953,166 130,684 422,973 291,848 107,661 Madras 1,843,631 833,452 I,Q1O,179 Maharashtra 1,370,544 53,851 207,152 380,222 729,319 Mysore 840,139 339,274 290,327 210,538 Orissa 224,943 122,718 81,924 20,301 Punjab 982,227 66,318 177,462 738,447 Rajasthan 667,337 119,220 372,295 26,478 149,344 Uttar Pradesh 1,578,566 684,487 221,223 389,035 283,821 West Bengal 1,4'4,589 48,134 269,101 46,196 1,091,158 Andaman and Nieobar Islands Delhi Himachal Pradesh Manipur •• Tripura - NagalaDd "_ SlIcJtIM .. .. ., ., 36 APPENDIX XII Percenrag~' distribution of popu!Jtion in Cl?lSS'1[l Town Group's ahd Towns tlrrdn'gUjot each State by the level 0/ aevelopment oj'the "districis'to which' tkey re.spectilVely belong Level of development ,--- State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 ,t'OTAL. " '. 100-00 9-9(j 21-51 32'81 35'72 A'hdhta Pradesh 100,00 3'69 34'00 59'36 2'95 100 ,OJ 49'06 31'45 19'49 K~1n ; - . Bihat . 100-00 25-01 41'80 14'14 19·1)5 buj~at 1oo,'tltl S'4O 47'90 46·70 Jammu and Kasnmir 100-00 100-00 keia~ , IOO-OO 7'01 86'99 6·00 .. .., .. Madhya Pradesh 100'00 13'71 44'38 30'62 n'29 Madras 100'00 45-21 54'79 , ,. Maharashtra • 100'00 3'93 15'12 27'74 53'21 Mysore 100'00 40-33 34-56 25-06 Orissa. 100·0() 54'56 36'42 9'02 PunJab, 100'00 6'75 18'07 75'18 Rajasthan 100-00 17-86 55'79 3'97 22'38 Uttar Pradesh 100-00 43'3'6 14'01 '24'65 17;98 West Bengal • 100'00 3-31 18'50 3'18 7S'01 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Delhi . Himachal Pradesh , '.. .-, Manipur ... ~ 1Tipura " Nagaland .. ': SIKKIM ., " I' .. J':.~' -: :/i AP.PE'NDt~ XIII 'NulnMt ordass [,V ToWh Groups tfnd Towns -arranged for each State by 'tHe le~el of dege/opmeht of ihe districts to which they respectively 'belong Level of development ,-- -, State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL . 746 90 195 238 223 Andhra Pradesh- 71 7 22 35 7 Assam 8 4 3 Bihar 42 10 25 3 4 Gujarat 53 5 27 21 Jammu and Kashmir 4 4 Kerala 31 3 24 4 Madhya Pradesh 55 7 29 11 S Madras 96 40 56 Maharashtra • 85 4 23 19 39 Mysore 77 2 29 35 11 Orissa 22 13 7 2 Punjab 36 2 2 3 29 Rajasthan 52 7 23 12 10 Uttar Pradesh 75 30 10 20 15 West Bengal. 35 3 11 3 12 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 1 Delhi . Himachal Pradesh • 2 2 Manipur .. Tripura Napland •• ...... SlnlM II .. •• .. .. 3S APPENDIX XIV POP.'fl~tion in C{ass IV To~ Groups and TOW:lS arranged for each State by the level of development of the districts to which they rf?spec{ively belong Level of d<:velopment r----~--- .. State Total Botto:n Second Third Top 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 10,261,964 1,249,031 2,658,9.U 3,267,597 3,086,344 Andhra Pradesh 9J2,500 99,712 293,7)3 4n,660 101,33!) Assam 106,855 14,257 50,706 41,892 Bihar 582,283 13),059 359,521 36,816 55,887 Gujarat 702,6n 76,905 352,539 273,159 Jammu and Kashmir 59,300 59,30:> Kerala 446,727 37,027 3U,898 64,802 Madhya Pradesh 749,199 99,658 391,249 148,577 109,715 Madras 1,302,822 532,243 770,579 Maharashtra • 1,181,982 55,354 304,400 277,551 544,677 Mysore 1,041,284 38,556 385,322 476,667 140,739 Orissa 310,647 189,617 95,858 25,172 Punjab 482,669 20,547 24,222 40,110 397,790 Rajasthan 707,581 103,199 306,515 162,286 135,581 Uttar Pradesh 1,043,830 404,170 138,619 277,036 224,005 West Bengal • 498,894 34,652 164,327 45,910 254,005 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 14,075 14,075 Delhi Himachal Pradesh • 25,473 25,473 Manipur Tripura 13,240 13,240 Nagaland ., Sian. • • 39 APPENDIX XV Percentage distribution of population in Class TV Town Groups and Towns arranged for each State by the level of development of the districts to which they respectively belong Level of development ,- State Total Bottom Second Third Top J 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 100'00 12'17 25-91 31'84 30-08 Andhra Pradesh 100'00 10'05 30-10 49'64 10-21 Assam 100'00 13'34 47'45 39'21 Bihar 100'00 22-34 61-74 6-32 9-60 Gujarat 100'00 10-94 50-18 38'88 Jammu. and Kashmir.. 100'00 100'00 Kerala _ 100'00 8-29 77-20 14-51 Madhya Pradesh 100'00 13'30 52'22 19'83 14-65 Madras 100'00 40-85 59'15 Maharashtra , 100'03 4'68 25-76 23-48 46-08 Mysore 100'00 3-70 37'00 45'78 13'52 Ori~sa 100'00 61'04 30'S6 S'10 Punjab 100'00 4'26 5'02 8'31 82'41 Rajasthan 100'0:) 14'58 43'32 22-94 19 '16 Uttar Pradesh 100'00 3S'72 13-28 26'54 21'46 West Bengal _ 100'00 6'95 32'94 9'20 50-91 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 100'00 100'00 Delhi Himachal Pradesh , 100'00 100'00 Manipur Tripura.. 100'00 100'00 Nagaland SIKKIM ... 4Q APP·13NJ)IX XVI Number of Class V Tl)wn Groups lUId Tow"s arranged for each Stat,e by tlJe If vel of de.velopm,ent of the d~.Wicts to w~j(:h they r~sl'ectjvely belong Level of development ,- State Total Bottom Second Third Top"""' 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 755 100 100 115 240 Andhra Pradesh 70 13 26 26 5 Assam 23 8 10 4 Bihar 35 4 21 3 7 Gujarat 58 4 21 33 Jammu and Kashmir 5 4 1 Kerala . 15 13 Madhya Pradesh 96 17 46 22 it Madras 81 28 53 Maharashtra 74 6 24 20 24 Mysore 57 7 7 26 17 Orissa . 25 13 12 Punjab 1 52 2 5 8 a7 Rajasthan 51 6 23 11 at Uttar 'Pradesh 74 20 8 22 24 West Bengal 27 13 12 Andaman and :t':licobar Jsla~ds Delhi . Himachal Pradesh . 4 2 2 Manipur • TIirlura • 4 4 Nagaland • 3 3 •• Sll'JCU,f , "! \ "' H 41 APPENDIX XVII Population ill Class V Town Groups and Towns arranged for each- State. by. the lePeI· of development of tke districts tv which they,respectively belong Level of development State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 5,662,322 732,923 1,532,655 1,604,728 1,792,016 Andhra Pradesh 548,197 98,767 211,809 199,746 37,875 Assam 177,537 8,888 62,530 76,277 29,842 Bihar 274,792 32,957 162,919 27,372 51,544 Gujarat 449,928 31,819 167,349 250,760 Jammu and Kashmir 33,133 27,614 5,519 Kerala . 104,800 7,769 91,425 5,606 Madhya Pradesh 672,111 113,901 329,741 154,245 74,224 Madras 615,049 204,706 410.343 Maharashtra 542.603 38,653 185,957 143,655 174,338 Mysore 424,118 58,737 56,123 191,551 117,707 Orissa 190,064 94,552 95,512 Punjab 380,703 11,891 37,610 61,632 269,570 Rajasthan 389,611 39,857 183,820 85,064 80,870 Uttar Pradesh 561,572 155,376 63,079 158,164 184,9S3 West Bengal 208,841 9,692 91,621 8,663 98,865 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Delhi Himachal Pradetlh . 28,379 16,033 12,346 Manipur Tripura 34,879 34,379 Nagaland 19,157 19,157 SUCKIM 6,848 6,848 .. 163 R,G.I.-7. ..._ ...... U APPE~lmX ~V(lJ Per'-~RJ.age disJ~Ofl ,of {lapltlatJon -w Clal'S V 1':0"1" .ur.6)UpslCln.d Towns .arrange&} for -each State by.the Jj!ovel (Of d£!feJopm~nJ Ilf.the disJri(U tQ wbicil ~y 1"eSpt!cW.vely belong Level of development r- State Total Bottom Second Third To, 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 100'00 12'94 27'07 28'34 31·65 Andhra Pradesh 100·00 18'01 38'64 36'44 6,91 Assam 100'00 5'01 35·22 42'96 16,81 Bihar 100,00 11·99 59·29 9'96 HI, 76 Gujarat 100·00 7·07 37·20 55·73 Jammu and Kashmir 100'00 83'34 16·66 Kerala , 100·00 7,41 87·24 5·35 Madhya Pradesh 100·00 16·95 49·06 22·95 11'04 Madras 100,00 33'28 66·72 Maharashtra • 100·00 7·12 34'27 26'48 32·13 Mysore 13·85 13·23 45·17 27'75 100·00 / Orissa 100·00 49·75 50'25 Punjab. 100,00 3,12 9·88 16'19 70·81 Rajasthan 100·00 10'23 47·18 21'83 20·76 Uttar Pradesh 100·00 27·67 11·23 28'16 32·94 West Bengal. 100'00 4'64 43·87 4·15 47·34 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Delhi Himachal Pradesh . 100·00 :6'50 43·50 Manipur Tripura 100'00 100'00 Nagaland 100·00 100·00 ., SIKlOM 100'00 100·00 fM APPENDIX XX Population in Class VI Town Groups and Towns arranged for each State by the level 0/ development of the districts to which they respectively belong Level of development 1 State Total Bottom Second Third Top 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL 728,452 107,471 135,356 175,145 310,480 Andhra Pradesh 3,963 ~,961 A:ssam 0 r 0 41,177 10,316 25,130 5,131 aihar 19,999 6,739 13,200, Gujarat o~ 34,935 8,602 26,~33 Jammu and K~ir 81,973 62,454 19,519: ~~ala 0 or .. ' Madhya Pradesh . 65,164 15,294 20,264 15,934 . ,13,672 Madras .' 60,121 27,123 32.,998 Maharashtra 48,998 . 18,547 12,857 17,594 Mysore 125,338 14,074 54,741 56,523 Or,issa • 9,655 2,754 6,901 Punjab. .' 141,820 10,883 20,383 15,975 0 94,S79 Rlijasthan 34,259 12,261 14,7&3 . '7,2iS Uttar Pradesh 21,798 15,768 '0,040 1 West Bengal • 29,176 16,123 i3,OSj Andaman and Nicobar Islands Delhi . I ' Himachal Pradesh • 10,076 328 9.748 Manipur Tripura Nagaland 8UOCIM ... .. ~45 APPENDIX XXI Percentage distribution of populatIon irz Class VI Town Groups and Towns arranged for-each State by the 'Ievel bf tlevelopment of the distrfcts to· which they respectively belong Level of development r State Total Bottom Second Third Top r 2 3' 4 5 • 6 TOTAL 100-00 14-75 18-58 2.4'05 :,:'42/62 Andhra Pradesb 100-00 -" 100-00 Assam 100-00 25·05 61-03 13-92 Bihar 100·00 .33'70 66-30 Gujarat 100·00 24,62 75·38 Jammu and Kashmir 100·00 76'19 23'81 KeraIa . Madhya Pratlesh 100·00 23'47 31'10 24'45 20·98 Madras 100'00 45'11 54·89 Maharashtra' 100'00 37·85 26'24 35'91 .- . Mysore 100'00 11·23 43·67 45'10 Orissa . 100'00 28·52 71'48 Punjab. 100'00 7'~7 14'37 11'27 66·69 Rajasthan 100'00 35'79 43'15 21·06 Uttar Pradesh 100'00 72'29 27·71 West Bengal 100'00 55·26 44·74 Andaman and N{cobar Islanqs Delhi . .. Himachal Pradesh • 100·00 3:26" 96'74 Manipur ' .. .. Tripura •• •• Nagaland •• •• ... .. SlklOM .. ., M 46 Al'PnNDtx XXII Districts- a1lrangerJ acaording ta ieYe! of c/epe/opment in each s.tate Lever of Level of State devefopment DIstrict State development District 2 3. 2 3 An!fbra Highest or Krishna WJlar-conc/d. Second- Santal. Parganas Ytadesh Top flyderabacl coneld. Palamau Ranchi Third East Godavari West Godavari Lowest or Saran Guntur Bottom Cham~aran AnantallUf Muza arpur- Kurnool Darbhanga Nizamabad Adilabad Waranga! Khammam Lowe~pr A:nantn3.fJ> Bottom Baramulla Ladakh Bihar Highest or Patna Doda Top Dhanbad Udhamgur Singhbhum K'atliua Pooncb Third Bhagalgur Hazari agb Kerala Highest or Kottayam Top Second Gaya Shahabad Thfrd Cannanore Monghyr Kozhikode Sabarsa. Trichur Purnea Brnakulam 4" AWlBlIlDIDC xx« Dist~cts a,..Mnged according 1:0 kiei '{)j tf.evefopment >in each Staf.e--ooliltd. Level of Level 'Of State development District State development Distridt 2 3 2 3 7 t\Ueppey Madras HigheSt er MadJ'a'& Kerala-conc d. :Chird-concld. Chingleput Qui10n Top Trivandrum North Arcot Coimbatore Nilgiri .5,econd sPalghat Madurai l'iruchirapalli Lowest or Thanjavur Bottom 'Third South Arcot Salem Madhya Highest or Gwalior Ramanathapuram Pradesh 'J.op R-atlam Tirunelveli Ujjain Kanya'k:umari Indore Second East Nimar Sehore Lowest or Jabalpur Bottom Maharasht.ca Highest or Greater Bombay Third Mandsaur Top Thana Dewa~ Nasik Vidisha Dhulia Raisen 1algaon Hoshangabad Ahmadnagar £agar Poona Durg Sholapur Akola Amravati Second Morena Nagpur Bhind llatia Shivpuri Third Satara Guna Sangli Tikamgarh Aurangllbau Chhatarpur Nanded Panna Buldhana Satna Yeotmal Shahdol Wardha Dhar West Nimar Second Kolaba Shajapur Kolhapur Rajgarh Parbhani Betul Bhir Damoh Osmanabad Narsimhapur Bhandara Chhindwara Chanda Balaghat Raipur Lowest or Ratnagiri Bottom Rewa Mysorc Highest or Bangalore Lowest or Chltradurga Bottom Sidhi Top Jhablla Coorg Mandla Shimoga Seoni Chlkmagalur Surguja Bilaspur Third Kolar Raigarh BeIlary Bastar Mysore ~~ APPE'NDIX XXJ.I DistriJ;ts ftrranged according to level oj'development in each State-coutd. Level of Level of State, development District State development Distric~ 2 3 1 2 3 M ysore-concld. Third-conc1d. South Kanara Rajasthan Highest or Bharatpur Bassan Top Jaipur Mandya Ajmer North Kanara Kota Dharwar Third Ganganagar Bikaner Second Tumkur Alwar Belgaum Jodhpur Bijapur Sirohi Gulbarga Bundi Bidar Second Churu ,Lowest or Raichur Jhunjhunu • Bottom Sawai Madhopur Silear Tonk pali Orissa Highest or Jator Top Udaipur Sundargarh Chitorgarh Third Dungarpur Jhalawar Second Ganjam Dhenkanal Cuttack Lowest or Jaisalmer Balasore Bottom Nagaur Barmer Lowest or Kalahandi Bhilwara Bottom Koraput Banswara Sambalpur Bolangir Baudh-Khondmals Uttar Pradesh Highest or Naini Tal Puri Top DehraDun Keonjhar Saharanpur MayurbhanJ Muzaifarnagar Meerut Aligarh Mathura Hissar Agea Punjab Highest or Kanpur Top Rohtak Gurgaon Lucknow Kamal Ambala Third Bijnor lullundur Moradabad Ludhiana Rampur Ferozepur Bareilly Amritsar Pilibhit Gurdas£ur Bulandshabr Kapurt ala Allahabad Bhatinda Jhansi Patiala Varanasi Mirzapur Third Simla Sangrur Second Shahjahanpur Second Hoshiaepur Etah Mahendragarh Mainpuri Farrukhabad Kangea Etawah Lowest or lalaun Bottom Lahaul and Spiti 4t} APPENDIX XXI[ Districts arranged according to level of development in each State-concld. Level of Level of State development District State development District 2 3 2 3 Uttar Pradesh Lowest or Uttar Kashi West Bengal Third Birbhum -concld. Bottom Chamoli -coneld. Pithoragarh Second CoochBehar Tehri Garhwal West Dinajpur Garhwal MaIda Almora Murshidabad Budaun Bankura Fatehpuf Midnapore Hamirpuf Banda Lowest or Purulia Kheri Bottom Sitapur Andaman and Highest or Andamanand Hardoi Nicobar Islands Top Unnao Nicobar Islands Rae Bareli Delhi Highest or Delhi Bahraich Top Gonda Himachal Pra- Highest or Bara Banki desh Top Faizabad Sultanpur Third Pratapgarh Basti Second Mandi Gorakhpur Mahasu Deoria Sirmur Azamgarh Jaunpur Lowest or Chamba Ballia Bottom Bilaspur Ghazipur Kinnaur Manipur Bottom Manipur Tripura Third Tripura West Bengal Highest o[ Darjceling North-East Lowest or North-East Top Jalpaiguri Frontier Agency Bottom Frontier Agency Nadia 24-Parganas Nagaland Lowest or Kohima Calcutta Bottom Mokokchung Howrab TUensang Hoogbly SIKKlM Lowest Of SIKKIM Burdwan Bottom 163 R.G.I.-8. DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS AND LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT THE THEME OF THIS CHAPTER is to out characteristics that contribute to' its line the extent to which the level of human homogeneity and those that introduce effort still conforms to or has succeeded elements of heterogeneity, and, finally, in getting the better of the general pattern name those districts and areas which stand bestowed or imposed, depending on the; out from the general environmental pat way one likes to look at it, by a natural tern. The theme of the next chapter will region, subregion or division. This chapter be to attempt a regrouping of those areas. will therefore first briefly describe and districts which either conform to the general topographical features of each or stand out from their natural environ natural Fegion, subregion or division, the ment. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns, by predominant function and size classes [1-100,000+,; II-50,000-99,999,; III-20,000-49,999,; IV-IO,000-19,999; V-5,000-9,999; VI- upto 4,999] IND1A Class of town Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 2,462 113 138 484 1,727 748 761 218 Agricultural 594 3 41 550 210 269 71 Port 90 15 7 19 49 27 19 3 Artisan 304 6 14 54 230 108 107 15 Manufacturing 387 43 47 108 189 101 75 13 Trade and Commerce 193 5 8 48 132 47 67 18 Transport 69 3 7 15 44 26 16 2 Service 825 41 52 199 533 229 208 96 ~---- Note 1. The following 6 towns though Agriculturally Note 2. Throughout this chapter class of town is predominant have been shown against Port. represented by one or other of the 6 ranges Class III of population while function of town denotes that the particular function suggested is pursued Karanja (Maharashtra) by the most Substantial proportion ot" its work Mangro1 (Gujarat) ing population. Class IV Gangavati (Mysore) Mulky (Mysore) Class V Hamal (Maharashua) Class VI Tankara (GuJarat) 51 ~:i REGION 1 IDMALAYAS this Region contains the entire Hima Himalayan Uttar Pradesh of Highland layan girdle in the north and northeast Districts, Darjeeling-Sikkim, Bhutan with the mountain or highland districts, NEFA. the hill districts of Assam, States and Union Territories embedded in Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura). It is valleys or encrusted on ridges and foot signmcant that in each Division the dis hills. The districts which are more in trict at the base of the hill and mountain the plains than in the foothills have been tracts shows a higher level of development excluded. This region is treated in three than the tract it serves because it provides subregions (West Himalayas, East the funnelneck of all economic activitv in Himalayas and ]'\orth-EasteJ;11 Ranges), the upper reaches and the contact mart and nine divisions (Jammu and Kashmir, with the plains. The entire region can be Himaohal Pradesh and Himalayan Punjab, roughly described as a Rice Tract. 1.111 Himalayas 1.1 West Himalayas 1.11 Plains in the cast and the Paltistan Kara Jammu and Kashmir. koram Range in the west; from north to south the Shyock-Nubra valleys and the Jammu and Kaslunin may be divided Shyock dam; the Chang-Chemmo valley, into four distinct subdivisions. The first, the Harong valley, the Pangong rift, the Ladakh has the Karakoram massif and Ladakh range, the Indus furrow. Then K 2 in the far north, the Great Himalayas follow the Zaskar Range and the Greater and Zaskar Range in the South, and the Himalayas, Rupshu and the Tibetan Plains. Indus in between.. The greater part of Alluvial cones are much sought after for the Ladakh Plateau has a series of east human settlement, of which there aJIe west river valleys and alluvial cones south several along the Indus between Skardu of the Depsang, Soda and Lingzi-Tang and Leh. Apart frohl- the fact that tho work participation rates in the traditional from the general setting of the medium sector of cultivation and household indus values for all blocks for this zone to the try (Block III) as well as distributive trade second level of development, Baramulla manufacturing and infrastructure (Block and Anantnag being still relegated to the V) enjoy medium values, all the other sec first or lowest level. All the three districts tors have low values in Ladakh, serving to nave medium values for each of the five put this tract on the iowest level of all Blocks, except that Srinagar has 'high' round development. The principal value for Block V (distributive trade, language is Ladakhi. manufacturing and infrastructure). Crait industries ar~ more important in all the three districts, factories being confined The second subdivision in Jammu and largely to Srinagar as State enterprises. The Kashmir begins from the southern flanks reghitered factories are concerned with of the Greater Himalayas and encloses weaving of silk, wool and miscellaneous the valley of Kashmir, walled in on the rabrics, forestry and logging, leather and west, south and part of the east by the livestock, processing of food and some Pir Panjal which joins the Siwailik ranges. amount of non-metallic minerals, that is, The districts included in the famous vale processing of material locally grown. All are Baramulla, Srinagar and Anantnag, all me three districts are connected by electri three distinguished by rice cultivation (40, dty grid. The principal language is 47 and 51 per cent respectively of all cul Kashmiri. tivated land under rice). This naturally is an area of dense population: 238 persons per sq. mile in Baramulla, 531 in Sri nagar and 312 in Anantnag. The sur The third subdivision in I mu and rounding mountains including the Pir Kashmir begins with the high flanks of the PfUljal are practically uninhabited. l'he Pir Panjal (average height 4,000 m., Pir valley is full of furrows, the Ihelum pro Panjal Pass 3,494 m., Banihal Pass 2,832 viding the main water supply for irriga·· m.) which breaks down into the lower but tion and navigation. Above the alluvial highly dissected Tertiary hills of the Pun flats rise extensive terraces locally known jab border. This zone contains three dis as 'Karewas' which are level surfaces bet tricts in an arc from west to east: Poonch, ween the incised streams dissecting the Udhampur and Doda. The density of terraces, the flanks of which are generally population is the least in Doda (61 per steep. These Karewas, wherever irrigat sons per sq. mile) and highest in Poonch ed by channels (Kuls) produce rice, maize (193). Udhampur has 147. The staple and the much prized saffron. The Jhelum cultivation is maize followed by wheat and marshes and lakes, including the great only small quantities of rice in Poonch and Wular, harbour floating gardens and en· Udhampur. Dada commands a portion of courage formation of new land on the the Upper Chenab valley although Poonch shallow lake-margins with the help of and Udhampur take the benefit of it and its boatloads of lake-mud and weeds. These tributaries for rice cultivation. Values for are called demb lands, used not only for all blocks in all three districts are either raising 'fruits and vegetables, but even low or medium. Doda has no electricity forage, maize and tobacco' (Spate). fn while Poonch and Udhampur generate the west, Baramulla houses the neck of their own. All the three districts are graded the Jhelum gorge. It is mainly the high the first or lowest level of development. value of block V which lifts Srinagar up There are no organised industries except lor forestry and logging in Doda and min its own electricity and is also connected to ing and quarrying in Poonch and Udham a grid from J ogindemagar at Pathankot pur. The principal language in Poonch is while Kathua is connected to grid. Pahari, in Udhampur Punjabi and in Doda Organised industry is diversified: food, silk Kashmiri. weaving, transport equipment, printing and publishing and miscellaneous industries. The fourth subdivision in Jammu and But in Kathua it is limited to wood pro Kashmir consists of the foothills and ducts alone. The principal language i:n Siwalik terrain and a narrow strip 5-15 both districts is Punjabi with which miles wide of the Punjab plains at altitude apparently Dogri Ihas been identified. of 1,100-1,200 ft. The country is badly This Division, therefore, puts the strong ravined which accounts for the second place for rice for both Jammu and Kathua, imprint of its natural features on seven the principal crop being wheat. The den out of nine districts in its four zones. An sity of population in Jammu is 414 persons seven districts are in the first or lowest per sq. mile, that for Kathua being only level of development, while Srinagar is in 203. the second and Jammu in the fourth or top. It may be borne in mind that Srinagar The values for blocks IV, V and VI are drains Ladakh and the high settlements high for Jammu, those for blocks II and while Jammu funnels all activity between III being medium. They place Jammu on Jammu and Kashmir and the plains. The the fourth or top level of development. population increase in the entire division But Kathua is still on the first is low, but immigration is heavy in Jammu level, the value for block N (potential of and Kathua. The proportion of children human resources) alone being high, that 0-4 to women of 15-44 is high in all for block III (participation rates in the tra districts except Ladakh and the Valley ditional sector of economy, agriculture and which possibly augurs rapid population in household industry) being low, the remain crt:~aSe in the current decade. Most areas, ing blocks being medium. Jammu generates except Dada and Jammu, grow oilseeds. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 1'11 JAMMU AND KASHMIR Class of town Function of town Total I III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 41 1 38 4 5 29 Agricultural 14 14 13 Artisan 1 1 Manufacturing 1 Service. 2S 2 1 22 4 2 16 Oass J cities with their function: Service-Srlnagar. Jammu. 55 1.12 1 Himalayas 1.1 West Himalayas traditional sector of economy: agriculture 1.12 Hinuu:hal Pradesh and and household industry) and IV (potential Himalayan Punjab. of human resources) are high, for block V medium while those for blocks II and The eastern continuation. of the Pir VI are low. It generates its own electri Panjal beyond the Chandrabhaga and city but has no registered factory. upper Chenab Valley, the Siwaliks, the in termediate spurs, and the lesser Himalaya The second subdivision is Chamba, a which here forms a definite range, the valley enclosed between the outliers of the Dhaola Dhar, girdling the southern edge of Pir Panjal and the Dhaola Dhar. S. P. the Chamba Valley, form a typical longi Chatterjee calls the pattern of population tudinal arrangement. The Siwaliks, 'here distribution in these valleys dendritic with a remarkably even crest at 2.000- treelike, which is apt, as settlements follow 3,000 feet, but fargely deforested and the course of rivers and their tributaries. savagely eroded, form the chos (should be Chamba has high value for block IV coo) torrents which bring ruin to the plains (potential of human resources and high below' (Spate). The Dhaola Dhar separates tribal population), low value for block VI the longitudinal sections of Beas and Ravi. (organised industrial activity) and medium Chamba district takes the upper reaches of values for the remaining blocks. It genera the Chenab in the north, while the Ravi tes electricity locally but is also connected flows past Chamba and Dalhousie. The to Uhi River Power Supply Grid .. It enjoys Beas takes its rise in Lahaul and Spiti and the first or lowest level of development. runs east-west through Kulu, Mandi and Chamba is the only district in the Division Kangra. The Sutlej flows through Kinnaur which grows oilseeds. and Bilaspur. Mahasu, Simla and Sirmur The third subdivision is comprised of are on the Siwalik range. The Kulu Valley the districts on the Beas valley, Mandi and alone (north-south) is nearly transverse to Kangra. Kangra .is in two parts, Kangra the main trends (east-west). proper and Kulu valley interseeted bv the wedge of Mandi. Kangra valley is featur Lahaul and Spiti has the sparsest popu ed by the J aswan Dun, a piedmont plain lation (6 persons to the square mile), al or flat-floored valley. An values for though it Ihas experienced hio-n rates of in Kanp:ra are either low or medium, while cr~ase and immigration in the last decade. block IV (potential of human resources) The prooortion of children 0-4 to women alone is high for Mandi. Both l{an,!!Ta of 15-44 is however low. The other dis and Mandi are connected to electricity tricts. in this division in ascending order of grid. Kangra is placed in the first level of population density are Kinnaur (16), development, while Mandi is placed in the Chamba (79), Mahasu (159), Kan!!fa second. (169)_, Sirmur (173), Mandi (237), Bilaspur (354) and Simla (507). The fourth subdivision as formed by the single district of Kinnaur which enjoys high 'P11e division may be divided into five values for block IV but low value for well defined subdivisions. The first, Lahaul block II (agricultural infrastructure) and and Spiti, is reminiscent of Ladakh on ac medium values for the remaining blocb. count of its low popUlation density and the It has no electricity. A peculiar feature is rivers it gives rise to. Lahaul and Soitl is the ltigh Bhotiya valleys and dominant in the first level of development: the v~lt1es tribal population. It is in the first level 'Of of blocks III (participation rates in the development. The fifth subdivision consists of Bilaspur about language. For example, Chamba on the north of the Simla ridge dipping into largely speaks BharmaurilGaddi, Mandi the Sutlej gorge, Simla, Mahasu and Sirmur Mandeali, Sirmur Sirmauri, Kinnaur in the eastern foothills (Kiarda dun)· Kinnauri, Mahasu Pahari, Lahaul and Spiti Bilaspur and Sirmur have low values for Lahuli, Kangra and Simla Hindi. block VI (organised industrial activity) but high values for block IV (potential of Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by human resources), and medium values for predominant function and size classes other blocks. Immigration is moderate in 1·12 HIMACHAL PRADESH AND both. Bilaspur is placed in the first level HIMALAYAN PUNJAB of development and Sirmur in the second. But Simla, because of its high vRlues in r·------"----,Class of town blocks III, N and V, electricity generation Function and grid, is placed in the third level of of town Total ITI IV-VI IV V VI development, with a high immigration value, while Mahasu is placed in the <;econd 2 3 4 5 6 7 by virtue of its high values in blocks IU and IV· Both Simla and Mahasu have Total 25 1 24 4 6 14 appreciable degrees of urbanisation and Agricultural 3 3 2 industrial modernisation. Manufac- turing Trade and The presence of valleys is readily re Commerce cognised by the existence of appreciable Service . 20 19 4 5 10 proportions of rice cultivation in Mandi (19 per cent), Bilaspur (9), Sirmur (8) and 1.13 1 Himalayas 1.1 West Himalayas Kangra (15), where the most palpable and 1.13 Himalayan Uttar Pradesh attractive evidence of human activity is (Highland Districts). the terraced rice fields and temperate fruit orchards. This Division, now l!eneral1y called Uttar khand (excluding Dehra Dun and Naini The major indu~trial resource of this Tal), is divided into two longitudinal parts: Division is the generation of electricity at Garhwal and Kumaon. Both again are Jogindernagar (Mandi) which is mainly contained between the Tons river before it utilized in the plain". Forestry is of great meets tne ~amuna in the West and the importance but mineral resources are Maha Kali before it meets the Sarda in the widely scattered and df no great impor East. Th'e Division thus includes the Hima tance. The most important extraction is layan basins of the J amuna, the Ganges, slate from quarric~ at Kangra and Rilaspur. the Ramganga and the Sarda. Alkan'-anda and Ganges roughly separates the two terri tories longitudinally. Garhwal contains Five of the nine districts in this Division Uttar Kashi, ChamoH, Garhwal, Tehri are still in the first or lowest level of Garhwal and Dehra Dun. Kumaon con development. Mandi, Sirmur and Mahasu tains Pithoragarh, Almora and Naini Tal. are in the second level and Simla in the S. P. Chatterjee has very rightly described third. Human enterprise therefore srill the outermost Himalayan range, known largely defers to .natural environment. as the Siwalik as 'the most important popu Tlhere is much consciousness and pride lation divide in the Himalaya. It hardly 57. rises above 1,000 m., but its much dissected and these have an alternating rotation. In surface, steep southern scarp, thin soil talaon land the three very different systems covering and fairly dense jungle, discourage of paddy cultivation enable the same area agricultural activities, and it remains al to grow kharif rice for years, rotating the most 'llninhabited. There is a sudden burst type of tillage and introducing different ing of life where the Siwalik ends and the rabi crops· Soils are generally poor, piedmont plains or flat-floored interior shallow and stony and manuring is very valleys I locally known as duns begin.' The important. The range of crops is described Jaswan Dun has already been mentioned. in block II. It will be seen that rice is In· this Division Dehra Dun 'is a typical sedulously cultivated in all district~, being example of these valley oases in the outer to some extent a prestige food. Market Himalayas. ' gardening and potato cultivation are flist gaining ground while sheep rearing is widespread. The northernmost extremity of this Divi sion is composed of a garland of glaciers On the Garhwal side Hardwar at the and peaks: the Kedarnath--Badrinath Southeastern tip of Dehra Dun district, group which gives rise to the Bhagirathi 'where the Ganges breaks the Siwaliks, is and Alakananda; Kamet across the a typical contact mart, with the added, Alakananda and farther East Trisu!, N anda attractions of the holy river' (Spate). The' Kot and Nanda Devi. Apart from.· Dehra Dun drains evenly into Jamuna and Dun the country is heavily dissected almost Ganges, the town lying on the low swelling throughout at heights of LOOO-3,ROO m. interfluve. The towns are essentially petty The 'climate shows the usual montane marts: 'contact points of hill and plain, variations. Run-off is extremely rapid, in the bhabar, or nodes of valley--on ridge particularly where the surface is bare of ways the importance of sunshine is forests. Climbing up the tarai or bhabar emp'hasised by the distinction between land and Siwalik one proceeds from the sal cultivated tailo slopes-the sunny or adret forests, to evergreen uak and rhododendron side of the valleys-and the forested saylo: around 1.000 m. and up, with ash, yew, ilex a t the highest level live the Bhotiyas, among and bamboo, and further up the coniferous whom pastoralism and trading are more belt between 3-4,000 m., and finally alpine important than agriculture. Villages are scrub. There are grass patches up to usually along spurs low enough to avoid 5,400 m· The forests naturally play an the bleakness of the ridgetops, but well important part in the life of the people. above the sultry valleys; the village lands Mineral deposits are patchy and not of often extend in strip-parish fashion, from much economic sighlficance. irrigated valley floor to forested or grassy ridge top' (Spate). Spate observes that 'the basis of life There are thus, broadly, three natur:ll in', Kumaon is an elaborately organised subdivisions: The first is comprised of agriculture.' He quotes S. D. Pant to tJttar Kllshi, Chamoli, Tehri Garhwal and describe the Kumaon cultivation types: Garhwal. Of these Tehri Garhwal is katil on the forest edge, upraon on hillsides connected to electricity grid. Garhwal and talaon, valley. The terracing is often generates its own while tJttar Kashi and most elaborate. Equally elaborate and ChamoH have no electricity. ingenious are rotations. On the upraon the village lands are divided into two com All the four districts have places in the pact blocks, the rice and the madua sars, first Or lowe-st level of development, the 163 R.G.I.-9. values for Tehri Garhwal particularly being metallic -minerals. The population density low for all blocks except III (participation of Debra Dun in 1961 was 452 persons rates -in traditional economy) where it is per square mile. m~ditnn. All the four districts have low values in block II (agricultural infras The third subdivision is oomposed of tructure) and block V (distributive trade, Pithoragarh of the high valleys, Almora manufacturing and infrastructure) . In (usually between 2.000-2,500 m.) and block III Uttar Kashi alone enjoys high Naini Tal. Pithoragarh has no town and value, the other three commanding only no electricity. In the valleys and recesses medium· In block IV (potential of human it grows rice but the staple is wheat, raRi resources) Uttar Kashi and Chamoli have and barley. Almora has two beautiful medium and Tehri GarhwaI and Garhwal towns: Ranikhet with its cantonment and low values. In block VI (organised Almora, both important as educational industrial activity) Uttar Kashi and Tehri centres and renowned for their wood Garhwal have low and Chamoli and carving and woollen goods. Almora is Garhwal medium values. There are no connected to electricity grid. Naini Tal, like registered faotories in Uttar Kashi ,and Dehra Dun, stands apart in development. Chamoli. Tehri Garhwal has very few It generates its own electricity and is also engaged in miscellaneous manufactures but oonnected to grid. The principal language Gailiwal has a few factories engaged in of Pithoragarh and Almora is Kumauni misceUaneous manufactures,' machinery and of Naini Tal Hindi. other than electrical and transport. The pattern of values for both The" principaI language in Uttar Kashi, Pithoragarh and Almora is identical, low Chambli and Tehri Garhwal is Garhwali .. in blocks II, V and VI and medium in III In Garhwal it is Hindi. (traditional economy) and IV (human The second subdivision is formed by resources) . Both are in the first or lowest one district alone: Dehra Dun, which itself rank of development. Pithoragarh has no is sharply divided in two: the Dun registered factories but Almora has a few composed of porous bhabar soil and engaged in textiles, miscellaneous industries patches of badlands and Mussoorie Hills and chemicals. which rise abruptly to a peak of 2,005 m. (Cam.el's Back). Landaur is 7,534', and Naini Tal occupies a place in the fourth Pari Tibba 6,749' .. Dehra Dun is noted for or top rank of development. It enjoys its forestry; timber, sawyards, charcoal, high varues in II (agricultural infrastruc furniture.. The principal language is Hindi. ture), IV (potential of human resources), V (distributive trade a'nd infrastructure) In resplect of economic development· and VI (organised industrial activity) and Dehra Dun ranks in the fourth or top level medium value in III (traditional sector). with high values for all blocks except lIT . I Its pooled total score is much higher than (p,:;lrticipation rates in traditional economy) even Dehra Dun's. The populatio'n where the value is medium which itself is density in 1961 was 237 per sq. mile. ma,gnificent.J Dehra Dun generates' its own electricity and is also connected to grid. Six out of eight districts in the Division Curiously and significantly enough in the therefore are in the lowest le~el of deve matter of registered factories food industries lopment. They constitute the six highland and not forestry take the pride of place, districts of Uttar Pradesh. Dehra Dun followed by textiles, miscellaneous indus descends to the duns and Naini Tal to the tries, printing and publishing and non- tarai (bhabar land in Haldwani) and are both placed in the fourth or top level of Further, Naini Tal has experienced high development. They form the funnelnecks natural increase which is supported by the I)f two basins and drain, enriching them high proportion of children 0-4 to selves in the process, the bulk of the women of 15-44. economic products and activity of the highland districts, offering themselves in We now skip the great chain of tarai return as important contact marts with districts from Pilibhit to J alpaiguri and the ~reat northern plains. Both Dehra proceed to the next division of the Dun and Naini Tal have high immigratiO'n. Himalayan Region. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominal1t function and size classes 1·13 HIMALAYAN UTTAR PRADESH (HIGHLAND DISTRICTS) Class of town ,- Function of town Total I III lV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 26 1 2 23 5 8 10 Artisan 1 1 Trade and Commerce 1 1 .. Service 24 2 21 5 Ci 10 Class I cities with their function: Service-Dehra Dun. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 1·1 WEST HIMALAYAS Class of town '"'\ ,Function of town Total I III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 92 3 4 85 13 19 ,53 Agricultural 17 17 2 IS Artisan 2 2 2 Manufacturing 2 2 1 Trade and Commerce 2 2 1 1 Service 69 3 4 62 13 13 36 60 1.21 1 Himalay.as 1.2 East Himalayas valley. The popuIation density was S8 1.21 DarjeeIing-Sikkim. per sq. mile in 1961. The foothills of Darjeeling slowly While tea is the most important manu descend into the tarai (locally called facture of Darjeeling, agriculture includes Morang) of Siliguri Subdivision which is terraced wet paddy (pani-khet) in the a na.rrow strip of the North Bengal plain. valleys in both Darjeeling and SikkUn. crisscrossed by many fast flowing streams, Orange is extensively grown and carda producing coarse porous bhabar soH mom is an important cash crop. Bamboo excellent for growing tea. Darjeeling is the staple building and piping material. district is longitudinally cut. into two. un Settlement is essentially dendritic and in equal halves by the Tista gorge with Sikkim often dispersed in hamlets of two Darjeeling and Kurseong in the West and to four homesteads. The large villages Kalimpong in the East. The central knot and small towns are important staging of spurs is at Ghoom and Tiger Hill from points in the great trade routes with Nepal .which one spur travels to Senchal and and Tibet. another to Darjeeling. A third :liorms the high spine of the Kurseong spur, while a fourth of the Mirik spur. Beyond Sukhia The most important crop in Darjeeling p~kri starts the Singalila range which has is rice, in Sikkim maize and also rice. four high points: Sandakphu. Sabarkum, Siliguri grows much jute and the district Phalut and Singalila. On the east is as a whole some oilseeds. thrown the Peshok-TMkdah spur which descends to the Tista gorge. The popula tion density is high being 497 per sq. mile In ranking Darjeeling and Sikkim are in 1961. at opposite poles. Darjeeling takes its place in the fourth or top level with high values for all blocks except III (participa Sikkim is a mass of deeply dissected tion rates in traditional economy) in highland. The high west wall of the which it rates medium, which itself is Himalaya proceeds up the J ~ngri glacier significant as in Dehra Dun. It generates to Kang La (La=pass), on to Kablll its own electricity at several points and (24,015') leaving Pandim (22,020') on has a grid network. Siliguri, the base the East to meet Kanchanjangba subdiv,ision of Darjeeling, acts as the (28,466') in Nepal. The highest peak in funneln$!ck of all activity in Darjeeling . Sikkim proper, Powhunri (23,180') South and Sikkim, part of llam (Nepal), the east of Dongkya La, and the next Siniolchu North Be~gal Plains and Assam. By con (22,570') north-east of Pandim. Almost trast, Sikkim is in the first or lowest grade on the northern border adjoining with low value in block II, medium Tibet but well inside Sikkim is the second values in blocks IV, V and VI and, high highest peak Chomiomo (22,430'). The value only in block III (participation rates two northern passes are Serpuba La in traditional sector). (16,400') and Kongralama La (16,900'). The pass on the North-east is Dongkya La (18,131') south of Cholamo Lake The: principal industries in Darj~~.llv.g (17,000'). The two most important trade are tea, transport and transport equipment, passes until recent times were Nathu La wood industries, basic chemicals and and Jelep La both leading into the Chumbi furnitu\e and fixtures. 61 Analysis oj Town Groups and Towns by The Assam Himalayas used to be 'the predominant junctlon and size classes • feast known part of the whole subconti nent' (Spate) but North-East Frontier 1'2 EAST HIMALAYAS AND Agency has since been extensively surveyed. 1'21 DARJEELING-SIKKIM The territory is e~tremely rugged and very sparsely populated, settlements being found Class of town mostly along the mountain torrents and Functkln .------~------of town Total II III IV-V IV V their valleys, as in Diliang, Dibang and Lohit valleys. Unlike Nagaland, Manipur and Mizo Hills, villages are located mainly 2 4 5 6 7 on hill slopes and seldom on hill tops. Total 5 1 2 2 1 1 It has not been possible to rank Bhutan. T,rade and Neither is information available for as Commerce many as six items in block II and one each in blocks IV and V for North-East Frontier Service 4 2 2 Agency which has high value only for block The principal language in both terri III (participation rates in the traditional tories is Nepali. sector of agriculture and household industry) and medium values in block IV (potential of human resources). That it is rapidly 1.22 1 Himalayas 1.2 East Himalayas developing will appear from the fact that 1.22 Bhutan-Assam Himalayas. it ranks medium in block V (distributive There is not much in common between trade and infrastructure) . Headquarters Bhutan a:nd North-East Frontier Agency stations have small electricity generating except the East Himalayan range. Both sets. The overall ranking is still the first have still many wild mountains and forests, or lowest level of development. The rolling yak and mithun pastures. In the extent of Nepali immigration in North-East North-west Bhutan is presided over by the Frontier Agency may be gauged from the superb cone of Chomolhari (Divine QUeen fact that the largest single language is of Mountains, 23,930'), guarding the Tang Nepali. There are no towns in North-East La on the Brahmaputra Tsangpo water Frontier Agency. shed. Kula Kangri (7,539 m.) is located 1.31 1 Himalayas 1.3 North-Eastern near the glacial pass of Monla Karchung. Ranges 1.31 Assam Hills (Megha The valleys of Bhutan and North-East laya). Frontier Agency open out normally to the &Outp, ~xcept in Tirap Division of North This Division embraces the four hill East Frontier, Agency where they open out districts of Assam, which fall into three to the northwest, in typical alternate strips convenient subdivisions . .of wide basin and narrow gorge. The D1¥lts or doors of Bhutan have the usual S. P. Chatterjee has called the first of features of tarai country, growing sal the three subdivisions the Meghalaya forests, grass and reed, jute and tobacco. plateau comprising the Garo Hills and Some of the valleys have strips of flat ·United Khasi and Jaintia Hills. This floor before they acquire a wide apron of plateau separates two densely populated level plain. These are given over to paddy Valleys, the Brahmaputra Valley in fields. Maize and millets are grown, the North and the Surma Valley in the mainly by semi-shifting methods. Much South and is thickly inhabited. The grassy lorest ,product is collected. plateau tops are specially favoured to which the pine forests and waterfalls lend Mikir and North Cachar Hills of 48 and great charm. The lava soils in the plateau Mizo Hills the lowest of 33. The principal scarps 'are extremely fertile and suitable languages are respectively Garo, Khasi, for growing oranges. South of the Tura Mikir and Mi:ro. The populations are range there is some concentration of overwhelmingly tribal. population in the Someswari and other Garo Hills has low value in block II river valleys.' (Chatterjee) . Rice is the (agricultural infrastructure), high value in major crop in all districts claiming more block IV (potential of human resources) than 50 per cent acreage in aU except and medium values in blocks Ill, V and United Mikir and North Cachar Hills (Mizo VI. It generates a small quantity of elec Hills 93 per cent), followed by maize· tricity in Tura. It is placed in the first Sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds are grown in level of development. So is Mizo Hills United Mikir and North Cacpar Hills and which has no electricity and enjoys cotton, jute and oilseeds in Garo Hills. medium values in all blocks except in block IV where the value is high. The United Mikir and North Cachar Hills, East of the United Khasi and Jaintia United Mikir and North Cachar Hills Hills, forming the second subdivision, are is placed in the second level of develop mostly inhabited by Mikirs and Kacharis ment having medium values in all blocks who do much jhum or shifting cultivation. except in block IV where the value is high. Mikir villages hug the hill slopes. The The district is, therefore, treading the population being mobile, most villages are same line of development as Mizo Hills; small, as all villagers of the same clan still only it is ahead of the latter. It generates prefer to live in the same house. The electricity in the headquarters. Kacharis also praqtise jhum oultivation and live either on the lower hill slopes or United Khasi and J aintia Hills is way in the river valleys. Diphu is the district ahead of the other three districts, enjoying headquarters. Lumding is the largest a high total score. It has high values in railway centre. blocks II, III and IV and medium values in blocks V and VI. The district contains The Mizo Hills is the third subdivision the capital of Assam State and has a wide in the South wedged in between Tripura range of organised industry in registered and Chittagong Hill Tracts in the West factories: printing and publishing, transport and Manipur in the East. The mountain equipment, electricity generation, wood ridges and valleys run North-south com products, machinery other than electrical. manding some of the most charming and Garo Hills has some cotton and jute haunting landscapes made picturesque by ginning and pressing. Mizo Hills has no a highly cultured and enterprising popu registered factories. United Mikir and lation, the Lushais. Most villages of the North Cachar Hills has registered factories Lushais are on tops of hills or ridges, devoted to food processing, wood and cork small, neat and highly organised. The products and generation of electricity. silted Champhai lake lends itself to con centration of population. Aijal is the only The Division as a whole is, therefore, town and district headquarters. very much awake and, although develop 'ment is still patchy, the ferment is evident Garo Hills had the highest population everywhere. The rates of natural increase density in 1961 of 97 persons per sq. mile, and immigration are high but the propor United Khasi and J aintia Hills of 83, United tion of children 0-4 to women of 15-44 is high only in United Mikir and North III and IV in Kohirila are high, those for Cachar Hills, suggesting that there may blocks V and VI are medium an4 for block have been an under-statement of immigra II is low. There are no registered fac tion in favour of natural increase. tories. The total scores for Mokokchung and Tuensang are low. Analysis oj Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junctioll and size classes Nagaland takes its place in the first or l' j1 ASSAM HILLS (MEGHALAYA) lowest level of development. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by Class of town predominant Junction and size cla. Total 5 1 4 1 2 1 2 3 Service 5 4 2 Total 3 3 Class I cities with their function : Service Service-Shillong. 3 3 1.32 1 Himalayas 1.3 North-Eastern 1.331 Himalayas 1.3 North-Eastern Ranges Ranges 1.32 North-Eastern Border 1.33 North-Eastern Border Hills Hills (Nagaland). (Manipur). Nagaland has a landscape of forest clad Imphal, the capital of Manipur, lies in ranges like the Patkoi. Naga Hills and a lovely valley, an intermont, paddy floored Mizo Hills and deep incised valleys. The basin, which is some 60 miles long and 30 highest peak is Saramati (3,826, m.) east of miles wide, at a height of 2,600 ft. above Kohima. Both dispersed and nucleated sea level. The scenery on the valley and types of villages are found. The Angami on the roads leading to it is most beautiful. Nagas are astonishingly skilled in terrace The valley is surrounded by hills, which cultivation and irrigate their rice lands by rise from 2,500 ft. to 5,000 ft. above it. ingeniously guided water channels from The whole drainage of the valley escapes at harnessed mountain streams. Angami the southern end through a ~orge in the villages are large and compact like those hills only a few hundred yards wide. There in and around Kohima. The other Naf!a are several large lakes. the largest being tribes, Aos, Semas, Sangtams, Konyaks, Logtak, suggestive of glacial action in the etc. practise jhum or shifting cultivation past. and live in smaller fortified settlements on Almost the sole crop is rice. The hilltops. principal language is Manipuri. The most important crop is rice (95 per Manipur ,has about the same score as cent of acreage) which provides both solid Nagaland. The values for blocks II, III food and kluor. The languages are Naga. and VI are low while that for block V is The population is overwhelmingly tribal. medium. Only block IV (potential of human resources) is high. Manipur town Kohima generates its own electricity fm generates its own electricity. the civil and military settlement and part of The state occupies the first or lowest Kohima town. Although values for blocks level of development. 1.34 1 Himalayas 1.3 North-Eastern being Jari Mura 1,355'). The Chingri Ranges 1.34 North-Eastern Border river flows down the valley between the Hills (fripura). third and the fourth longitudinal ridge. This fourth, Langtarai-Sardengmura ridge Tripura suggests a boxing glove to the (Langtarai Peak, 1,539,) which divides Southwest of Cachar and West of Mizo Kamalpur (West) from Kailasahar (East) Hills. It borders Comilla district in the in the North is a thick, fat spine with many east and Chittagong and Chittagong Hill high points down the line. Dharmanagar Tracts of East Pakistan in the South. It is subdivision, the ea..,ternmost, stands west mostly a plain and plateau country ribbed of the fifth longitudinal Sakkanklang ridge with north-south hill ranges which divides (highest peak Sakkan) which rlivides it from Tripura into long narnow longitudinal strips Kailasahar. Dharmanagar itself is on the o;f plateau with incised valleys. The slopei; Silua river in the valley of which nestle and valleys are filled with dense mixed many villages. The sixth and e~.sternmost forest, mainly bamboo, which from the ~ir ridge is marked by the J ampai Tlang. The looks like elaborate, luminous gr~en coral eastern boundary, which separates Tripura and sea anomene Anql,ysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 1'3 NORTH-EASTERN RANGES Class of town Function of tow. Total I II IV-VI IV v VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 Totel 15 1 2 1 9 1 Artisan Service 14 1 1 12 2 163 R.G.I.-IO. Ej6 REGION 2 NORTHERN 'PLAiNS This Region' has been made to include and consists of two Divisions, North Bihar all the plaips country that lies between Plain (Tirhut), north of the Ganga, and the Himalayas and the Central Hills and South Bihar Plain, (Magadha) south of the Plateaus of the great central Indian land great river. This subregion runs into the mass. It begins in the West with a solid fifth in West Bengal, composed of four block of 'Thar desert and six westernmost Divisions: North Bengal Plain (Duars) dry .districts in Rajasthan which forms the and Barind, north of the Ganga, first subregion with two divisions- the Ganga Delta and Damodar Delta. The sixth Thar and the Dry districts. The next sllh subregion of the Great Northern Plains is region is formed by the PunjaJ:> Plains, composed ,of the two Assam Valleys of compose~ tOf four divisions: North Punjab Brahmaputra and Surma. Plain, Beas-Sutlej Doab, E~st Punjab Plain and South Western Punjab ·(Hariana). The third su1:1ffgio~, ?qufined to' Uttar Pradesh, Chatterjee describes the Great Plains as is contiguous to the second and comprised the world's largest aggradational plain, of six Divisions, all in Uttar Pradesh: from extremely suitable as a human habitat. And West to East; and from North to South, indeed, this great. and ancient plain con Upper Jamuna-Ganga . Doab, Lower tains one of the largest and densest popula Utt~r tions in the world. But as has been Ganga-J amuna Doab, Pradesh Tarai, r Rohilkhand, Oudh ana East Uttar Pradesh. described above it falls conveniently into The four!h subregion is confined to Bihar 6 Subregions, 20 Divisions and 94 districts. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Tqwns by predominant function and size classes 2 NORTHERN PLAINS Class of town ---" -----") Function]of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 IS 7 8 9 Total 638 37 57 141 403 176 176 51 Agricultural 84 .. 9 74 34 29 11 Port 2 Artisan 81 2 5 9 65 33 28 4 Manufacturing 98 14 18 34 32 14 15 3 Trade and Commerce 131 2 4 29 96 32 49 15 Transport 22 2 4 5 11 5 4 2 S.rvice 220 16 25 54 125 58 51 16 2.1 Rajasthan P~ subjugation of the desert. 'The northe.o1 This Subregion is mainly desert and parts are being redeemed by canal i,rrjga desert fringe. The homogeneous features tion, leading to ,airly dense haQit"Pti,on .. are dese,rt, a common crop bajra and a ElseWhere, the typical d~~ri landscap,e commol}. cqlture represented by the pre, with shifting sand dunes sl.q-;J interior dominance of Rajasthani except in Ganga drainage basins sfJill prevaU~ and ~t.tJ'e nagar where althpugh it is the large~t single ments generally run along the s1J.ort qzy tongue, its proportion is only 44%. 1be valleys (wadis) or are located in blow-ollts very fact that; more than six million people or pediplains and shallow basins near deep live in this Division is a testimony to man's wells.' (Chatterjee). AnaJysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2·1 RAJASTHAN PLAIN Class of town ---~------~ Function of town . Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 J, 9 Total. SO 2. 1 8 39 21 14 4 Agricultural 20 3 17 11 4 2 Artisan 5 2 3 3 .. .., Manufacturing 6 1 2 3 1 2 Tii\de. and; Commerce • 5 4 1 2 1 Transport 3 3 2 1 Service 11 2 9 3 6 '-.), • ,1 2.11 2· ~orthem Plains 2.1 Rajasthan sq. mile. In, Bikan,er, particularly 4i the -:Plain 2:-11 Rajasthan Desert:. (rhar: old;' Ghagg~r ped Callal' irrigation nas Marwar). attracted P?D~tiOlf sinde "~931. Bik$~t has a density of 42 persons per sq. mile. The densest is J odhpuJ;' with Ip2. In India, the Thar desert proper is contained mostly in Bikaner and J aisalmer on th!! West Pakistan border and Jodhpur The three districts, form a compact just :inside them. Spate thinks that 'the Division, united by the desert and pre numerous hills of 01«;1 rock protruding carious dry cultivation. Bajra is thy mpst through the aeolian veneer indicate that the important crop followed by small quantities Thar is part of the Peninsular mass; but of jowar. Canal irrigation in Bikanet.;;:and most of it is covered with superficial the depressions between the santlJUll:; ~ deposits, and the boundaries are hence ill-, Jodhpur favour some sesamum. Never defined except where the desert is banked. theless, except for Jaisalmer, 'both Bikaner against the Aravalli Range. The desert is artd Jodhpur show high valu,es for urban particularly evident in J aisalmer where the growth. All three districts e1l;hibit high density of population is still 9 persons per values for decadal population increase as .. well as for proportion of children aged 0-4 2.12 2 Northern Plains 2.i Raja6tluin to women aged"15-44. The proportion of Plain 2.12 Rajasthan Dry Area. immigrants during 1951-61 is also appre ciable. Together, they seem to predict This Division is wrapped round the Thar rapid population growth in the current Division or Marwar comprising Bikaner, Jai decade i961-:71. This and the Dry Area salmer and Jodhpur. It may conveniently districts incidentally raise the great shep be divided into two Subdivisions. Ganga herd hordes who take their cattle and even nagar, eburu: and Nagaur in the North sheep and goats every year across hundreds forming the north-eastern fringe of the of miles to the forests of Madhya Pradesh des'ert prbper~ from which Ganganagar has and Gujarat. been relieved by the canal.system along tbe bed of the Ghaggar or the old Saraswati; In respect of development Jaisalmer IS in and Pali, J alor and Barmer comprised of the first or lowest level, while both Bikaner the Luni Wadi and the Aravalli daman or and Jodhpur are in the third. The values for Jaisalmer are medium in blocks undulating plateau. The Luni takes its rise II, III and VI, low in block V but high in Lake Sambhar, the salt lake half in Nagaur and half in Jaipur. aod passes in block IV. Bikaner and J odbpur have high values in block IV, but medium Values mainly through Barmer so far as this in blocks III, V and VI. Bikaner has Division is concerned and falls into the medium and Jodhpur high value in biock Great Rann of Kutch. While the upper II. Irrigation in Bikaner and Jodhpur has Luni contains a great underground reser thus put the districts on a higher level ot voir, in Barmer it forms a large salt basin, activity in block II. Tbe rapidly increasing the Pachpadra, the exploitation of whose population will probably contribute to a brine pits is of great economic consequence to Barmer. quickening of economic activity, there being no dearth of enterprise among the hardy, practical desert people. This Division too is a great bajra tract except for Ganganagar which grows more Bikaner and Jodhpur specialise in trans horse-gram than bajra and even more port industries owing to the old State wheat, thanks to the low country and railways. Bikaner and Jodhpur have size canals. In their damper valleys Pall, Jalor able registered factories in cotton and jute and Nagaur grow some wheat and oilseeds ginning and pressing, electricity, printing too. Ganganagar and to a smaller extent and . publishing and basic metals. Pali (locally known as Godwar) have been Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns growing more and more cotton and oilseeds by predominant function and size classes in recent years. 2·11 RAJASTHAN DESERT (I'HA.R:MARWAR) Class of town Migration to the canal areas of Ganga t . nagar continues apace, part of which is Function of town Total I IV-V- IV V 1 2 3 4 5 6 spilling over into Churn. In other districts Total • 12 2 10 4 6 although migration is low, natural increase Agricultural 3 3 2 1 is very high, a fact that is supported by Artisan 1 1 the high proportion of children aged 0-4 Manufacturing 2 2 1 to women 15-44. This indicates that the Trade and Com- Division is in for acceleration 10 population merce . 2 2 1 1 Service 4 2 2 2 increase. The density is lowest in Barmer (60) and highest in Pali (171). Tbe urban ClaSs I cities with their function: Scrvico-Bikana-, Jodhpur. proportion is high in Churn, medium in Gangabaglir and Nagaur and low in the Gangana,gar has Cotton liild jute ginning other three districts. and pressing, textiles, food industries, wood and electricity. Nagaur is strong in non In our ranking Barmer and Nagaur are metallic minerals, tobacco, basic metals placed at the lowest level with high values and machinery. Pali is pre-eminent in tex only for block IV (potential of human tiles but has also non-metallic minerals, resourCes). Jalor, Pall and Churu are in cotton and jute pressing, wood and electri the second level with high values ill block city. The only important industry in J alar' IV. Ganganagar, however: stands apart is basic metals and in Barmer, apart from from the other districts of the Division and salt, tobacco. Churn has only printing ranks in the third lever with high value .. in presses and food industries. II and IV and medium values in III, V ~nd VI. The Division. thus presents a picture of general sparseness of development as oDe The Division as a whole shows consider proceeds from the North to the South able factQl)' activity particularly in the dis,,;, Ganganagar claiming a place in the third tricts of Ganganagar, Nagaur and Pall. level and Barmer in the lowest or first level. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2·12 RAJASTHAN DRY AREA Class of towlil Function of town Total II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 g Total 38 1 8 29 17 8 4 Agricultural 11 3 14 9 3 2 Artisan 4 2 2 2 Manufacturing 4 1 2 1 Trade and Commerce 3 2 Transport 3 3 2 ! Service 7 .. 7 3 4 2.2 Pupjab Pl$s. ~ the four Divisiqns groW, cotton and oll.seeds which aJre perv~g eve!ll ~ This Subregion nfl~l,Ualiy faij.s into four irrigated Rajasthan Dry districts. Sugar Divisions,: the North Punjab ·Plain; the can,e i~ grown in Kapurthala and Feroze ~efl~f.utlej Doal;l;" the East Punjab or pur. The principal mother tongue is Trans Janwna Plain; and South Western ~abi in Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Kapur P~ja~ (iIarlana) or Sutlej/Jamuna or thfll! and l?erozepur (North'Punjab PJ(\1ll),. ~lhi DQab. The first tfuee Divisions IuJlundll1' and Ludhiana (Bisht Doab), North Punja_p, the Doab an~i'East Punjab Patiala (East Punjab Plain) and Bhatinda are wheat tracts; the fovrili, , adjoining Cj.Jld Sangrur (in Hariana). Hindi is the Rajasthan Desert, is m9re gram and dQminap.t ill HQShiarpur (Bisht Doab). bajra country. But wheat and gram are Ambala and Kamal (East Punjab Plain) qqnlIUo,q ev~ryw1Jere. ex~ptf'in- ~a.heI1-~a and Rohtak, Hissar and Mahendragarh (m gaw whlCtIt ,g_rolfs. ,o~y /l{Jjr.q,· a.pd gr:!iID. Hariana). Analysis oj-ejties, ifown Groups and Towns by' predominant function and size classes 2' 2 PUNJAB PLAINS Class of town Functio~'of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V' VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 152 5 12 27 108 33 46 29 Agricultural 26 26 5 13 i 14 1 13 4 6 3 Manufacturing 23 2 4 7 10 4 5 Trade and Commerce 46 13 32 11 13 8 Transport 2 1 1 .. - Service 41 3 5 7 26 8 9 9 , 2.21 2 Northern Plains 2.2 Punjab Plains western reaches of Amritsar, Kapurthala 2.21 North Punjab Plain. and particularly Ferozepur. This explains the comparatively low density of Kapur thala an~ Ferozepur where the villages are 'This DiVision is comprised of the dis~ small and widely spaced. Elsewhere the triets of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Kapurthala villages ,are large and nucleated, density and Ferozepoc all of which' lie between is high, Aroritsar reaching as much as 782 Ravi and Beas, that is, the Northeastern persons, per sq. ~e .. Urbanishnon is part of the Bari Doab of ~hich Amritsar high in all the districts and so are the is the hi.gh point. The lowlying flood values f.or immigration and proportion of plains of' the Ravi~Beas Doab create vex children of age 0-4 to women of 15-44. ing problems of ~ual flooding, water~ There llS evidence of internal shifts lOgging, drainage and alkalinity in the and rearrangement of population between districts, outmigration going hind in 'liand grid and have 'flouris!iing ib'iiustriai 'bases. with inmigration. Gurdaspur'is ~tfong in m-elai prdducts, W'ool len textile, mathilihy woW 'industries. All the districts !l'ank at the top or iui& A:mritsar, KJi>urth~la arid Feroiepdr are fourth level of development, .thei~ va)u~~ 5tl.1ong in textilb industr'ies pafflcuHiriy in blocks II, IV and V be\ng lW!fp'rpl\y Amritsar which is versatile in totton, sil~ high, Gurdaspur bas low value ip ,bJoc~ and whol and Fetozepur which is strong n~ and high value in block Vl and ~~ in cottons. Whiie' 'Am:ritsar' is still minor sar in all blocks except III (particip~tjpI\. in transport equipment and metal products, rates in the traditional sector of economy). Kapurthala and Ferozep'ur have .low K'apurthala is.lforging ahead- with el~trical values in block III 'and medium. in blocki equipment, food abd miscellaneous inaus VI. tries. Ferozepur, is strong ill. food, basic All the four distri~ts are connected b}' metals and printing. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and -size classes 2'21 NORTH PUNJAB PLAIN Class of town I Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV v VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 36 1 3 9 23 5 11 7 Agricultural 4 4 3 1 Artisan 2 2 1 1 Manufacturing 6 2 2 1 1 Trade and Commerce 8 5 3 1 2 Service 16 2 2 12 3 5 4 Class I cities with their function : Manufacturing-Amritsar. 2.22 2 Northern Plains 2.2 Punjab Plains Nangal and the new. Boos Sabeme pro 2.22 Beas-Sutlej Doab (Bisht Doab). mise to make good va!l'ious deficiencies. Jullundur occupies the middle -of the Bisht The Beas-Sutlej or Bisht DOl;\b comprises Doab and qraws. its streng_th, accordingly the dist.rict~ of HpshiafPur, Jullundur from the rich and virile. soil. Ltidhiana and L'udhiana. MUCh of HoshiaroUir is commands an important Sutlej crossing. subject t~ su'b-Siwalik cho ·ero;io~.in the The ·main food crops are wheat, gram northern reaches and is h~vily I ,sRrr.ed and mai.Ze. A little nee is groWn ill the with ravines, which accounts for its .• s:qm dun areas of' Hoshiarp'ur. Cotton, sugar paratively low population densityr (55~ I cane and grol'tndmit"a're ,grown in Jullun~J per sq. mile) . But Bhakra Dam and dur and Ludhiana. Urbanisation is strong in this Division. l malcc a subdivision within the Division. Natural increase is high in Ludhiana but Jullundur and Ludhiana are at the top immigratioq. is still higher in all three dis level, Ludhiana commanding an appreciab tricts thus suggesting internal shifts and ly higher score, with high values for all mo~ements of population. The propor blocks except, significantly enough, III tion pf chil~en aged 0-4 to women of in which its value is low. Jullundur has 15-44 is. of moderate order. Literacy is high values for blocks II, IV and VI and among the highest in India. medium value for block V and low value form. Hoshiarpur is in the second level of the The entire Division enjoys great indus. develppment soqre, with high values for trial as well as agricultural importance and blocks II and IV but low value for block is an example of a high degree of balanc III and medium values for blocks V and ed economic growth. and enterprise. It VI. The presence of I Bhma and the is particularly strong' in metal. products, expansion of the great industrial complex machinery and engineering and transport of N angal will ho doubt shortly raise its equipment, wood and food industries. All level· At the preSent montent it seems to districts are connected by grid. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2'22 BEAS-SunFJ DOAB (BISlIT DOAB) Class of town --.... _.-.... -~ FunCtion;of town Total I n ill IV-VI N V VI 1 2 3 4 S 6 1 8 9 Total 26 2 1 3 20 7 8 5 Agricultural 1 1 Artisan 7 ... 7 3 3 1 Manufacturing 4 1 1 ! Trade and Commerce 6 1 5 2 2 1 Service • 8 1 S 2 2 Class I ~til'S with thctir functi0tl: Manufacturing ....:...Ludhiana. 8erviee-Jullundur. 2.23 '2 Northern Plains 2.2 Punjab Plains The population densities are: Patiala 2.23 EIibt Punjab Plain. 545, Ambflla 597 and Kamal 485. All three distri,cts have been responsible for The three districts of this natural Divi the rehabilitation of a large displaced sion, Pa~~al Ambala and Ka_TQ.ill merge population from West Pakistan. An. im-. in the east with the, J amuna-Ganga Doab portant effect has been the establish\11ent' of Ganga plain. the densely populated of brand new towns like Nilokheri, Rajpura YoWIiship alld Chandigarh and the reo· Ambala have a belt of bhabar soU·hui the juvenation of old towns like Patiala, rest is thick loam and alluvium, 'bbmg in Ambala and Karnal. Kalka in Ambala the Sutlej-J amuna Doab. The entire ~area is the funnelneck of economic and demo is longitudinally served by the West graphic .actiyity between the Punjab 'and J amuna Canal. Himachal Pradem Hills and the Plain, a pronounced economic border. All the three districts are in the top or All the four important factors of high fourth level of development with high, ;population growth have high values in valu~ in blocks II and IV and close tD these three districts: urban proportion, high values in block VI. Block V (dis natural inarease, immigration ratio and tributive trade and infrastructure) still proportion of children 0-4 to women of holds high places for Ambala (lIl~ Patiala 15-44. and medium for Kamal. The p<>9led scores are high. All the three districts are important wheat growing areas. They also grow small quantities of rice. Gram is impor As for industries and electrification all tant in Patiala and Ambala which form an these districts are now connected. by 'grid. intermediate section of the diagonal gram Their strongest line is basic metal indus belt which extends from Gurdaspur in tries but paper products, food, 'textiles, the North-west as far as Murshidabad in transport equipment, machinery and elec-· the South-east. The northern reaches of trieal equipment are also considerable. Analysis oj Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant junction and size classes 2'23 EAST PUNJAB PLAIN Class of town r--- Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 :2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 Total 36 2 4 3 27 7 13 7 AarlcuItural . 4 4 2 2 ArtisanL 5 1 4- .. 2 2 Manutacturing • G 1 1 4 4- Trade and ColDIllerce 7 1 6 2 3 1 Transport 1 '.. 1 1 - Sonice 13 2 2 J 8 4 2· 2 Class I cities with their function: Service-Ambala, Patiala. 163 R.G.I.-ll. ~ ..u ~. ~9rthe.rn .,~ 2.Z Punjab Plains suffers from alkalinity and .the fringes oj ~.,24 South Western Puujab the Rajasthan desert. ~). This is part of the Sutlej-Jamuna or Population density is lowest in Hissar Delhi Doab, "a great wedge of light loam (287), but steadily increases ·to 391 in and sand which Rajputana pushes north Bhatinda, 408 in Mahendragarh, 470 in wards' almost to ille Sutlej" (quoted by Sangrur and 609 in Rohtak. Except for Spate). Well irrigation is important in the Mahendragarh where natural increase in light fertile 'loams of the North in this 1951-61 has been ,only moderately high, Division, but in the South-west, still loosely in all the districts including Mahendra rd:erred to as the Jangal Desh or jungle garh, both natural increase, iInwigratioD. cotuitey', the sandy loam has much less and the 'proportion of children 0r4 ,~o water but is ·drought resistant. The chief women 1544 are very high, indic~ting crops are gram, wheat and tbajra, .in that the possibility of a heflVY inor~ase in the order, in Bhatinda, Sangrur and Rohtak, current decade. The new highways have b»t. &illfl AA~ bajra in Hissar and Mahen bec0\lle the areas of heavy cQncentration d!;~$ar4· Whpat is mainly irrigated. Gram of population and i.Qvestment on education a.Q.9 .h~ley are the chief rabi and millets and other infrastructure. th,e .c~f kharif dry crops. Cotton is of ~t iwportance in Bhatinda and Sangrur, Mahendragarh is placed in the second so mu~ !to that the cotto,n stock exchange at Bhatinda is one of the busiest centres in level of development and has high values North India. Hissar and Rohtak have for blocks II and IV, low value for block III and medium values for blocks V belts of good land and irrigation in the and VI. At the other geographical end, Sutlej and J amuna riverains and the Bhatinda, Rohtak and Hissar are placed in Gha~~ bed. The density of population the fourth level pf ,~evelopmeDt,. with high is the lowest in IDssar, althougH the dis values for II and IV, medium values for trict has seen both heavy natural increase V and VI, and low value for Bhatinda and and immigration in the last decade. Ow Rohtak and medium for Hissar in III. in_e; to the paucity of wateW0ints villages Sangrur i~ placed in third level of develop alS$) . are definitely large and rely on tanks ment with high values in II and IV foe their domestic supply; which is rare medium values in V and VI and low value in the north. Stock rearing is of great for III. importance, the Hissar or Hariana bullock being one of the most :t;lobly built animals. Hissar and Mahendragarh have an A whole range of industries is !rdpidly abundance of kikar, art acacia bark, an growing up in Hariana. Bhaq.ndy. ,and 1 .' Jill inlportal1,t taIlIl)pg substance which is Hissar are important for cotton gmnmg, complementary to the large supplies of pressing and baling. Rohtak is important hitles and skins 'and the large popUlation for transport equipment. Mah.e~Q.ra.¥ar{l. of Charr)ars and memQers of other Sche is important for stone quarrying and stone duled Castes in these five districts. But cutting. Food industries are important in tIfe rapid' extensLon of cotton and ground the whole Division. But basic metal in nut now, serioua:ly thre~tens the existence dustries, machinery, forestry and logging of the Hariana breed. Mahendragarh also are rapidly gaining ground. rlS Analysis of Town Groups, and Towns by predominant function and size dassel 2'24 SOUTH WESTERN PUNJAB (HARIANA) Class of town ,--- ~ Function of town Total II 111 IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total. 54 4 12 38 14 14 10 Agricultural 17 17 5 7 5 Manufacturing 7 2 3 2 2 Trade and Commerce 25 6 18 7 7 4 Transport . 1 1 Service 4 3 1 2.31-2 The lamBDa Ganga. Smiling and dancing in the morning sun light, and dark and gloomy and fUll of I have been attached to the Ganga and mystery as the evening shadows fall, a the lamuna rivers in Allahabad ever since narrow, slow and graceful stream in my childhood and, as I have grown older, winter, and a vast roaring thing duril.g this attachmel'lt has also grown. I have the monsoon, broad-bosomed almost a8 watched their varying moods as the till? sea, and with something of the sea's seasonS clutnged, and have often thought power to destroy, the Ganga has been to of the history and myth and tradition and me a symbol and a memory of the past of song and' story that have becom~ attached Tndia, running into the present, and flow to them through the long ages and become ing on to the great ocean of the future. part of their flowing waters. And though I have discarded much of past tradition and custom, ami am anxious that India should rid herself of all shackles The Ganga, especially, is the river of that bind and constrain her and divide India, beloved of her people, round which her people, and suppress vast numbers of are intertwined he#' racial memories, her them, and prevent the free development hopes and fears, her songs of triumphs, her of the body and the spirit; though I seek victories and her defeats. She has been a all this, yet I do not wish to cut myself symbol of Indids age-long culture and off tram that completely. civflization, ever-changing, ever-flowing, and· yet .ever the same Ganga. She re I am proud of that great inheritlihce minds me of the snow-covered peaks and that has been, and is, ours and I am con deep valle'¥s of the Himalayas, which scious that I too, like all of us, am a' I have loved so much, and of the rich link in that unbroken chain which goes and vast plains below, where my lite and back to the dawn of history in the inil. work haye lJeen cast, memorial past at India. That chain 1 ,,6 would not break, for I treasure it and have comparatively low population densi seek inspiration from it. And as wit ties compal'ed to the central and eastern ness of this desire oj mine and as my last districts. Rainfall, too, in the eastern homage to India's cultural inheritance, I tracts is normally enough to dispense with am making this request that a handful of irrigation. The river courses swing less my ashes be thrown into the Ganga at violently than in the west and there is Allahabad to be carried to the great ocean much less of alkalinity or saline emores that washes India's shore. cence. In the tract below the Siwalik and in the bhabar the inhospitable, rocky and LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF coarse, porous soil does not permit a JA~AHARLAL NEHRU dense population but once the Ganga Jamuna Doab proper is reached habita Mainly fo.r convenience of treatment tion is dense. In the Doab again the along political boundaries the great lands farthest from the river, that is, in Ganga Plain:, included in the second the middle, usually have the least density Region of the Northern Plains is divided while those nearer the river have higher into the following Subregions and Divi densities· The flood plains of the Ganga sions: are on the whole more densely populated than those of the Jamuna which seems to carry more rocky and thick, heavy Subregions Divisions detritu~ sand than the Ganga. Population density seems to be intimately associated with 2'3 UttarPradesh 2·31 Upper Jamuna-Ganga . Plams' DO!ib local relief and depth of water table. The 2· 32 Lower Ganga-Jamuna central and western portions of the Ganga Doab Plain are highly urbanised. The smaller 2' 33 Uttar Pradesh Tarai towns throughout this great tract develop (Koshala) ed as market centres in the heart of dense 2.34 Rohilkhand 2'350udh ly populated rural areas. :2·36 East Uttar Pradesh The Uttar Pradesh Plain may be divided 2' 4 Bihar Plains 2·41 North Bihar Plain into 2 broad tracts: (1 ) the J amuna (Tirhut) Ganga Doab which has been classified in 2· 42 South Bihar Plain (Magadha) to two divisions: Upper Doab and Lower Doah. and (2) the Ganga Plain which has 2' 5 West Bengal 2· 51 North Bengal Plain been divided into 4 Divisions, the Tami, Plains (Duars) Rohilkhand, Oudh and East Uttar 2· 52 Northern Para Delta (Barind) Pradesh. 2· 53 Ganga Delta 2· 54 Damodar Delta We shall first briefly delineate the water regime of the J amuna-Ganga Doab. 'In the great Ganga Plain, the eastem part is more densely populated than the Upper 1amona-Ganga Doab western, the land being almost entirely This tract of country begins with alluvial and full of rich silt, the bhabar, Saharanpur and Dehra Dun in the North, bhangar, tarai and bhur lands havine: '" between the Jamuna in the West and been left hehind. Thus districts like Ganga in the East and travels in an arc of Saharanpur, Pilibhit, Kheri, Bijnor, Hardoi varying width down to Allahabad, the auct l3ahraicQ in the l'{Qrtq~west and NQrtn Wllfl1J~C (1) Saharanpur- (a) Jamuna-Krishni Etah. The western or Bhognipur branch Muzaffarnagar: (b) Krishni-Hindan goes down to Shlkohabad (Mainpuri) and (2) Meerut- (a) Jamuna-Hindan Etawah and then runs midway between Bulandshahr: (b), Kali-Ganga Jamuna and Sengar up to Sikandra and (3) Aligarh-Agra- (a) Kali-Sengar Bhognipur (Kanpur). The eastern or Etah-Mainpuri: (b) Sengar-Rind (c) Rind-Isan Bewar Branch ends below Bewar (Main (4) Etawah-Kan (a) Jamuna-Sengar puri). The Bhognipur branch irrigates pur-Fatehpur: (b) Sengar-Rind the middle of the J amuna-Sengar Doah (c) Rind-Ganga while the Bewar Branch irrigates the mid (5) Allahabad: (a) lamuna-Sasur-Khaderi dle of the Isan-Kali Doab mainly in Etah (b) Sasur-Khaderi-Ganga and Mainpuri. The more important canals from West (5) The Agra Canal: Headworks at to East are: Okhla, South Delhi, irrigates Gurgaon. (1) The Eastern Jamuna Canal: Head Mathura and Agra. works at Faizabad, northwestern comer of Saharanpur. Serves western areas of Over and above all this extensive water Saharanpur, Muzaffamagar, Meerut, supply the Upper Ganga-Jamuna Doab enjoys an expanding network of deep Bulandshahr and Shahdara of Delhi. It irrigates the Jamuna-Hindan Doab. tubewells. But the entire Doab tract suffers fnom varying degrees of saline (2) The Upper Ganga Canal: Head efflorescence (reh). works at Hardwar, threads through Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, branches at The entire tract is Hindi-speaking. The Jauli. The main Upper Ganga Canal passes proportion of members of scheduled through the heart of Meerut, becomes the castes is between one-sixth and one Ganga Canal in Bulandshahr, leaves quarter of the total population in every AJigarh on its west, is called Lower Ganga district of this subregion. Canal before it branches near Akrabad We shall now briefly describe the into two: the Kanpur Branch and the Ganga Plain. Etawah Branch. The two branches run almost parallel to each other until the Etawah Branch veers south and peters The Ganga Plain 2.33 Uttar Pradesh alit near Kiraon in Ghatampur (Kanpur Tarai (Koshala) district). The Kanpur Branch disintegrates 2.34 Rohilkhand into small branches South West of Kanpur. The Kanpur and Etawah 'Branches of the 2.35 Oudh Lower Ganga Canal irrigate the Sen~ar-Isall 2.36 East Uttar pQaQ. Pradesh These four Divisions of the subregion into the Ganga in Bilgram tehsil of Uttar Pradesh Plains are distinguished of Hardoi. from the two Divisions of the Jamuna Ganga Doab inasmuch as they are north of the river Ganga and form a large arc 6. Kosi-Descends from Almora, en ters Rampur district and falls between the Ganga in the south and the into Ramganga near south Highland districts of Uttar Pradesh and Nepal' in the north. eastern corner of Moradabad district and Shahabad of Ram A brief account of the river and canal pur. system of this entire tract taken as a whole 7. Deoha--Issues from Nandaur will be helpful for comprehension of its (Haldwani, Naini Tal), passes water regime and crop distribution. through Tarai (Kichha), passes west of Pilibhit town (Pilibhit), The main rivers of this tract which all down Bisalpur tehsiI, is called are tributaries of the Ganga are, kom Garra river before it falls into West to East: Ramganga in Bilgram (Hardoi), a little before the Ramganga it 1'. MaJiD-This river enters Najiba self falls into Ganga. bad tehsil in Bijnor and falls in to Ganga at a point Northwest of Bijnor. 8. Sarda-Known as Chauka in the upper reaches. it emerges near 2. 'Ban--TIlis river passes through Tanakpur (Naini Tal), passes Bijnor and falls into river Gangan through Puranpur (Pilibhit). at a point midway between Lakhimpur (Kheri) , Sitapur and Amroha and Moradabad tGwns Biswan of Sitapur and falls into in. Moradabad. the Gogra m Sidhauli (Sitapur). 3. Gangan--Enters the State East of 9. Sarda Canal-More important than Najibabad, passes through Sarda river is Sarda canal: head Bijnor and Moradabad and works Tanakpur. Several miles falls into' tlie Ramganga at northwest of PuranpuT (Pilibhit), Shahabad tehsil in Rampur it branches into two. The Har district doi Branch passes through Powayan and Shahjahanpur, on to Bilgram (Hardoi), Safipur! 4. Sot-This river becomes articulate Unnao and Purwa of Unnao dis in Amroha CMoradabad) passes trict. The Lucknow Branch through Bisauli and Budaon of descends to several miles South Budaun and falls into the Ganga, east of Hardoi and branches north of Farrukhabad town again: the Sandila Branch into (f"arrukhabad). Sandila (Hardoi) and Malihabad 5. ~mganga-This river emerges (Lucknow), the Lucknow Branch from the northern mountains via Sandila and Malihabad to and enters Bijnor in Nagina Utrahtia south of Lucknow where tehsil and passes through the it branches again in two: Rae districts of Moradabad, Rampur, Bareli Branch and Haidargarh Bareilly, Shahjahanpur and falls Branch : The Ra~ aar~li Branch passes through Mohanlal The entire territory is thus arranged. in ganj (Lucknow) and Maharaj longitudinal and traruwerse ribbons of ganj (Rae Bareli), exhausts itself minor Doabs. These are some of the near the Sai river above and minor Doabs in the general directio}l of below Rae Bareli town. The West to East: Haidargarh Branch passes through Mohanlalganj (Lucknow) 1. Bijnor-district (a) Ganga-Malin and exhausts itself beyond (b) Malin-Gangan Haidargarh (Bara Banki) around (c) Gangan-Ramganga the Gomati river. 2. Moradabad (a) Ganga-Ban 10. Gomati-Gomati is formed by the (b) Ban-Ramganga streams Bhainsi and J oknai in 3. Budaun (a) Ganga-Mabawa Powayan (Shahjahanpur dis (b) Mahawa-Sot trict). It passes through (c) Sot-Gangan-Ramg!\llga, Mohamdi tehsil (Kheri) and divides Hardoi district from 4. Bijnor-Naini Ramganga-Dhe!a Sitapur, enters Malihabad (Luck Tal now) and passes through Luck 5. Bareilly-Pilibhit Ramganga-Deoba now .city, travels through Bara Banki, Sultanpur, JaunplM', and 6. Unnao-Allaha- Ganga-Sai falls into Ganga at Saidpur, bad-Pratap- North-east of Varanasi, The Sai garh river JOms Gomati between 7. Sultanpur Gomati-Ghagra J aunpur and Kerakat (J aunpur). Faizabad 11. Ghagra-Enters through Nighasan 8. Basti • Ghagra-Kuwana (Kheri) in three main streams, 9, Faizabad Goman-Mllfha Kauriala, Girwa and Babai Marha-Ghagra (Sarju) and proceeds to form the boundary between the dis 10. Gbazipur (a) Gomati-Besu-Mangai tricts of Sitapur and Bara Banki (b) Mangai·Chhoti Sarju on the right bank and Bahraich aJ;ld Gond.a on the ~eft bank, between Faizabad and Basti, We may now return to a bare mention Azamgarh and Gorakhpur, 'Bal of several other features. lia and Deoria falling at the eastern tip of Ballia into the The entire tract is Hindi·speaking. Ganga. There is another fact of sociological im portance. The heart of Uttar Pradesh bas 12. Rapti-Enters at the junction of a solid and continuous region contalning Nanpara and, Bahraich tehsils of high proportions of members of scheduled Bahraich. Travels through castes, surrounded by a girdle in the Bahraich, Gonda, Basti, Gorakh East and South-east by a group of districts pur and falls into the Ghagra of slightly lower proportions. The di~ near Barhaj between Ghosi tricts. are as follows with the percentages (Azamgarh) and Salempur of members of scheduled castes menti(}ned (Deoria). against them. 8d Members of Scheduled Castes (23'50), Bulandshahr (20'34), Bijnor District per 100 of total population (20'24) and Aligarh (20'86) which have high ratios. All other districts (19 in A. Core of high concentration of members of Scheduled Castes number) have less than 20 per cent of their population as members of scheduled 1. Kheri 26'65 castes. 2. Sitapur 30'77 3. Hardoi 30'96 This is a matter of much importance 4. Lucknow 23'79 which still continues to leave its mark on 5. Bara Banki 27'89 the levels of development. For, in spite of 6. Unnao 28'17 7. Rae Bareli 29'44 the fact that high ratios of members of 8. Sultanpur 23'79 scheduled castes have been positively 9. Faizabad 24'37 as~oc1ated with hlgh scores, all the dis 10. Azamgarh 24'46 tricts mentioned above except Lucknow, Agra, Etawah, Kanpur, Allahabad, Saharan B:' Outer Girdle of concentration of Scheduled pur, BUIandshahr, Bijnor and Aligarh have Castes been ranked in the first or lowest level of 11. Agra 22·37 development. 12. Etawah 25'69 13. Kanpur 20'13 The other paradoxical feature of much 14. Fatehpur 22'42 ,concern is that despite such natural en IS. Pratapgarh 20'80 dowments as many as 28 districts out of 16. Allahabad 24'04 a total of 54 should have places in the 17. Jaunpur 21'16 first or lowest level of our present scheme 18. BasH 20'08 of ranking, and 6 in the second level, There is a third cluster of districts while only 10 should be in the third level in the West consisting of Saharanpur and another lOin the fourth or top level. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Z'owns by predominant function and size classes 2'3 UTTAR PRADESH PLAINS Class of town Function of town Total I IT III IV-V IV V 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 - Totill . 191 14 16 44 118 61 57 ~~tural . 11 2 9 6 3 ) Artisan • .' 39 1 3 34 17 17 ~~~ractpring 18 4 3 4 7 6 1 Traoe and Commerce 34 2 1 6 ;2.5 10 IS ? Trari~.p0rt 4 1 1 2' 1 1 Scmcc • 86 6 11 28 41 21 10 8.1 1.3J. 2, N~rthern Plains 2.3 Uttar Pradesh 15-44 s-qggesJing acceleration of p,opula:. Pla.UJs 2.31 Upper Jamuna-Ganga, tion incre'ase. Doah. The principal food crops are ~wheat, rice and gram in Saharanpur and Muzaf This Division may be divided into two Iarnagar but wheat, gram, barley and subPivisions: Saharanpm: and MuzatIar coarser grain in the other three districts. nagar fonping the bhabar and bha~gar Sugarcane is grown in considerable col!ntry,. and Meerut, Bulandshahr and, quantities in all districts except Aligarh. part of Aligarh, the Khadar country. The Bulandshahr grows a little jute. plain below the Siwalik in Saharanpur is Saliaranpuf, MuzafIarnagar, Meerut and cho and bhabar land. The upper part of AJigarh qualify for the fow:th or top level the inter-stream areas, particularly the of development. Saharanpur makes the areaS between the J amuna in the West and highest score for the Division. All the ~ishni and Hindan in the East and again, four districts have high values fQr blo"ks betwe Qass I cities with their function: Trade and Commerce--Saharanpur. Service-Meerut, Aligarh. 163 RGI-u 2".3"2' 2 Nortliem Prams 2~' Uttar Pradesh for III, medium for V and VI. All ar~ Plains 2·32 Lower Gimga-Jamuna ronnected by grid. Farrukhabad also Doalr. generates electricity. 'lhis Division fg' made of nfile' districts Allahabad alone is placed in the third whictl' tn.aIte- a continuous gram traet. level' witlt high values for blocks II and Wlieat competes with gram in seven dis'" IV and medium values for III, V and' Vf. tricts down t() I{anpur. B'u!! in Fatehpur It generates its own electricity. and Allahabad, while wheat practically disappejU"S, rir.e. comes into its own but ~am Iholds sway. Jawar and. Qajra are Mathura and Agra" contiguous dis: grown in. all districts. VeliY' little of cash tricts, and Kanpur are placed in the top crop&. is grownl level. Agra and Kanpur have identical scores and distribution, high values in II, IV and V and medium values in III and The density. of population- val'ies- within VI. Mathura is much lower than either but mirrew limits, the lowest .,eing Fat~hpur enjoys high values in II and IV~ medium (64J41Y andt the- highest Agra.- (997). Urban values in V and VI and low value in III. proportions are high in Agra and :&anpur Agra and Kanpur generate their own and al'l'reciable in Matlutra· and ARah electricity but Mathura is connected to abad. Natural increase has been modes!!. grid. Immigration' has been high in Mamura, Agra; Main1'uri and Kanpur suggesting internal sRilts andl transfers. ImmigratitlB into Allahabad has -&eelt comparatively This Division also presents a rich tex low ~ The propprtion of children 0-4 to ture of organised industry in which the wotp.en 15-44 is high only in Agra, but chief components are basic metals apprec;able in Mathura, Mainpuri, Etawah (Mathura), food industries (Etah, Elawah anq. Fatehpur. and Fatehpur), textiles (Kanpur), printing and publishing (Alfallabad). Agra and Mainpuri are important in glass, pottery, Fatehpur ranks in the lowest level. stone, in short, non-m~tallic mineraI pro The total ')core is low· Although the values ducts. Wherever food is not of primary in blocks II and IV are high, low in importance it invariably takes the second block III and medium in V and VI. most im:portant place. The other impor The district is connected to grid. tant industries are machinery, textiles, transport equipment, footwear and ready made garments (Kanpur], leather and Mainpuri, Etah, Farrukhabad an.d leather products, wood. cotton and jute Et-awah form a solid geographically cen ginning and pressing: a. very prontising tral block o~ moderate or second level of mixture of primary and secondary pfa development. They have almost identical ducts. Agra is at the eastern and hide and total scores with very similar values in ,skin receiving end of the livestock tracts each block: high for blocks II and IV, low of Rajasthan. Anazysls of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant junction and size Glasses 2'32 LOWER GANGA-JAMUNA DOAB Class of town ,___ .A.--_,______~ Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 42 4 3 7 28 12 16 Agricultural 1 1 Artisan 5 5 3 2 Manufacturing 5 2 1 1 1 Trade and Commerce 10 2 8 2 6 Transport 2 2 1 Service 19 2 2 4 11 5 Class I cities with their function : Manufacturing-Agra, Kanpur. Service-Mathura, A1laha~ad. 2.33 2 Northem Plains 2.3 Uttar Pradesh Pilibhit alone is in the third level of Plains 2.33 Uttar Pradesh Tarai development, having high values in blocks (Koshala). II and IV and medium values in HI, V and VI. The remaining seven districts in This entire border strip of tarai soil is the Division fall in the first or lowest .level porous and coarse in the upper reaches, of development. Of these again the eastern much dissected by shifting torrent beds. districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Basti ..and It is suitable for sugarcane particularly in Deoria (with the exception of Gorakbpur Pilibbit, Lakhimpur-K'heri and Deoria. in between Basti and Deoria) are even The chief crop is rice which is pre worse than Kheri, Sitapur and Gorakhpur. eminent in the entire tract but low yie1ding Bahraich, Gonda and Basti have either on account of the soil. The next consider low or medium values for all blocks. able food crop is wheat and barley. Gram Gorakhpur and Deoria have high values ,obtains in 5 .districts: Pilibhit, Kheri, for II and medium for VI. As t'egards Sitfl-pur, Bahraich aad Gonda. The whole other blocks !(Jorakhpur has medium for Division thus bears multiple crops inc1ud lIT and 11 and 'high for 1V and in respect iI}g valuable sugarcane which gives it a of Deoria ,the values are low for IEII .concentration .of sugar factories. , .and V and medium for IV. Kheri and Sitapur have high values for IV, medium The urban ratio is low throughout rui'"a values for II and VI and low values tor V. so llre natural increase of population, rate In block III Kherl and Sitapur have of immigration and proportion of children medium and 10w values respectively. All 0-4 to women 15-44. The 'Only exception the districts are now connected by grid is PiIibl1it whioh -has moderately high ratios Gerakhpur also generates -electricity. tor all four. In organised . factory industry, food course, is transport equip~ent on account industries dominate the entire factory sec of the large railway workshops. Textiles tor in Pilibhit, Kheri and DeoI-ia, the are of some importance in Gonda, Basti, three most important districts for sugar. Gorakhpur and Bahraich. Gorakhpur is -Sugar factories are also dominant in Basti, also important for printing. Sizable Bahraich, Sitapur and Gonda. The most machine industries are growing up in important industry in Gorakhpur, of Gorakhpur, Sitapur and Kheri. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2' 33 UTTAR PRADESH TARAI (KOSHALA) Class of town r- ..A- Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 27 1 3 5 18 14 4 , Agricultural • '" 1 A.rtisan. • 3 3 2 1 Manufacturing 3 3 2 Trade and Commerce 5 4 2 2 Trasport 1 1 Ser~ice 14 3 4 7 7 I Class I cities with their function: Transport-Gorakhpur 2.34 2 Northern Plains 2.3 Uttar Pradesh Dhela. The Ramganga main canal emerges Plains 2.34 Rohilkhand. at Dhampur. This Division corresponds to the his Moradabad has two small doabs (1 ) toric Rohilkhand or the land of the Rohil the Ganga-Ban and (2) Ban-Ramganga. .las .. These divide southwards further in Bu&mn Bijnor and Moradabad in the northern district to (1) Ganga-Mahawa (2) end of this Division have much bhur Mahawa-Sot and (3) Sot-Gangan land er 'patches of sandy soil, in places Ramganga. sufficiently extensive' to form low but un 'A narrow belt of sparsely populated dulating sandy uplands' (Spate). Much Khadar land, lowlying and subject to of- this land, generally arid and water floods, lies ~n either side of the Ram logged in the depressions, has been re ganga, the main river of Rohilkhand, the claime.d 'by tubewells, greater part of which cannot be kept permanently under the plough because of -Bfjnor may be divided into several flooding and the shifting of the river course. longitUdinal doabs, which are from west East of this belt, the land is free from floods to east (1) the Ganga-Malin which is and is intensively irrigated, and dotted mainly' b'hur land, (2) Malin-Gangan, (3) with a large number of flourishing vil Gangan-ifllmgimga and (4)' Ramganga- lages. Bareilly, an industrial centre, stands on the edge of an old river terrace values in II and IV. Shahjahanpur is overlooking the eastern Dank of the Ram placed at the second level with low value ganga, Which. also skirts the western for block III, medium values for block V fJ;"inges'. (Chatterjee) The Ramganga and VI and high values for II and IV, the Deoha doab runs through much of Shah total scores of the two districts being quite jali hnpur. fhe main city standing on the close to eac):t other. East bank of the Deoha river. In contrast to the Tarai Division (2.33). Moradabad,. Bijnor, Rampur al1d Barei1Jy "Rohilkhand is a predominantly wheat are placed on the third level, although characteristically enough Bijnor has low tract, with rice following as a close second. value for block III, medium for blocks V The third important foodcrop· is gram. and VI and. high values for II and IV. Bajra is grown in the usar tracts of Morad Mora~abad, ~ampur and BareU1y . have abad. Budaun and Shahjahanpur. The identical rankings in the various blocks, ~oSt imoortant cash crop is sugarcane except that in blocks III and VI, Morad'abaH whicH is grown extensively in Bijnor. and Ramour have high and Bareilly Mor.adabad, - Rampur anli Bareilly and medium vaiues in block VI whereas low for feed their su!!ar mills. Groundnut is groWJl Mtnaqabad and mediU1l1, lor Rampur, and 'in Budaun ~hich has oil and dal mills in Bareilly in block III. .All district~ are cop addition to rice and flour factories. nected by grid but Rampur and Bareiliy The urban ratio is high in Moradabad. generate eiectricity locally in addition. Rampur and Bareilly all of which have flouri!)hing industrial cities. It is moder . The foremost organised· industry in t'Qe ately, high in Shahjahanpur and Bijnor Division i~ foqd, but tpe textiles indust,ry but low in Budaun. Natural increase and is stronger in Budaun and Ramt>ur. immigration are low to 'moderate except Bareilly is a l;rge railway ret>air centre. in ·Rampur but the proportion of children Non-metallic mineraIs are pro'mincnt 'in 0.,4 to w~men 15-44 is high in Bijnor. Bijnor and Moragabad. Basic metals are Moradabad and Rampur, moderately considerable in .Moradabad. The manu high in Bareilly and Budaun, hut low in facture 9f m~chil)~ry and ~etal products Sh~hiabanpur which suggests a high rate is gaining ground in Moraaabad, Rampur. of in the current decade. i~reas~ Bareilly and Shabjananpur. Budaun is pIaced at the first or lowest level of development with low values for This as a whole is one of the ad.vanced blocks III and V. medium in VI but high Divisions in the Uttar Prad~sh Plams. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2'34 ROHILKHAND Class of town r- Function of town Total I II III 'IV-V IV -----,V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 36 4 3 8 21 10 11 Agricultural 2 1 1 1 Artisan 5 1 4 2 '2 Mahufacturing 5 2 1 2 2 .. Trade and Commerce 5 1 1 3 1 2 Service 19 1 6 11 4 7 Class I cities with their function : Ma~:JUfacturing-Moradabad. Rampur, -: . Trade and Commerce:-Bareilly. Service-Shahjahanpur. 2.3S 2 Northern Plains 2.3 Uttar Pradesh development. Their ~lock values are close Plains 2.35 Outlh. to one another, the range ()f total scores being low. All six districts have 10w values for blocks III and V. Sultanpur and Faiz 'Except for Hardoi and Unnao which abad have low values for VI but medium have densities of 675 and 680 persons per values for the other four districts. IIardoi, sg. mile respectively, the density is uni Bara Banki and Unnao have high values formly high, Lucknow having 1,382 per ,for block V, while Rae Bareli, Sultan.pur .sons per 'Sq. mile. But it is strange that and Faiza'bad have medium vlilues. this heartland or Uttar Pradesh should All have high values in block n, except sulIer from the lowest level 'of develop Bara Banki and Faizabad which hl!ye ment, except for ilie capital .district -of medium scores. Lucknow alone, very ..ob~ '1!.ucknow. ously because of its great .city, is in 'fhe fourth or top level with high scores 'for H'ardoi and Lucknow because of their blocks II, IV and V and medium scores river and water regimes are .almost a con for blocks ill and VI. tinuation of the previous Division (2.34) and are predominantly wheat and barley districts. The rice distriots are 'Bara 'Banki, All the districts are connected by elec Unnao, Rae Bare1i, Sultanpur and tricity grid but Hardoi and Luaknow Faizabad. In all 8eyen districts, [email protected], -generate electricity locally -also. The wheat, baney, and rice go close together, most important factory industry qn th1s the third and almost equaUy important region is food: flour. rice and d.al mills. food crop being gram, this b,eing as extensive Trans,port :industries are impartant :in a £tam tract as RohTIkband. Grcmndnut Lucknow and Rae Bareli. Basic metals has extended to Hard@i. are important in Sultanpur. Unnao has a variety of miscellaneous -industries. Tex tiles are important in Faizabad but minor Except for Lucknow which has a high in Lucknow and Bara Banki. Printing is urban and immigration ratio, the entire important in Lucknow, and leather pro division has low or moderate values for ducts (except footwear) in Unnao. There urbanization, natural increase, immigra is some machinery industry in Lucknow, tion and proportion of children 0-4 to Bara Banki and Faiza'bad. women 15-44. Thus even demographically, the area shows sluggishness and relative lack of vitality. It is obvious that this Division tiike Rohilkhand and Tarai has not yet been Except for Lucknow all six districts are able to take fnIl advantage .af -its natural placed in the first or lowest rank of endowm.ents :and geographical position, Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predomifUInt function and siu classes 2'35 QUDH Class of town r------__ -A ~ Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 20 1 1 7 11 6 5 Agricultural 5 1 4 3 1 Artisan 5 1 4 2 Z Trade and Commerce 1 r Service 9 1 2 r Class I cities with their function : Service-Lucknow. 2.36 2 Northern Plains 2.3 Uttar Pradesh aggregate score, values in II, IV and V Plains 2~36 East Uttar Pradesh. being medium and in III and VI low. Ptatapgarh~. Jaunpur, Ghazipur and Ballia This 'is the easternmost Division of the have high values in II but low values in Uttar Pradesh plain which has a general III. J aunpur and Ghazipur have hig,h but not wholly substantiated reputation of values in IV, the others have medium poverty. It is certainly the densest region values. Jaunpor and<-:Baflia. have medium, of 1Jttar Pradesh, the density being no PratapgarJ.\o low vruues iw V and VL where fess than 1,000 persons per sq. mile GhazipUi' has medium value in V andIIQW except in the westernmost district of iIr VI: These five districts are eonnected Pratapgarn (882). by grid. This again is a predominantly rice zone, Varanasi generates its Own. electricity, tlie seC<1nd most important crop being In cie'lelopment it is in a group with barley and the third gram. Wlleat is grown Allahabad and Mirzapur, in the third level. in Ptatapgarh, Varanasi- and Jaunpur. It ha~ high values in U, IV and V., medium Sugarcane is grown irr Azamgarh. value in VI and low value in III. Except for V-aranasi which has a high' Pratapgarh has practically lfitle orga urban ratio' because or the city, the values nis~d industry except in transport. lrideed for urbanisation~ natural' increase, immi transport is one of the main industries in gratiG'n and' young populatian (childres all districts of this region. Textiles are 0'-4 to' women 15-4"4) are either low or impOrtant in Azamgarh and Varanasi, J moderate. Class of town r-- --"- -.... Function of town Total I II ill IV-V IV V i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 20 1 1 7 11 4 7 Artisan 7 5 2 .3 Manufacturing Trade and Commerce • 4 1 3 Transport • Service 7 4 2 1 1: Class I cities with their function· Artisan-Varanasi. . 2.4 Bihar Plains Champaran, MuzafIarpur and Darb- hanga are dissected into irregular longitu The Bihar Plains are a continuation of dinal strips by many small rivers. The the Uttar Pradesh Plains with important diara flood plains are wider here than in geographical and cultural differences. the Upper Ganga Plains, and even on the :'fbe .Ganga enters Bihar at Chapra, the doabs there are many jhils, more or less tip of Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh that perma:nent lakes, the beds of dead (mara) runs into Bihar and makes the confluence or old (buri) rivers and chaurs-Iong semi of -the Ganga and Ghagra. In Bihar, this circular marshes, the abandoned meantlers is the dividing point between Saran and of dead rivers which develop into a vast Shahabad. A few miles to the East of and intricate chain of temporary lakes this confluence is the trijunction point of during the rainy season. The more impor Saran, Sliahabad aiid Patna 'which is also tant of the small rivers are Nona, the Buri the point at which the Son falls into the Gandak which falls into the Ganga east of Gahga. "'Fhe Ganga now· enters into Bihar Khagaria (Monghyr) and Kahara (Suharsa). proper and proceeds to divide the North But the most important river in the East which enters the East is the two main en from the South Bihar Plains. Immediat~ly tran~ of Kosi Dhar· tbfough Nirmali and to the north-east of Patna city the Nara~ yam or Great Gandak joins the Ganga T,ribeniganj Anchals of Saharsa which falls into Ga:nga east of Bhagalpur town. The f~oW the north-west. The district of Saran is thps entirely in the Gandak-Ghagra Mahananda, descending from Kurseong in Doab. The Narayani forms the north Darjeeling district enters Purnea in the western most extremity of Champaran dis northeast, leaving Thakurganj, Pothia ~d trict . (North Bihar Plain: Tirhut) at Kishanganj a:nchals on its left. Bhainsalotan, the site of the Gandak bttrrage, celvbr(j.ted for the last of In South Bihar Plain (Magadha) the dis~ Jawaharlal Nehru's vis~ts .(4 May 1964), trict of Shahabad. is partly wedged in in his own words, to any of New India's between Ganga ana Son. There are three temples. longitudinal canal systems: Chausa ill the extreme West, Buxar in the middle and Kiul river travels across Monghyr district Arrah in the East. The Phalgu river and falls into the Ganga at LaKhisarai. travels almost due North from Hazaribagh A string of hill ranges travels diagonally where it is named Mohana through the across the South Bihar Plain from Shaha middle of Gaya district where it is called bad to Barabar and Rajgir Hilk in Gaya Phalgu on to Patna district. The Sakri on to the Monghyr Hills in MongqYi and meanders in Patna and Gaya districts. The Rajmahal Hills in SantaI Parganas. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2'4 BIHAR PLAINS Class of town ,-- Fun:::tion of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 81 6 6 17 52 32 19 1 Agricultural 20 1 3 16 10 6 Artisan 12 1 1 9 6 3 Manufacturing 6 3 2 1 Trade and Commerce 5 5 3 2 Transport 5 2 2 1 1 Service 33 4 2 8 19 11 7 1 2.41 2 Northern Plains 2.4 Bihar Plains and consequently dense population. The 2.41 North Bihar Plain (Tirhut). country East of Kosi is often laden with sand. But even within each region popu lation distribution is not uniform. The Champaran is full of sand and in the doab between the Gandak and Ghagra tarai contains sal and tall reedy grasses. (Champaran) is less densely populated Darbhanga and Saharsa have patches of than the doab between the Ghagra and peat soil. The density of population of Ganga (Saran). Motihari is very thickly Champaran is comparatively low (851 per populated and SO is the tract along the sq. mile). Saharsa (819 per sq. mile) Gandak near Gopalganj~Gobindpur. has so long been greatly distu.rbed by the ravages of the Kosi, and Purnea (731) The entire area is known as Tirhut. has tarai areas of sal and grass. Saran Rice is the predominant crop followed by (1,337), MuzatIarpur (1,364) and Dar maize and some wheat. Champaran bhanga (1,314) have high densities. grows much sugarcane. Saharsa and Chatterjee speaks of 'two distinct demo Purnea grow jute. Spate notes '(i) graphic regions' which is a little of an the remarkable concentration of maize on overstatement. It will of course be correct the wedge of light Ioams between Ganga to state that the tract lying West of the Kosi and Burhi Gandak and on the sandy Koshi is better drained and has rich loamy soils soils, and its corresponding absence on \6? R.G.I.-13. tlie heavy matiyar with its tendency to Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarpur and waterlogging; (ii) the somewhat similar Darbhariga are close to one another in distribUtion of barley in Eastem Uttar t6tal scores. The values are either low or Pradesh and Western Bihar, 1M more medium. for every block, except that Sararl, restricted io~ards the East than 'in maize situated ill the Ghagra-Ganga Doab re owing to the increasing rainfall, and the moved from tlie tarai waters, enjoys high I increasing dominance 6f rice, bar1ey being value for agriculturaI infrastructure. Each essentially a "rabi after bhadai" crop.' district generated its own electricity in Sugar refining including industrial alcohol 1961. Saharsa and Purnea are not much is the biggest industry in North Bihar. The better in their block values except that in petroleum oil refinery at Barauni, opposite block IV (potential of human resources) Mokameh in the northern half of Monghyr both Saharsa and Pumea have high values. district, is going to by the most important They too generate their own electricity. industrial complex in North Bihar. The urban ratio is low and except in The important organised industries are Saharsa and Purnea where population food stuffs in all districts; metal products in increase is high, naturaI increase is gene Saran, Muzaffarpur; wood industries in rarty low in the bivision. There is enough Champaran, Darbhanga and Purnea; print internal evidence to show that some popu ing and publishing in Saran, Champaran, lation migrated from Saharsa and Purnea Saharsa aild Purrtea; machinery in to East Pakistan before 1951 but return Muzaffarpur and Saharsa; generation of ed before 1961. Migration, too, is thus electricity in all districts except Saran and low except in Saharsa and Purnea. The Darbhanga. proportion of Children 0-4 to women 15.-44 is low in all other districts but This Division thus is still a homo high in Saharsa and Purnea. The language geneous area with a high population den is Hindi. The proportion of members of sity but relatively 10;W level of develop scheduled castes is low. ment throughout. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2· 41 NORTH BIHAR PLAIN (TIRHUT) Class of town .- ______,._____ Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 38 2 2 9 25 16 9 Agricultural 10 10 7 3 Artisan 4 1 3 2 ManufActuring 2 1 1 Trade and Commerce 3 3 2 Transport 2 Service 17 2 6 8 6 2 Class I cities with their Junction: . Service-Mu£afi'ar-pur, Darhhanga. ~.42 2 Northern Plains 2.4 Bw.ar Plains districts the source of irrigation is either 2.4Z SouQ.t BiI}ar Plain (Magadha). wells or taI}.ks (ahars) or pynes, small pri vate canals, for the most part mere inun "The plains lying South of the Ganga dation cuts from small streams and are also densely populated though the rivers like the Sakri, or Kiul or Mohana. distribution is less uniform. This is more The pynes and ahars are chiefly used for marked on the extreme West of the south paddy but the wells are used mostly for ern plains, especially in the doab between rabi. A rather remarkable development the Ganga and the Son. There is a consi in the vicinity of Patna city is the develop derable concentration of population on the ment of market gardening for the Calcutta, banks of these two rivers, but on the Dhanbad and J amshedpur markets, in the adjoining ill-drained Kadai lands, there anchals of Phulwari, Pun Pun, Fatwah. are fewer people. Immediately Pll the Harnau and Bakhtiarpur, lowlying tracts East of the Son, the southern fringes of where streams like Pun Pun are ponded the plains have a concentration of popula back when the Ganga is in high flood. tion on the banks of the north-flowing Patna has given its name to the finest streams, but as the plains become flatter quality rice. in the North, the population spreads out more evenly. Farther north, the pattern Except for Patna which has a moderate of population distribution changes again. ly high urban ratio the Division is not very The people cluster on the high banks of distinguished either for urban ratio, natur the main river, avoiding the nearby marshy al increase, immigration or proportion of jalas and tals. This is very noticeable near children 0-4 to women 15-44. Density Mokameh". (Chatterjee). Again, unlike is very high in Patna (1,386) chiefly the North Bihar plains, the plains in owing to the city and concentration oJ South Bihar are traversed by short rugged industries. Shahabad has the lowest hills, like those near Rajgir and south and (733), Gilya comes next with 769, follow southwest of Monghyr, where the popula ed by Bhagalpur (805) and Monghyr tion is sparse and scattered. (860) . The language in Shahabad is Bhojpuri. The proportion of members of scheduled castes is particularly high in Magadha, as this Division is called, has Gaya. been the cradle of an ancient and flourish ing civilization. Pataliputra, Rajgir, Gaya, Patna is l?laced in the fourth or top Bodh Gaya, N alanda are magic names level of developme:q.t with high values for associated with the past and the noblest blocks II, IV and V and medium values in India's history. But in modyrn times for III and VI. It ge~erates electricity the Sopth ijihar Plain 'seyms to lilCk and is connected with DVC Grid. Bhagal individuality. It has indeed great interes,t pur is placed in the third level with high for the geographer, but tbis is as illustrat values for blocks II, IV and V, medium il1g the transition from the drier plains of for VI and low value for block III. The the West to the Delta rather than by any district $enerates its own electricity. Shaha distinctive regional quality of its own'. bad, Gaya and l\;:fonghyr are placed in the (Spate). seconp livel with very similar aggregate scores and have low values for III. medium The chief crop in this Division is rice values for V and VI and high values for followed mainly by gram ~nd wheat. IV. Shahabad and Gaya have high and ¥onghyr and Bhagalpur grow maize. In Monghyr medium value for block II. All Sh;tbabap ~bout 30 per cent of the net the districts are connected by grid. sown area is irrigated by canals. In other Monghyr also generates its own electricity. The important organised industries bad and Gaya; basic metals in Monghyr; are food industries in all districts; cotton transport equipment in Patna and textiles in Shahabad and Gaya; wool Monghyr; tobacco in Monghyr and and silk textiles in Bhagalpur, printing Bhagalpur; generation of electricity in and publishing in Gaya, Patna and Gaya; leather and leather products in Monghyr; non-metallic minerals in Shaha- Patna, Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2·42 SOUTH BIHAR PLAIN (MAGADHA) C lass of town ,------.. Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 43 4 4 8 27 16 10 1 Agricultural 10 1 3 6 3 3 Artisan. 8 1 6 4 2 Manufacturing 4 1 2 Trade and Commerce 2 2 2 Transport 3 1 Service . 16 2 1 2 11 5 5 Class I cities with their function: Artisan-Bhagaipur. Manufacturing-Monghyr. Service-Gaya, Patna. 2.5 West Bengal Plains. 2.53 The Ganga Delta compnsmg the districts east of the Bhagirathi and the The West Bengal Plains have been Hooghly (Murshidabad, Nadia, Calcutta divided into four divisions. and 24-Parganas). Of this tract Murshi 2.51 The North Bengal Plain (Duars) dabad and Nadia form the 'moribund or submontane tarai, locally known as delta'. The northern half of 24-Parganas the Duars (doors from Bhutan), compris including Calcutta down to a rough trans ing the districts of J aIpaiguri and Cooch verse line through Basirhat, Canning and Behar. Diamond Harbour constitutes 'the mature delta'. The territory South of this trans 2.52 The Northern Para Delta and verse li~e is 'active delta.' Barind, consisting of West Dinajpur and Malda. The western portion of Maida is 2.54 The Damodar Delta. ~s tract con of course part of 'Ganga delta. sisting of Hooghly, Howrah and Midnapore 93 has been formed by the hydraulic inter This great rice tract has more than one action of the Damodar and the Hooghly pattern of yield in maunds per acre. For which explains why the southeastern example Cooch Behar (9'02), Nadia (9'27) margins of Howrah and the mouth of the and MaIda (9'38) form one group. The Rupnarayan are still 'active delta!, which second group is formed by the districts of continues along the coastline of Midnapore. West Dinajpur (10'22), Murshidabad (10'60), 24-Parganas (10'99), Jalpaiguri (11 . 28) and Midnapore (11' 45) . The This Subregion, therefore, covers the third group is _formed by Howrah (12'36) entire soil profile from the Himalayan and Hooghly (13' 10) . None of the foothills to the mangrove reaches of the districts, however, attain the yield of the Bay of Bengal. The principal mother great rice tracts of Andhra Pradesh, tongue is Bengali. Madras, Mysore or Kerala. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2' 5 WEST BENGAL PLAINS Class of town r-- .------"------. Function of town Total11 I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 112 9 21 34 48 22 19 7 Agricultural 6 5 2 3 Port 2 1 1 Artisan. 7 2 2 3 2 Manufacturing 40 7 10 17 6 2 4 Trade and Commerce 22 2 6 14 5 7 2 Transport 2 Service 33 7 7 19 11 4 4 2.51 2 Northern Plains 2.5 West B~gaI ground too. Tea is extensive in Jalpaiguri. Plains 2.51 North Bengal Plain The density of population in J alpaiguri is (Duars). 570, in Cooch Behar 776. This Division is typical tarai country. The urban ratio is modest, but natural The upper areas are still under forest, increase, immigration and proportion of mainly sal. Much of the tall grass and children 0-4 to women 15-44 are .high. reed jungle has been cleared for rice, jute. Jalpaiguri is placed in the top or fourth tobacco and most important of them all level with a good score. It has high valu tea. Soils are naturally much coarser than es in II, IV and V and medium values in farther south, often sandy Or even III and VI. The largest hydroelectric pro gravelly. ject in N orthem Bengal, the J aldhaka The main food crop is rice and the cash scheme, is now in progress. The district ~rop jute. But oilseeds are gaining generates its own electricity. Cooch Behar is !,laced in th~ seoond smflll Divisi,on lies ~~ind, a, Ip.rge isl~p.d level. It has high value only in block IV or terrace of older quasi-Iateritiy alluviJ.lffi. (potential of human resources) but The l3arind still carries some scrub and medium values in II, V and VI and low dygn~cJep re~nant forest, whicJ:l is being value in III. rapidly swept away by colonization. Bar ley, wheat, pulses and oil seeds are grown The proportion of members of sche in the diara tracts of Kaliachak, Manikchak duled castes is very high in this Division. and Harischandrapur in Malda. The It is 31 per cent in J alpaiguri and 47 per chief food crop of course is rice and the cent in Coach Behar. ca§b crop jute. Malda grows some gram, barley and oilseeds. The more important organised industries are food industries, wood industries and West Dinajpur has a population den transport equipment in both districts. sity of 642 and MaIda of 878, West machinery in J alpaiguri and printing and Dinajpur having more of the Barind than publishing in Coach Behar and miscella MaIda. The urban ratio is low, but both neous industries in both. districts have high rates of natural in crease, immigration and proportion of Thus even this small Division presents children 0-4 to women 15-44. The per two distinct tracts of development in the centage of members of scheduled castes two districts. is 22 in West Dinajpur and 13 in MaIda. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by Both districts are placed in the second predominant funcNon and size. classes level of development and have almost 2· 51 NORTH BENGAL PLAIN (DUARS) identical grades. high values in block IV, medium values in blocks V and VI Class of town and low values in block III. West Function r------"------, of town Total III IV-VI IV V VI DinalPur has medium value but MaIda high value in block II. Both districts 2 3 4 5 6 7 generate electricity locally. Org~sed industry is mainly confined to food Total 12 4 8 2 3 3 processing in both districts, wood indus Agricultural try, transport equipment and generation of electricity in Malda. Tr~de ~nji Commeree 6 2 4 2 Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by Service. 5 2 3 2 predominant function and size classes 2.52 2 Northern Plains 2.5 West Bengal 2· 52 NORTHERN PARA DELTA (BARIND) l?lains 2.52 Northern Para Deita Class of town (Barind). Function r------~'-----~ o(town Total III IV-VI IV V VI Soils are varied in this Division. It 2 3 4 5 consists of patches of old alluvium, clayey 6 7 silts, sandy clays and loams, which be Total 8 3 5 1 3 1 come finer an~ mory fertile towards the Trade and Ganga. In West Dinajpur the soil is Commet:ce -5 4 1 . 3 mostly heavy clay. IQ the heart of this Service 3 2 2.53 2 Northern Plains 2.5 West Bengal not inubdated; oh the oilier hand the m Plains 2.53 Ganga Delta. terfluves are ill drained owing to their saucer section, so typical of the innumera The Division is composed of 4 districts; ble bils. Murshidatiad; Nadia, Calcutta and 24- Parga:na~. The chief food crop is rice and the cash crop jute, which in this Division have Murshidabad is stretched across the struck a complicated three-cornered bal Bhagirathi as it enters the districts beyond ance for many decades between man-days the Rajmahal Hills. On the right bank of labour on the one side, jute forecasts of Bhagirathi the land is the new alluvial on the second and wholesale prices on apron of the Rarh, old alluvium and red the third, so much so that even statistical . soil. The western tract of the district is forecasts, based on scientific samples came thus dissected by streams which descend to acquire a vested interest abd bias. from the uplands: the more iinportant Nadia grows more rabi crops than kharif ones being the Mayurakshi and Dwaraka. and therefore pulses and oilseeds. Sugar The eastern tract is crisscrossed by the cafie is extensively grown in north-western meanders of the J alangi. Nadia and Southern Murshidabad which feeds the large sugar mill at Plassey. A little of Nadia (Nabadwip) also falls Gram is grown in both the northern dis on the right bank of the Bhagirathi. tricts. Murshidabad and Nadia on the east bank The deiisities of Murshidabad (1,105) of the Bhagirathi are a true example 0'Jj the and Nadia (1,135) are high. But "the Moribund delta, in which all the rivers, largest concentration of population is to be J alangi, Churni, Bhairab, Iclihamati and found in ~.nd around Calcutta on the flood Mathabhanga form a network of drainage plain of the Ganga and its tributaries. Long but are also liable to be ponded back meandeling belts of contiguous villages when the flood level in the Bhagirathi is with their surrounding orchards, separat high. Calcutta is flh enclave of 24-Par ed by extensive rice fields, characterise the ganas whose ·low level and salt lakes chuse cultural landscape here. The deltaic re grave problems of nm-off during early lief, fertile soils alld easy communications monsoon storms. The northern and east have rendered this spot most attractive for ern parts of 24-Parganas are mature delta human settlement" (Chatterjee). The but in the Sundarbans the delta is still 'long meandering belts of contiguous vil very much active. lages' are mostly due to their having been established on the bank(s) of rivers or The soil is thus entirely alluvium in the streams which have either moved away or stable and active delta but presents prob been reduced to levees or to bils or old lems of drainage. It is mainly sandy loam, river beds. That is why they sometimes with patches of stiff clays iI;l the moribund exhibit thick dendritic patterns. delta. The Sundarbans including the re claimed Sonarpur-Arrapanch areas are The urban ratio is high in 24-Parganas crays, with fresh sands along the sea-face, and of course 100 per cent in Calcutta. and of course stro:ngly saline. In Murshi It is moderately high also in Nadia but dabad and Nadia 'the offtakes of the old low in Murshidabad. The rate of natu distributaries have been silted up, and the ral increase has been high in all districts rivers themselves flow on old levees. except Calcutta, that of immigration high Even in flood the country in general is in all districts except Murshidabad. The i)roportion of young children 0-4 to has been placed on the top level of women 15-44 is high in Murshidabad and development. Nadia, moderately high in 24-Parganas but low in Calcutta. The proportion of Murshidabad, Nadia and 24-Parganas are members of scheduled castes is high in connected by grid. Calcutta ~ conriected 2A-Parganas (24) and Nadia (20). to grid and also generates its own elec tricity. Murshidabad is placed in the second level of development. It has high values The more important industries are in II and IV, medium values in V and VI textiles in Murshidabad, Nadia, Calcutta and low value in III. Nadia and 24-Par and 24-Parganas; food industries in ganas are placed in the top or fourth level Murshidabad and Nadia; tobacco and jute of development. Nadia and 24-Parganas pressing in Murshidabad; transport equip have high values for blocks II, IV, V and ment in Nadia, Calcutta and 24-Parganas; VI. In III, Nadia is low while 24-Parga machinery and metal products in Nadia, nas is medium. Calcutta ha') high values Calcutta and 24-Parganas; electrical for all blocks except, naturally enohgh, in machinery and rubber in 24-Parganas and block II in which the value is nil. Calcutta Calcutta. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2.53 GANGA DELTA Class of town r- Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 55 6 16 14 19 15 1 3 Pprt 2 1 1 0, Artisan . S 2 1 2 2 Manufacturing 21 5 7 7 2 2 Trade and Commerce 10 2 3 5 3 1 Transport 1 1 Service 16- 5 2 9 8 Class I cities with their function: Port-caIcutta. Manufacturing-South Suburban, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Bhatpara, South Dum Dum. 2~54 2 Northern Plains 2~5 West Bengal formerly spill, channels of Damodar, have Plains 2~54 Damodar Delta. lost their head waters by silting or shifts of that river, while the Hooghly has The Division forms the tract between the probably been pushed to the East by the outer bank of the Damodar elbow and the detritus of the plateau streams' (Spate). Hooghly and is in the upper tracts a typi This is thus a region of silted and stagnant cal dead delta zone. 'Here the small, some bils, of Kana (blind), boja (choked) and 'mara (dead) nadis, which have been recently Natural increase is high in all thiee resuscittd by a: network of Damodar canals. districts. Immigration is high in Hooghly The dead and dying rivers have led to ex and Howrah but low in Midnapore. The tensive market gardening and potato grow proportion of young children 0-4 to ing in Hooghly and Howrah districts. 'In women 15-44 is moderately high in the South lowland Midnapore is only part Hooghly but modest in Howrah and ly geltaic, has saline soil with a prograding Midnapore. coastal plain marked by lines of old beach ridges, which give rise to linear settlement Hooghly and Howrah are placed in the patterns around Contai' (Spate). The west fourth or top level of development with ern half of Midnapore is a firm shelf con high values for blocks II, IV and V and taining the last surface outcrops of tlie soli<;l medium values for block III. Hooghly rocks of the Central Hills and Plateaus has medium value and Howrah high value a'nd contains red and skeletal soils. for block VI. Midnapore is placed in the second level of development, with high The chief and almost the only crop in values only for blocks II and IV, medium this DivisioJ? is rice. Hooghiy and Howrah values for blocks V and VI and low value grow jute. for block III. The Hood plains of Hooghly (1,841), Howrah (3,639) and Midnapore (826) are All the districts are connected by grid. more densely populated than those on the east bank of the Hooghly river, because of Tbe important organised industries are better drainage facilities and availability of textiles and transport equipment in Hoogh· water in this tract. ly and Howrab; chemicals in Hoogbly and Midnapore; basic metals and metal pro The urban ratio is high in Hooghly a'nd ducts in Howrah; foodstuffs in all three Howrah, but 'modest in Midnapore. districts; and wood industries in Midnapore. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2'54 DAMODAR DELTA Class of town r- Function of town Total I II III1 N-V IV V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 37 3 5 13 16 4 12 Agricultural . 5 1 4 3 Artisan 2 Manufacturing 19 2 3 10 4 4 Trade and Commerce Transport ., 1 .. Service 9 2 1 6 3 3, Class I cities with their function : Manufacturing--Howrab, Baly. Transport-Kharagpur. 163 R.G.I.-14. . , 98 2.6 Assam Valleys. Shillong Plateau. Large areas are covered Th~re are hyo separate valleys in Assam, with sal forest and with tall reed-jungle in both. Qart of t1!e great Northern Plains: the the swamps and ihils .of the immense flood Brahmaputra Valley and the Surma Valley. plain. In these swamps the one-horned Spate picturesqu~ly calls the Brahmaputra rhinoceros, elsewhere extinct, survives. Valley, 'the great ramp-valley, from Dhubri to its blind end and beyond Sadiya', extend 'Settlements are for the most part large ing over 400 miles, 'with a remarkably hamlets rather than villages, sites usually even breadth of about 60 miles, except on rises .or along levees. They are surroun where the Mikir and Rengma HiHs narrow ded by fruit trees (plantain, papaya, mang~, it sligQtly. Most of this great area jack-fruit) and bamboo. The multitudinous is formed of the detrital terraces of the uses of b~mboo are the most striking feature Brahmaputra and its numerous tributaries'. in the material culture.' (Spate) Alr~ady at the Di~a'ng-Dibong-Lohit con Rice and jute are the most important .fIuence, nearly 900 miles from the sea, crops. Oilseeds are also important. Hold tpe stream even in the dry season is ings are not large, usually about 5 acres broader than the Rhine or the Rhone, in of paddy plus small patches of vegetables, their lower courses. At high stage, after sug~rcane, areca and betel for sale as well snow-melt and in the rains, it is an as home consumption. The most important immense corridor of waters five miles and resource is tea, the overriding importance more wide, with a discharge at Goalpara of which is now threatened by the new one of over half a million cusecs. The channel of mineral oil. Forests and coal are other ,is of yourse br~ided and shifting on a scale major resources which have not yet been proportionate, a factor which hampers skilfully exploited. ste~mer nayigation (which extends for 800 mi1es tq Di1?rugarh) and compels settle The ste~p edge of the ShiIlong Plateau 'ment as a rule to lie well back, with in overlooking the Surma Valley i5 extremely some cases a dry weather extension to the straight and precipitous, rising over 5,000 ft. ~hore. The great floods are a chief factor in 10 or 12 miles; scoured by the highest in inhibiting the clearing of the waste. rainfall in the world it is naturaUy wildly Rainfall is high enough to obviate irriga dissected and covered with dense jungle. tion, flood being far more dangerous than drought, but there is something of a rain The predominant language of the shadow effect along the southern flanks Brahmaputra Valley is Assal!\ese and that of the valley, especially in the lee of the of Surma Valley Bengali. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 2' (j ASSA.M VA.LLEYS Class of town Function of town Total I II m IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 51 1 1 11 38 7 21 10 Agricultural 1 1 1 1 1 Artisan 4 1 3 1 Manufacturing 5 1 4 2 2 Trade and Commerce 19 3 16 2 10 4 Tran..qlort 6 2 3 3 4 S 2 S~~~ . l6 1 , . 4 11 2.61 2 Northem Plains 2.6 Assam Valleys Brahmaputra, the minor ones beiI1g the 2.61 Brahmaputra Valley. Jhansi, 'Dikhu, Disai add DiSang 'from the south, In l:.akhimJSur 'the tributaries ate This Valley, proceeding up the Brahma Subansiri, Dlh'a'ng 'lind ·Dibimg' fr6m the putra· ramp from South-west to North:'east North, Lohit 'frbm the' East "aDd Dibru: Buri consists of 6 districts: Goalpara, Kamrup, Dihing and Disang from the South. Darrang, Nowgong, Sibsagar and Lakhim pur. Goalpara, Kamrup, Sibsagar and Spate has observed' that 'Assam is now Lakhimpur are transversely dissected by India's lebensraum, the last frontier of the Brahmaputra but Darrang is almost settlement of any significance'. For the best wholly on its right bank and Nowgong on part of a century it has been East Bengal's its -left. lebensraum, a steady stream of landhu~gry colonisers having migrated from areas like Goalpara and Kamrup form the lower Rangpur, Mymensingh, Dacca, S}rlhet and Brahmaputra Valley bordered by the' Bhu Comilla to colonise the Brahmaputra ~fttp-s tan Hills in the North and Shillong Plateau and braided banks. The density is ''Still in the South. There are many small tribu modest, the lowe'st being '312, persons per taries both in the North and South. The sq. mile in Lakhimpur and the highest 550 northern tributaries are Manas, Champ'a in Nowgong. The proportion of members mati, Saralbhanga, Gadadhar, Gangadhar of scheduled tribes is lowest in SibS agar in Goalpara and Mara Manas, Pagladiya (6'36 per cent) and highest in Goalpara and Puthimari in Kamrup. The southern (14' 7); that of members of scheauled tributaries are Krislrnai and Dudhani in castes is low, too, the highest proportion Goalpara and Umtru, Kalang and Ka1si :in being reached in Nowgong (8'.4). Kamrup. The urban ratio is 'modest. There is Darrang is girdled by the Dafla Hills in reason to suspect that information ab6bt the North and Mikir Hills in the East. migration was tardily given in 'the Census Nowgong is a valley defined by the Kopili of 1961. Nevertheless, both natural reentrant girdled by the Mikir Hills in the increase and immigration are high in the east and Shillong Plateau in the South. Valley. The proportion of children 0-4 to Together they form an irregular eUipse women 15-44 is uniformly and extremely with the Brahmaputra passing through the high, suggesting a fresh burst of population middle. Darrang presents a number of increase in the current decade. northern tributaries, of which the chief is Dhansiri, 'to the great river: Kameng, Bar 'The chief Crops are rice, jute and oil nadi, Nanai, Bardi, Dhansiri etc. Now seeds. The land does not 'u'eed iirigation. gong contributes the course of the Kopili On tl'ie cdntrary the problem is td-keep and its tributaries Barapani and Umtru. out or drain superfluous water and rtUn. Sibsagar and Ukhimpur form the Upper Brahmaputra Valley. Sibsagar is girdled by' the N aga Hills in the Southeast and With' 'the exception of Lakhimpur which the Mikir Hills in the East, while Lakhim is' placed in'the fourth .or top level of pur is girdled by 'the Abor ,Hills in the development on account of its agriculture North, Mishmi Hills in the Northeast, _Pat and intlustries, Kamrup, Darrang and koi Hills in the Southeast and the 'Mikir Sibsagar are' 'placed in the 'third level of Hills in ·the Southwest. In Sibsagar ·Dhan achievement while Goalpara and Now siri is the main river and tributary to 'the gong are in the second with total scores 100 very close to one another's. For example, All districts except Kamrup have their Gqalpara and Nowgong have identical own electricity. Only Kamrup is connect toia! scores with medium values in blocks ed to grid. II, V and VI, high values in block IV and low in block Ill. Kamrup and Sibsagar The most important organised industry have higher and identical total scores, with ev,erywhere is food except in Goalpara high values for IV and medium values for where it is transport. Transport is im V and VI. Kamrup has high value for portant in all districts. Wood too is im II and low value for III while Sibsagar portant in the entire subdivision. Chemi has medium values for both. Darrang has cals and cotton and jute ginning and press a higher score than aU four and has high ing are important in Goalpara. Textiles value for IV and medium values for the and printing and publishing are impor- rest. tant in Kamrup. Machinery (tea machi- Lakhimpur stands out in development. nery) is undertaken in Darrang, Nowgong It has high values in III, IV and V and and Lakb.4npur. Lakhimpur enjoys the me Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3 CENfRAL HILLS AND PLATEAUS Class of town ,... Function of town Total I II lIf IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 80 355 133 190 32 Total 468 20 13 1 84 18 57 9 Agricultural 85 1 Port 1 1 6 61 18 40 3 Artisan 69 6 22 55 28 25 2 Manufactm:ing 93 10 6 17 6 9 Trade and ('"ommerce 24 2 2 5 15 10 5 Transport 23 1 .. 4 40 122 53 54 15 Service . 173 7 3.1 Rajasthan Hills and Plateaus. divided into 5 Divisions, mainly on ac count of the arrangement of their hill and The first Subregion is named Rajasthan drainage patterns. Hills and Plateaus and covers all the ~is 3.11 Aravallis and Uplands. tricts of Rajasthan not counted in the The first Division is the Aravallis Desert and Dry Areas plus Delhi ~d Gur which includes Jaipur, Tonk, Sawai gaon of Punjab. This Subregion is next Madhopur, Bharatpur, Alwar, Sikar, too Bhilwara, Ihunjhunu and Ajmer. All these 3.12 Delhi Ridges (Delhi) districts lie on the western ranges and out 3.13 Aravalli Outlier (Gurgaon) liers of the Aravallis from the southwest to the northeast. The districts in this Delhi and Gurgaon are at the northern Division can be arranged into two con most tip where the Aravalli exhausts it. venient subdivisions according to the self in the J amuna Plain. orientation of their drainage. 3.14 'Rajallthan Hills (Me\~ar, Bagar). This is the central mass of the very (a) Sikar-Jhunjhunu-Alwar-Bharatpur-Jai- ancient Aravalli Ranges and contains Udai pur. pur, Sirohi, Banswara and Dungarpur. It forms three subdivisions according to These districts together with Delhi and drainage patterns. Udaipur is drained in Gurgaon constitute the northern section two directions: (1) by the tributaries of or the outliers of the western and northern the Banas towards the northeast as the Aravalli ranges. The small rivers drain river proceeds to join the Chambal and in several directions. For instance, Kantli (2) in the South by the tributaries of the runs through Sikar and Jhunjhunu (Sekha Sabarmati which flows into the Gulf of wati domain) northward to peter out in Cambay. Sirohi is drained in two direc Rajgarh tehsil of Churu; the Sahibi travels tions: towards the southwest by another upward into Gurgaon and went into a Banas which gives Banaskantha of Gujarat phenominal flood in 1964; the Dhund Nadi its name before it flows into the Little and its tributaries drain J aipur to be re Rann of Kutch; towards the northwest by named Morel before it joins the Banas the tributaries like Sukri of the Luni which which thereafter joins the Chambal; the drains into the Great Rann. Dungarpur Banganga or Utangan runs through Alwar and Banswara are drained towards the to Bharatpur; the Gambhir travels through South: Dungarpur by the tributaries of Bharatpur. The small streams Rupnagar the Sabarmati and Banswara by the Mahi, and Saraswati emanate from Sambhar to both of which flow into the Gulf of Cam flow through Ajme:r and from the Luni bay. Udaipur and Dungarpur are called which ends in the Rann of Kutch. This is Mewar and Banswara Bagar. what the Jodhpur-Jaipur saddle of the Aravallis and the Damans do to the rivers. 3.15 East Rajasthan Hills. This Division contains Chitorgarh, (b) Bhilwara-Ajmer-Tonk-Sawai Madhopur. Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar. Chitorgarh is drained towards the northeast by 'This constitutes the Central section and Hagan, Gujri and Berach, tributaries interstices of the Aravalli ranges. The of the Banas; Bundi in the same Banas drains this subdivision (Bhilwara, direction by the tributaries of the Sawai Madhopur) and also part of Udai Chambal; Kota and Jhalawar in the pur and Chitorgarh, although the latter same direction again by the tributaries 'of two districts really belong to the Eastern the Chambal and the Kali Sindh and Par Aravallis or Mewar Hills. Udaipur is also bati, themselves -tributaries of the Cham drained by the Sabarmati and the Gomati bal. Jhalawar is drained (1) by the Kali in the south, Part of Ajmer in the west Sindh which traverses the diag6nal again is commanded by the Luni. The Mukandwara Hills through the Gagraun Banas forms the Tonk Basin before it Gap northeast of Jhalawar town and (2) joins the Chambal. by the Parwan in the east. The Chambal, 103 the Kali Sindh and the Parbati together This subregion thus covers the Rajas make the Kota Basin. than Aravallis. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3·1 RAJASTHAN HILLS AND PLATEAUS Class__ ofJ-- town ,.--- --. Function"of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI . ~ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 109 5 4 18 82 32 41 9 Agricultural 33 32 11 21 Artisan 14 1 12 3 7 2 Manufacturing 15 2 4 9 6 3 Trade and Commerce 7 2 5 1 2 2 Transport 5 3 2 Service 35 4 9 21 9 7 5 3.11 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.1 Alwar and Bhilwara, moderate in Tonk, Rajasthan Hills and Plateaus 3.11 Sikar and Jhunjhunu and high only in J aipur Aravallis and Uplands. and Ajmer. The rate of increase is low to moderate throughout the Division and so This is a great millet and gram tract, is migration, it being high only in Ajmer. the coarsest of the three millets-bajra But the ratio of children 0-4 to women claiming the greatest cultivated area in 15-44 is moderate to high in all districts Jaipur, Sikar and Jhunjhunu. Wheat and except Bhilwara suggesting that the growth barley are grown in the irrigated tracts of of population may accelerate in the cur all districts except Sikar and Jhunjhunu rent decade. The proportions of myplbers where the acreages are negligible. Gram of scheduled castes and tribes are low. is grown throughout. Except for Bhilwara The mother tongue is Rajasthani except and Ajmer which grow some cotton, no in the four northeastern districts of Tonk, other district grows it. Oilseeds are grown ' Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur and Alwar in Bharatpur and Alwar while Bhilwara where it is Hindi. and Ajmer grow sesamum. Bhilwara is placed in the lowest level of development, with high value only for IV The density of population is lowest (potential of human resources), medium (179) in Tonk despite its Basin. It is low values for II, III and VI and low value for also in Bhilwara (214), Sawai Madhopur V (distributive trade, manufacturing and (232) and Sikar (274) and high in the infrastructure). Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, plains districts a topographical explanation Sikar and Jhunjhunu are placed in the of which has already been attempted. The second level, the former two with total '\lrban ratio is low in Sawai Madhopur, scores of 127 and 126 respectively with 104 identical rankings in all the five blocks. Bharatpur and Bhilwara; textiles in Sikar, Sikar has low values in III and VI, Bhilwara, Ajmer and J aipur; cotton and medium value in V and high values in II fibre ginning and pressing in Tonk, Bhil and IV, while Jhunjhunu has medium wara and Ajmer; metals and basic metals values in III, V and VI and high values in Jaipur and Bharatpur; transport equip in II and IV. Bharatpur and Alwar are ment in Bharatpur, Ajmer and Sawai placed in the fourth and ,third levels with Madhopur; printing and publishing in medium values in V and VI, and high in Alwar, Sikar, Sawai Madhopur and II and IV, Bharatpur being medium and Ajmer. Alwar low in III. J aipur and Ajmer are placed in the top level, Ajmer being much This Division displays great diversity ahead even of Jaipur. Ajmer has high in the levels of development, from the values in II, IV, V and VI and medium in lowest through the highest level. Bhilwara III, whereas J aipur has high value in II, in the hilly tract is at one end. Tonk and IV and V and medium in III and VI. Sawai Madhopur which are a mixture of ranges and basins are in the second level . None of the districts except Sikar and with Sikar and Jhunjhunu. Alwar close to Jhunjhunu were connected to grid. In the J amuna alluvials is in the third level the organised sector food industries are while Bharatpur and industrialized Jaipur important in Alwar, Sawai Madhopur, and Ajmer are at the top. Analysis 0/ Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3 ·11 ARAVALLIS AND UPLANDS Class of town r------"------, Function oftown Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 61 2 3 13 43 20 20 3 Agricultural 24 1 23 10 13 Artisan . 8 1 6 3 2 1 Manufacturing 9 1 4 4 3 Trade and Commerce 2 2 Transport 4 2 Service 14 6 6 2 3 1 Class I cities with their function : Transport-Ajmer. SerYice-Jaipur. 3.i2 3 Centrai HiIIs and Plateaus 3.1 occupied by wheat. Delhi is now rich in Rajasthan Hills and Plateaus 3.12 market gardening. The principal language Dellii Ridges. is ~di. The density is 4,640 per sq. Delhi is at the meeting point between mile. the Delhi Doab in the north, Hariana in Higb. values, . as might be' expected, are the ~est, the Aravallis in the southwest exhibited in urban ratio and inmigration and the J amuna alluvials in thy south and and a slightly lower ranking in natural in has all the characteristics of the foui re crease. But ':in the proportion' of children gions in its several parts. It is thus sin 0-4· to women 15-44, -Delhi has a gularly blessed in the variety of its soils, medium value, which is possibly due to water regimes and locally 'br~d pea&ant the high inmigration ratio even of women communities apart from the complexities of working age. bestowed iOn it by the facf of iis having become the Union Capital. Down the Delhi has about the highest score (173) corridors of til;ne it)~las had radial 'com in India for the aggregate of all blocks, munications with all parts of India. Any values being high for all blocks except III one who held Delhi held in fee th~~ioMes (participation rates in traditional sector) to the northwest, the great Ganga Plains where it is medium· t@- the southeast, to the West, and--to the' In organised industry, textiles, and as strategic sea coast of Cambay through sociated chemicals hold the pride of place, Malwa in the :south-w€;st. This explains followed by machinery, transport equip why no Government felt really secure and ment, printing and publishing and metal supreme until .it was established in Delhi·. products. Delhi generates its OWn electri city and is connected to grid. Smce the Partition and Independence, Delhi has rapidly grown' to be the most Analysis of City by predominant/unction important centre in continental India for· and size class Gov:ernment activity, transport, communi-_ 3'12 DELHI'RIDGES cation, banking, warehousing, clearance of. goods and, chi'efest of an, concentration of' , Class of town talent. It has acquired a truly mixed- al}d r---..A..~ Function of town Total I cosmopolitan population. D~lhi is also: rapidly shedding its character -as the seat 1 ~ 3 of Government dominated by offi~ial and' Total 1 1 burea_ucratic values and acclluring for- its Service 1 citizens the priceless gift of anbnymity. Class I cities with their function: With each 'year that passes Delhi becomes Service-Delhi. a better place to live in and -for folloMrlg one's pursuit and to cultivate the company 3.13 3 ,Central Hills and Plateaus .3.1 of one's own choice. Rajasthan Hills and Plateaus 3.13 Aravalli. Outlier. The chief crop is gram. followef} by'wheat and some way behind by:the two"northern Gurgaon, south-west of Dl?lhi, ,sbat:e millets. Thus while it betrays',the predo Delhi's prlv¥eges in location, both,: ·in. minance of the Aiavalli - tharaaeristics·~ iii agricu}ture and industry. Urban. ~cilonJes its crop pattern, the: inHlience" 01 the Delhi' are developing in Gurgaon almi>st as, Doab {the West Jaint4l'a: Can'al) -is' re rapiClly as in Delhi, while arotind Gurgaon flected in the second and important place and Faridapad whole industrial complexes 163 R.C.I.-1S. tab have sprung itlto existence. Gurgaon has II. IV and V, mediu.iJl in block \{I apd proportioIIate1y 1ess wheat than trelhi and lOW ~n 'in. conforms J,ilore .t6 ·the Ar~va1li 'crop pat It is connected to grid. In organised ter~. Th~re i~ milch m1irKet ~a'lld~niDg. industry, machinery a'rid. electrical equip •The principal language is Hindi. . The ment rule supreme, followed by metal )· ;r1~nsj~y js .4fgh (.5,t,81 ~1;he ...E~~poni~n of products: Qon-metallic mineral products, merhoers or scheduled castes is meQium. "lU.':;;-' . • cotton textiles, leather and leather products. . t_he ~f.bf!n ratio in Gurgaon IS stJll Delhi and GU\:gqon are developing !ncr9iEIP J~,ut !pe ~~t.es of natural increase, "'f '-II!} r r'<,j, (." " .. I.. ~o!?~ ~Y,leJit~t:ity .,0]1 a~co.unt of tile d~i- ,inIl}igtatign liDd rati9 of children .o~4 to .' pf wotp~}} \~'j44 afe .high. -~\~~. ·~1i. .!~ ~.:p..~~'~~,i: -I1!?:ilti2~ hea~ :~~~~~9rm,g ,wct~~~~~e.s IP P~J~1. Gu~ga~~ Gurgaon is placed in the fourth level of ct ~a7 . t~!:.eJ~re !,eN'l -XefJ . raJ>Ip l gro\,Vtll 10 development with high values""in blocks the current, decaae. '>~ ';'f\ .. tt 0 '.:;:a AlialYSis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes ,3 -13 ARA VALLI QU:rUJ3,R Class of town r------~ -=-.A.. ,---- "'"\ .Function of town Total II III Iy.:.:..yt IV V VI 2. 3 4 5 6 8 1 lotal 13 1 3 9 1 4 4 Agricultllral . 3 3 1 2 Arti..an.. 'l- 2 1 Manufacturi ng Trade and COffi{Ilerce 4 2 2 Service 3 2 2 3.14 3 Ce~~~l Hills and .l?!~(e~qs 3"11 districts. Sesamum is grown in all dis Rajasthan Hills and Plateaus 3.14 trict~' except.! Udaipur, and cotton has re 'Rajasthan Hills (Mewar, Bagar). j cently made its lThlfk in BiUlswara. This Division consists of a group of 4 ';fpc pril1yipal )anguage in Udaipur and distribs: Udaipur, Sirohi. Banswara and Sirp)1i js .R.a.jasthani 'aI\d in -Banswara and Dungarpur. DUJ1&.ltrPllf ·llhili. Th~ tribal population is ~igp. jn aU jour districts, .being, again. This is a c_o~mpact m~iz~ tt;act e~,tcI}d~d very' .high in Banswara and Dungarpur. in tne souih l;y Jhabtui. ~Siroi:li arone l1as As one might expect, the ur.ban ratio is thef'i'nferiof millet 'bajfa a~d \ a lo:v pop~la very low in Banswara and D~n~arpur, tion density (176) but the three reinalbing low -in ,U_daipur .ana medium in Sirohi. districts have bar}ey, ~~el\t and gram. .. '\ II \. t l-r .. 1 Na.tJ,Jtal increase is medium in Udaipur Rice -IS ",rown in annreci:;l.ble quantities m c '1" fiJ 1";,r.A)1,' tl ..... Vl$ .. 1 ;-r- and, .6!rppi ,Qut }Ugh in Banswara and the deptession( or B~nswara ap4 o..~p.~ar- Dupgarpur . nt~ proportion of children pur, -wnere siPnificantlv enough, pon,)ula~on .. t')· .. 'f.,.r: ~ t· ( i J l' ·... f, .)JJ 0-4 k> jVQ!lleu 1-$-44 ris medium in Udai den~_i}y is 1i,IgIi~J Jparl.in tbe two other pur Rnd $irQhi but high in Banswara and IO'/! D11!tgarp'ur.J SRolliJihas-~ seetf t n1u~h J lIF'. 3.15 ;'.} i'~latl~Iiills'<. aita>! ptn~~ng'" 3~1 migration compared to Udaipur, Banswa'tfJ· .mtji{Mban>'fliU!lCl.-Md-'~ Phrle!tits' 3~'lS'l and Dungarpbt where the value: ofim-: Easti' RaIlI§fIilbf lHill~.J, migration is' 10m This'l'Divisiijil'lagltin"cdMist's~0f-'J4~ diSi-'" Sawrf mills"aro.- impbrtant~'in;.S1rohil!and·1' trief-ii,. (Jii'ithrgaNP,\ Koflli BliNdir'at'td £Jlfunt..l Banswara. Fooo., ·indbstries.;, are.t impdJ:tantn waW:TlfeI l!!astl':"demery' pot'tilat~d-!dBWiC{s l in Udaipur alone: Cotton and jute gin are picturesque Bundi (156) and im ning and pressing are important in Udai pressive Kota (176) but Bundi i~, gtowing pur and 'Banswara, textI1~s in 'lM~rpui, rapidW ahd\'kota wTIt \'6w see rapid'Indus which has also a large locomotive work trial expansion, Chitorgarh has low shop and garages. Printing and pbbliSl\irttt" dMsitt\ (1 &'41 mainly on account of its are growing in Udaipur and Banswara. gaunt ridges, the fort being even more All districts- geaet=ate- theif'-own~'pewe1'-.· evocative . and Gibraltar-like than Gwalior and exqnHi~ in its fdrlcti~ttffli~' layout. This Division exhibits varying degrees Ihalawar is the densest (208) district.' of development. Bans\Vara is at the lowt!st level of development with high value only Chitorgarh and Kota constitute a w,hept for" block ~, medium. values~ for II, III tract follo'Wed by jowa; and grain whll~ aml VI and low for V.,. Udaip\lr and Dun ~~mdi and Ihalawar make a jowa,. tra(lt~ garpur are in the second level with identi followed by wheat and gram, The Divi cal Yankings in each gtbup except block'V', sion thus makes a "transverse cross geo~' wh~~e Udaipur has medium and Dung~r graphicall)(. Chitorgarh grows cQtton. and· pur low value and the total score of Udai gi-oundnut and Kota and Bundi linseed, pur'is higher than that of" Durgapur, Sirohi is placed in the third level mainly The urban ratio is moderately high owing to its high values in II, IV and VI, only in Kota aIiti'iBUWdi't beih~ 'mMttifrt''in medium value in V and low in III, This Chitorgarh and Ihalawar, The rate of district· Lis- allllinS'tahce!4>f factel~tlatidt1 U of H natural increase is moderateliO:''BW'tli;r-ancf.' development through indusfiliaFlld68tityt1ftt~.1 Ihalawar but moderately high in Chitor ga~q an~ Kota. Inmigrat.ion is mgderately hig)); in a\1 Hlonr di~{ricts, and~ so is. the Analysis o!J:::ities, Town...(Jroups ilnd.Towns~ of .chOdren to women by predominant function-and size. classes.· propo~tipn 0-4' 15-~4 in ~K~ta~ Tne hitter is high in BU'ndf.l'and 3 ~N-RMkS'FHAN£Irn.S (MeW1\R1BA~R")h mQderate.in- Chltorgarh' and Jhala'War. cra'ss 'oft~Wrl ...tt I • ,_...._.._~__,_..=~, C'll,itorgath" anB' Iln\lawar' are" plifce'd Function of town To.taJ. J IV-V IV' V in' 'tHe~ 'sec'ontl' Idet,1 of devetopn'lenY:' 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ch[t6r~~lf:has high 'valtt'e otily 'in ~br6c1c W, ( 10'\\Y'vtilt're in' brdck 'V' aha' niedfum' ToM 15- r 1 14 6 8 values iIi'1he res('whnt! 1h~:taWllt hl1sn® Agricul ttltal 2' ,. 2 2 valbeS'in"Il~and'1V, ~ m~ai'Utn valueS: hl"iti! Artisan 2 2 2 VOan'd "VI! ~«ndi is''ptlib~d :iriJ tM th1ill" Manufacturing!). 2 2 1 Ie~ wbfiet ICOb 'lit f6uttl{~ lever' with Trade. antI- COmmerce 1 identi.chl "Va:IueS"; hfghl'inL It;' IV 'and'~i'::and metfi'timJiin nr"'and iV. 'Kota >land Jri~iii'war Transport ~ • 1 1 1 .. Service ' 7 1 6 4 2 are:'com\t'Ctbd' 't6 grid"'''b~t-'dirrorga'ffll'and ,". s 1'. ,.,It • .. t Bondi ge'l'l'e'ttltetl thelt"'oWi!' electricity irt C1ass.l cities with- thir function: Servlct-u-U lIalp t';" . t9~:J roB· In organised industry,. cotton ginp4lg 1.8 hi!Wyst ,ratios for electripity and organised important in Chitorgarh ~d Jl!alawar; lab.9l!r. food in all districts, transport, ill .Kota ::I'his. :DMsion, 100, has a fair range of and Bundi; non-metallic minerals in development and conforms 10 the general Bun~li and Chitdrgarp.; tobacco' in ChitoJr pattern of Rajasthan in which there are garh .and· Jhalawar; and wood industries pronounced' sigils. 'Of breaK-through' being in Chitorgarh and Bundi. Bundi has the effected by: individual districts. I Analysis of 'Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predpminan't furzction and size classes 3 ·15 EA$T RAJASTHAN HILLS r------,...... Class __...<-..:------of town ----, .Function of town Total .1 III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 ~ ,Total 19 1 2. 16 5 9 2 Agricultural 4 4 4 Artisan 2 2, 2 Manufacturing 3 3 t - Service ~ 10 1 2 7 3 2 2 Class I cities with their function: . Scnice-Kota. ' 3.2 -Bundelkhand. calls the sl;J.e~r cliff of Gwalior Fort a stran,ded ~ibra1tat:. This 'Subregion lies 10 the northeast of I have included in this subregion as its the previous one and embraces the .Wild second 'rnvision (3'.22) the Trans J amuna draiflage b!l,sin of the Cha,mbal which Alluvial Veneer and the Jamumi badlands, emerges fro~ the eastern Aravalli~ to fall the jagg~d st:arp lands of the extremities into the' J $luna. I have called the first of Bundelkhand gneiss. I have classified Diyision, o~ this. subregion (3 '21) .the Tik.amgarh. and Chhatarpur as the tlUrd Ch:(lmbal Ravines which cover the districts Division' (3. 23) of' this subregion for the of MQrena, Bhind, Gwalior and· Datia. • 1. same reason. B4ind, ~orena and western .Gwaiioi. are drained py tIle Chambal and its ,tFibl,ltarie.s. The second Division. (3.22) Trans Sa9il1g!lrh of., Morena,- f{)r example,. ja Jamuna Alluvial V~!1eer~· part of Bundel dramed by $e .Kunwari which falls into· kh~nd, a. ,cultural arul historic tract, is Cli~mba1. Eastern Gwali0r and Datia are fonned by the northern extremities of the drflined .by the Sind and ·its tributaries Vindhya Ranges. It copsists of Jhansi, likp .Besuli er .y ,\~¥i. . The Sind falls into J alaun, ?,ami~pur and Banda aU belong the J amuna just')b#;ow. the ChambaL This ing" 't~ Uttar .Prade'sh. All drain. towar-d SuJ?region . thus constitutes -a highly dis the northeast into the Jamuna. Jilansi is §ected ~eissic terrain. Spate picturesq~ely. <;trained b~ the Betwa 'o~ a~tr.abati, J alaull 10C) by a distributary of the Betwa, Hamirpur the archaeological remains in Jhansi, by the Dhasan and Birwa which join the Tikamgarh and Chhatarpur, particularly Betwa before it falls into J amuna; Banda the impressive complexes at Khajuraho by the Ken which falls into the J amuna. (Chhatarpur), Sanchi and Vidisha The drainage in this second division is also (V,idisha) bear evidence that this flank from south-west to north-east. was once carefully nurtured. It is well within the bounds of feasibility that the The third Division is really part of the great Asoka Pillar at Sanchi was shipped second, even as the second is a part .of up the J amuna and Betwa from Chunar the first, except for political division into by boats and rafts. In the north except Uttar and Madhya Pradesh. It consists in the larger alluvial plains, villages nestle of Tikamgarh and Chhatarpur. Tikam at the foot of scarps, at gaps, grouped garh is drained by the upper reaches of around forts on little isolated hills. On the Dhasan and its tributaries like J amni the more homogeneous lavas, human settle while Chhatarpur is drained by the Ken. ments and topographical rises alternate The three Divisions thus make the sub in an intricate pattern. Kans grass region of Bundelkhand, the reasons for is widespread. There is much rough whose historic, physical and geographical grazing, not only by local cattle but homogeneity may now be clear. Bundel by animal migration from l~ajasthan. khand constitutes the wild eastern flank Villages are small, stoutly built, often of of the great Malwa passageway from the stone. The outer walls are blind and door northern plains to the Deccan and ultimately to the seaboard at Carnbay. But ways massive and low for fortification. 4. '1Ollysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and siu classes 3·2 BUNDELKHAND Class of town .------..--~-----"'-~---.-~-~ Function of town Total I III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 Total 41 2 28 11 14 3 Agricultural 8 8 5 3 Artisan Ii 3 5 1 4 Manufacturing • 5_ 4 3 1 Trade and Commerce 3 1 2 2 Transport 1 1 1 Service • 16 .1 ,7 8 7 1 . 3.21 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.2 of them are badly scarred and gullied by Bundelkhand 3.21 Chambal Ravines erosion. Besides, this tract has been tra (North Western Madhya Pradesh). ditienally the area of flanking depreda tiop;; on the great.Del1ti-~wa highway: This Division consists of four districts: bandits had their hideouts in the ravines Morenal Bhind, Gwalior and Datia. All and perpetrated their robberies in that harsh and inhospitable territory. Chambal three districts and high in Morena. The irrigation is going to bring about much DivisIon, therefore, presents' a picture of change. The chief crop in Morena and fair population increase. Bhind is gram, followed by wheat and millets. This is the Rajasthan paftern and M6rena and Bhind may, in some In the matter of development Morena. ways, be regarded as an extension of it. Bhind and Datia are placed in the second Bhind grows oilse~ds. Gwalior and Datia level mainly on account of their strength make a wheat tract, in which wheat is in II (agricw-tural infrastructure) and IV followed by gram and jawar. Gwalior (potential of human resources). Morena and' alone grows some rice. Population density Da:tia have medium values in III, while is lowest in Morena (174), low in D'atia Bhind has low value. In V, Morena, (255) and moderate 'in Gwalior (326) Bhind and Datia nave medium values. In VI, Morena and Bhind have medium and Bhind (373). ~hind is high 'because it is at the edge Df the Lavas in the south values and Datia low value. west, the J amuna badlands in the south east and in the alluvial Jamuna tracts Organised industry 'is. highest in Gwalior southeast of Agra and southwest of which is placed .in the top level of develop Etawah. The. principal language is Hindi. ment. Gwalior has high values in II, IV The proportion of scheduled tribes is low and V and medium values in III and VI. but that of members of scheduled castes is around one-fifth 'of the total population. Tne principal' industries are non-metaIli"c mineral products in Morena and Gwalior; The urban ratio is moderate in Morena food 'industries in all districts; chemicals and Bhind. moderately high in Datia ::md in Morena and Datia; textiles, machinery high in Gwalior. Natural increase is and printing and publishing in Gwalior. moderately high in all districts except Bhind. Inmigration is moderately high in Morena and Bhind and high in Gwalior This Division, therefore, presents a good and Datia. The proportion of children range at development with Gwalior form 0-4 to women 15-44.is moderately high in ing the nodal point. Analysis of Cities, .Town Groups and Towns b~.predominant function and size classeS: 3'21 CHAMBAL RAVINES (NORTH WESTERN MADHYA PRADESH) Class of town ,- ---~---~------~ Function of town Total I III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 15 1 3 11 3 5 3 Agricultural 7 7 4 3 ArtislID 2 1 1 Manufacturing 3 1 2 2 Trade and Commerce 2 Service • 1 I .. ... C1a~s I cities.with their function: Manufacturins-Gwalior :itt 3.22 3 Gentral Hi.lls ,and ~lllt~s ,3.2 placed in the second level with low values BlJndelImand 3.22 Trans .Jmv.nna in III and VI but compensating high Alluvial Veneer. values in II and IV' and medium for V. Jhansi is placed in the third level with high This Division consists of the edges of value" in II and IV but medium values in the Vindhyan Lavas, the Jamuna badlands 111, V and VI. Jhansi and Banda generate and the Trans Jamuna Alluvial Veneer. It their own electricity but Jalaun and comprises of 4 districts all in Uttar Pradesh: Hamirpur are connected to grid. Jhansi, J ala un, Hamirpur and Banda. All are drai.ned by rivers flowing from the Vindhya Hills and Plateaus into the In organised industry, transport and J amuna. Agriculturally, the division is of machinery .are important in Jhansi and a piece with the rest of Bundelkhand inas Hamirpur; paper and paper products in much as the chief crops are gram and Jalaun (the paper mill is the only indus jowar and the other inferior millets bajra try); textiles in Hamirpur; non-metallic and tur. But the Uttar Pradesh strain is minerals in Banda and Jhansi; food indus q~ite strong, too, wheat being the second tries in Ban~a. most important crop, running close to &ram. Rice is _grown only iJl Banda which Thus, this Division, too, has a wide is more alluvial than sCjupland. J alaun alone grows appreciable quantities of oil range of development and is breaking seeds. through the limitations imposed by nature. Population density is lowest in Jhansi Ana.lysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns (274), low in Hamirpur (286) and high by pf£dominant function and size classes in Banda (308) and Jalaun (374). :the proportion of members of schedul~d 3·22 TRANS JAMUNA ALLUVIAL VENEER castes is about a quarter of the total popUlation. Hindi is the principal language. Class of town Fup fI.!ln;J.irpur and Banda ~e p}?ced in tl;le Transport 1 1 1 lowest level of development with identical Servi~e 12 4 7 7 rank~ in II ;md IY (hi$h); YI (m.edi,um) and V (low). In III, Hamirpur has ,a low Class I cities with theh- function: and Banda ,a medium ,rank. J~auq ;s Service--Jhansi .. ',' 3.~3 3 Cenlrat HiIis and Plateaus 3.2 Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by Bundelkhand 3.23 North Central predominant function and size classes Madhya Pradesh. 3'23 NORTH CENTRAL MADHYA PRADESH This Division consists of two districts Class of town Function r- ...... Tikamgarh and Chhatarpur-both in of town Total III IV-V IV V Madhya Pradesh. They have been sepa 1 2 3 4 5 6 rated from the Trans J amuna Alluvial Total 6 2 4 1 3 Veneer Division for two not very convinc Artisan ing reasons : (a) they are more embedded Manufacturing 2 2 1 in the J amuna badlands and have less of Service 3 2 the alluvial veneer and (b) politically they belong ,to Madhya Pradesh. This however The Bundelkband subregion is thus gives a slightly different crop pattern: largely homogeneous with the majority of Jowar, wheat, rice and barley in Tikam districts in the second level of develop garh; wheat, jowar, gram and barley in ment. Hamirpur and Banda alone are at the lowest level, while Jhansi is in the Chhatarpur. Sesamum is grown in both. third and Gwalior in the top. Population density is low: 176 in Chhatar 3.3 Malwa. pur and 232 in Tikamgarh. Although, the proportion of scheduled tribes is low, The third subregion of Malwa lies east of the Eastern Aravallis from which it is that of scheduled castes is fair-about a marked off by a great boundary fault, :fifth of the totai popUlation. Hindi is advantage of which has been taken to site almost the only language. th~ Gandhi Sagar of the Chambal Dam. I have qrought within the name of Malwa The urban ratio is low in Tikamgarh the historic passageway between the but moderate in Chhatarpur. Natural Jamuna-Chambal Doab in the Northeast increase is moderately high . in both but and the Gulf of Cambay in the south inmigration is moderate. The proportion west and ~nade it consist of two Divisions (1) the North Malwa Uplands and (2) of children 0-4 to women 15-44 however the Malwa Plateau proper, consisting of is high suggesting acceleration of popula the outlying northern slopes of the Deccan tion increase in the current decade. Lava proper of the Vindhya Hills range!:!. Both distrYcts are placed in the second The- first Division (3.31) consists of level of development mainly by virtue of Guna and Shivpuri, the long slope of th((ir high ranks in blocks II and IV and Deccan Lavas in the Chambal basin of medium rank in III. Ranking is low and which the river Sind (passing through Guna and Shivpuri) forms the eastern medium in V and VI for Tikamgarh and flank. Shivpuri itself is traversed by the Chhatarpur respectively. Both districts Parbati which has been dammed up in generate' their own electricity. There is no two places, Kaketa Dam and Harsi Dam. registered factory in Tikamgarh and the The Parbati later joins Sind. Guna is drained by Parbati in the west and Sind sole registered factory in Chbatarpur in the east. T,he second Division, Malwa manufactures beverages. Plateau (3.32) consists of 9 districts 113 (Rajgarh, Mandsaur, Shajapur, Ratlam, tributaries of the Kali Sindh which takes Ujjain, Dewas, Indore, Jhabua and Dhar) its tribute to Chambal. Dhar is drained which are in the Vindhyan Hills proJ?er. in the South by Man and Karam which fall into the Narmada. Indore is drained in the north by the Gambhir a tributary Jhabua and Dhar are drained in a north of Charobal and in the south by Chorara westerly direction by the tributaries of the which falls into Narmada. Mahi which bends backward double to fall into the Gulf of Cambay. Mandsaur is drained by the Chambal. Ratlam, Indore, Thus, for reasons of slope and drainage Dewas, Ujjain and Shajapur are drained as well as for other obvious physical, by streams like Malini, Chameli, Sipra, historic and cultural characteristics, I Chhoti Kali Sindh, tributaries of the have included the entire tract of 11 dis Chambal, which flow north to the Gandhi tricts in Malwa, although I have placed Sagar. Rajgarh is drained by small them in two Divisions, the northern con streams like Uri and Wagh which sisting of the tract of Lava slopes and the flow into Narmada and also by the rest the main mass of Vindbyan Hills. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size clasJe6 3'3 MALWA ,--______~ Class__.A.. of town ______~ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11'1 Total . 65 2 1 8 54 16 31 7 Agricultural 19 19 2 12 5 .. :.. Artisan 8 8 1 7 Manufacturing 8 2 3 2 1 Trade and Commerce 1 Transport 2 1 Service 27 5 22 10 10 2 3.31 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.3 pattern (wheat being predominant fol Malwa 3.31 North Malwa Uplands. lowed by jowar and gram), their low population density, appreciable propor tion of scheduled tribes and other demo This Division comprising two districts graphic characteristics. The principal Shivpuri and Guna-both of which have language is Hindi. Only Shivpuri grows almost identical population densities (142 some sesamum. and 141) forms the northern edge of the Malwa subregion, clinging to the north west of ·Bundelkhand. But they are dis Urban ratio, natural increase and in tinguished and for this reason separated migration are moderate in Shivpuri and from Bundelkhand by their distinctive crop moderately high in Guna. The proportion 163 R.G~.-lb. II4 at children 0-4 to women 15-44 is ubiquity of cotton reinforced in certain I;e,derately high in Shivpuri and high in places by groundnut. Except for the south Guna.· western corner of Jhabua, Indore and Dhar (Jhabua grows maize, being an extenSIOn of the Central Aravalli Division, while Both districts are placed in the second level of development with identical rank Indore and Dhar grow wheat). jowar is ings in all blocks: high in II and IV, the main crop in this Division, followed closely behind by wheat and a long way 'P.e~um in III, V and VI. In the organised behind by gram. Maize is also grown .in src~or food industries are important In patches. The only area which grows any qoth. Chemicals are important in Shivpuri, rice is Jhabua in the damp valleys. while ~ransport is important in both. Shiv puH produces machinery while Guna has The Division is favoured with a gener cotton ginning and pressing. Both districts ally low population density (minimum 172 generate their own electricity. in Dewas and maximum 282 in Ujjain) except in Indore alone where it is mod~r This Division is thus homogeneous. ately high (550). Jhabua has a very high Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by proportion of members of scheduled tribes predominant function and size classes (Bhili is the principal language) , and Dhar, too, claims a high ratio (51). 3'31 NORTH MALWA UPLANDS Scheduled caste ratios are high in Ujjain Class of town (23'5), Shajapur (22'7), Rajgarh (18'9) Function r-- A------:"I and Dewas (18). Except for Jhabua of town Total III IV-V IV " (Bhili) and Ujjain (Rajasthani), the principal language is Hindi, although no" 2 3 4 5 G where except in Rajgarh and Shajapur does Hindi enjoy a ratio exceeding 67 per cent. Total 9 2 7 1 6 Agricultural 2 2 :z: The urban ratio is high in Mandsaur, Artisan 3 3 3 Ratlam, Ujjain and Indore, moderately , high only in Dewas and moderate in the i Manufacturing 2 rest. Natural increase and inmigration Trade and appear to be complementary in several Commerce districts but evenly high only in Dewlls, Sen"ice Ratlam and' Indore. Inmigration is low in 3.32 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.3 Malwa Jhabua and moderate in Dhar and Rajgarh. 3.32 ~alwa Plateau. The proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 is high in Ratlam, Dewas, Jhabua Nine districts have been included in this and Indore suggesting acceleration of Division: Rajgarh, Mandsaur, Shajapur, population increase, but only moderately Ratlam, Ujjairt, Dewas, Indore, Jhubua high in the remaining districts. anq Dhar. In levels of development they fall into four groups: Lowest, Jhabua; In ranking, Jhabua is placed in the Second level, Rajgarh, Shajapur and Dhar; lowest level with high value only in IV, Third level, Mandsaur and Dewas; Top medium in II, III and VI and low in V. l~vel, Ratlam, Ujjain and Indore. Rajgarh, Shajapur and Dhar have very close scores in the second level having high The richness of agriculture in Malwa values in IV, medium in III, V and VI. In IS il\ustratell by the range of crops ana the II, Rajgarh and Dhar have mediulll values I IIS and Shajapur high. Maoosaur and Dewas :md Jhabua. Cotton ginning and pressitlg are placed in the third level with identical is either the principal or an important orga total scores and values in all blocks ex nised industry in all districts. Textiles is cept that in II Mandsaur has a high value important in Mandsaur, Ratlam, Ujjain, and Dewas a medium one. Ratlam, Ujjain Dewas, Indore; food indu<3tries in Mands&Jlf and In\lore are placed in the top level: of Ratlam, Ujjain, Dewas and Indore; machi them again, Ratlam and Ujjain have identi nery in Mandsaur, Dewas and Indore; cal ranks in all blocks but Indore is ahead metal products in Indore; paper and pap,er of them, having high values in all blocks products in Ratlam; electric,ity generation. except medium for III. in Mandsaur, Shajapur, Jhabua and Dhar,; t0bacco in Ratlam and Dewas. All districts except Rajgarh and Jhabua are (:onnected by grid. In addition Indore This Division is thus fairly heterogeneous generates its own electricity as do Rajgarh in levels of development. Analysis of Cities, Town [Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3'32 MALWA PLATEAU ,._-- Class of town Function of town Total I n HI IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 56 2 1 6 47 15 25 7 Agricultural 17 17 2 to 5 Artisan 5 5 4 Manufacturing 6 2 2 2 2 Transport 2 1 Service 26 4 22 10 10 2 Class I cities with their function : Manufacturing-Ujjain, Indore. 3.4 "'intlhya Ranges and Plateaus. (Bhopal) and Sagar are drained mainly by I have separated Vindhya Ranges and the Betwa and the Dhasan and their small Plateaus from Malwa which also are part tributaries before they join into the J amuna <)f the Vindhya system. The districts in this in the n:)ltheast. Sehore is drained by fourth subre~ion fall into three Divisions. Parbati in the west and Betwa in the east. Vidisha is drained by Betwa. Sagar is 3.41 Vindhyas. drained by the Dhasan in the west and the The first (3.41), formed of 5 districts. Bewas in the ea:t. Darnoh is drained by forms the ,heart of Madhya Pradesh: the Ken which falls into the J amuna in Vidisha, Raisen, Sehore, Sagar and Damoh. Banda district (Uttar Pradesh). These dis l)amoh is bound~d in the southeast by the tricts form the main easterly mass of the Bhanrer Range. Vidisha, Raisen, Sehore Vindhya Hills and Plateaus, II6 3.42 Rewa Plateau: Vindhyan Scarp Lands. 3.43 Kaimur (Vindhyachal). The third Division consisting of Mirza The second Division is composed of the pur (Uttar Pradesh) is more a political Virtdliyan Scarp Lands and Vindhya Rocks Division and should properly belong to the to form the Rewa Plateau. It consists of second or Rewa Plateau or Vindhvan the districts of Panna, Satna and Hewa. Scarp Lands. It is commonly known as This Division, therefore, logically lies to the Vindhyachal. But it ha3 also its separate northeast of the first and contains the drainage identity. because northern Mirza northeastern extremity of the Bhanrer pur drains northwestwards through the Range, the Panna Hills and the Kaimur Tons into the Ganga, while Southern Hills. Panna is drained by the Ken, Satna Mirzapur is drained transversely from west by the Tons or Tamasa of which Satna is to east by the Son and its tributarietl, a tributary and Rewa by the Delan which mainly the Rihand and Kanhar which joins the Tons. There is some tank irnga now from the southnorthward to join tion, but valleys are often dammed up and the Son. There is another river Karmanasa sowing is done in the moist wil after the at the eastern corner of Mirzapur which rains. Much of the alluvium is a fertile travels through Chunar into the Ganga black loamy soil well adapted to wheat. near Buxar (Shahabad). Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3'4 VINDHYA RANGES AND PLATEAUS Class of town r- -. Function of town Total III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total 33 3 6 24 9 15 Agricultural Artisan 15 13 6 7 Manufacturing 5 2 2 Trade and Commerce 2 Transport Service 9 8 2 6 3.41 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.4 The main crop is wheat followed a Vindhya Ranges and Plateaus 3.41 long way behind by jowar and gram or Vindhyas. gram and jowar. Only Darnoh grows appreciable quantities of rice. Damoh alone This Division consists of 5 distrlcts grows sesamUID. Vidisha, Raisen, Sehore, Sagar and Darnoh -·:md forms the heartland of \ttadhya Population density is generally low. Pladesh. b~ing lowest in Raisen (126) and highest 117 in Sehor;: (209). The proportion of tribal 3.42 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.4 population i.,; as much as 14 per cent in Vindhya Ranges and Plateaus 3.42 Raisen. That of scheduled castes is never Rewa Plateau: Vindhyan Scarp below 15 per cent being as high as 20·9 in Lands. Vidisha. Hindi is the principal language of the Division. Although historically Panna was reckon ed in Bundelkhand and Rewa in Baghcl The urban ratio is low in Raisen, moder khand, yet the line of the Ken river in the ately high in Vidisha and Damoh, and high west, the northern ridges of the Bhanrer in Sehore and Sagar. Natural increase and Hills in the south, the Panna Hills in the inmigration go hand in hand and are north and the Kaimur Hills in the south moderately high in Vidisha, Sagar and east gives this tract of Rewa Plateau and Damoh, and high in Raisen and Sehore. The Vindhyan Scarp Lands a homogeneity which proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 \t does not sharc either with the rest of is moderately high in Vidisha and Sehore \-\ hat has been circumscribed as Bundel a·nd high in Raisen, Sagar and Damoh. khand in the west or of what has been cir Damoh is placed in the second level of cumscribed as Baghelkhand in the east. development with high values in II and IV. The heart of this Division is drained by the low in III and V and medium in Vl; Tons and its tributaries. The Tons flows Vidisha, RaiseD and Sagar form a fairly northeast and falls into the Ganga about homogeneous block in the third level with 20 miles southeast of Allahabad. It is the high values in II and IV, medium values valley of the Tons that gives rice its pre· in III, V and VI. except for low for Sagar eminence in Panna and Rewa and a second in III. Sehore is placed in the top level of place in Satna and wheat an honoured development with high values in 11, IV and place in the whole tract with a first place V and medium in III and VI. in Satna. Gram is common to· all districts; All districts are connected by grid ex jowar is raised in Panna and Satna. c~pt Sagar which generates its own electri Oilseeds are grown in all three districts. city. Use of industrial electricity and the The crop pattern thus lends further dis proportion of workers in organised industry tinction to this tract which already stands are highest in Sehore. Food industries are out from the central Vindhya Plateau by its important in all districts; textiles and elec physical features. trical machinery are important in Sehore; tobacco in Sagar and Damoh; transport The density of population, on the other equipment in Vidisha; printing and pub hand, is by no means homogeneous, Panna lishing in Sagar. having a density as low as 119 and Rewa Analysis of Cities, T" wn Groups and Towns as high as 318 with Satna in the middle by predominant function and size classes wit:, 242. The proportion of scheduled 3·41 VINDHYAS tribes is slightly higher than that of Class of town scheduled castes, the former ranging be Functbn r------..A...- tween 13·3 and 14·6 per cent except in of town Total I III IV-V IV ---V I 2 3 4 5 6 7 Panna wherc the proportion of scheduled Total . 21 2 4 15 5 10 castes ( 17·44) is higher than that of Agricultural I .. 1 1 Artisan 10 I 1 8 4 4 scheduled tribes. Hindi is the predominant Manufac- language. turing . 3 2 Transport I 1 Service 6 6 1 5 The urban ratio is low in Panna and Class r cities with their function : Rewa and only moderate in Satna, but the Artisan-Sagar. Manufacturing-Bhopal. rates of natural increase are high in Panna 118 and moderately high in Satna and Rewa. 3.43 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.4 Inmigration is moderately high in Panna Vindhya Ranges and Plateaus 3.43 and Satna but moderate in Rewa. The Kaimur (Vindhyachal). proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 is high in Panna, moderately high in Satna For political as well as geographical pur and moderate in Rewa. The demographic poses the only district, Mirzapur, in this situation is, therefore, in a state of change. Division has a distinction all its own. It ha~ the Kaimur Range (here called Vindhya In respect of development Rewa is in cha!) as the central transverse sprne nurs the lowest level with high value only in IV, ing the Son, which is longitudinally fed medium values in II, III and VI and low from the South by the Rihand and Kanhar. value in V. Panna and Satna have been The principal aop is rice followed some placed in second level and are very close way behind by gram, barley and wheat. to each other in total score and 1heir rankings in different blocks (high in II and The urban ratio as well as the rate of IV, medium in III and VI. but Panna is natural increase is moderately high. But low and Satna medium in V). in migration is only moderate (even this was mainly due to the Rihand Dam and the Rewa is connected to grid while Panna Indian Aluminium Projects). The propor and Satna generate their own electricity. tion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 is moderately high. The density is 293 per sq. mile. The principal language is Hindi. Except for the Diamond mines, Panna Mirzapur generates its own electricity. has little organised industry. Satna's im portant industry is cement and lime 1ollow Mirzapur is placed in the third level of ed by chemical products and food indus development mainly because of high value~ tries. Rewa is acquiring distinction for in II and IV and medium values in III. V machinery, printing and publishing and and VI. transport equipment. Both districts h:we The chief industry is still carpets (tex tobacco factories. The Division, therefore, tiles), but the more important are lime apd enjoys a certain homogeneity in respect of cement (factory at Churk), machinery. levels of development. electricity (Rihand hydro-electric) and chemical products. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classps:' AnalysiS of Cities, TOlin GrovIs and TClIr.s by predominant functicn and size classes 3'42 REWA PLATEAU : V[~DHYAN SCARP LAloffiS 3·43 KAIMUR (VINrRYACHAl) Class of town ,..... _____ ..A.. Class of town Function ~ -..A---__.., of town Total lIT rv-v IV V Function of town Total T IV-V IV V 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 Total 6 1 5 2 3 Artisan 2 2 Total 6 2 4 2 2 Manufacturing 2 Artisan 3 3 2 Trade and Commerce Trade and Service Commell:e Class T cities with their function : Service 2 Manufacturing-Mirzapur-cum .yindhvacha IlQ 3.5 Central Madbya Pradesh Plateau. northern border of Hoshangabad which constitute this Division. The Narmada has 1 have called the tract situated in several important tributaries in this Divi Madhya Pradesh, between the Vindhya sion which take their rise from the Maha Range.> and Plateaus in the north and the deo and Gawilgarh Hills: Tawa which falls Deccan and the Coastal Plain in the south, into Narmada northwest of Hoshangabad the Ceptrai l\1adhya Pradesh Plateau. This town; Dudhi which forms the boundary is the fifth subregion but is confined entIre between Hoshangabad and Narsimhapur; ly to Madhya Pradesh. It has seven dis and farther east in Narsimhapur, the tinct physiographic divisions each of which Shakkar: the Sher which drains Narsimha happens to have its cultural personality pur. The river Narmada historically was also. The drainage is mainly bipolar in this the boundary between Madhyadesa and subregion, the point of divide being the Dakshinapath, the middle and the South bended girdle of the Bhanrer and Maikal land, and it still remains an effective in Ranges: for, to the northeast of this girdle ternal frontier. the Son, taking its rise from the offside scarps of 1he outer Maikal flows north 3.52 Western Satpuras (Satpura-Gawilgarb eastwards along the line of the Kaimur Hills). Range, while to the southeast of this bend This Division constitutes the lower sec the Narma,da, taking its rise inside the tion of the Narmada furrow which con stows of the Maikal Range flows north tinues the last Division in a line further westwards to the Jabalpur gap and then southwe,,;t towards the Gulf of Cambay and now.; southwest. For the Subregion as a comprises the two districts of East and whole the drainage may also be described West Nimar which lie in the lower Nar as radial because south of the Mahadeo mada ''-'alley between the Vindhyas in Gawilgarh, the Tapti, emerging in BetnI, the North and the Gawilgarh-Satpura flows westwards while the Pench in Chhind Ranges in the South. East Nimar is drained war a and Wainganga in Seoni and Balaghat by the Chhota Tawa which flows through flow southeastwards. the gap between the Satpura Hills. the Gawilgarh Hills and the Mahadeo Hills 3.51 Narmada Valley. and flows northward into the Narmada. The first Division is made by the upper The Chhota Tawa takes its rise close to the Burhanpur gap in the Gawilgarh Hills. sectl.on of the Son-Narmada furrow which runs almost in a straight, northeast-south West Nimar is drained by the Kundi which west diagonal line down the southern takes its rise in the Satpura Hills and falls into the Narmada. slopes of Kaimur Hills, Bhanrer Hills and then enters the furrow between the Vindbya 3.53 Central Satpuras (Gawilgarb-Mabadeo Hills in the north (Southwest to Northeast) Hills). and the Mahadeo-Gawilgarh-Salpura Hills This Division comprises the southern in the south (Southwest to Northeast) . intermont basins of the Mahadeo Range The Narmada drawing its tributaries from and the Upper Tapti Valley between the the northwestern slopes of the Maikal Range Mahadeo Hills and the Gawilgarh Hills. the stows of the Upper Narmada Valley, It consists of the districts of Betul (the makes its entry through the J abalpur gap Upper Tapti Valley, the Gawilgarh scarps at Bheraghat of the Bhanrer Hills in the and part of the intermont basin of the north and the Mahakal Hills in the south Mahadeo Hills), Chhindwara which forms into the J abalpur gorge and passes through the Mahadeo intermont basin of the Pench Jabalpur and Narsimhapur and along the and the source of the Wainganga, and Seoni 12p which forms the basin of the Wainganga mainly of Gondwana rocks with the last and contains the Mahakal Plateau a~, it outposts of Archaean and Deccan Lavas. escalates in the southeast. Betul is drained It contains very important coalfields. by the Tapti, Chhindwara is drained by the PeI1ch, Seoni by the Waiuganga. 3.56 Chhattisgarh. Apart from being a culturally homogen 3.54 Eastern Satpuras (Maikala Range). eous area, the Chhattisgarh, consisting of This Division is further east of the previ the districts of Durg, Raipur, Bilaspur and ous one (3.53) and consists of Balaghat Raigarh has a physiographic compactness and Mandla. Balaghat and Mandla con and unity. It is separated from the Wain stitute the stows of the Upper Narmada ganga Valley by a narrow divide formed Valley of the dissected plateau of the Mal partly by the Maikala Range of the Sat kala on its northeastern face. Mandla col puras and partly by the isolated hills of lects the Narmada tributaries while Bala Bhandara and Chanda. 'Within a short dis ghat feeds the Wainganga by such tri tzmce three contrasting demographic regions butaries as Chandan, Bagh, etc. are seen between Gondia and Dongar garh. First the linear settlements of the 3.55 Baghelkhand Plateau. Wainganga Valley, then scattered habita~ tions and finally a compact mass in the Traditionally called Baghelkhand, this Chhattisgarh basin' (Chatterjee). Bordered Division, further east of the previous one by the Mai kala Range in the northwest and (3.54) consists of the Districts of Sidhi, north, the Chhota Nagpur and Hazaribagh Shahdol and Surguja. The peak of Amar Plateau and Ranges in the east, and the kantak is at the southernmost point of Wainganga-Mahanadi watershed in the Shwhdol. Shahdol is full of Maikal scarp East and Southeast, Chhattisgarh contains lands and is drained by the upper reaches two contiguous ~basins of the Mahanadi: of the Son near its source and its tributaries. (1) the Seonath-Mahanadi Doab in the Sidhi is line.d in the north by the Kaimur districts of Durg and Raipur, and (2) the Hills with the line of the Son closely hug Hasdo-Mahanadi Doab or the Raigarh ging their base and is drained by the river Basin in Bilaspur and Raigarh. The Seo Gopad and its branches. The Rihand falls nath, travels in a north-easterly direction into the Son. Sidhi is the valley of the upper across Durg. At Sanjari Balod Taluk in Son. Although Surguja is at the meeting Durg, a tributary of Seonath, Tandula, has point of Baghelkhand and Chhattisgarh a large reservoir at Balod. and may be claimed with almost equal force and cogency by either on cultural, The Mahanadi forms in Kanker of social and economic grounds, I have placed Bastar, travels across Raipur in a north Surguja under Baghelkhand because of the easterly direction to Bilaspur. The Pairi slope of drainage and the arrangement of takes its rise in the southeast of Raipur and the Hill Ranges. For, this is the third dis travels north to join the Mahanadi. The tdct in the company of Sidhi and Shah dol Seonath forms the boundary between Bilas which drains through Rehar and Moran pur and Raipur districts and meets the tributaries of the Riband, northward into Mahanadi in Baloda-Bazar tehsil of Raipur the Son. Surguja marks the very irregular to be henceforth called the Mahanadi. The Son-Mahanadi watershed, which starts Arna travels south from Bilaspur and joins from Deogarh (3,370') north of Sonhat the Seonath in Mungeli tehsil (Bilaspur). and travels in a southem arc around The other river of Bilaspur, Hasda, travels Mainpat, Ranijala Peak, Upar Ghat, and due south and falls into Mahanadi at then up to Mailan Hill. Surguja is formed Raipur. Raigarh is drained by the Mand, I~t Kurket and Kelp rivers which travel into cultural, social and physiographic unique the Mahan'adi. ness as well as size. The chief river is Indravati which travels across the middle 'Villages are definitely at waterpoints, of Bastar from east to west and receives closepacked, 'mud-built with 'mud or tiled tributaries from east to west like Bhaskel. roof; they have a pueblo aspect enhanced Narangi, Baordigh and Gudra, each o! by mud walls joining up farmstead' build which runs north to south .dissecting Bastar ings and separating the field.' (Spate). into longitudinal strips. 'The district head Th~ heart of the plain is occupied by a quarters, Jagdalpur, is on the Indravati great 'basin of Cuddapah rocks. The rivers which travels westward to fall into the are mature~ occasionally incised in gullied Godavari near· Mahadeopur at the corner banks. Thel basin is girdled by more or less of Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. " bro~en forest country. Before. the Marathas The Sabari, the southernmost river of it. l!~ed, to be a Gond Kingdom. Bastar which flows along .the boundary of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, joins the. Sileru at 3.57 'Dandakaranya. KQnta the trijunction of Madhya Pradesh, This comprising a single district Bastar Andhra Pradesh and Orissa before it falls has been made a Division because of its into the Godavari in Ahdhra Pradesh . . Analysis of CitiC$, T(Jwn Groups and Towns by predominant function amI size t:latses 3'5 CENTRAL MADHYA PRADESH PLATEAU Class of town r---- .------"------, Function of town Total I II III IV-VI) IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 97 3 4 11 79 28 45 6 Agricultural 16 16 3 12 Artisan . 16 16 5 10 Manufacturing 26 2 2 5 17 7 9 1 Trade and Commerce 6 1 .~ 4 1 3 Transport 6 4 3 Service 27 4 22 9 10 3 3.51 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.5 and oilseeds. Population density is lowest Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau in Hoshangabad (160), low in Narsimha 3.51 Narmada Valley. pur (208) and high in Jabalpur (326). The three districts in this Division are The proportion of scheduled tribes is Jabalpur, Narsimh;lpur and Hoshangabad. around 12 per cent in Jabalpur and 'Nar Wheat is the main food crop in J abalpur simhapur but 7'5 in Hosh AnalYSis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predcmir.ant functicr. and size c1asseJ 3'51 NARMADA VALLEY ,... Qass of town Function of town Total I II 1lI IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 19 1 1 2 15 6 9 Agricultural • Artisan. 3 3 2 ., Manufacturing 4 .. .. 2 Trade and Commerce 3 2 1· Transport 1 Service 7 " 7 ~ S Cl!U's J cities with their function : Ma~qfaytwin~l~l>!Ilp1,lf. 3.52 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.5 features which present a certain uniformity. Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau The urban ratio is moderately high in West 3;52 Western Satpuras (Satpura and high in East Nimar. The rate of na GawUgarh Hills), tural increase is high in both. Inmigration This Division consists of the twin dis is modest in West Nimar but high in East triCts of West (formerly Khargone) and Nimar. The proportion of children 0-4 to East (formerly Khandwa) Nimar and is women 15-44 is high in both. bounded by the Narmada in the north and the concave curve of the Satpuras in the In levels of development however the south. This is a preeminently jowar tract districts present great differences. West with small quantities of wheat and rice Nimar is in the second level with high oply in the river valleys of East Nimar. values only for IV and medium values in The main cash crops are cotton and ground II, III, V and VI, but East Nimar is in the nut. Population density is low in East top or fourth level with high values for IV Nimar (166) but moderate in West Nimar and VI and medium values in II, III and (264). In the latter the proportion of V. scheduled tribes is as high as 40 per cent, but in East Nimar it is only about 8 per West Nimar generates its own electri cent. The proportion of scheduled castes city while East Nimar is connected to grid. is low (9 to 10·.7 per cent). In West Cotton ginning and pressing is important Nimar the principal language is Rajasthani, in both districts as are tobacco, food and in East Nimar it is Hindi. textiles. Beverages are important in West This diversity in cultural characteristics Nimar and paper and paper products in is however subdued in the demographic East Nimar. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3·52 WESTERN SATPURAS (SATPURA-GAWILGARH HILLS) r------.J------."""\Class of town Function of town Total II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total. 16 2 1 13 5 6 Agricultural 5 5 3 1 Artisan. 2 2 1 Manufacturing 3 1 1 Service; 6 1 5 3 1 1 3.53 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.5 configuration has already been described Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau to bring out why it deserves to be consider 3.53 Central Satpuras (GawiIgarh ed as a separate tract. In crop production, MahBdeo Hills). too, it has a certain homogeneity, the This Division contains three districts: principal crop being jowar (except in Seoni Betul, Chhindwara and Seoni. Its physical where it is rice), followed by wheat and grato. The~~.are no, important cash crops. Analysis.._ of Town Groups and ,Towns- by Population density is generally low, pr;..edoroin(Int junct.ion and Size •classes rangipg between 144 in Betul, 156 in 3'5~ CENTRAL SATPURAS'(GAWILGARH Sepni and 172 in Chhindwara. The MAHADEO HIL,LS) proPQr.tiQn of scheduled tribes is about a Class of town Function ,.. __-.A-- _____-. third or more of the total population. The of town Total III IV-VI IV V VI proportion of scheduled castes too is around 9 per cent in Betul and Chhindwara 2 3 4 5 6 7 and 4 in SeQIli. Hindi is the principal language • .although its ratio is generally Total 13 2 11 3 7 1 low. Agric¢tural 4 4 3 Artisan . 1 1 The· urban ratio is low in Seoni, Manufactur- moderate in Betul and moderately high ing 3 3 2 Trade and in Chhindwara. The rates of natural Cemmerce 1 increase and inmigration are also Transport 1 moderate with a slight tendency toward Service . 3 2 mod~rately high for natural increase in Betul. But the proportion of children 3.54 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3~5 Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau '3~54 0-4 to women 15-44 is high in Betul Eastern Satpuras (Maikala Range). and Chhindwara and moderately high in This Division consists of Mandla and Seoni. Balaghat. Besides being plateaus and The three districts show two levels of basins of the Narmada and Wainganga in development. Seoni is the least developed the northeastern stows and the concave and is in the first level. It has high value arc of the Maikala Range they have simi in II, medium in Ill, IV and VI and low larities in crop production. Rice is the value in V. Betul and Chhindwara are in most important crop in both, but Mandla the second level with high value in IV, also grows small quantities of wheat, medium values in III and VI and gram, maize and oilseeds. Population low in V, medium and high in II for Betul density is low in Mandla (134) but llledium and Chhindwara respectively. in Balaghat (230). Mandla has a large . 'proportion of tribal population (62 per All districts are connected by grid. Food ~ent) while Balaghat has only 11 per cent. is the only, industry in Betul. It is impor~ , The population of scheduled castes is low tant in Chhindwara and Seoni. Wood in in both. Hindi is, the principal language. . dustry and transport are important in Chhindwara and Seoni. Cotton ginning The urban ratio is. low. But while an~ pressing and machinery are f~und in natural increase is low in Balaghat.' it is Chhindwara and beverages in Seoni. The moderately high 'in Mandla. Inmigration extent of organised industry and of electri- is moderate~y high in Balaghat but mode .' cIty use are low. rate in Mandla. The proportion of children 125 0-4 to, women 15-44 is low in Balaghat scheduled castes is low in Surguja. and but high in Mandl'a, Shahdol (less than 6 per cent- each} and about 10 per cent in Sidhi. The principal The two districts show two l~vels language is Hindi. of develOpment. Both have identical rankings in -III and VI (medium). But The- urban ratio is low in Sidhi and, II is high in Balaghat and medium in Surguja and moderate in Shahdol. The Mandla, while IV is high in Mandla and rate of natural increase is moderately high medium in Balaghat and V is low in in Surguja and Sidhi and high in Shahdol. Mandla and medium in Balaghat. Inmigration is low in Sidhi but moderate ly high in Shahdol and Surguja. The pro Mandla generates its own electricity and portion of children 0-4 to women has no organised industry. Balaghat is 15-44 is moderately high in all districts. connected to grid. Food industry is the most important in Balaghat followed by Sidhi and Surguja are in the first level tobacco and wood industries. of development with identical rankings in all blocks: high in IV, medium in II and Analysis'of Town Groups and Towns by III, low in V and VI. Shahdol is placed predominant Junction and size classes in the second level although the rankings are identical except that VI is medium in 3·54 EASTERN SATPURAS (MAIKALA Shahdol. RANGE) .--____Class..A---_-----. of town All three districts generate their own Function of town Total IV-V IV V electricity. Sidhi has no registered factory. 2 3 4 5 In Surguja, apart from the coal mines which are the really important industry, Total 6 6 4 2 tobacco and chemicals claim major place and food last. In Shahdol tobacco, chemi Artisan 2 2 cals and food are the three important in Manufacturing 1 1 dustries. Transport 1 Service 2 2 2 Analysis oj Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3.55 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.5 3·55 BAGHELKHAND PLATEAU Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau 3.55 Class of town Baghelkband Plateau. Function .--____--..A. ______-. of town Total III IV-VI IV V VI This Division consists of three districts: Shahdol, Sidhi and Surguja. Rice is the 2 3 4 5 6 7 most important crop but the other crops have low acreages. Sidhi alone grows oil Total 12 1 11 3 6 2 seeds. Popu1ation density is low in all three Artisan districts: 121 in Surguja, 147 in Sidhi and Manufac 155 in Shahdol. The scheduled tribes turing 5 5 2 3 constitute more than half the population in Transport Shah dol and Surguja and about a third in Sidhi. The proportion of members of Service • 5 1 4 1 2 identical total scores and high values in IV, 3.56 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.5 medium ones in II, III and VI, but Rai· Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau 3.56 garh has medium and Bilaspur low in V. Chbattisgarh. Raipur is placed in second level while This great basin consisting of 4 districts Durg in the third level with identical high -Durg, Raipur, Bilaspur and Raigarh values in II and IV and medium values has been described. Almost the only crop in V and VI. In III, Durg has high value is rice, but wheat is grown in small quan J while Raipur has medium. tities in Raipur. Durg and Raipur grow linseed. PCJpulation density is moderate, ranging from 208 in Raigarh, 244 in Rai~ Durg and Bilaspur are connected to grid, pur, 251 in Durg to 260 in Bilaspur. The Raipur generates its own electricity and is proportion of scheduled tribes is compara also connected to grid. Raigarh generates tively low (L1 to 18 per cent) in Durg, its own electricity. Durg has the BhUai Raipur and Bilaspur but is as high' as 46 Steel Plant and manufactures textiles, per' cent in Raigarh. The proportion of machinery and tobacco. Food, tobacco and scheduled castes ranges from 11 to 18. chemicals are important in Raipur, Bilas Hindi is the principal language. pur and Raigarh; wood industries in Rai· pur and Raigarh; machinery in Raipur and Raigarh and Bilaspur are placed in Bilaspur; generation of electricity in Durg the lowest level of development, both have and Bilaspur. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3·56 CHHATTISGARH Class of town r------A--~ -----, Function of town Total II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 29 2 1 4 22 7 1 Agricultural 6 6 5 Artisan 7 7 2 4 Manufacturing 10 4 5 3 2 Trade and Commerce 2 Transport 2 Service 2 2 Class J cities with their function: Manufacturing-Durg. Trade and Commerce--RaipuT.• 127 3.57 ;3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.5 Bolangir, Baudh-Khondmals and Ganjam. Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau Koraput is a high and rugged plateau com 3.57 Dandakaranya. pared to Durg and Raipur and is frequent ly dotted with high stretches and peaks. The principal crop in Bastar is rice. The B~askel takes its rise in North Ko~aput There is' no cash crop worth the mention. but the Indravati flows east to west across Population density is low being only 77 the district. The Sabari winds through per sq. mile. The proportion of scheduled South Koraput as the Kalab. South of the tribes is very high (72 per cent), that of impressive Machkund Dam, the Machkund scheduled castes is low (5' 5 per cent). becomes the Sileru. to mark the boundary Gondi is the principal language but does between Sileru and East Godavari. In not cover more than 41 per cent. The East Koraput the Nagavali and Vansa urban ratio is low but the rate of natural dhara flow into the sea in Srikakulam. increase high. Inmigration is low but the proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 The Koraput Hills escalate down some is high, suggestive of acceleration in popu what in Kalahandi forming a watershed lation increase in the current decade. but the district is still full of high points Bastar is placed in the lowest level of and plateaus. The Indravati takes its rise development with high value only in IV, in South Kalahandi. The middle of medium in II and III, and low in V and Kalahandi is traversed by the Tel river VI. The district generates its own electri which is joined by Udanti from the nor city. Tobacco is the important industry thern section. Kalahandi forms a transverse followed by chemicals, food and wood in watershed. The south slopes westward to dustries. I c_-~ wards Koraput while the north slopes eac:t ward towards the Mahanadi. Analysis of Town Group. and Towns by predominant function and size classes The Kalahandi Plateau escalates sharp 3·57 DANDAKARANYA ly in Bolangir. Bolangir still remains a Class of town moderately raised plateau with high points Function r-----A--__..., but none above 2,422 ft. (Siker ,in Titla· of town Total III V j!arh). The district is drained in a south easterly direction by transverse streams 1 2 3 4 like the Indra. Lani. Sin gada. Suktal into the Tel, which forms the boundary between Total 2 1 1 Bolangir in the northwest and Kalahandi Service 2 1 and Baudh-Khondmals in the southeast. 3.6 Orissa Hills and Plateaus. The Tel joins the Mahanadi at Sonepur. The Subregion follows the easterly from which point Mahanadi becom~s the course of the Central Hills and Plateaus boundary of Bolangir and Baudh-Khond beyond Eastern Madhya Pradesh and con mals· sists of two Divisions in Orissa: (1) the The slope of Baudh-Khondmals, conti North Western Hills of Orissa east of nuation of the Bastar-Koraput mass furtper Bastar and Raipur and (2) the North east, is towards the northwest and north Eastern Hills which are a continuation of east. While escalating ra!,idly towards the Chhattisgarh Plateau and Seonath jthe Seonath-Mahanadi noab in the north Mahanadi basin. thrOlwh Ka1ahandi and Bolangir. the Kora The North Western Orissa Hills consist f'ut high plateau descends more slowlv in of the districts of Koraput, Kalahandi, Baudh-Khondmals. but more steeply down 128 Ganjam to the sea. Baudh-Khondmals thus the northwestern thanas of Ganjam but is full of high points throughout the dis escalates very steeply into the Vansadhara trict, dissected by the steep valleys of valley in the southwest but much less streams' like the Raul, Burakuma, Kodogo steeply in the southeast down to the sea. which ·drain- into the Tel in the northwest The only important river is Rushikuliya and by Bagh and Saiki which drain into which flows into the sea East of Chhatar the Mahanadi in the northeast. The tract pur. Vansadhara which forms for a while between Raikia and Udaygiri thana head- the westbrnmost boundary of Ganjam . quarters -defines the· watershed. delineates the southwesterly slope of that tract of low plateau. The highest points are Singaraju Parbat (4,973') and Mahen The high plateau of Koraput and Baudh dragiri (4,923'), the latter within ten miles Khondmals- mqintains its height well into of the sea. Analysis of TOWIl Groups and Towns by predominant function and size ciasses 3'6 ORISSA HILLS AND PLATEAUS Class of town ,..---.--___---A. ,______---- '""'\ Function Total 11 III IV~VI IV V VI of town 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 45 :% 5 38 15 20 3 Agricultural 4 4 3 .. Port 1 1 Artisan . 3 3 3 Manufacturing 5 4 3 1 'Il'ansport 2 2 Service 30 5i 24 10 :12 2 3.61 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.6 duled tribe~ is highest in Koraput (61 per Orissa Hills and Plateaus 3.61 North cent), consIderable in Kalahandi (33) and Western Hills. ~audh-Khondmals (42) but low in Bolan ~r (21) and Ganjam (10). The propor T~s pivision consists of the hilly and tion of members of scheduled castes is upland districts of Orissa to the West of the l~w'est in Koraput (12 per cept) and- as Mahanadi: Koraput, Kalahandi, Baudh hIgh as 19 per cent in Kalahandi -and Khondmals, Bolangir and Ganjam. The Baudh-Khondmals. Oriya is the principal pJ;incipal crops are rice and the superior language, millets, jowar and ragi. Bolangir and Gan The values of urban ratio, natural in jam grow oilseeds. Population density is .crease, i1]migration and proportion of lowest in Baudh-Khondmals (120), low in children 0-4 to w()men 15-44 are low Koraput (151) and Kalahandi (209) but in all cases in all districts. comparatively high in Bolangir (313) and In. levels of development all except Ganiam (396). The proportion of sche- GanJam are placed in the lowest level. In _ II Koraput and Ganjam have medium grid from the Machkund. Other districts values and Kalahandi, Baudh-Khondmals gcnerate their own electricity. Food is the and Bolangir have high values; in III Kala most important industry in all districts ex handi and Bolangir have low values and cept Baudh-Khondmals where leather and Koraput, Baudh-KhondmaIs and Ganjam leather products is the only organised in have medium values; in IV all districts have dustry. Wood industries are important in medium values except Ganjam which has Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir and Ganjam. a high value; in V Koraput, Kalahandi Machinery is important only in Koraput. and Bolangir have low values and Baudh Transport equipment is important in Kora Khondmals and Ganjam have medium put, Bolangir and Ganjam. Textiles is values; in VI all districts have medium important in Bolangir and printing and values except Bolangir which has a low publishing in Bolangir and Ganjam; basic value. metals in Koraput, metal products in Koraput and Ganjam are connected by Kalahandi and chemicals in Ganjam. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size clanes ~ 3'61 NORTH WESTERN IDLLS ______Class-A of______town ~ r---'--- Function of town Total II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 13 4 5 6 7 8 Total 26 1 2 23 5 15 3 Agricultural • 2 2 ... 2 Port 1 Artisan. 3 3 3 Transport Service . 19 2 16 5 9 2 3.62 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.6 Sambalpur is dissected in two by tbe Orissa Hills and Plateaus 3.62 North longitudinal flow of the Mahanadi and the Eastern Hills. placing of the great Hirakud Dam in the north central region. The'tributary streams In the northeastern Hills of Orissa one to the west of the Mahanadi have a south sees the terminals of the southerly contin easterly slope: e.g. the Tira. Those to the uation of the Chhota Nagpur Plateau and east of the Mahanadi are divided between the easterly continuation of the Bastar the slope to th'e west for the Mahanadi Koraput mass in the process of which is and the slope to the east for the Brahmani created the great Mahanadi-Koel-Brahmani which flows longitudinally across the basin. eastern thanas of Sambalpur. These features The districts in this Division are Sambal are continued into Dhenkanal, southwest pur, DhenkanaI, Sundargarh, Keonjhar and of Sambalpur and east of Baudh-Khond Mayurbhanj. mats, where the strike of the isolated l63 R.Gl.-lS. ranges (the Panchadhara range along the sesamum being raised in DhenkanaI. Mahanadi, the Baron range along the Population density is low in Sundar-garb Brahmani) is northwest-southeast. The (200), Sambalpth:., (223), Keonjhar (231), Mahanadi forms the boundary between Dhenkanal (243) and medium in Mayur Baudh-Khondmals and Dhenkanal. The bhanj (299). The proportion of scheduled Brahmani flows through the eastern half tribes is high in Sundargarh (58), Mayur of Dhenkanal. bhanj (61) and Keonjhar (47), moderate.in Sundargarh sits like a cap on the top of Sambalpur (29) and comparatively low in Sambalpur. The western half of the Dhenkanal (14). The proportion of Plateau drains into the Mahanadi through scheduled castes is comparatively low in streams like Basundhara and lb. In the Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj but moderate eastern half the Sankh and the Koel meet ly high in Keonjhar (14), Sambalpur (16) at the northwestern comer of Rourkela and Dhenkanal (18). The principal town to form the Brahmani. language is Oriya. Keonjhar, east of Dhenkanal and south The urban ratio is low in all districts ex east of Sundargarh, seems to exhaust for a cept Sundargarh where it is moderately moment the isolated rocks on low plateau high owing to Rourkela and Rajgangpur which are such a feature of the North and in Sambalpur where it is moderate western and Western Hill districts. The owing to the town of Sambalpur and the valley of the Baitarani which flows north Hirakud complex. Natural increase is low south across the eastern half of Keonjhar in Sambalpur, moderate in Mayurbhanj, is comparatively free of rock except the moderately high in Keonjhar and Dhen Kantipal rock. In the east, rocks like the kanal and high in Sundargarh. Inmigra Dhuardhuma and the Daimunda rise to tion is moderate in Sambalpur and .Keon heights above 2,000 ft. jhar, high in Sundargarh but low in Dhenkanal and Mayurbhanj. The pro The isolated rocks appear again in portion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 Mayurbhanj as the plateau rises. Mayur is low in Sambalpur and Sundargarh, bhanj is drained into Baitarani in the West moderate in Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj by streams like Tentua and Budhi, flow but moderately high in Dhenkanal. ing into the Subarnarekha in the east and toward the sea in the southeast. All districts except Dhenkanal and Sun dargarh are placed in the lowest level of This Division t" r------ABlocks -. Distriet U III IV V VI Sambalpur High Medium High Medium Low Keonjhar Medium Medium High Medium Low Mayurbhanj Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Although Sanibalpur has built up ReCapitulation modern industry the population engaged The Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in ·it is small compared to its total popula Subregions being very complex will bear tion. Dhenkanal is placed in the second recapitulation to show the interrelation level of development with high values for ships. II 'and IV, medium for V and low for III The Rajasthan and Madhya Prad~sh and VI. Sundargarh alone is placed in the Subregions may be briefly described as third level of development with high value follows proceeding from the West to the for IV and medium values for II, Ill, V East: and VI. 1st Subregion. 3.1 Rajasthan Hills and Plateaus. This has 5 Divisions and 19 dis AU districts ex'cept Keonjhar are con~ tricts. n'etted by grid. The most important in~ 3.11 The first Division, the Aravallis, is dustry is the Rourkela Steel Works, cement mainly confined to 9 districts, the western anti refractory mills in Sundargarh, and ranges of the Aravalli Hills drained in the aluminium works in Hirakud, Sambal~ south mainly by the Luni and in the north pur. There is a great deal of mining in the by the Chambal and its tributaries. tract. Sambalpur 'has an important paper 3.12-3 The second and third Divisions mill. Basic metals' are important in Sam are the northern Aravalli Outliers consti balpur, Sundargarh, Keonjhar; wood in tuting Delhi and Gurgaon of Punjab. dustries in Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Dhen~ 3.14 The fourth Division consists of 4 kanal; food industries in Sambalpur, Dhen districts in South Rajasthan Hills (Mewar kana! and Mayurbhanj; tobacco in Sambal and Bagar) and is mainly drained south by pUf' and Dhenkanal; textiles in Mayurbhanj. the Banas, Mahi and Sabarmati. 3.15 The fifth Division consists of 4 Analysis oj Town Groups and Towns by districts of the Eastern Rajasthan Ranges predominant junction and size classes drained north mainly by the Chambal, Kali Sindh and Parbati. 3·62 NORTH EASTERN HILLS The districts of Banswara of the 1st sub region and Jhabua of the 3rd subregion mark the vital knot of (1) the Aravallis elas s of town Function ,------"-----__, which travel to the north and northeast of town Total II III IV-V IV V and (2) the Vindhyas which travel to the ttortheast and east. 2 3 4 5 G 7 2nd Subregion. 3.2 Bundelkhand. This is the northern terminal of the lava Total 19 1 3 15 10 5 flow of the Vindhya Ranges and is capped by the Trans Jamuna Alluvial Veneer of Agricultural 2 2 4 Uttar Pradesh districts south of Jamuna between the Chambal in the west and Ganga in the east. This subregion has 3 Manufac- turing . 5 1 4 3 Divisions and 10 districts. 3.21 The first Division comprises the Transport 1 Chambal Ravines and contains 4 northern districts of Madhya Pradesh. The tract is drained by the Chambal and its tributaries. Service 11 :3 8 5 3 3.22 The second Division comprises the pur which is transversely drained by the Trans J amuna Alluvial Veneer described Son and Iongitudinally by the Riband. above and consists of 4 Uttar Pradesh dis tricts drained mainly by the Betwa, Dhasan 5th Subregion. 3.5 The fifth Subregion, and Ken. the Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau, con sists of the entire country contained in 3.23 The third Division comprises 2 Madhya Pradesh to the south, southeast m'stricts of North Central Madhya Pradesh, and east of the Vindhya Ranges. It is continuation of the badlands and scarps. divided into 7 Divisions and 18 districts. The entire subregion is historically known 3.51 The first Division, Narmada Valley, as Bundelkhand. consists of 3 districts Jabalpur, Narsimha pur and Hoshangabad and comprises the 3rd Subregion. 3.3 The third Subregion, Mahadeo and Gawilgarh Hills. Malwa, east of the 1st subregion and south of the 2nd is the historic passageway 3.52 The second Division, Western between the Ganga-J amuna Doab and the Satpuras, consists of 2 districts West and Gulf of Cambay. It comprises the western East Nimar in the Satpura-Gawilgarh Hills. mass of the Vindhya Ranges and consists H forms the lower and southern section of of 2 Divisions and 11 districts. the Narmada furrow which marks the southern boundary of the Vindhya Ranges. 3.31 The first Division, North Malwa Both districts are drained into Narmada Uplands, consists of 2 districts and is (Kundi and Chhota Tawa). drained by the Parbati and Sindh. 3.53 The third Division, Central Sat puras, consists of 3 districts in the Plateau 3.32 The second Division, Malwa and Valley formed by the outer scarps of Plateau, consists of 9 districts and is drain tbe Gawilgarh and Mahadeo Hills which ed in the south by the Mahi and in the descend steeply in the south and southeast north by the tributaries of the Chambal and the three districts form three impor and by Kali Sindh, Parbati and Sindh. tant basins: Betul that of Tapti, Chhind 4th Subregion. 3.4 The fourth Sub wara of Pench and Seoni of Wainganga. region, Vindbya Ranges and Plateaus, con 3.54 The fourth Division, Eastern Sat tains the main central mass of the Vindhya puras (Maikala Range), comprising 2 dis Ranges and is composed of 3 Divisions tricts is a continuation of the basins formed and 9 districts. by the third Division and is enclosed in the east by the western stows of the girdle 3.41 The first Division, the Vindhyas, of the Maikala Range. Mandla forms the consists of 5 districts forming the heart of Narmada and Balaghat the Wainganga. Madhya Pradesh and is drained by the 3.55 The fifth Division, Baghelkhand Betwa, Dhasan and Ken. Plateau, compnsmg 3 districts--Sidhi, Shahdol and Surguja-is histori 3.42 The second Division, the Rewa cally called Baghelkband. Baghelkband Plateau, consists of the Vindhyan Scarp is a high Plateau enclosed by the Kaimur Lands and Rocks and contains the Rewa Range in the northwest, the Bhanrer Range and Panna Hills and is drained by the in the west, the Maikala Range in the Tons (Tamas a) into the Ganga. southwest and the Hazaribagh-Chhota Nagpur Ranges in the East. The Johilla 3.43 The third Division, Kaimur tributary of the Son in Shahdol has a {Vindhyachal), the easternmost outlier of curious course, being separated from the ~he Vindhyas consists of the district Mirza- broader parallel valley of the upper Son by a iiarrow ridge of Deccan Lava flung by splay out in fanlike form both to the nortli~ the Amarkantak. The Son issues from east and southwest, are densely wooded the eastern flank of Amarkantak (the and sparsely populated. The eastern up Narmada issues from the western flank) lands in Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Bharat and drains Shahdol and Sidhi which form pur, Alwar have a thicker mantle of fer the upper Son Valley. Surguja is drain tile soils, higher rainfall in summer months, ed by the Rihand and is mainly trough better perennial irrigation, a fairly even land of Gondwana origin. distribution of population and high land 3.56 The sixth Division, comprising 4 utilization: (Chatterjee). The densest districts, is historically called Chhattisgarh. habitations are to be found along the river It consists of the great Seonath-Maha courses and around irrigation tanks. 'The nadi Doab which drains the entire country plains near Jaipur are formed of river enclosed by the Surguja high plateau con borne alluvium and sand drifts, and are stituting the Son-Mahanadi watershed in characterised by sparsely populated zones'. the north, the Maikala in the northwest and east, the isolated hills of Bhandara and The Chambal Ravines are not parti Chanda, the eastern rim of the N agpur cularly hospitable to human habitation. Maidan, the high ridge of the Western They are inaccessible and heavily eroded. Bastar Hills and the Bastar-Koraput A thick mantle of alluvium in the North Kalahandi-Bolangir girdle in the south and Malwa Upland (Shivpuri and Guna) has, southeast. however, been able to attract population. 3.57 The seventh Division, comprising a The fertility and density of population single district, Bastar, is named Danda in the Malwa Plateau are due to the rich karanya. black soils and fairly regular rainfall. 'The topography is characterised by rolling In contrast to the densely populated plains, separated by fiat topped forested hill Ganga Plains the Central Hills and ranges, and drained by a number of north Plateaus have sparse populations. Fur fiowing rivers', Betwa, Parbati, Kali Sindh ther, a substantial proportion of India's and Chambal. Most of the villages are tribes inhabit this Region. All except the loca.ted on the interfiuves. arid west was originally forested. Even the semi-desert often carries a very open acacia At the very base of the Malwa Plateau shrub (Kikar ) . Considerable areas of de is the Vindhyan mountain range, 270 miles ciduous forest (largely Sal) remain, especi long. There are very few permanent settle ally in Chhota Nagpur, and on the higher ments in the mountains except in forest country. Thorn forests prevail in the west. clearings and around some ancient forts The first two Subregions in Rajasthan de and rock caves like Mandhata, Bagh or lineated above have high rugged ranges Mandu. 'Small and scattered villages, how and sharp ridges and much hard quartzite ever, appear in larger numbers on the rocks which do not favour water, which southern slopes which are well drained and accounts for the great distances between not too steep' (Chatterjee). villages. In many cases villages are no more than a few homesteads erected either The Narmada Valley is mirrow and con in forest clearings or depressions. There are fined to a rocky bed because of the high exceptional areas of concentration where ranges on either bank, the tract between for example an extensive fiat surface comes Hoshangabad and Nemawar (below between rugged ridges, as in the Bhorat Indore) alone attaining any width at all. It plateau between Kumbalgarh and Gogunda is only at the estuary below Broach that in western Udaipur. 'The Aravallis which the Narmada attains a real expanse. ~ The Satpura-Gawilgarh tract (Nimar) is GO'ndwana age, rise steeply from the aiiuv characterised by open mixed forest, good ium in the great bcnd of the Ganga. Con grazing ground and a very sparse popula sidering the terrain they are well cultivated tion. It is only in regions around Chhota and densely peopled; the Santals occupy Tawa that some concentration of popula the broader valleys, keeping large herds of tion is noticed, notably Khandwa, a town buffaloes in the smaller side-valleys, while of great antiquity and an important cotton on the higher ground tbe Paharias cultivate centre. remarkably steep slop~s'. (Spate) 3.7 South Bihar Hills and Plateaus The Damodar Basin is a small but rich 3.8 West Bengal Uplands. and busy area. It has been intensely used as a railway corridor and its coalfields feed In reality the two Sub-regions are one India's industries. The Gondwana rocks of tract, although they have been divided into the basin form generally low undulating two to distinguish Bihar and West Bengal terrain. The main stream runs west-east, areas. This tract consists of the hills and providing a depression at little over 1,500 ft. plateaus in South Bihar, the Chhota Nag mto the north Koel Valley; the railway pur Peneplains, which succeed the Satpura through this Chandwa Gap provides strate Maikala ranges in the east, with the Gond gic communication. The larger tributaries wana rocks of Surguja interposed. The are all on the left bank. The watershed Chhota Nagpur Peneplains extend to tbe between the Damodar and the Upper Ajoy higber Hazaribagh Range and the faulted at Asansol is a low bluff called the Durga Damodar trough. Beyond the North-Koel pur Forests. The interfluve is followed by which carries tribute to the Son is formed a railway with a branch to Giridih coalfields a great rectangle of about 40,000 sq. miles, in the Barakar Valley. To the south the rolling peneplains mainly of archaean recession of the Ranchi peneplain scarps gneisses, bisected longitudinally by the give easy access to the Subarnarekha and fault trough of the Damodar with its Lower J amshedpur across Purulia. Tbe west of the 60ndwana Coal. Most of this area lies in Damodar Basin is formed by the Tori and the Chhota Nagpur Plateau which extends the Karanpura coalfields. beyond it into the J amshedpur Gap. The Damodar Basin and the Ranchi 'The Hazaribagh peneplain north of peneplains are shelved in the east by the Damodar lies at about 1,300'. Across it Rarh which is composed of lateritic old and slightly diagonal to its eastwest exten alluvium, flanked by 'the coalesced fans of sion, runs the Hazaribagh 'Range', really a rivers draining the Peninsular plateaus' higher plateau (c. 2,000 ft.) with some Ajoy, Damodar, Rup Narayan, Kasai. The monadnocks rising to 2,800 ft. The plateau lateritic areas (Kboai) are very poor. The on the whole is rather open, and there is firm sbelf has been an ancient settlement a fair amount of cultivation. On the north tract between the dense jungle of the it falls abruptly, but with many irregular plateau and the delta marshes. spurs and outliers covered with open jungle into the Ganga Plain: to the south As explained at the outset the tract is east the descent is more gradual and tbe in reality one, although it bas been divided Upper Ajoy and Damodar-Jamuna Valleys into two Subregions: provide routes across the plateaus giving 3.7 South Bihar Hills and Plateaus. CaIcutta direct access to the Central Ganga Plain. In the northeast the Rajmahal Hills, This Subregion contains 3 Divisions and highly dissected plateaus of basalts of 6 districts. 1;35 3.71 Cbhota Nagpur Plateau c.onsists Karo and forms the Koel. Ranchi is thickly of Palamau, Hazaribagh, Ranchi and studded with peaks. 'Western Ranchi is Singhbhum. It really consists of three generally about 2,000, 2,500 ft. It is open, subdivisions: the Hazaribagh PIateau broadly rolling country with mature val containing Palamau and Hazaribagh; the leys bordered however with low gullied Ranchi Peneplains which should include terraces. They are broken by monad Purulia and Singhbhurn which extends to nocks, "fantastic cones and domes of Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar. Palamau is gneiss, looking as if they had been exuded dotted with pats and drained by the Kaohar from the earth as gigantic bubbles that had and North Koel. North IIazaribagh is become solid instead of bursting" (Spate)'. drained to the north-by the Morhar, LBajan The Subarnarekha travels southeast after and Mohana which travel to Gaya. The Muri and descends to J amshedpur where Darnodar rises at Chandwa in Palamau and it is joined by Kharkai, after whicll it travels east across Ramgarh, Gala, Bokaro, travels to Midnapore at Gopiballavpur, Berrno to Panchet. Its main tributaries are later to form for a while the boundary Bokaro, Konar, Tilaiya and Barakar. between West Bengal and Orissa. Soils are mostly thin and poor-sandy or clayey The area around Gurnla-Ghagra in red soils on the gneisses, badly leached and Ranchi is a sharp wedge which serves as deficient in humus and minerals. a versatile watershed. It sends North Koel to the northwest, the Sankh south down its 3.72 Gondwana Trough. This Division is sQuthwestern flank, the South Koel south made of the single district of Dhanbad also down its southeastern flank. Not far which is drained through the middle trans from where the South Koel takes its rise, versely by Damodar. the Subarnarekha issues from around Semo Peak (2,475') southwest of Ranchi and 3.73 Rajmabal Hills. The Rajmahal hills travels east parallel to but south of are drained west to east, proceeding from Damodar. The Ranchi Plateau slopes east north to south, by the Gumani, Bansloi, to the Purulia peneplains. The Sankh Pagla, Brahmani, Dwarka and Mayurakshi: travels due south down Western Ranchi which also drain Birbhum district of West through Simdega. The South Koel joins the Bengal before they fall into the Bhagirathi. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes 3·7 SOUTH BIHAR HILLS AND PLATEAUS Class of town ,------~------~ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total. 45 3 1 11 30 10 16 4 Agricultural 4 4 3 Artisan . 2 2 I· Manufacturing 15 2 1 4 8 1 6 1 Transport 4 2 2 2 ~efVi¥e . ~Q l ,. ~ l4 ~ 6 J 3.71 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.7 South children 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in Bihar Hills and Plateaus 3.71 Cbhota Singhbhum, mo.::lerately bigh in Hazari Nagpur Plateau. bagh and Ranchi and high in Palamau. This Division consists of the districts of Palamau and Ranchi are placed in the Palamau, Hazaribagh, Ranchi and Singh second level of development, Hazaribagh bhum. It is only in the upland and hilly in the third and Singhbhum in the top. district of Palamau that gram, maize and Palamau and Ranchi have identical scores fur are important. Maize and ragi are also and identical values in III (medium, IV grown in Hazaribagh and ragi in Ranchi. (high) and VI (medium). Palamau has But all thin~ considered the Division is a high value in II and medium value in V rice tract with the highest percentage of and Ranchi has medium value in both. acreage under rice in Singhbhum. Papula Hazaribagh has high values in both II and tion density is low in Palamau (242) and IV and medium values in III, V and VI. mediumin Singhbhum (398). The popula Singhbhum has high values in II, III, IV tion of scheduled tribes is about a fifth of and medium values in V and VI. the total in Palamau and about an eleventh Ranchi is rapidly assuming importance in Hazaribagh but is more than 3/5t"6s in as a great industrial centre on account of Ranchi and a little less than half in Singh the headquarters of the National Coal bhum. The proportion of scheduled castes Development Corporation, Hindustan Steel is a little more than a quarter in Palamau and the great Heavy Engineering Works but low in the other districts. The principal and other projects. Hazaribagh will be language is Hindi in Palamau and Hazari bagh. But Ranchi is very mixed, and very important for Bokaro Steel Works, Hindi, although the strongest single langu power, coal mines and washeries, Singh age, is only 25' 5 per cent. In Singhbhum bhum is of course very important for the the strongest single language is Ho with Tata Steel Works. TELCO, TMB Motor only 21'6 per cent. Ranchi and Singhbhum works and ancillaries and many important are two of the most polyglot districts in basic metal and engineering projects. All India. districts are connected by grid. The urban ratio is low in Palamau, The important organised industries are moderate in Hazaribagh and Ranchi and wood industry in Palamau and Ranchi; high in Singhbhum. Natural increase i,s low non-metallic minerals in Palamau, Hazari in Ranchi, moderate in Palamau and Singh bagh and Ranchi; foodstuffs in Palamau, bhum, and moderately high in Hazaribagh. Hazaribagh and Ranchi: basic metals in Inmigration is low in two districts and Singhbhum; meta1 products in Ranchi and moderate in Hazaribagh and moderately Singhbhum; transport equipment in Singh high in Singhbhum. The proportion of bhum; tobacco in Palamau and Singhbhum. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3'71 CHHOTA NAGPUR PLATEAU Class of town r----~-----___.A._ --, Function of town Total I II m IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 31 2 1 7 21 6 12 3 Agricultural 3 J 1 2 Artisan . 2 2 1 1 Manufacturing 12 2 8 1 6 Transport 1 1 Service . 13 It- ~ ~ 3 Class I cities with their function: Manufacturing-Jamshedpur. S~ce-Ranchi. 1.31 3.72 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.7 3.73 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3~7 South Bihar- Hills and Plateaus 3.72 Soutb Bihar Hills and Plateaus 3.73 Gondwana Trough. Rajmahal Hills. This Division-consisting of one district This Division contains one district, Dhanbad-properly belongs to the Chhota Santal Parganas embracing the Rajmahal Nagpur Plateau but has been separated Hills. The main crop is rice, maize being because of its preeminence in coal and a second but minor crop. There is much allied industries. Almost the sole crop is shifting cultivation. Population density rice and a little maize. Population density is moderately high (487). The propor is very high (1,045 per sq . mile) and the tion of scheduled tribes is high (38 per proportions of scheduled tribes (11 per cent) while that of scheduled castes is cent) and castes (18) are both appreci· modest (7' 6). The strongest single lan able. The principal language is Hindi, guage is Hindi which has, however, .a although the proportion of speakers is just strength of only 36 per cent in evidence of under 55 per cent. the polyglot nature of the district. Both the urban ratio, the rates of natural increase and in migration are high The urban ratio, the rate of natural but the proportion of children 0-4 to increase and the rate of inmigration are women 15-44 is low, there being a large low. The proportion of children 0-4 to proportion of working women in the women 15-44 is moderate. district. Santal Parganas is placed in the second Dhanbad is placed in the highest level level of development. The value in block of development, its value in every block II alone is high, but those in III, IV, V being high. Besides coal mining it com and VI are medium. The district is con mands a great variety of industrial activity. nected by grid. The important organised It is placed on powerful electricity grids. industries are foodstuffs, tobacco, metal The important industries are coal and products, 'chemicals and non-metallic refractories, basic metals, coal products minerals (road meta!), and miscellaneous industries. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by by predominant function and size classes predominant function and size classes 3'72 GONDWANA TROUGH 3 73 RAJMAHAL HILLS Class of town Class of town Function ,..---_ _...... __-----'\ Function ,------"------, of town Total I III IV-VI IV VI of town Total III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 .., Total 5 1 2 2 1 1 T!ltal 9 2 3 4 Manufacturing 3 2 Agricultural 1 Transport Transport . 2 1 1 1 Service 1 I I Service 6 1 5 2 3 ------Class I cities with their function: Manufacturing-Dhanbad-Jharia-Sindri 163 R.G.I.-19. 3.8 West Bengal Uplands. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3· 8 WEST BENGAL UPLANDS Class of to'Nn ,- _'------., Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 33 2 1 10 20 12 8 Artisan 3 2 Manufacturing • 14 4 9 4 Trade and Commerce 5 4 3 Transport 2 2 2 Service 3 9 1 4 3 2 3.81 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.8 West The urban ratio is moderate but those Bengal Uplands 3.81 Rancbi Pene of natural increase, inmigration and pro plains. portion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 This Division contains the district of are low. Purulia formerly part of Manbhum which Purulia is placed in the lowest level of was split in three to produce two districts development close in score to Santa! -Dhanbad (Bihar) and Purulia (West Parganas. The value of block IV alone Bengal)-and a remnant which was amal is high while those of II, III, V and VI are gamated with Singhbhum. The chief medium. features of Purulia are the Baghmundi The district is connected by grid. The Hills in the west, the J aridih sandstone main organised industries are basic chemi hills in the northwest, the Panchet in the cals, tobacco, transport equipment, metal northeast and the Manbazar Hills in the products and foodstaffs. southwest. The district is drained east ward by the Dhalkishor and the KasaL Analysis oj Town Groups and Towns by East of the Subamarekha the plateau sinks predominant Junction and size classes gradually into the deltaic alluvium, and is 3 '81 RANCHl PENEPLAINS generally veneered with laterite. Almost Class of town the sole crop is rice. The district also Function ,- ~...... of town Total III IV-V IV V grows small quantities of oilseeds. Popu lation density is fairly high (565). The 1 2 3 4 5 6 proportion l)f scheduled tribes is about a Total 5 1 4 3 1 fifth of the total population while that of Manufacturing 3 3 2 1 scheduled castes is less than a eighth. Transport 1 1 1 The principal language is Bengali. Service t 139 3.82 3 Central Hills and Plateaus 3.8 The urban ratio is moderate in Birbhum West Bengal Uplands 3~82 Rarh. and Bankura but moderately high in Burdwan. Natura! increase is high in The Division consists of 3 districts. The Birbhum and Burdwan and only moder drainage of Birbhum has already been ately high in Bankura. Inmigration is high described. Burdwan is drained mainly by in Burdwan, moderate in Birbhum and low Ajoy and Damodar. The Ajoy forms the in Bankura. The proportion of children boundary of Birbhum and Burdwan for 0-4 to women 15-44 is high in Birbhum, some part. The Damodar forms the moderately high in Burdwan and moderate boundary between Burdwan and Bankura in Bankura. for some part. Bankura is drained west east mainly by the Dhalkishor or Dwara Bankura is placed in the second level of keshar and the Kasai or Kangsabati. The development. It has high values in blocks Dhalkishor is joined by the Silai at Ghatal, II and IV, medium in V and VI and low from which point downward it is in III. Birbhum is placed in the third called Rup Narayan. The Kasai joins the level with high values in II and IV, Kalighai in Tamluk subdivision of Midna medium values in V and VI, and low in pore to form the Haldi river. The Subar III. Burdwan is placed in the top level narek'na enters at Gopiballavpur, passes with high ranks in all blocks except III through Nayagram and out to Orissa West and VI in which the value is medium. of Dantan. The districts are connected by grid and Thf< traditional southern Rarh of Bengal extensive systems of irrigation canals. The consists of the 3 districts of Birbhum, important organised industries are coal and Burdwan and Bankura. The main crop is steel in Burdwan; food industries in Bir rice but all 3 districts now grow appreci bhum, Bankura and Burdwan; non-metal able quantities of sugarcane and oilseeds. lic minerals in Birbhum and Burdwan; Population density is higest in Burdwan basic metals in Burdwan; machinery in (1,139) but high, too, in Birbhum (830) Birbhum; paper in Burdwan; basic and Bankura (629). chemicals in Burdwan and Bankura. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 3'82 RARH Class of town ,---_ ..___ . ~ Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Iotal 28 2 1 9 16 9 7 Arti~Il 3 1 2 1 Manura{'.tutinr. 11 4 6 3 3 Trade and Commerce 5 4 3 1 Tmnsport Service 8 3 3 2 Class I cities with their function: Manutacturing-Asansol. Service-BurdwaD,. 14Q REGION 4 THE DECCAN In the Deccan has been included all that Marathawada and Western Ghats (Desh). tract of land between the Central Hills and Andhra Deccan has 13 districts in 2 Divi Plateaus above and the Western and Eastern sions: Telengana (Southern Deccan) and Coastal Plains encircling it below. The Rayalaseema. Mysore Deccan has 17 dis Deccan has been divided into 4 Subregions tricts comprising 5 Divisions: Inland corresponding to four political territories: Karnataka, Southern Deccan Plateau Maharashtra Deccan, Andhra Deccan, (North Maidan), Central Maidan (Raichur Mysore Deccan and Tamilnad Hills and Bellary), South Maidan and Malnad. TamiI Uplands. Maharashtra Deccan contains 22 nad Hills and Uplands has 5 districts in 2 districts comprising 6 Divisions: Khandesh, Divisions: Nilgiri and Coimbatore Plateau Nasik Basin, Vidarbha, Mahakoshal, (Kongunad). Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4 THE DECCAN ,------"------.Class of town Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 Total 631 23 36 121 451 212 191 48 Agricultural 264 2 16 246 109 112 2S Port 4 3 3 Artisan 89 5 24 59 32 21 6 Manufacturing 97 14 IS 27 41 24 15 2 Trade and Commerce 16 6 9 6 3 Transport 14 4 9 6 3 ,,., Service 147 8 1 .. 43 84 32 37 15 NOTE: The following 2 tow,u th:>ugh agriculturdlly preuominant have been shown agamst Port: Class HI Karanja (Maharashtra) Class IV Gangavati (MYSORE) 4.1 Maharashtra Deccan. where Archaeans and lavas interdigitate and where cultural allegiance is divided Spate observes that 'Maharashtra, the between 'the Marathi and Kannada lan Maratha country par excellence, may be guages. But to the East the boundary of ta ken as roughly conterminous with the Marathi speech shows a striking accor main mass of the Deccan Lavas above the dance with the edge of the Lavas'. Hence Ghats. To the North the Tapti Valley, the division of the original Hyderabad flanked by typical lava plateaus but floored State into Marathawada and Telengana. by alluvium, forms a transition to the The whole Subregion bears the imprint Central Indian Scarp Lands; in the South, of the Marathas, has 'a strong historic along the Malaprabha, there is another belt personality, a distinctive agriculture, power resources in the Ghats' and a rural society 'Villages are usually large and compa Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classeS 4·1 MAHARASHTRA DECCAN Class of town r------"------____ .a.---, Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 202 10 11 40 141 73 57 11 Agricultural • 100 10 89 45 38 6 Po'rt 3 1· 2 2 Artisan 14 .2 4 8 5 3 Manufacturing 24 5 4 6 9 6 3 Trade and Commerce 6 3 3 2 Transport 6 2 3 3 Service 49 5 3 14 27 10 12 5 "'Agriculture is also predominant. 4.11 4 The Deccan 4.1 Maharashtra the Godavari, travels through Mal~gaon Deccan 4.11 Khandesh. (Nasik), Chalisgaon and Brandol talukas The first Division Khandesh (Dhulia and falls into the Tapti in J algaon. and Jalgaon fcrrmerly ca1led West and East Khandesh) occupies the middle Tapti The Division is particularly prosperous Valley and runs from East to West along in millets. Dhulia grows wheat also. The the southern flanks of the Satpuras. This chief cash crops are groundnut and cotton Valley, though much smaller than the which occupy considerable acreage. POPJl Narmada, contains more people than the Iation density in Dhulia is low (279) but latter, because of its flat alluvium covered moderately high in Jalgaon (402). DhuUa floor. From the Burhanpur Gap the Tapti contains a very considerable tribal popula flows through rich cotton growing area tion (38 per cent) but Jalgaon's proportion of Khandesh, a rich agricultural plain is modest (5 ·6) . The proportion of dotted with large villages and industrial scheduled castes is low in both (3·6 and 3·5 and commercial towns. Its main tributary, per cent) . The principal language is the Purna, flows through the rich cotton Marathi in both districts, but the strength growing plains of Berar and supports a of Marathi is low (36 per cent only) in large population, both rural and urban. Dhulia. Two rivers take their rise in the Western Ghats in the west and flow east to join the The urban ratio is moderately high in west-flowing Tapti; the Panjhra rises in the Dhulia and high in Jalgaon. Inmigration Dangs (Gujarat) and flows east through is moderately high in both but natural Sakri and: Dhulia talukas into the Tapti near increase is high-in Dhulia and moderate in the junction of Sindkheda taluka (Dhulia) J algaon. The proportion of children 0-4 and Amalner taluka (Jalgaon) . The Girna to women 15-44 is high in Dhulia but only !ises from the Tryambak further north of moderately high in J algaon. 143 Both Dhulia and Jalgaon are placed in district Nasik, is at the root of the Balaghat the highest 'level of development with iden Range and is the source of the Godavari. tical total scores and uniform values in It deserves to form a Division by itself the different blocks: high in II, IV, V and being separated from Khandesh by the VI and medium in III. Satmala Hills in the north and northeast. Each district generates its own electri This Division consists only of one dis city, The important orga'nis'ed industries trict, Nasik. The main crops are the three are processing of agricultural produce, food millets of which the inferior millet, hajra. industries and textiles in both distrkts; holds the first place. Wheat is extensively tobacco and transport equipment in Dhulia; grown. The main cash crop is groundnut. miscellaneous industries and electricity, Population density is 309 persons per sq. gas and steam in Jalgaon, mile. The proportion of scheduled tribes is 24'5 per cent and that of scheduled castes Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by 3'7 per cent. Marathi is the principal predominant function and size classes language. 4 '11 KHANDESH Class of town Both urban ratio and rate of natural Function r------.A. -----___ increase a-re high. But the level of inmi of town Total II III IV gration and the proportion of children 0-4 2 3 4 5 to women 15-44 are moderately high. Total 20 3 6 11 The district is placed in the top level of Agricultural 13 3 10 development with high values in IV, V Port 1 Manufacturing 3 2 and VI and medium values in II and III. Trade and Commerce 1 Nasik generates its own electricity. The Transport 1 important organised industries are printing Service and publishing (important government presses for general and security printing as 4.12 4.The Deccan 4.1 Maharasbtra Deccan 4.12 Nasik Basin. well as private presses), tobacco, food industries, transport equipment and pro The Tryambak massif, sheltering a lone cesses allied to agriculture. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4' 12 NASIK BASIN Class of town r- ~------. Function of town Total 1lI IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 12 2 2 8 5 .2 1 Agricultural 2 2 1 Port 1 Artisan. Manufacturing 3 2 2 Trade and Commerce t Transport 2 ] Service 2 1 Class I cities with their function Manufacturing-Malegaon Service-Nasik, 4.13 4 The Df.'.ccan 4.1 Maharasbtra in Yeotmal to 5'3 per cent in Bllldhana. Deccan 4.13 Vidarbha. Marathi is the principal language. Vidarbha corresponds generally to part The urban ratio is moderately high in of old Berar, and consists of Buldhana, Yeotmal and Buldhana and high in Akola Akola, Amravati and Yeotmal. Amravati and Amravati. Natural increase is moderate' has the largest raw cotton market in Berar in Amravati and Yeotmal and moderately and Akola is a cotton textile town. This high in Buldhana and Akola. Inmigration is all pla-teau land between the Satpuras in is moderately high in Buldhana, Amravati the north and the Ajanta Hills in the south. and Yeotmal and high in Akola. The The main river is the Puma which rises in proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 the Gawilgarh Hills and flows west through is moderate in Buldhana and moderately lower Amravati, upper Akola and upper high in the other three districts. Buldhana to meet the Tapti at Edalabad (Jalgaon). Yeotmal is drained in a south Buldhana and Yeotmal are placed in the easterly direction by the Penganga which third level of development. The value~ are flows down the eastern slopes of the Ajanta high in IV and medium in II, III, V and Range. VI. Similarly Akola and Amravati are This Division consists of the 4 districts placed in the top level of development with of Buldhana, Akola, Amravati and Yeotmal high values in IV. V and VI and medium formerly known as Berar and has great values in II and III. homogeneity, the principal food crop being jowar and the second crop wheat and tur. Buldhana generates its bwn electricity The chief and universal cash crop is cotton. but the remaining districts are connected to Groundnut is grown in Buldhana and grid. The important organised industries Akola. Population density is modest, being are processing of agricultural produce in all 210 in Yeotmal, 263 in Amravati, 281 in districts; food industries; textiles in Akola I3uldhana and 291 in Akola. There is no and Amravati; tobacco in Buldhana and scheduled tribe population in Buldhana and Yeotmal; printing and publishing in Buld Akola, but a small proportion (4'5) In hana, Akola and Amravati; basic metal Amravati, and a fair proportion in Yeot industries in Buldhana; non-metallic mal (14 per cent). The proportion of minerals and wood industries in Yeotmal; scheduled castes ranges from 3'9 per cent generation of electricity in Akola. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4'13 VIDARUHA Class of town r------~------.--"------, Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 38 2 1 9 26 19 6 1 Agricultural 25 4 20 15 5 Port 1 I· Artisan Manufacturing 1 1 Service 10 2 4 4 3 Ch'>3 I cities with their function: Service~Akola, Amravati. ... Agriculture is also predominant. T45 4.14 4 The Deccan 4.1 Maharashtra as well as the hills to north and east is Deccan 4.14 Mahakoshal. heavily forested. This is the great domain This area may be roughly called the of sal. Minor products-bamboo, char coal, myrobalans, lac, bidi wrapping leaves, Nagpur Maidan or the Wardha-Wainganga Valley bounded on the north by the Gawil fodder-are important. Rice accounts for garh-Mahadeo Hill ranges and uplands, on nearly half of the total sown area in Bhandara followed by wheat and oil seeds the east by the watershed of the Wain (linseed). 'The Wainganga marks the ganga-Seonath-Mahanadi basins and the Indravati river, on the south by the eastern transition from the agriculture of Maha extension of the Nirmal Range and on the rashtra, with its uncertain rain but mois west by the Wardha river. ture-retentive regur, its wide plains' and commercial bias, to the realm of paddy in The Wardha river serves as the boundary the better-watered but more broken north line between Vidarbha on the west and eastern peninsula' (Spate). The more Mahakoshal on the east. Tn the north, important minerals are manganese and Nagpur and Bhandara are a continuation haematite. The great Gondwana trough of the Pench and Wainganga valleys below extending to the Lower Godavari Valley the Mahadeo Hills. Nagpur district is contains coal. Small coalfields extend drained through the middle by the Konher from the Pench Valley to Singareni and which passes through between Nagpur and Tandur, and includes the Warora and Kamptee. It is joined by the Pench near Bellarpur mines in Chanda. the junction of Nagpur and Umrer talukas. The Wainganga flows down Gondia and This Division consists of 4 districts, Bhandara talukas (Bhandara) and joins the Nagpur, Wardha, Bhandara and Chanda Pench at the junction of Nagpur and Bhan which comprised the former Nagpur dara districts. The augmented Wainganga Division of Madhya Pradesh and went to then, flows down through Brahmapuri. Maharashtra. From many points of view Chanda and Gadh chiroli (Chanda) to be it is a homogeneous and internally balanced joined again by the Wardha. The rjyer tract. ]owar is the principal crop in Nag from now on is called Pranhita until it pur and Wardha and rice in Bhandara and meets the Godavari west of Sironcha at Chanda (river valleys of Wainganga and the boundary of Sironcha (Chanda) and tributaries). Wheat is an important second Chinnur (Adilabad, Andhra). The river, crop. Cotton is the principal cash crop in called Godavari hereafter, forms the Nagpur and Wardha and oilseeds that of southern boundary of Chanda and at the Bhandara and Chanda. south-eastern point is met by Indravati from Bastar. The two branches of the Penganga, Population density is low in Chanda the Western flowing through Parbhani (123). It is moderate in Wardha (261) (Hingoli and Kalamnuri taluka~) into and moderately high in Bhandara (350) Nanded, and the eastern down Larhwa and and Nagpur (395). There is no scheduled Pusad (Yeotmal) join at the north of Adila tribe population in Nagpur, Wardha and bad and flow to meet the Wardha at Raj Bhandara but the proportion in Chanda is ura (Chanda). fair (15 per cent). The proportion of The Deccan Lavas give place to generally scheduled castes. is low. The principal Archaean terrain, irregularly undulatin!! language is Marathi. country at about 900-1,100 ft. broken by small, apparently disconnected hills. A The urban ratio is moderate in Bban considerable portio'n of the VaHey itself, dara and Chanda, but high in Nagpur and 163 R G.l.-20 I Wardha. Natural increase is moderate in the highest level with high values in II. in Wardha, Bhandara and Chanda and IV and V and medium in III and VI. moderately high in Nagpur. Inmigration is high in Nagpur and Wardha and moderate All districts are connected by grid. The in Bhandara and Chanda. The proportion more important organised industries are of children 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in tobacco in all districts; textiles in Nagpur Bhandara, moderate in Nagpur and Chanda and Wardha; printing and publishing in and moderately high in Wardha. Nagpur and Bhandara; food industries in Wardha, Bhandara and Chanda; transport Bhandara and Chanda are placed in equipment in Nagpur; machinery 10 the second level of development with high Wardha; basic metals and chemicals in values in II, medium in III, IV, V and Bhandara; paper and non-metallic mine VI. Wardha is placed in the third level rals in Chanda; processing of agricultural with high values in II, IV and V and produce in Wardha; electricity, gas and medium in III and VI. Nagpur is placed steam in Chanda. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4·14 MAHAKOSHAL ___._Class of town ,-- ~ Function of town Total I II III ,IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 2S 1 2 8 14 7 7 Agricultural 10 •• .. t 9 3 6 Artisan 8 2 3 3 2 Manufacturing 4 2 1 Service 3 2 ---- Class I cities with their function: Manufacturjn~Nagpur . 4.15 4 The Deccan 4.1 Maharashtra This Division is encircled by the Deccan 4.15 Marathawada. Sahyadri or Ajanta Range in the north (Aurangabad), the Nirmal Range in It has been mentioned above how the the east (Parbhani and Nanded) and the boundary of Maratha speech accords with Balaghat Range in Bhir and Osmanabad. the edge o~ the Lavas. Marathawada in It is drained mainly by the Godavari which cludes districts taken from former Hydera flows west-east across the middle. The bad State and allotted to Maharashtra in Sindphana rising in the Balaghat Hills October 1956 and consists of: AuranJa· pours into the Godavari at the northem bad. Parbhani, Bhir, Nanded and Osmana- corner of Bhir. The Purna descending bad. from the Ajanta Hills through Parbhani is joined east of Parbhani town The urban ratio is moderate in Bhir and by the Dudna flowing from the west Osmanabad, but moderately high in and then falls into the Godavari midway Aurangabad, Parbhani and Nanded. Natu between Parbhani and Nanded towns. ral increase is moderate in Parbhani and Thereafter the Godavari flows in a Bhir, moderate in Nanded and Osmana southeasterly direction through the middle bad and high in Aurangabad; inmigratiou of Nanded district into Andhra Pradesh. is moderate in Aurangabad, Parbhani, Bhir and Osmanabad and moderately high in Nanded. The proportion of children The principal food crop is jowar follow 0-4 to women 15-44 is moderate in all dis ed by wheat and the principal cash crop tricts except Bhir Where it is moderately cotton which claims considerable acreage. high. This Division consists of 5 districts Parbhani, Bhir and Osmanabad are which were formerly in the old Hyderabad placed in the second level of development State in which it constituted a Maratha with high values in II and IV and medium wada region as opposed to the Telengana values in III, V and VI. Nanded and Region. The districts are Aurangabad, Aurangabad are placed in the third level Parbhani, Bhir, Nanded and Osmanabad. with high values in II and IV and medium The principal crop is jowar in all districts values in III, V and VI. The pattern of but the variety of subsidiary crops is great, development is therefore homogeneous. ranging to wheat, bajra, tur and gram. Cotton is grown in all districts except All districts generate their own electri Osmanabad and groundnut in Auranga city except N anded which is connected to bad and Bhir. Population density is grid. The more important organised in fairly even in all districts ranging from 237 dustries are processing of agricultural pro in Aurangabad and Bhir, through 249 in duce and food industries in all districts; Parbhani and 268 in Osmanabad to 271 textiles in Aurangabad and Nanded; to in Nanded. The proportion of scheduled bacco in Aurangabad and Bhir; generation tribes is low but that of scheduled castes of electricity in Parbhani and Osmanabad; is appreciable in Bhir {13· 5 per cent) and transport equipment in Parbhani and Osmanabad (13·4 per cent). The prin N anded; electrical maohinery in Parbhani; cipal language is Marathi. and non-metallic minerals in Aurangabad. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size daMes 4'15 MARATHAWADA Class of town r- Function of town Total II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 52 3 4 45 13 27 5 Agricultural 31 31 7 20 4 Artisan 2 2 2 Manufacturing 1 rrade and Commerce 2 2 Transport Service IS 2 2 11 3 7 ,z 4.16 4 The Deccan 4.1 Maharashtra middle of Sangli (Krishna Gap) into nija. Deccan 4.16 Western Ghats (Desh). pur (Mysore). This is the sixth Division of the Maha The extreme South of Kolhapur is rashtra Deccan and throughout the tract drained by the Ghataprabha and its tri the ghat Lavas look like an assembly of butary which unite in Belgaum outside ot large layered cakes. The Division con the Division. sists of the districts of Poona, Satara, The chief food crop is jowar except for Sholapur, Sangli, Kolhapur and Ahmad a certain amount of rice in the Ghata nagar. The Pravara and the Mula issu prabha Valley in Kolhapur. The chief ing from the Western Ghats flow eastward cash crop is groundnut as against cotton across Ahmadnagar (Harischandrapur in Marathawada. Range) join in Nevasa taluka before falling into the Godavari at the boundary of This Division is principally a millet Aurangabad and Ahmadnagar districts. tract in which rice is grown only in Kolha pur. The chief cash crop is groundnut The drainage of the central area is but sugarcane is grown in Kolhapur. done by the Bhima which issues from the Population density is lowest in Ahmad nagar (274). It is 320 in Sholapur, 355 in Ghats northeast of Matheran and flows Satara, 371 in Sangli, 410 in Poona and southeast across Poona district. The Nira 501 in Kolhapur. The proportion of flows below Rajgarh transversely west to east and joins the Bhima in Sholapur scheduled tribes is negligible except in (Bhima valley). The Nira forms the boun Poona (3' 6 per cent) and Ahmadnagar dary of Poona and Sholapur, the Bhima (6 per cent). The proportion of schedul of Poona, Ahmadnagar and Sholapur; the ed castes is comparatively low or Ghod which joins the Bhima above Dhond moderate in all districts except Kolha town divides Poona from Ahmadnagar. pur (11'4 per cent) and Sholapur (12'8 The Sina which flows southeast dividing per cent). The principal language is Marathi. Ahmadnagar from Os mana bad joins the Bhima in Akalkot (Sholapur). The Bhima The urban ratio is moderate in Satara and its tributaries thus drain the district: and Alunadllagar, moderately high in Poona, Sholap~r and Ahmadnagar. Sangli and Kolhapur and high in Poona and Sholapur. Natural increase is moderate The Krishna drains the lower half of in Satara and moderately high in all other Maharashtra Western Ghats. It issues districts. Inmigration is moderately high from north of Mahabaleswar (4,558') and in all districts except Poona where it is the Koyna from south of the peak. They high. The proportion of children 0-4 to flow southeast and join off Karad in women 15-44 is moderate in Kolhapur and Satara district. The river Krishna is again moderately high in all other districts, joined in quick succession, first by the Verla flowing south and draining eastern Kolhapur is placed in the second level Satara, and next by the Warn a which fomls of development with high values in IV the boundary between Satara in the north and V, medium values in III and VL and and Kolhapur in the south. The Krishna low value in II. Satara and Sangli are is again considerably augmented by placed in the third level with high values streams which flow northeast drainin& the in iV and V, medium values in III and VI, lower half of Kolhapur. Thereafter the high value for Satara and medium value Krishna flows southeast across the for Sangli in II. Poona, Sholapur and Ahmadnagar are placed in the top level of macmnery and food industires in Poomi, development, with high values in II, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and Ahmadnagar; IV and V and medium values in III. In textiles in all districts except Ahmadnagar, VI Poona has top value and Sholapur ::lnd and Satara; transport equipment in all Ahmadnagar medium values. districts except Sangli and Ahmadnagar; non-metallic minerals in all districts except All districts generate their own elee Poona, Sholapur and Ahmadnagar; tricity except Poona which is connected to chemicals in Satara and Ahmadnagar; grid and Kolhapur which is connected to processing of agricultural produce in grid and generates its own electricity. The Sholapur and Ahmadnagar; and generation more important organised industries are of eIectricity in Sangli. AnalYdis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4'16 WESTERN GHATS (DESH) Class of town r------...... -.---~---~ -----., Function of town Total II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 5S 5 2 11 37 18 15 4 Agricultural 19 2 17 9 6 2 Artisan 2 .. .. 2 1 1 Manufacturing 12 3 2 2 5 2 3 Trade and commerce 2 •• 2 2 Transport 2 1 Service 18 2 6 10 3 5 2 ------Class I cities with their function: Manufacturing-Shoiapur, Sangli, Kolhapur. Service-Poona, Ahmadnagar. 4.2 Andbra Deccan. Chittoor) Rayalaseema. Chittoor is transi tional to Tamilnad. The chief rivers Ahdhra Deccan has been divided into Hawing from west to east are, from north 2 Divisions: Telengana and Rayalaseema. IO south; the Godavari, the Krishna, the The Subregion is bounded in the north Tungabhadra, the Penner and the by the Nirmal Range, the Wardha and Cheyyeru. Pranhita rivers, on the east by the Mahendragiri Hills and the Bastar mass, on the west by the Raichur Doab and the The entire subregion is a predominantly Bellary peneplains and on the south. by jowar tract with rice in the low valleys, the Tiruppati Hills. The Deccan portion the latter emerging as the first crop only of Andhra is caBed Telengana, the litto where valleys are extensive as in Karim rals, Andhra Or Andhra coastal, and the nagar (Godavari and Manedamada). so-called ceded area from Madras Nizamabad (Nizamsagar irrigation) and (Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kuroool and Chittoor (low lands). Except for cotton in Adilabad, the principal cash crops in east, the Godavari is joinea OJ the Indra Telengana are oilseeds. In Rayalaseema vati and forms the eastern boundary ot they are groundnut and cotton. The Khammam (Telengana). The Maner forms language is mainly Telugu. the boundary between Nizamabad and Karimnagar, while another stream, the The bulk of the Telengana Division Manedamada, drains Karimnagar before it consists of peneplains developed on the falls into the Maner. Archaean gneisses. In the north, parti cularly in Khammam (Singareni), faulting In the east of the Division, the Godavari has preserved a belt of Gondwanas (with runs down the south east of Khammam. some coal) along the lower Godavari leaving Bhadrachalam taluk on the left trough. The levels are usually between bank. Before it pierces the Papikonda 1,600 and 2,000 ft. The Tungabhadra and Range across the north of West and East Krishna Valleys lie at 1,000-1,500 ft. The Godavari, lining the southeast of Kham Bhima-Godavari doab further north con mam, the Godavari is joined at Kunava sists of great swelling upland reaching tam by the Konta which is made of two 2,400 ft. in places. "But the general aspect rivers the Sabari and Sileru. nearly everywhere is that of practically senile peneplains, intersected by broad, Hyderabad is drained through the mid open, almost completely graded valleys, dle, west to east, by the Musi river which and littered with monadnocks which range from considerable hill groups to innumer passes through the city. The Musi travels able fantastic tors which look like dumps through Ramannapet taluk of Nalgonda of gigantic road-metal. and is joined by the Aleru which travels down from the northwest. lfhe Musi there Bare hills, reddish-khaki plains with after travels along the Western boundary scattered thorny scrub, rivers merely rib of Huzurnagar (Nalgonda eastern border) bons of sand for half the year or more, to join the Krishna. Further east, first the tanks bunded into the little valleys, all Paleru and then the Muneru, travel south combine to produce a landscape with a through Nalgonda and Khammam respec desolate and brooding charm" (Spate)., tively to fall into the Krishna, the first near This landscape, such as Spate speaks of, is the trijunction point of Nalgonda, Krishna seen at its best and most haunting in and Guntur districts, the second well into Anantapur and Cuddapah districts of Krishna. The Krishna forms the boundary Rayalaseema. between Guntur and Krishna districts. The contrast between Marathawada and The Raichur Doab is formed by the con Telengana is striking. vergence of the Krishna flowing down from The northern boundary of Adilabad dis Mahabaleswar in the north and the Tunga trict is formed by the Penganga running bhadra from Sringeri (Kudremukh 6,215') west to east to join the Wardha in Rajura in Chikmagalur in the southwest, at taluka (Chanda, Maharashtra). Sirpur Nandikotkur taluk of Kurnool to form the taluk of Adilabad is bounded on the east boundary line between Mahbubnagar in by the Pranhita which joins the Godavari the north and Kurnool in the south. Bet west of Sironcha (Chanda). The Manjra ween this confluence and the point at which drains west Medak and Nizamabad and it is augmented by the Musi, it is joined falls into the Godavari as it enters Telen first by Dindi which drains East Mahbub gana to divide Adilabad from Medak. The nagar and then by Peddavagu which forms Kadam issues north of Nirmal Hills and Nalgonda's eastern boundary. Before the flows into the Godavari. Further south- Tungabhadra unites with the Krishna it is l:51 joined by the Hagari which cuts through forms the Western boundary of Kurnool the Western margin of Anantapur and along Alur and Adoni taluks. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant fUllction and size classes 4·2 ANDHRA DECCAN Class of town --- '""' Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 123 3 6 23 91 39 52 Agricultural 49 1 48 16 32 Artisan 22 7 14 8 6 Manufacturing 17 2 4 3 8 5 3 Trade and Commerce 4 3 2 Transport 4 3 1 2 Service 27 1 10 15 7 8 4.21 4 The Deccan 4.2 Andhra Deccan of scheduled tribes is negligible in all other 4.21 Telengana (Sonthern Deccan). districts except Adilabad (13 per cent) and Khammam (16 per cent); but the This Division consists of the 9 dis proportion of scheduled castes varies from tricts of Te1engana: Adilabad, Nizamabad, 13·5 per cent in Khammam to 19·4 per Medak, Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, "Karim cent in Karimnagar. The principal language nagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nal is Telugu. gonda. This is preeminently a jowar tract, The urban ratio is, as might be expected, in which rice takes the lead in irrigated highest in Hyderabad, only moderately high districts like Nizamabad and Karimnagar, in Adilabad, Nizamabad, Warangal and but becomes secondary in other districts. Khammam and moderate in Medak, Maize is common. Sugarcane is grown in Mahbubnagar, Karimnagar and Nalgonda. Nizamabad in which is situated the biggest The rate of natural increase is high in sugar mill of Hyderabad State. Cotton is Khammam, moderately high in Nizamabad grown in Adilabad. In all other districts and N algonda, moderate in Adilabad but oiIseeds are extensive while groundnut is low everywhere else. The level of in grown in Mahbubnagar, Karimnagar, migration is high in Nizamabad. Hyderabad Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda. and Khammam, moderately high in Adil Population density is low in Adilahad abad, moderate in Warangal and Nalgonda (161), Khammam (173) :tl1d Mahbub and low in Medak, Milhbubnagar and nagar (223), moderate in Nalgonrla (287), Karimnagar. Th.e proportion of children Warangal (312), Nizamabad (328), 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in Nizamabad, Medak (334) and Karimnagar (353) and Medak and Hyderabad and only moderate high in Hyderabad (688). The proportion everywhere else. 152 The Division presents much heterogenei n, IV and V and medium values in III ty and a wide range in development. Medak and VI. and Mahbubnagar are at the lowest level All districts are connected by grid. with high values only in II and medium values in all other blocks. Karimnagar and Food industries are common to all districts except Adilabad and Hyderabad;_ tobacco Nalgonda are placed in the second level of is common to all districts except Medak; development with identical ran kings , high textiles is important in Adilabad, Hydera in II, medium in III, V and VI and medium bad, Karimnagar and Warangal; cotton value for Karimnagar and high for Nal ginning and pressing is important only in gonda in IV. Adilabad, Nizamabad, Adilabad, a cotton growing district, and Warangal and Khammam are placed in the so is paper; transport equipment is impor third level with total scores close to each tant in Nizamabad, Medak, Hyderabad, other's. Adilabad, Nizamabad and Waran Mahbubnagar, Khammam and Nalgonda; gal have identical rankings in the various chemicals are important in Nizamabad , and blQcks, high in II and IV and medium in Khammam; machinery and metal products III and VI and high value in Nizamabad are important in Hyderabad, Karimnagar and medium for Adilabad and Warangal and Nalgonda; leather except footwear in in V. Khammam alone has high value in Warangal and NaIgonda; printing and IV and medium values in II, III, V and publishing in Hyderabad and Khammam; VI. Hyderabad alone is placed in the top non-metallic mineral products in Adilabad; level of development with high values in and wood industries in Karimnagar. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4· 21 TELENGANA (SOUTHERN DECCAN) Class of town r- --~-----A------l Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 71 2 3 10 56 22 34 Agricultural 27 27 6 21 Artisan 9 2 7 4 3 Manufacturing 13 3 3 6 4 2 Trade and Commerce 2 2 Transport Service 19 5 13 7 6 Class I cities with their function: Manufacturing-Warangal. Service-Hyderabad. 1(53 4.22 4 The Deccan 4.2 Andhra Deccan Swarnamukhi Valley below Tirupati with 4.22 Rayalaseema. its intermont basins under the stows of the Nagari Hills. Except for Guntur and Nellore districts the country south 'Jf the Krishna in Andhra To the north of the Anantapur-Chittoor Pradesh constitutes Rayalaseema. Kurno01 basin j<; the central Kunderu basin in is lined in the north by the Gajje1akonda Cuddapah consisting of the longitudinal and Cumbum Hills. Guntur and Nellore are Kurnool-Cuddapah plain (Kunderu river) separated from Rayalaseema in the West by and the central longitudinal Sagileru the great arch of the' Nallamalais Range, Valley (Sagileru·Gundlakamma river) extended to the Southeast by the parallel down the eastern border of Cuddapah in Vellikonda Range which meets the Nagari the Nallamalais. These basins are thus Hills at the Southeastern corner of Chittoor. made by the rivers which flow from the The Palkonda Range with the Errakonda north to the south to join the Penner. They Range to its west is placed northwest to are from West to East the Kunderu and southeast in the South of Cuddapah, its the Sagileru. Both drain Kurnoo! and southeastern tip being Tirupati. Cuddapah. The Kunderu basin forms a The western arcs consist of the Errama great crescent, with its middle in the wide lai-Yellamalai-Seshachalam-Palkonda Hills. Nandyal Valley (700-S00'). The Western The Papagni and Cheyyeru des limits are marked off from the Deccan cend through gorges from the Palkonda Plateaus by the outfacing scarps of the scarps to flow northeast to join the Pennar. Erramalais, Seshachalam and Palkonda Ranges. In the South, the Palkondas form Anantapur is drained by the Pennar a very fine scarp overlooking the Ananta which takes its rise around Muddagiri and pur·Chittoor basins. The eastern limit of Nandi Drug in Tumkur (Mysore), travels the central Kunderu basin is formed by northeast and flows east through Tadpatri, the parallel Nallamalais and Vellikondas skirting the southern slopes of the Yella ('outside hills') with a beautifully regular malai along Proddatur and Cuddapah development of longitudinal valleys, chiefly a~ross Nellore to the sea. The Chitravati the Sagileru. The hills are wooded and rises from the northeast of Nandi Drug are peopled by scheduled tribes, chiefly and flows northeast into Penner at the foot the Chenchus. of the Yellamalai. The Papagni has its The crops are mostly jowar, other source within a few miles to the east of millets, groundnut and some irri1ated . that of the Chitravati, passes through the paddy. 'The topography in the longitu Seshachalam gorges and falls into Penner dinal valleys favours the construction of north of Cuddapah town. The Cheyyeru large tanks by bunding a transverse is joined by the Punchu at the remarkable tributary gorge. The generally arid aspect confluence-gorge in the Palkondas and is mitigated by groves of mangoes around flows up the Razampetta corridor, north the tanks; houses are stone or mud-walled, east to join the Penner between Sidhout and round beehive huts, striped vertically (Cuddapah) and Atmakur (Nellore). in white and rust, attest the Telugu The large Anantapur-Chittoor basin is country' (Spate). thus subdivided into severa! interior longi tudinal basins--the Penner-Chitravati, the Spate excels himself in describing what Chitravati-Papagni, the Papagni-Chey one identifies as the country between yel1l-in each of which the slope is from Tirupati and Kalahasti and Tirupati southwest to northeast. This basin gives in and Madras. The valley between Tiru the east on the transitional zone of the pati, Chandragiri and Nagari Hills upto l65 R.G.I.-21. ! ~ -:1 Kalahasti in the northeast is the Swama and CUddapah and fair in Anantapur mukhi Valley, made by the Swamamukhi and Chittoor. The principal language is river, while the one to the southeast 'of Telugu. Tirupati created by the Nagari river to The urban ratio is moderately high in wards Tiruvaltur is the Nagari Valley, all districts but the rate of natural increase 'The Nagari basins are better cultivated is low in Cuddapah and Chitto or and only than those of the plateau, but even they moderate in Kumool and Ana:ntapur. are not very impressive agricuIturally: Inmigration is low in Kumool and Cud their flattish floors are broken by patches dapah and very moderate in Anantapur of sandy soil, almost bare but for a thin and Chittoor. The proportion of children grass/acacia cover, and. by naked f,Ock 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in Cuddapah exfoliation surfaces, looking like roches and Chitto or and moderate in Kurnool and moritonnees and. often used. as threshing Anantapur. floors. Around the plain a lateritic pied Cuddapah and Chittoor are placed in mont slope fringes the craggy hills, with the second level of development. Cudda boulders as big as a small house on the pah has high values in II, IV and V and talus slopes. Below the lateritic apron is medium values in III and VI. Chittoor a better-watere-d and more fertile piedmont has high val ues in IV and VI and medium strip, which is in places a soIid belt of values in II, III and V. Kumool and paddy, the zone of bush and trees along Anantapur are placed in the third level of the laterite margin being a favoured settle development with high values in II and IV ment-line. It is a strange landscape: fan and medium values in III. Kumool has tastic hills, stacked and pinnacled, long hi~h values while Anantapur has medium ridges capped by massive quartzites, values in V and VI reflected in the still waters of the big tanks with their borders of toddy palms; an All districts are connected by grid. eerily attractive picture under iron-blue or Food industries and textiles are common grey skies. to all districts. Cotton ginning and press This Division is also a large jowar tract ing is common to Kumoo!, Cuddapah and with rice as a subsidiary crop, but the Anantapur. Non-metallic mineral pro- three millets dominate. The cash crops ducts are common to all districts except are groundnut in alI districts and cotton in Cuddapah. Printing and publishing is Kumool and Anantapur. important in Kumool; chemicals and Population density is low in Kumool transport industries in Cuddapah; tobacco (207), Cuddapah (226) and Anantapur and metal products in Chittoor. (239) but comparatively high in Chittoor This Division is thus more or less homo (328). The proportion of scheduled geneous, development in Kurnoo] and tribes is small in all four districts but that Anantapuf being a matter more of de~ree of $chedllied vastes ill moderate in Kumool than kinG, 155 Atuzlysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size c;lasses 4'22 RAYALASEEMA Class of town ---'---- ., Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 52 1 3 13 35 17 18 Agricultural 22 1 21 10 11 Artisan 13 5 7 4 3 Manufacturing 4 1 2 1 Ifrade and Commerce 2.., 1 Transport 3 1 2 1 Service 8 1 S 2 2 Class I cities with their function: . Manufacturing -Kurnool. 4.3 Mysore Deccan. the Cauvery in the south, the Tungabhadra, the Malaprabha and Ghataprabha in the This subregion consists of the South north and the North Pennar, PaIar and Deccan Plateaus. It is divided into 5 South Pennar or Ponnaiyar (Pinakini or Divisions: Inland Karnataka consisting of 2 districts, Belgaum (although Belgaum is ' Purnahar?) rivers in the northeast and east. The population is concentrated in the in some ways more related to Bijapur) valleys, while the uplands contain pastures. and Dliarwar; Southern Deccan Plateau The most extensive and important Divi with 3 districts, Bidar, Gulbarga and Bija sions are the Malnad or hilly (maI, maIai) pur, more appropriately Northern Maidan; country in the west and the more open Central Maidan consisting of Raichur 'champaign' country of the maidan (park Doab and Bellary Peneplains; South land) in the east. In the extreme west, Maidan, consisting of 5 districts: Chitra- north of Coorg, the MaInad overlaps into 4urga, Tumkur, Mandya, Bangalore and Kolar; and Malnad consisting of 5 districts: the Ghats, here reaching 5,000-6,000 ft. Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Coorg and It is highly dissected by the headwaters of Mysore (although it is usual to exclude the Tunga and Bhadra, and of the Cau Mysore from Malnad). very, all of which rise on the very crest of the Ghats, only about South of the Maharashtra Plateau the 30 miles east of the Arabian Sea. Mysore table land rises still higher and the rock type changes from lava to gneiss. A strip about 6-14 miles wide in the The northern border is more complex. extreme west carries tall evergreen forest, The great scarps of the Kaladgi sandstones but most of the Malnad has a mixed are cut across by the Ghataprabha and deciduous vegetation of teak, sissoo and Malaprabha. South of the hills a plain of sandalwood. The most interesting of the black soil is formed in Dharwar. The many complex small ranges of the Malnad topography is a rolling upland, drained by is the Baba Bhudan group (Peak 6,317,), the first home of coffee in India. The (boundary of Gulbarga and Raichur). The Maidan consists of rolling plateaus nSlDg Bhima flows down from the northwest and in the east (Tumkur and Kolar) into dis joins the Krishna as it leaves Gu~arga at jointed granitic hills of famastically ir Yadgir taluk. Further north the Manjra regular plan and elevation. There is how crosses the Bidar transversely in Bhalki. ever a great deal of local diversity. The Tunga and the Bhadra take their rise from the north and south of Sringeri The most important crops in Inland (Kudremukh peak 1,892m-Chikmagalur) Karnataka, Southern Deccan Plateau, respectively and travel northeast to meet Raichur and BeHary are jowar and millets, north of Bhadravati (Shimoga). There groundnut and cotton. In the Malnad after the Tungabhadra flows first as the the most important crop is rice followes1 boundary between Shimoga and Chitra by ragi and jowar. In the Maidan again durga and then between Dharwar and the important crops are jowar and ragi, Bellary and thereafter between Raichur followed by rice and groundnut. Tank and Bellary. The Varada div~es North irrigation is important and made possible Kanara and Dharwar from Shimoga but by the bunding of narrow streams. There traverses Dharwar to fall into Tunga are nearly 40,000 tanks, large and small, bhadra between Harpanahalli and Hada over half the irrigated area depending on gaIli (BelIary). The Hagari flowing out tanks. northeast from Chikmagalur, through Vani Vilasa Sagar in Hariyur (Chitradurga Tumkur), travels up Chitradurga and pas Villages are larger, more compact and sing through Anantapur enters Bellary and widely spaced in the northern part of the falls into the Tungabhadra north of Sim" plateau than in the Maidan. In the guppa (Bellary). Tumkur is drained in Malnad tiny hamlets abound. Houses are the northeast by the North Pennar, and generally mudwalled or of stone, usually Kolar also in the northeast by the Chitra low built around a courtyard, which may vati and Papagni. Southeastern Kolar is be surrounded by carved and painted drained by the upper reaches of the Palm: verandahs. Thatch roofing is the rule and while eastern Bangalore (Hoskote) is tile is a sign of prosperity. In the east drained by the South Pennar or Ponnaiyar. flat ,roofs are common. The Cauvery takes its rise south of Mercara in Coorg and flowing cast is The Central Sahyadris or Western Ghats joined from the northwest through Hassan form the western flank of Belgaum and (Belur, Alur and Arkalgud taluks) by' Dharwar. The slope of Dharwar is from the Hemavati at Krishnarajasagar. Further southwest to northeast while that of Bel south the Kabbani joined by the Nugu gaum is from ",est to east. The Krishna travels from southwest to northeast through enters Belgaum between Athani and southwest Mysore and joins the Cauvery Raibag taluks and flows into Bagalkot near Srirangapatnam followed by the (Bijapur) where it is joined from the Cauvery Falls and Sivasumudram (Mysore southwest by the Ghataprabha passing Mandya). The Shimsa flows in a south through Gokak and Mudhol taluks of easterly direction forming the boundary in Belgaum. Further east the Malaprabha places of Mandya and Bangalore to fall passing through Badami and Hungund into the Cauvery east of Sivasamudram. taluks of Bijapur joins the Krishna at Hun The Arkavati descending from Nandi Drug gund. The Dhone flows down southeast is entirely confined to the State flowing and joins t]ne; Krishna at near Lingsugur longitudinally to Cauvery. The Cauvery marks the boundary of Mandya and Mysore Doab enclosing part of North Kanata, arid Bangalore-Mysore, i.e. Malnad from Dharwar and Raichur; (6) the Varada Maidan. Tungabhadra Doab enclosing Shimoga; (7) the. Tungabhadra-Hagari Doab enclos·· Counting from north to south the main ing Chikmagalur, Chitradurga and Bellary; basins and doabs are: (1) the Manjra (8) the North Pennar-Chitravati-Papagni Basin in ~idar; (2) the !:Shima-Krishna drainage in Tumkur; (9) the Palar drain Doab enclosing Bijapur and Gulbarga; (3) age in K'Jlar; (10) the South Pennar or the Krishna-Ghataprabha Doab enclosing Ponnaiyar drainage in Bangalore and (11) strips of Belgaum and Bijapur; (4) the the Cauvery-Hemavati-Kabbani-Shimsa Ghataprabha-Malaprabha Doab; (5) the Arkavati drainage in Coorg, Hassan, Malaprabba-Krishna alld TUllgabhadra Mysore, Tumkur-Mandya and BangaJore. Analysis .of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4·3 MYSORE DECCAN Class of town r------.----~ - -) Function of town Total TI nt IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 'total 196 5 9 27 155 67 5~ ~5 Agricultural '95 93 39 35 19 Port 1 Attisan 29 8 20 13 2 5 Manufacturing 28 3 OJ 10 12 5 5 2 Trade and Commerce 2 2 2 Service 41 2 4 8 27 7 11 9 4.31 4 The Deccan 4.3 Mysore Deccan The urban ratio is high in Dharwar and 4.31 Inland Karnataka. moderately high in Belgaum. The rate of natural increase is moderate in Belgaum This Division consists of Belgaum and and moderately high in Dharwar. The rate Dharwar, although Dharwar, thanks to its of inmigration'is moderate in both dis black soil in the east, is more akin to Bija tricts. But the proportion of children 0-4 pur. It is a millet tract which also grows rice to women 15-44 is moderately high in and wheat. The principal cash crops are both. groundnut and cotton. Population density is fairly even in the Division : density in Belgaum is placed in the second level of BeIgaum being 385 and in Dharwar 369. development and has high values only in The proportion of scheduled tribes (2'6 IV and V with medium values in all and 0'5) as well as of scheduled castes others. Dhai'war is placed in the third level (8'7 and 5'6 respectively) is comparative of development with high values in II, IV ly Ipw. The principal language is Kannada. and V and medium values in the rest. fielgaum generates its own electri and pressing, textiles and transport tity but Dharwar is connected to equipment are important industries in grid. Food, tobacco, cotton ginning both. A 'I.'ll ysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4·31 INLAND KARNATAKA Class of town ------"-_ ---, Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 Total 30 2 1 5 22 19 3 Agricultural 19 19 17 2 I\rtisan 5 2 2 2 Manufacturing 3 2 Service 3 1 Class I cities with their function : Manufacturing-Hubli-Dharwar. Service-Belgaum. 4.32 4 The Deccan 4.3 Mysore Deccan The urban ratio is moderately high in 4.32 Southern Deccan Plateau (Nortb all districts but the rate of natural increase Maidan). is low in Gulbarga and only moderate in Bidar and Bijapur. Inmigration is moder ate in all three districts. The proportion This Division is a continuation of the of children 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in Marathawada (4.15) Division of Maha Bidar and Gulbarga and moderate in Bija rashtra Deccan and is more akin to it than pur. a separate Division. But for administra tive and zoning convenience it has been All 3 districts are placed in the second called the North Maidan area of the South level of development but each has a differ Deccan Plateau. The Division consists of ent pattern. 'Thus Bidar has high values 3 districts, Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur. in II and IV and medium in III, V and VI; Gulbarga has high values in II and VI and This is a millet tract, in which Bijapur medium in III, IV and V and Bijapur has grows a little wheat. All districts grow high values in IV and V, medium in n groundnut and Gulbarga and Bijapur grow and VI and low in Ill, cotton. Population density is lowest in Gulbarga (223), low in Bijapur (253) and The districts generate their own electri comparatively high in Bidar (319). The city. Food industries are important in all proportion of scheduled tribes is negligi districts. There is no other organised ble. That of scheduled castes is low in industry in Bidar. Cotton ginning and Bijapur and fair in Bidar and Gulbar}!a. pressing, textiles and non-metallic mineral The principal language is Kannada, al products are irop()rtant in Gulbarga and though in Bidar its proportion is just above Bijapur; tobac.::o in Gulbarga and trans 50 per cent. port equipment in Bijapur. I59 Analysis of Town Groups a1ld T(J'lms.by population is low (240). The proportion predominam function and size_claSies of scheduled tribes is negligible. The ratio of scheduled castes is 13'6 per cent. The 4'32 SOUTHERN DECCAN PLATEAU principal language is Kannada. (NORTH MAlDAN) 'Dle urban ratio is high, but the rate of Class of town natural increase is moderate, that of in Function r------'------'""\ migration moderately high and of children of town Total 11 HI IV-V Iv V 0-4 to women 15-44 low. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The district is placed in the third level of development with high vaJues for II, IV, Total 2.9 2. 8 19 15 .. V and VI and medium in III. Agricultural 12 8 4 12 Bellary is connected to grid and the Artisan 8 3 5 5 important industries are food industries, Manufac- ~otton ginning and pressing, machinery, turing S 1 4 transport equipment and printing and Service 4 2 2 publishing. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by 4.33 4 The Deccan 4.3 Mysore Deccan predominant function and size classes 4.33 Raichur-Bellary (Central 4·33 RAICHUR-BELLARY (CENTRAL Maidan). MAIDAN) Class of town This Division consists of 2 districts: Function .------"-,------Raichur and Bellary. Raichur is contained of town Total II IV-V IV V in the Doab of Bhima-Krishna and Tunga bhadra. It is entirely a millet tract and 2 3 4 5 6 grows cotton and groundnut. Population density is low (203), scheduled tribes Total 17 3 14 6 8 are negligible while the ratio of scheduled Agricultural 12 11 5 6 castes is only 10 per cent. The principal Port 1 1 1* language is Kannada. Manufacturing The urban ratio is moderately high but Service 3 2 natural increase is low and inmigration *Agriculture is also predominant. and proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 are moderate. 4.34 4 The Deccan 4.3 Mysore Deccan 4.34 South Maidan. Raichur is placed in the lowest level of This Division consists of the 5 Mysore development with medium values in all districts of Chitradurga, Turokur, Mandya, the blocks. Bangalore and Kolar, and is an extensive millet tract, the chief millet being ragi. The district is connected to grid. The Rice is grown as a second crop. Groundnut main industries are cotton ginning and is grown in Chitradurga, Tumkur and pressing, food, tobacco, transport equip Kolar and cotton only in Chitradurga. ment and printing and publishing. Population density is moderate in Chitra Bellary is jowar country which grows durga (262), fair in Tumkur (336), cotton and groundnut. The density of moderately high in Koll:\r (406) and t&> Mandya (480) and high in Bangalore and Chitradurga and Bangalore in the (802). The proportion of scheduled tribes fouuh. Tumkur has high values in II and is negligible in all districts but that of IV and medium values in III, V and VI. scheduled castes is appreciable ranging Mandya and Kolar 'have high values in IV from 13 per cent in Mandya to as much and medium values in III and VI. In II, as 25 per cent in Kolar. The principal Mandya has high while Kolar has medium language is Kannada although its strength values and in V, Mandya has medium is only 51 per cent in Bangalore and 53 while Kolar has high values. Ohitradurga per cent in Kolar. and Bangalore are in the top level of The urban ratio is moderate in Tumkur development, Chitradurga has high values and Mandya, moderately high in Chitra in II, IV and V and medium values in III durga and high in Kolar and Bangalore. and VI, while Bangalore has high values in IV and V and medium values in II, III The rate 'of natural increase is low in Kolar, moderate in Tumkur and Bangalore and VI. and moderately high in Chitradurga 'inc! All districts are connected by grid. Food Mandya. The level of inmigration is industries are important in all districts ex moderate in Chitradurga and Tumkur, cept Bangalore. Textiles are important in moderately high in Mandya and Kolar and Chitradurga, Bangalore and Kolar; machi high in Bangalore. The proportion of r.ery in Chitradurga, Mandya and Banga children 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in lore; tobacco in Chitradurga, Tumkur and Bangalore and Kolar, moderate in Tumkur Kolar; chemicals in Tumkur, Mandya and and Mandya and moderately high in Kolar; non-metallic minet:als in Tumkur Chitradurga. and Kolar; cotton ginning and pressing in The Division enjoys a wide range of Chitradurga; furniture and fixtures in Tum· development. Tumkur is placed in the kur; wood industries, in Mandya; transport second level, Mandya and Kolar in the third equipment in Bangalore. A.w;,{ysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function~and( size claSses 4'34 SOUTH MAIDAN Class of town -----.---~ ---.------"- ---.----~ Function of town Total I I[ TlI IV-Vq IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 59 2 1 8 48 17 17 H Agricultural 27 .. 27 4 13 10 Artisan 13 2 11 0 1 4 Manufacturing 10 2 1 3 4 3 1 .. Trade and Commerce 2 2 2 .. Service, 7 3 .; 2 I .... ----~.--- ..... , .. Class I cities with their function: Manufacturing-Bangalore, Kolar Qold Fiel~. 161 4.35 4 The Deccan 4.3 Mysore Deccan high in Hassan, Chikmagalur and Coorg 4.35 Malnad. and high in Shimoga. This Division consists of 5 upland dis Hassan and Mysore are placed in the tricts: Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan, third level of development with high valuell Coorg and Mysore. The principal crop is in II and IV and medium values in III rice in Shimoga, Chikmagalur and Coorg and VI. Hassan has medium value ill V and ragi in Hassan and Mysore but millets while Mysore has high value. Shimoga, are important in all districts. Groundnut is Chikmagalur and Coorg are placed in the grown in Shimoga and Mysore. The Divi fourth level of development. Coorg has sion has moderate population density. high values in III, IV and V and medium Density is low in Coorg (203), Chikma values in II and VI; Shimoga has high gaIur (212) and Shimoga (251), but com values in II, IV and V and medium values paratively high in Hassan (334) and in III and VI; Chikmagalur has high Mysore (369). The proportion of schedul. values in II, III, IV and V and medium ed tribes is either negligible or low in all value in VI. districts except Coorg where it is 8'4 per cent. The proportion of scheduled castes is moderate only in Coorg (9'5 per cent) All districts are connected by grid. Basic but appreciable in the remaining districts metals are important in Shimoga-Bhadra varying from 14' 3 per cent in Shimoga to vati. Food industries are important in all 17' 5 per cent in Mysore. The principal districts except Hassan; paper and paper language is Kannada. products in Shimoga and Coorg; chemicals in Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan and The urban ratio' is moderately high in Mysore; wood industries in Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Hassan and Coorg, and high Chikmagalur and Coorg; transport equip in Shimoga and Mysore. Both natural in ment in Chikmagalur and My-sore; non crease find inmigration ate moderate in metallic minerals in Chikmagalur; machi Mysore, moderately high in Hassan and high nery in Hassan and Coorg; cotton ginning in Shimoga, Chikmagalur and Coorg. The and pressing in Hassan; rubber and rubber proportion of children 0-4 to women products in Coorg; textiles and tobacco in 15-44 is moderate in Mysore, moderately Mysore. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes 4'35 MALNAD Class of town ,------..A.. Function of town Total 1 II III IV-VI N V VI-"" 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 61 1 2 6 52 10 21 21 Agricultural 25 1 24 S 10 9 Artisan 3 1 2 1 1 Manufacturing 9 1 1 7 '2 3 2 Service 24 3 19 3 7 !it Class I cities with their function: Service-Mysore. 163 R.G.1.-2''!. l.62 4.4 Tamilnad Hills and Uplands. Palni and Andipatti Hills in West Madurai; (5) the Madurai Hills in Central Madurai; This Subregion consists of 2 Divisivns: (6) the Shencottah in West Tirunelveli and Nilgiri and Coimbatore Plateau. (7) the Mahendragiri in Kanyakumari. 4.41 Nilgiri. The highest peaks are Doda Betta 'The Nilgiris (Blue Mountains) £orm a (2,637m), Kodai Kanal (2,506m) and Anai compact plateau of about 1,000 sq. m. Mudi (2,695m) which is however in Devi with a summit-level of 6,000-8,000 ft. colam (Kerala ) . rising with extreme abruptness on all sides; on the eastern slopes there is a fall of The front to the Palghat gap is steep 6,000 ft. in 1 i-2 miles, the face of the and in the east remarkably straight. The Coimbatore plateau is hardly less steep, and southeastern flanks of the Palnis overlook on the north the Nilgiris are cut off from ing the upper Vaigai reentrant, such as the 3,000-4000 ft. Mysore plateaus by the Nilakottai and Tirumangalam taluks, are deep straight gash of the Moyar Trench also remarkably abrupt as also the Varu (the Mysore Ditch), the Darrow floor of shanad Valley (Srivilliputtur taluk, Rama which lies at 1,000'-2,000'. The massif is nathapuram) containing the upper reaches as it were islanded between the Moyar and of the Vaigai below the Cardamom and the Bhavani to the south.' (Spate). The Andippati Hills. Below the Shencottah Kallar flows down Ootacamund and gap in Tenkasi (Tirunelveli) 'the change Coonoor. from the jungleclad mountain to the tank pitted Tamilnad Plain is very sudden'. The Nilgiri is virtually the trijunction (Spate) point of the Western and Eastern Ghats and the Tamilnad Hills and Plateaus. Life Proceeding from the north to the south in the Nilgiri is centred on Ootacamund the Subregion may be divided into four (lying under the highest point of the sections according to their river regions: plateau, Doda Betta, 8,760'), and its satel (1) Palar-Cheyyar thr01;lgh North Arcot lites Wellington and Coonoor. The Pykara and Chingleput; (2) The Cauvery and its rising southwest of Ootacamund is harnes tributaries across Nilgiri, Coimbatore, sed at Pykara Falls before it descends into Tiruchirapalli and Thanjavur; (3) the the Moyar. The Bhavani flows southwest Vaigai across Ramanathapuram and (4) to northeast hugging the foothills. the Tambraparni across Tirunelveli. All ffow naturally from the western hills and 4.42 Coimbatore Plateau (Kongunad). plateaus into the Bay of Bengal on the The Coimbatore Plateau is studded with Coromandel Coast. a series of ranges which make a great arc with its outer side towards the Bay of The Palar or Paleru drains Kolar 'and Bengal. From the north to the south they flows by the northern slopes of the lavadi consist of (1) the J avadi Hills in the north Hills and is joined midway between Kan and Tiruvannamalai in the south of North chipuram and Chingleput by the Cheyyar Arcot; (2) the Melagiri Hills in north flowing in a northeasterly direction from west Salem and the Shevaroy Hills and the south of the Javadis. The Penner or Kalrayan Hills in southeast Salem, the Ponnaiyar flows diagonally (northwest Kollaimalai Hills in South Salem and South south-east) across Salem along the northern Arcot; (3) the Pachaimalai Hills in north edges of the Shevaroys to Fort St. David Tiruchirapalli; (4) the Sirumalai Hills in Cuddalore in South Arcot. The Vellar Melur (Madurai); and the Anaimalai, is fed by two main branches, one from the Shevaroys in the north and the other from curve due southeast across Madurai and the Pachaimalais in the south across South Ramanathapuram down to Pambafi Chan~ Areot to Porto Novo. nel. The Vaigai is perennial only in the In the central stretches of Madras the high Varushanad Valley, in contrast to its Cauvery ellters the State from Kollegal tributary the Suruli, which has feeders taluk of Mysore through the valley bet direct from the Cardamoms, as well as an ween the Southern slopes of the Melagiris artificial supply of Periyar water. Rice and in the notth, is harnessed at the Hogenakal millets are the staple crops with consider Falls, before it flows into the Stanley Re able cotton and tobacco. s~rvoir in Salem. The BiIigiri (white Western Ramanathapuram and northern mountain) Rangan Hills and the smaller Tirunelveli is drained by the Vaipur. ranges like Attimalai and Madheswar Southern Tirnnelveli is drained by the rualai intervene between the Cauvery Chittar flowing from the northwest and the and Moyar. The Moyar mung Tambraparni from the southwest through west of Doda Betta skirts the north of the Papanasham Reservoir to fall into the Nilgiri and is joined by the Bhavani which Gulf of Mannar. descends from the Coonoor side where it is dammed up in transit at Bhavani Sagar West of the middle Palar the Mysore (Lower Bhavani Project). The Noyil rises Ghat descends in a series of steps from a from a 1,998m. peak west of Coimbatore, general level of 3,000 ft. and more through traverses the district to fall into the Cau a broad shelf at about 2,250 ft. Both the very at the junction of Coimbatore and ghat scarps and the line of the Javadis have Tiruchirapalli districts. The Amaravati with in general straight trends, and the Tamil its tributaries rises from the Anaimalai and nad Hills have flattish surfaces at heights Palni Hills to flow northeast into the comparable to those of the plateau. The Cauvery at Karur (TiruchirapalIi). These Tamilnad summits are generally higher than thre'e rivers drain very mature valleys into the oppostte heights of the Mysore Plateau: the Cauvery. The Bhavani and the Amara· 3,600-3,800 ft· in tte Javadis, 5-5,400 vati are perennial, but the Noyil is dry for in the Shevaroys. The steep flank of the most of the year, with practically no water hills are usually forested, but within this in its lower course and little in the middle. girdle of jungle the plateaus carry a sur At Tirnchirapalli the Cauvery creates a prisingly large agricuJtural population. On genuine mesopotamia in Srirangam Island the shelf below the main Mysore Ghat and splits into two. The left or northern much land is still under forest, mostly arm, the Coleroon, travels northeast to fall rather open and used mainly for grazing. into the sea south of Chidambaram, mark This is geographically, and perhaps histori ing the boundary first between Tiruchira cally. an off-shoot of the famous cattle palli and Thanjavur and next between breeding centres of Mysore (the famous South Arcot and Thanjavur. The right or Amrit mahal breed which used to be raised southern arm, the Cauvery makes an en in Channarayapatna for drawing gun ormous delta with the Vellar. carriages in Tipu Sultan's time is now almost extinct. but the fineTimb The Vaigai rises in the Varushanad val ed irongrey Hillik-ars with their tun ley formed by the Palnis in the north, the ing fork horns are the counterpart of Cardamoms in the west and the Periyar the noble Harianas of the Punjab); 'the Hills in the south. Its tributory, Suruli. is Dharmapuri/Krishna!!iri cattle markets arc formed in the Kambam Valley west of the main source of heavy draught animals Varushanad. At first the Vaigai flow~ for an area '>tretching from Malabar to nprthea~t f!.nd th~J) in a great sweeping Ch.itloc>r~ while the best animals are sold as far afield as Madura and Tinnevally as be taken as the end of the plateau course. coach bullocks'. (Spate). The whole of There is, however, another narrow straight Salem district, Gudiyatham and Tiruppattur gorge, west of Salem, and this provides the of North Areot, Gobichettipalayam and emplacement for the Mettur Dam. Erode taluks of Coimbatore and Karur taluk of Tiruchirapalli are studded with Between the Cauvery and Palghat lies cattle markets and tanneries. The weekly an extensive low plateau; Coimbatore. The shandies engage in brisk cattle business. individuality of this region comprising the This is essentially a dry crops area. The Madheswarmalai, the Biligiri Rangan three main millets are the staple food Hills, and the Attimalai, is attested by the crops, rice being important towards the survival of its ancient name Kongunad margins of the region-where the Palar roughly Coimbatore district, southwest opens out and on the southern flanks of the Salem (OmaIur, Salem, Sankari, Tiruchen Tamilnad Hills. But the Lower Bhavani gode, Rasipuram and Namakkal taluks) Sagar Project has converted large tracts and Karur taluk of Tiruchirapalli that is (193,000 acres) in Coimbatore (Gobichetti between the Cauvery in the north and palayam, Bhavani. Erode, Dharapuram) Arnravati in the south. Rice is unimpor and Tiruchirapalli (notably Karur) into the tant in Kongunad except in the command most prosperous rice country. In the south area of the Lower Bhavani Sagar Project around Salem, groundnut and some cotton but cotton, groundnut and, recently, sugar are grown. The TeIugu-speaking Reddis cane are important. Paddy is practically are skilled tank cultivators. confined to ayacuts (areas supplied from anicuts or weirs) in the major valley bot Below the island of Sivasamudram the toms. The tract is preeminent in irrigat river plunges through a succession of wild ed garden cultivation. For example, Erode gorges, with right-angle staircase bends daily sends truckloads of vegetables to conforming to the northwest-southeast Madras by road. There is much pastur- and southwest-northeast stresses of the ing and well irrigation has made specta- plateau edge. The Hogenakal Falls may cular progress. : , _ An~lysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 4'4 TAMILNAD HILLS AND UPLANDS Class of town _____-..A... -.. Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 110 5 10 31 64 33 29 1 Agricultural 20 4 16 9 7 Artisan. 24 5 17 6 10 Manufacturing 28 4 4 8 12 8 4 Trade and Commerce 4 2 Transport 4 :1 2 1 Service • 30 4 11 15 8 6 1 165 4.41 4 The Deccan 4.4 Tamilnad Hills and crops in Salem and Coimbatore are the Uplands 4.41 Nilgiri. three millets and rice while in North Arcot and Madurai it is rice and millets. All dis The Division consists of the single dis tricts grow groundnut and Coimbatore and trict of Nilgiri. The chief crops are rice and potato and the cash crops tea and Madurai grow cotton. coffee. Population density is 417 persons per square mile. The proportion of Population density is high in all districts. scheduled tribes is low but the percentage Salem has 539 persons per sq. mile, of members of scheduled castes is 19. Coimbatore 590, Madurai 660 and North Tamil is the strongest single language Arcot 671. The proportion of scheduled although its percentage is only 40. tribes is negligible in Coimbatore and Madurai and very low in North Arcot (1'9)' The urban ratio, the retio of natural and Salem (2'6). But the proportion of increase and inmigration are high but the scheduled castes is appreciable, varying proportion of children 0-4 to women from 14'5 per cent in Salem to 19'7 per cent 15-44 is moderate, evidence of high in North Arcot. The principal language migrant labouring population among is Tamil. women. The district is placed in the highest level of development with high values in The urban ratio is moderately high in III, IV and V and medium values in II North Arcot and Salem and high in Coim and VI. batore and Madurai. The rate of natural increase is low in all districts and so is in The district is connected to grid. The migration in North Arcot and Salem. In main industries are lea and coffee, trans migration is moderate in Coimbatore and port equipment, printing and publishing, Madurai. The proportion of children 0-4 machinery and miscellaneous industries. to women 15-44 is low in all districts. Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes ~alt::m IS placed in the third level of 4·41 NILGIRI development with high values in II, IV and V and medium values in III and VI. Class of town Coimbatore, Madurai and North Arcot are Function r-~------"- ~ oftoWD Total II III IV-V IV V placed in the highest level with high valu~s in II, IV, V and VI and medium values in III. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total 7 2 2 3 2 1 All districts are connected to grid. The chief organised industries are textiles and Manufac- food industries in all districts. Chemical turing • 4 2 2 2 industries are located in North Arcot and Service 3 2 Salem; electrical machinery is manufactured in Salem and Madurai, transport equipment 4.42 4 The Deccan 4.4 Tamilnad Hills in Coimbatore and Madurai, machinery in and Uplands 4.42 Coimbatore Plateau Coimbatore and Madurai, non-metallic (Kongunad) . minerals (cement) in Salem. leather pro This Division consists of North Arcot, ducts and printing and publishing in North Salem, Coimbatore and Madurai. The chief Arcot. Analysis 0/ Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size clasuJ 4'42 COIMBATORE PLATEAU (KONGUNAD) ______ClassJ. ___of town • r- ----.~ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 103 5 8 29 61 31 28 2 Agricultural 20 4 16 9 7 Artisan 24 1 1 5 17 6 10 1 Manufacturing 24 4 4 6 10 6 4 Trade and Commerce 4 .. 1 2 1 1 Transport 4 .. 1 3 2 I Service 27 2 11 14 8 5 1 Class I cities with their function : Artisan-Salem. Manufacturing-Vellore, Coimbatore, Kurichi, Madurai. REGION 5 THE WEST COAST PLAINS The entire Coastal Shelf on the Arabian Subregion Gujarat Plain and Dangs is sea has been taken as one Region and divided into two Divisions: Gujarat Plain (6 divided into 5 Subregions: (1) Kutch and districts) and Dangs. Daman is an Kathiawar, (2) Gujarat Plain and Dangs, 'enclave' of the Plains. The Konkan (3) Konkan Coastal Lowland, (4) Konkan (".,aastal Lowland is divided into 3 Kerala Transition and (5) Kerala Coastal Divisions: North Konkan (Dadra & Nagar Plains-Western and Southern Ghats Haveli and Thana), Ulhas Basin (Greater (South Sahyadri). Bombay) and Kolaba-Ratnagiri. Konkan Kerala Transition has one Division: Coastal Kutch and Kathiawar have three Divi Karnataka (2 districts) and Goa. Kerala sions: Kutch (1 district), Kanthadesh (2 Coastal Plains has 2 Divisions: Malabar (3 districts) and Kathiawar (7 districts). Diu districts) and Kerala Coastal Plain (6 dis 1.S an 'enclave' in Kathiawar. The second tricts). Mahe is an enclave. Analysis 0/ Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant/unction and size classes 5 THE WEST COAST PLAINS Class of town r------~------"------~ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 325 14 14 74 223 107 99 17 Agricultural 56 6 50 15 30 5 Port 62 9 5 14 34 16 16 2 Artisan. 13 4 9 6 3 Manufacturing 58 2 3 16 37 21 14 2 Trade and Commerce 12 5 7 2 5 Transport 8 1 7 4 3 Service . 116 3 6 28 79 43 28 8 NOTE: The following 4 towns though agriculturally predominant have been shown against Port: Class III Class V Mangrol (Gujarat) Harnai (Maharashtra) Class IV Class VI Mulki (Mysore) Tankara (Gujarat) 5.1 Kutch and Kathiawar. Kutch has a discontinuous backbone (up "The Rann is a vast expanse of naked to 900-1,100 ft.) of Jurassic-Miocene rocks. tidal mudflats, a black desolation flecked mainly sandstones with intrusive and inter~ with saline efflorescences, or the sudden bedded basalts, flanked by alluvial and flights of great flocks of flamingoes; here aeolian deposits; the highest point (1,525,) and there the banks of dead creeks are lies away to the North on Pachham Islands picked out in a white skeletal outline of in the Rann. Physically it is an alterna tion of little flat-topped steepedged plateaus, salt or scum. To the north the desert of much dissected round the margins, and tiny mud and the desert of sand in the Thar alluvial basins. The Rann itself appears merge almost imperceptibly. The normal to be a broken anticline." (Spate). dendritic pattern of the creeks has been interupted by earthquakes, notably that of 1819 which interrupted the old Indus dis tributaries into the Rann by the formation The main crops are the two millets, jowar of a fault-scrap 10-18 ft. high and some and bajra. Cotton is grown. But grazing 56 miles long, the Allah Bund ("God's and cattle breeding are important, Kutch Dyke"). Yet isolation is not complete nor being also noted for its breeds of horses the waste entirely trackless. and camels. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 5·1 KUTCH AND KATHIAWAR Class of town r-.---~------__.)....------"'\ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TC>tai 11Z 3 5 27 77 30 38 9 Agricultural 40 .. 5 35 10 20 5 Port 20 2 3 14 3 9 2 Artisan. 2 2 1 Manufacturing 15 1 8 6 4 2 Trade and Commerce 5 .. 2 3 2 1 Transport Service. 29 2 2 8 17 10 5 2 5.11 5 The West Coast Plains 5.1 Kutch tribes (4'7 per cent) and scheduled castes and Kathiawar 5.11 Kutch. (9 per cent) are moderate. The strongest single language is Gujarati but its percent This Division consists of one district age is only 53. Kutch. The chief crops are jowar and the inferior millet bajra. Almost the sole cash crop is cotton. Population density is very The urban ratio, rate of natural increase low, being 42 persons per sq. mile, partly and the proportion of children 0-4 to on account of the vast uninhabited wastes women 15-44 are moderately high. But of the Ranns. The proportion of scheduled the level of inmigration i$ low. kutch is placed in the third level of while Sabarkantha grows maize, rice and development with high values in II, IV wheat. Sabarkantha also grows cotton and and V medium value in VI and low value groundnut. Population density in Banas in Ill. kantha is 214 while it is 336 in Sabarkan tha. The proportion of scheduled tribes The district is co.nnected to grid as well is 5 in Banaskantha and 14 in Sabarkantha. as generates Hs own electricity. The The proportion of scheduled castes is 9'6 important organised industries are food in Banaskantha and 8'5 in Sabarkantha. industries, cotton ginning and pressing, The principal language is Gujarati. petroleum products, tran.sport equipment and non-metallic minerals (salt). The urban ratio is low in both districts Analysis oj Town qroups an_d Towns by but the rate of natural increase is high. predominant Junctton and Slze classes Inmigration is moderate in Banaskantha but 5·11 KUTCH moderately high in Sabarkantha. The proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 Class of town ,--___ _.A.. ___, is high in Banaskantha and moderately high Function of town' Total III V in Sabarkantha. 2 3 4 Banaskantha is placed in the second level Total. 6 4 2 of development with high values in II, IV Port. 3 2 and VI, medium value in V and low value in III. Sabarkantha is placed in the third Service 3 3 level of development with high values in II, IV and V medium value in VI and 5.12 5 The West Coast Plains 5·1 Kutch low value in III. and Kathiawar 5.12 Kanthadesh. Banaskantha generates its own electricity This Division is formed by the 2 districts while Sabarkantha is connected to grid. of Banaskantha and Sabarkantha, forming The chief organised industries are food the throat or Kantha, a kind of alluvial industries and transport equipment in both. piedmont, between the highland and the Paper and paper products, footwear and plain, through which the Banas, Sabarmati textile goods and generation of electricity and Mahi descend into Kathiawar from are important in Banaskantha, while Rajasthan. The Luni forms the western cotton ginning and pressing, non-metallic most point as it falls into the Great Rann. mineral products and printing and puhli'ih The Banas enters at Dhanera taluka and ing are important in Sabarkantha. flows through Deesa, Kankrej and Radhan pur talukas into the Little Rann. T~e Analysis of Town G_roups ar:d Towns by Saraswati follows a parallel course to lts predominant Junctwn and szze classes east. The Sabarmati, east of the Saraswati, 5'12 KANTHADESH drains Mahi Kantha (Idar) while the Mahi drains east Mahi Kantha and Rewa Kantha. Class of town Both fall into the Gulf of Cambay. The Function .A- main crops are millets and maize, cotton of town Total III IV-V IV V and groundnut. In the lower reaches the 1 2 3 4 5 6 doab contains the very rich districts of Total 9 1 8 6 2 Ahmedabad and Kaira. Agricultural 1 Trade and The chief crop is the inferior millet, Commerce 2 2 1 bajra, but Banaskantha also grows jowar Service . 6 5 5 5.13 'S .1.he West 'Coast 'Plains 5.1 "Kutcb the broader interfiuves.' In.·the east.the 'and IKathiamlr .:5.13· Kathiawar. aHuvial Gohilwad lowland along dhe Nal depression is well cultivated. W.heat is The great mass 01 Kathiawar is formed the main crop, followed by m.ill:ets~ .Groaner of sheets of 'Deccan Lava, intersected by water is brackish l;lnd the soil sandy along SWarmS" of trap dykes. The actu91 edge the Cambay coast. Large ateas inland of the lavas is marked by a discontinuollS Ilowever are devoted to bajra" wheatt striP of laterite with much alluvium. cotton and jawar. Cotton is preeminem Most of Kathiawar lies belQw 600 it., Iwt in, the north in ,Surendranagar (DbraJWl there are two .hilis masses: the longitudinal dhra-Wadhwan plateau). but the southern arc of Manday Hills east of Rajkot across Sorath coast €Junagadh-Amreli) is un~ Rajkot.. Amreli and Bhavnagar and the equal. The Bhadar and Ojat basins to higher and bolder Girnar and Gir .Ra,nges waros the sea are dominated by salt (up to 2,100,) in Junagadh and Amreli marshes, but above them ·the 'gher' or These two dissected plateaus have a radiai s,,:eet water lands in upper Junagadh and drainage pattern. 'They are linked by a Rajkot raise rich c.rops of jawor, bajra, narro~ and sinuous neck over 600' separa~ cotton, oilseeds and rice. Dwarka (0kba, ring the two major rivers of Kathiawar, the MandaI) and the Halar coast ,in Jamn~' Bhaaar (11 0 miTes long) flowing west in the north again are agriculturally poort across Junagadh, and the Shetrunji east the Halar being marshy creekland. Millets across AmreTI .1llQ Bhavnagar. A few and oilseetls are grown but the .chief wealth miTes west of this watershed' rises the re~ lies in the maghificient cattle of the markable circular group of the Girnar Hills R~bbaris. - culminating in Gorakhnath, the highest point of Kathiawar (1,117m)'. (Spate). Villages over much of Kathiawar are strongly nucleated and large, 'sited on Jamnagar has the Okha Rann in the rises, bluffs along the valleys, hill~foot fans western tip. The Barda Hills lie across the or river crossings'. In Halar and Kutch, boundary of J unagadh and J amnagar in the however, they are often mere hamlets and west, the Alech Rills in southwest ,Rajkot. great stock corrals are prominent features Girnar Hills are in J unagadh taluk of Juna of material culture. The village skyline gadh. The rivers except for Bhadar and has a peculiar Spanish flavour owing to the Shetrunji are engaged mostly in local straight, angular r!Jois of crowded, stone drainage. The Bambha and the Kankavati houses. drain north Surendranagar into the Little Rann; in the west from west to east the This 1i)ivision l:'Onsists of 7 distric~ all Vartu, the 'Bhadar and the OJ at drain in Kathiawar: Mehsana, Surendranagar, southwest Junagadh' while the Singavada Rajkot, Amreli, Junagadh, Bhavnagar ana and Machundri drain the southern end of J mnnagar. The whole of Kathiawar is a Amreli. The Shetrunji drains Bhavnagar mille:t tract growing almost nothing ,el~ flowing southeasterly while the Bhogawa by way of ,food crops but bqjra and jowar ~ drains southern Surendranagar and The principal cash crops are groundnut, Ahmedabad and falls into the Sabarmati which is extensive, and cotton. PopUl11tion in an easterly direction. density is lowest iri Surendranagar(ll691), low in Jamnagar(206), Amreli(269) , .and The banks of the streams are often Rajkot (283), but moderately high in badly gullied. 'The larger blocks of culti Junagadh (304), Bhavnagar (313) and vation are, therefore, often located at the Mehsana (469). The prqportion of sche~ foot of the ridges or low plateaus or on duled tribes is negligible while that of 163 R.G.I.-23. scheduled castes is mostly moderate else III. Surendranagar, Rajkot, Junagadh, where but. appreciable in Surendranagar Bhavnagar and J amnagar are placed in the (10 per cent) and Mehsana (8·6 per cent). fourth or top level of development with The principal language is Gujarati. high values in II, IV, V and VI. Surendra nagar, Rajkot and Bhavnagar have low The urban ratio is high in all districts values in III while Junagadh and Jamnagar except Mehsana where it is moderately have medium values. high. Natural increase is moderate in Except for Bhavnagar which generates Mehsana, moderately high in Amreli, its own electricity all districts are connect Junagadh and Bhavnagar, and high in ed to grid. In addition Rajkot and J am Surendranagar, Rajkot and Jamnagar. The nagar generate electricity. The important level of inmigration is low in Mehsana, organised industries are food industries in moderate in Jun~gadh and Bhavnagar, and ail districts except Mehsana; textiles in all moderately high in Surendranagar, Rajkot, districts; cotton ginning and pressing in Amreli and J amnagar. The proportion of Mehsana, Surendranagar, Rajkot and children 0-4 to women 15-44 is uni Bhavnagar; non-metallic mineral products fotmly high in aU districts except Mehsana in Surendranagar, Junagadh, Bhavnagar where it is moderate. and J amnagar; chemicals in Surendra nagar, Amreli and Jamnagar; transport Mehsaila and Amreli are placed in the equipment in Rajkot and Amreli; machinery third level of development with high values in Bhavnagar; tobacco in Mehsana; and in II, IV and V, medium in VI and low in electricity generation in J amnagar. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes 5·13 KATHIAWAR Class of town r- FunCUon of town Total I II 1II IV-VI IV V VI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 96 3 5 22 66 24 34 8 Agricultural 39 5 34 10 19 5 Port 17 1 2 2* 12 3 7 2* Artisan 2 2 1 1 Manufacturing 15 1 8 6 4 2 Trade and Commerce 3 2 1 1 Transport 1 1 Service 19 2 2 4 11 5 5 Class I cities with their function: Port-Bhavnagar. Service-Rajkot, Jamnagar. *Includes 1 town in whiCh agriculture is predominant. I71 Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by and Maw in the east (Ahmedabad and predominant function and size classes Kaira), the second between the Mahi in 5'13A DIU the northeast and the Narmada (Panch Class of town mahals, Baroda and part of Broach), the r------A.-~ Function of town Total VI third between the Narmada and the Tapti enclosing the southern half of Broach and 1 2 3 the northern half of Surat, the fourth bet ween the Tapti in the North and Daman Total 1 1 ganga in the South enclosing Surat and Service Dangs. The richest lands are in Kaira and Baroda. 5.2 Gujarat Plain and Dangs. Villages are particularly large in Kaira, Spate observes that 'Gujarat might village sites in Gujarat Plains being mainly almost be described as an intrusion of determined by fresh water points. The Indo-Gangetic conditions into the Penin village plans of Gujarat, published in the sula: a great tract of alluvium formed by Housing Report and Village Surveys show the Sabarmati, Mahi and minor parallel interesting zoning of the Kaliparaj or less streams, actively prograding into the Gulf favoured castes and the Upaliparaj or the of Cambay'. This great shelf of firm higher castes. Poorer houses are general alluvium is found in four sections, the first ly of mud and grass with thatched roofs. contained between Sabarmati in the west Tiles and tin are a sign of prosperity. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 5'2 GUJARAT PLAIN AND DANGS Class of town r- Function of town Total I II m IV-V IV V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 65 3 5 13 44 23 21 Agricultural - 9 '" 1 8 1 7 Port 6 1 2 2 1 1 Artisan 4 - - 1 3 3 Manufacturing 11 2 2 2 5 2 3 Trade and Commerce 4 - ... 3 1 1 Transport 3 3 2 1 Service 28 1 4 23 15 8 5.21 5 The West Coast Plains 5.2 Gujarat wheat is a considerable crop in Ahmeda Plain and Dangs 5.21 Gujarat Plain. bad and Broach. Cotton is important in every district while groundnut obtains in Panchmahals, Ahmedabad, Kaira and This Division consists of 6 districts in Baroda. the continental alluvium and shelf east of the' Gulf of Cambay: Panchmahals, . Population density is fair in Broach Ahmedabad. Kaira, Baroda, Broach and (299) but high in Panchmahals (426), . Surat. Rice is the principal crop in Panch Surat (503),' Baroaa (507), Anmedabad mahals, Baroda and Surat, but millets are (642) and Kaira (740). The proportion the prevailing crop of the division and of scheduled tribes is negligible in Ahmeda while maize is important in Panchmahals j bad and Kaira, moderately high in Baroda (2tJo 5 pel' cent) and high in Panchmahals V. Kaira, Broach and Surat are placed in (l~), Br.oach(41·6} and Surat(50). The the third revel with high values in IV, V proportion of scheduled castes is low in and VI and medium 'Values in II and III Panchmahais, Kaira. Baroda. Breach and except for Kaira which has low value in SUr-at but moderate in Ahmedabad (10 per III. Ahmedabad and Baroda are placed cem:). The principal language is Gujarati. in the highest lever with high values in IV, V and VI and medium value in III. abe :urban ratio is moderate in Panch Ahmedabad has a high value in II and mahals, moderatefy high in Kaira and Baroda a medium value. Broach, and high in' Ahmedabad. Baroda Panchmahals and Ahmedabad generate and Surat. Natural increase is high in their own .electricity. Other districts are Panchmahals and Ahmedabad and moder connected by grid. The important orga ately high in the remaining fqur districts. nised industries are transport equipment The level of inmigration is low in Panch in Panchmahals a'nd Ahmedabad; food mahals,. moderate in Kaira and Surat, industries in Panchmahals, Broach and moderately high in Baroda and Broach, Surat; non-metallic mineral products in and high in Ahmedabad. The prop,ortion Panchmahals, Ahmedabad, Kaira, Baroda., of children 0:-4 to women 15-44 is Broach and Surat; cotton ginning and mQderate ip Ahmedabad, Kaira, Baroda pressing in Fanchmahals, Ahmedabad, and Surat, and moderately high in Panch Kaira, Baroda, Bmach and Surat; chemi mahals and Broach. ca1s in Panchmahal's, Baroda and Surat; Panchmahals is placed in the second textiles in Ahmedabad, Kaira, Baroda, level of development with high values in Broach and Surat; and machinery in IV and VI, medium values in II, ill and Ahmedabad and Baroda. Analysis oj Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes 5·21 GUJARAT PLAIN ,.... Class of town Function of town Total I II m: IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 64 3 5 13 43 23 20 Agricultural _ 9 1 1 7 Port 6 1 2 2 1 Art,isan 4- 1 3 3 Manufactul'ing 11 2 2 2 5 2 3 Trade and Commerce • 3 3 Transport 3 3 2 Sel'Yice 28 1 4 23 15 8 Clas$ l.cities.lWI.fil ,their function : EQrt-Surat. ManUfacturing-Ahmedabad, ·Baroda. 5.3 Konkan Coastal Lowland. Analysis 4 T.own Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes The Konkan is the coastal lowland as 5·21A DAMAN far south as Goa. It is much broken by Class of town ,,---~ hills frequently high and massive. There Function of To.wn Total V is ; flat alluvial belt along the coast in 1 2 3 Thana, but only 4-8 miles wide, presided Total 1 1 over to the east by a series of parallel ridges T-rade and Commerce . 1 reaching 1,500-2,000' (Dahanu and Pal ghar taluks of Thana), in which rivers like S.22 S'The West Coast Plains 5.2 Gujarat the Surya Vaitarani, Vada, Ulhas have Plains and Dangs 5.22 Dangs. lower courses more or less parallel to the coast before reaching it transversely. The The Dangs are the northern extreme of Ulhas and its tributaries form a great the Western Ghats behind and west of the amphitheatre between the Ghats and the Satmala Hills and the Tryambak massif. Matheran outlier. South of Bombay the It is mainly forest country extended to the pattern changes: except for the Amba SQuth by the Peint forests in Peint mahal which travels northwest to Alibag, the of N asik. The tract lies well back between streams are shorter and directly transverse the transversely flowing Puma or Ambica (the Pundalik at Kolaba), though some, river in the north and the Damanganga in like the Vashisti through Dapoli and Khed the south. of Ratna,girL and Savitri have also formed 'r,he Division consists of only 1 district: amphitheatres under the Ghats whose trem Dangs. The chief crops are ragi and rice. endous scarps dominate the Konkan. Man Population density is low, being 104. groves are important for fuel. The laterites are very barren. 'The hills and (he tangled The population is overwhelmingly(92' 5 conutry below the Ghats, like the Ghats per cent) made up of scheduled tribes. themselves, are covered with tropical semi Tht( principal mother tongue is Khandesi. evergreen forest'. Bombay city dominates There is no town, but both natural increase the life of the Konkan. and inmigration are high, the proportion of children 04 to women 1544 being The watersheds of the Ulhas Basin .are among the highest. the ThaI Ghat (1.900') to Nasik and the Bhor Ghat (1,800') to Poona. The island The district is placed in the second level of Bombay is formed of two ~ines of of development, having high value only in b.eccan Lava hills. The intervening valley, IV, medium values in Hr, V and VI and originally tidal marsh, has been reclaim.ed. low value in H. The district is not eIec- The Island is separated from Salsette by trifled. The only organised industry is the Mahim river, a broad tidal st1'eam, saw mills. and the lar-gely silted Thana creek. Analysis 0/ Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant/unction and size classes 5'3 KONKAN COASTAL LOWLAND r----__ Class of town Function of town Total I 1 III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 39 3 5 31 12 17 2 A-gr.icultural 1 1 1 Port Y7 3 Manufacturing 3 11 6 5 5 2 3 2 1 Trade and Commerce 3 Transport 3 3 2 2 1 Service 11 1 .. ... 11 3 6 2 5.31 5 The West Coast Plains 5.3 Konkan Both urban ratio, natural increase and Coastal Lowland 5.31 North Konkan. in migration are low. but the proportio~ of children 0-4 to women 15-44 is moderate. This Division consists of Dadra and Nagar Thana is placed in the top level of Haveli and Thana. The principal crop in development with high values in IV, V and Thana is rice followed a long way behind VI and medium in III and low in II. by ragi. Population density is moderately high (465). The population of scheduled The district is conne~ted to grid. The tribes is high (30 per cent) but that of important organised industries are textiles, scheduled castes is low. The principal chemicals, machinery, non-metallic mineral language is Marathi. products and food industries. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 5· 31 NORTH KONKAN Class of town .A-- ..... Function of town Total I III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 14 2 3 9 3 5 1 Port .s 2 2 1 1 Manufacturing 3 2 1 Trade and Commerce 2 2 2 Transport 1 1 Service 3 3 2 1 --Class-I cities with their function: Port-Thana, Kalyan. 5.32 5 The West Coast Plains 5.3 Konkan textiles, transport equipment, metal pro Coastal Lowland 5.32 UIhas Basin. ducts, machinery and miscellaneous indus tries. This Division consists of Greater Bom bay. It is entirely urban, has a density of 5.33 5 The West Coast Plains 5.3 Konkan 24,568 persons per sq. mile and negligible Coastal Lowland 5.33 Kolaba- scheduled tribes and scheduled castes Ratnagiri. populations. The strongest single language This Divisio'n consists of 2 districts, is Marathi though its percentage is only 43. Kolaba and Ratnagiri. The principal crop Greater Bombay has very high values for in the level coast is rice while that in the natural increase and inmigration but the hilIslopes is ragi. Population density is 367 proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 persons in Ratnagiri and 390 in Kolaba. is low. It is placed, of course, in the high The proportion of scheduled tribes is est level of development. negligible in Ratnagiri but appreciable in Kolaba (9 per cent). That of scheduled Greater Bombay is connected to grid. castes is 2 per cent in Ratnagiri and 1 per It is first and foremost a port. The five cent in Kolaba. Marathi ill the principal principal sectors of organised industry are language. The urban ratio is moderate in both between the Konkan and Kerala. Around districts. Natural increase, inmigration the islands of Goa between Aguada and and proportion of children 0-4 to women Marmagao Bays conditions are more deltaic 15-44 are low in Ratnagiri and moderate than anywhere else on the Western Littoral in Kolaba. but both north and south the high ground comes down to the sea and the estuaries Ratnagiri is placed in the lowest level of have a ria aspect. 'A few miles south of development with tow value in II, medium Karwar, we get the first hint of the spit values in III, IV and VI and high value in and-lagoon shoreline characteristic of V. Kolaba is placed in the second level Kerala' (Spate) . with high values in IV and V, medium values in III and VI and low in II. . 'The Ghats themselves are exceptionally Kolaba is connected to grid but Ratna interesting in this Section. Near the llorthern gin generates its own electricity. The· im boundary of Goa the Deccan Lava gives portant organised industries are food indus way to the Archaeans and the change is tries and non-metallic mineral products in marked by a senes of breaches in the both districts; chemicals and chemical pro mountain wall. .From north to south, ducts and paper and paper products in Chapora, the Mandvi, the Rachol, the Sal Kolaba; transport equipment and tobacco in Goa; the Kalinadi, Gangavali-Bedti, in Ratnagiri; and generation of electricity Aghnasini, Sanarua, Tadri, Sharavati (th@ in both' districts. spectacular Jog or Gersoppa Falls) in North Kanara; the Swarnanidhi, the Mulki, Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by the Netravati in South Kanara have all predominant function and size classes encroached on the Kistna-Tungabhadra 5·33 KOLABA-RATNAGIRI drainage, setting the watershed some 80 Class of town miles back from the coast instead of the Function r---~--A. ---...... of town Total III IV-VI IV V VI usual 25-35. All this tends to confirm the suggestion of a 'hinge' of the whole coast 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 about Goa'. (Spate). Total 24 2 22 9 12 1 The valleys are deep gorges two or Agricul three miles across and 1,000 ft. or more tural 1 1 deep, making access into the interior diffi cult. This explains why the more impor Port 11 1 10 5 5* tant towns are on strongly marked ridge Manufac- ways. turing. 2 1 Trade and From the human point of view also this Commerce 1 1 is a truly transitional zone, where the Transport . 1 linguistic strands are inextricably inter twined, making it difficult to say where Service 8 8 3 4 1 Marathi ends and Konkani begins to give *Includes 1 town --iil-- which agriculture is way in its turn to Kannada in North Kanara predominant. and Tulu in South Kanara. Konkani itself changes from various degrees of affiliation 5.4 The Konkan-Kerala Transition. with Marathi to those with Kannada, so Goa and Coastal Karnataka (North and much so that a few miles either way makes South Kanara of Mysore) are transitional a difference to the linguistic landscape. A''!:'''_;I!is u/ Cities" Town Groups and Towns by predominant junction and size classes 5·4 KONKAN KERALA TRANSITION Class of town r----- .------"----~ Function. of town Total I III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 29 1 4 24 n 7 6 Agricultural 2 2 1 Port 9 1 7 6 Attisan 1 1 Manufacturing 6 6 3 2 Service 11 3 8 3 4 Analysis oj Town Groups and Towns by tion (Kumri). The forests and spice gar predominant Junction and size classes dens are important. Dwellings, utensils and decorative crafts are mainly of wood 5'-4A GOA or bamboo. The Yellapur area grows the best teak. Class of town Function ,..------"------, 'South Kanara, like the Vlhas basin and of town Total III IV-VI IV V VI Goa, is an embayment of lowland, widest in the Netravali Valley behind Mangalore. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The setting back of the Ghats permits" a greater development of anuvium than 'in Total l1' 1 10 3 6 North Kanara, broad wedges rather than Port 1 1 narrow strips. These are backed by a low Manufac. (150-400') plateau of laterite, covering turing 3 3 1 2 perhaps half the area, and essentially Service 7 1 6 1 4 sterile despite heavy rain. The dr-ainage plltterrr along the watershed, especially 5.41 5 The West Coast Plains 5.4 Konkan across the border in Coorg, is of a beautiful Kerala Transition 5.41 Coastal complexity' (Spate). Karnataka. Forests are the chief wealth. CaskeWBUt North Kanara is more highland than is being rapidly extended. Sailing craft take lowland, tbe latter being restricted to Mangalore tiles to the Gulf of Aden and pockets along the lower £ourses of the Mombasa every year to return with raw dvers whieh break the Ghats. The coastal cashewnuts for the South Kanara factories. taluks have medium densities, but only Mangalore is the only important town. about half of the land is cultivated. Rice is. the main crop. The Ghat forests reach This Division consists of the 2 districts d{)wn to the sea in several places. Karwar of North Kanara and South Kanara in on the Kalinadi is the most important pmt. M ysore. Almost the sale crop of any im The Ghats are rugged and have a dense portance is rice. North Kanara has a low forest growth. Sandalwood is important in population density of 173 persons per sq. the south. There is much shifting cultiva- mile and South Kanara one of 496 persons per sq. mile. North Kanar'a has a negligi 5.5 Kerala Coastal Plaii1s-Westem and ble and South Kanara a small (3 per cent) Southern Ghats (South Sahyadri). scheduled tribe population. The propor tion of scheduled castes in both is around The Kerala Coastal Plains have been 5 per cent. The principal langUage in divided into 2 Divisions; Malabar and N'orth Kanara is Kannada and in South Kerala Coastal Plain. Kanara Tulu although in either place the strength of the principal language is only In every respect Kerala is one of the moderate: 54 per cent Kannada in North most distinctive tracts of India, the Kashmir Kanara and 47 per cent Tulu in South of the south, but even more pleasing than Kanara. the Vale of Kashmir ih certain ways. The The urban ratio is moderately high in general tripartite longitudirtal division runs both districts but while both natural increase and inmigration are high and through the entire Subregion: alluvial moderately high in North Kanara, they coastland including the lagoons and lakes, are respectively moderate and low in South the low lateritic plateaus and foothills ('thy Kanara. The proportion of children 0-4 midlands') and the gneissic highlands. The to women 15-44 is moderately high in North Kanara and moderate in South northern lowlands are mote complex than Kanara. the southern. The great development of Both districts are placed in the third lagoons and backwaters, saline or fresh, level of development with identical rank with some artificial cuts, form splendid ings in the blocks: high in IV and V and waterways for about 150 miles from the medium in II. III and VI. Ponnani mouth to Trivandrum. The largest North Kanara genera'tes its own electri of these widens out south of eochin and city while South Kanara is connected to gri4. t:he important organised industries east of Alleppey into Vembanad Lake, are: food industries and non-metallic where a very efficieItt feat of pumping, mitt~ral products (tiles) in both districts; draining and bunding has formed the:. paper mills, wood and transport equipment astonishing Kuttnad, a stupendous checker industry in North Kanara; textiles, printing and publishing and tobacco in South Kanara. board of the largest and best tended paddy plots in India. The laterites form plateaus Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by pr edominant function and size classes at 200-600 ft. with much grass and scrub 5:41 COASTAL KARNATAKA i'nto which project spurs of the Anaimalai Class of town Function ,-----,----____.A.._ ____--, Cardamom Hills which, south of Palghat, of town Total I III IV-V IV V have a strong southeast-northwest trend: I 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total 18 1 3 14 10 4 e.g. the Periyar Valley. Agricult1 1ral 2 2 1 1 Port S 6 6'" The more important rivers from north Artisan 1 to south are V~apattanam and Mahe Manufac· turing 3 3 2 (Cannanore); Murat, Korappula, Chaliyar Service 4 2 2 2 ----- .,------and Chaliyam (Kozhikode); Ponnani (PaI Class I cities with their function: Port-Mangalore. ghat), Periyar (Kottay.am-Ernakulam; "'Includes 1 town in whi' 5'5 KERALA COASTAL PLAINS-WESTERN AND SOUTHERN GHATS (SOUTH SAHYADRI) Class of town --J,. ~ IV-V IV V Function of town Total II III 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 47 31 16 Total 80 4 4 25 3 Agricultural 4 4 Port 10 3 1 5 1 1 2 Artisan 6 3 3 Manufacturing 21 4 17 12 5 Transport 2 2 1 ]3 20 Service 37 3 12 8 f ~, 5.51 '5' The West Coast Plains 5.5 Kerala [nmigration is high in Mahe, low in Pal 'Coastal Plains,,-Western and Southern ghat and moderate in Cannanare and GImts (South Sabyadri) 5:51 Malabar Kozhikode. The proportion of children 5.51A Mahe. 0-4 to women 15-44 is low in Mahe and Palghat and moderate in Cannanore The 4 districts in this Division are and Kozhikode. Cannanore, Kozhikode, Palgjhat and Mahe (ppndicherry). The most important crop Palghat is placed at the second level of development with high values in IV and V is ric~ in \ill three districts, a common feature of the coastal plains. Palghat grows and medium values in II. III and VI. "some groundnut. Cannanore and Kozhikode are placed in the third level with high values in IV and Pc;>p.ulation density abruptly assumes V and mediam values in II and VI and large proportions in this Division: 812 in medium value for Cannanore and low fOI Cannanore, 897 in Palghat, 1,018 in Kohzi Kozhikode ill HI. Cannanore and Kozhi" kode and 6,089 in Mahe. The proportion kode hilVe similar trends in their develop of scheduled tribes is low in each district ment. and rso is 'that of scheduled castes except in f.algha~ where it is 12 per cent. The All districts are connected by grid. The ,Prillcipal langua,ge is Malayalam. important organised industries are: timber ing and saw milling in Kozhikode; pressed 'The urban ratio is moderate in Palghat, wood and hardboard in Cannanore; steel mod~rately high in Cannanore and Kozhi rerolling in Kozhikode (Tellicherry); paper kode and high in Mahe. Natural increase and wood pulp in Kozhikode (Mavur); is low in Mahe and Pa]ghat, moderately textiles in Kozhikode and Cannanore; high in Kozhikode and high in CanI1anore, .spinning and textiles in Palghat. Analysis oj Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant junction and size classes 5·51 MALABAR Class of town Function of town Total I II III IV-V IV V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 37 1 1 10 25 15 10 Agricultural • 1 1 1 Port 6 1 5 .. .. - Artisan 2 00 1 1 - 1 Manufacturing 15 •• 2 13 10 3 Transport . 2 2 1 l' Service 11 1 2 8 3 5 Class I cities with their function: Port-Calicut. Analysts oj Town Groups and Towns by in Ernakulam to 12 per cent in Quilon. predominant junction and size classes The principal language is Malayalam. S·SlA MAHE The urban ratio is moderate in Trichur, Class of town Kottayam and Ouilon, moderately high in Function of town Total V Alleppey and high in Ernakulam ah4 1 2 3 Trivandrum. Natural increase is moderate in Trichur and Alleppey; moderately big}). Total 1 1 in ErnakuIam and high in Kottayl:pIl, Service 1 Ouilon and Trivandrum. Inmigration ,is. 5.52 5 The West Coast Plains 5.5 Kerala low in Trichur, Alleppey and Trivandrum, Coastal Plains-Western and Southern moderate in Ernakulam and Ouilon a49 Ghats (Soutb Sabyadri) 5.52 Kerala moderately high in Kottayam. The pro portion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 Coastal Plain. ( is low in Alleppey, moderate in Trichur, This Division consists of 6 districts: Ernakulam and Trivandrum and mod~r Trichur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Alleppey, ately high in Kottayam and Ouilon. Th~ Quilon and Trivandrum. The principal demographic picture is thus unstable and food crop is rice, but the garden or cash transitional. crops are coconut and cardamom in Kottayam, sesamum in Alleppey, coconut Trichur, Ernakulam, Alleppey, Ouilon~ and tapioca in Quilon and Trivandrum. and Trivandrum are placed in tite Population density is very high in the third level of development with ~i~. Division: 1,062 in Quilon, 1,442 in values in IV and V, medium values in Trichur and Ernakulam, 2,067 in Trivan II (except Trivandrum which has a high drum and 2,558 in Alleppey. The lowest value in II) and VI and low values in III. is Kottayam with 706. The proportion of Kottayam is placed in the top level of scheduled tribes is negligible but that of development with high values in II, IV scheduled castes is fair: (rom 8 per cent and V and medium values in III and VI. ISo All districts are eonnected by grid. The rubber products, printing and publishing in important organised industries are food Kottayam; textiles, food industries, rubber industries, non-metallic minerals, textiles, and rubber products in Alleppey, food wDOd and machineey in Trichur; textiles, industries and non-metallic mineral indus c~mical products, trllnsport equipment in tries \n Quilon; food industries and Ernakulam; food industries, rubber and transport equipment in Trivandrum. Analysis oj Cities) Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes 5· 52 KERALA COASTAL PLAIN Class of town Function of' town Total I II III IV-V IV V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total 42 3 3 15 21 16 5 Agricultural 3 3 2 i Port 4 2 1 1 Artisan. 4 2 2 2 Manufacturing 6 2 4 2 2 Service 25 1 2 11 11 9 2 Clas" I cities with their functioT\: Port-Alleppey. Trivandrum. Service-Cochin-Ernakulam-Alwaye. REGION 6 THE EAST COAST PLAINS Tl}y Ea.st CO~s! .. PlaWs has been dlviq~ comes the Tambraparni Valley with its iI!to 3 S"bre~o:p.s. Th~ first is TiUQilnad green vegetation. In Ramanathapuram ~~~t~I Pl~41, th~ secOXl4 Andhra COllst, the upper shelf under the hills is followed tQe thir~ Orissa Cgast. The first Sybwgion by a tract of monadnocks (Sirumalai) and cpns~st~ qf 3 Divisions: the Na~~rcoil then by wide fanshaped segments of Vall~r (i district) , the Dry Soqth East laterite-alluvium (frpm Varshelai to Vaip; CRJPWln~\haP\l~am. and Tirullelveli), and par). The tank country west of the;: Cprom,al,1,<;lel Coast (~ yoastal pistricts of Southern Trunk Road is complemented in Madras. ..,., and 2 areas of Pondicherrv),. . the east by the coastal strip stretching to T.{ie' second Subre¢.on consists of 1 Pamban Island and Adam's Eridge. Divi,sion (7 coastal districts of Andhra and y ~am of Pondicherry). The third S\lb In the Coromandel Coast. the Cauvery re~ion c~.n~ills 1 Division (3 coastal Delta in Thanjavur has several sections qistricts of Orissa). from the coast inwards: the Delta head, The Nagarcoil Valley including Kanya the Delta proper, the Vellar-Coleroon kUlpari nestles \lnder the heights of the Doab, the Coleroon-Cauvery Doab ('Sri COPlOriq I{il1s and Mahendr~giri and is rangam Island and floodplains) and the main delta plains against the higher drajQ.ed lly the stre~ms that flow from them. western margins (the Vallam tableland) and older irrigated area. The seaface is 'the foothills of Tirunelveli and Rama marshy, lined with a low dune belt atten nathapuram are covered with black soil, uating to Point Cali mere and the Vedaran favourable to cotton. This is followed niyam salt swamp. Thanjavur is thus a towards the sea by a c(}lluvial (piedmont) very recent alluvial strand plain still pro zone and then by a red soil tract. FinaUy grading in places. 181 The country north of Thanjavur from villages' are small and scattered. West west to east proceeds from peneplained Godavari is placed in the Krishna-Goda gneisses below the Tamilnad Hills through vari breach while East Godavari is formed remnants of marine deposits to the Cudda by the Vashist and Gautami, the two lore sandstone laterite shelf. To the nortl\, mouths of the great GoPavari. The delta south of the Pulicat Lagoon, are embay subsides to the subdeltaic margins, the ments in the young alluvial plains (in delta proper, the sea face and the Kalleru Korteliyar-Cooum-Palar Valleys) and Lake. Visakhapatnam falls at the end of Pondicherry (Ponnaiyar). The Vellal' the Khondalite Zone dissected into pene basin serves as a transition to the Cauvery plains. The main feature of Srikakulam Qelta. is the Sileru trough, the Ganjam lowlands overlooked by the lateritic foothills and the Waltair highlands. In the Andhra Coastal Plain the Nellore lowlands descend from the Archaean row peneplains to the coastal alluvium. Vijay In the Orissa Coastal Plain, apart fro~ ~ada is located at the heart of the Krishna the great Chilka Lake, Purl is made by the Canal System and .is important as an B~tarani Valley while Cuttack is the gi~t entrepot. The Krishna Delta is intensively of the Mahanadi-Brahmani basin. irrigated and intersected by roads, rails Balasore is formed by the deltas of the and waterways, leading to heavy concen Salandi, Barabalang and Subamarekha tration of population. East of the Krishna rivers. AnaZys£s oj Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant JuYtction and size classes • 6 THE EAST COAST PLAINS Class of town r- ----n Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V 'VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 287 15 15 62 195· 103 76 16 A~icultural • 88 9 79 34 39 6 Port 20 5 2 3 10 7 3 Artisan 49 2 2 11 34 19 13 2 Manufacturi ng 39 3 5 9 22 14 5 3 Trade and Commerce 7 2 2 2 Transport 2 2 1 1 Service 82 3 4 28 47 27 15 5 1-82 A.nalysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 6'1 TAMILNAD COASTAL PLAIN Class of town r ------~------~ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI '2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 Total 180 6 12 31 131 64 52 15 Agricultural 51 2 49 17 26 6 Port 13 2 2 2 7 6 Artisan 33 2 2 7 22 9 11 2 Manufacturing 29 5 7 16 9 5 2 Tr!lde ,and 'Commerce 3 .. i 1 1 Service . 51 1 2 12 36 22 9 5 6.11 6 The East Coast Plains 6.1 TamiInad textiles, non-metallic mineral products, Coastal Plain 6.11 Nagarcoil Valley. transport equipment and miscellaneous products. This Division consists of 1 district, Analysis of Cities, TOlfn Groups and Towns Kanyakumari.· The sole crop is rice. by predominant function and size classes Population density is very high, being 1,544 per sq. mile. Th'c proportion of scheduled tribes is negligible while that of 6·11 NAGARCOIL VALLEY sch~du1ed castes is low (4 per cent). The Class of town ,..--_...... principal language is. Tamil. _-- Function of town Total • I IV The urban ratio is moderately high. 2 3 4 Natural increase is moderate, inmigration 1 is low and so is the proportion of children 0-4 to women 15-44. Total 4 1 3 Kanyakumari is placed in the third level Port 1 I of development with high values in II, IV and V, medium value in VI and low value ArHsan 1 1 in III. Service 2 .. 2 . The district is connected to grid. The Class i cities with their function: important organised industries are food, Artisan-Nagercoil. 183 6.12 6 The East Coast Plains 6.1 TamiInaCl The urban ratio is high in both districts Coastal Plain 6.12 Dry South East. but natural increase, inmigration and pro , portion of children 0-4 to women' 15-44 The 2 districts in this Division are are low. Ramanathapuram and TirunelveIi. Thanks to the uplands, much tank irriga Both districts are placed in the third tion and the Tambraparni Valley in the level of development with high values in east, the Division grows rice and niillets, II, IV and V, medium values it;l III, an9 cotton and groundnut. Population density high value for Ramanathapuram and marks a depressed transition between the medium for Tirunelveli in VI. highly dense Kerala Coast and the dense Coromandel Coast. In this Division it is Both districts are cotlbected 'by grid. 502 in Ramanathapuram and 619 in The important organised industries are Tirunelveli. The proportion of scheduled textiles, chemicaIs, food and cotton ginnin~ tribes is negligible whiI'e that of scheduled in both, printing in Ramanathapuram and castes is a little over 15 per cent in each. miscellaneous industries in Tin}nelwli. The principal language is Tamil. The Division is thus very homogeneQus. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 6'12 DRY SOUTH EAST Class of town ,,--- -.A.. Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 fotal 64 2 4 16 42 20 14 8 Agricultural 15 14 6 5 3 Port 5 3 2 Artisan 19 7 10 4 4 2 Manufacturing 10 2 4 4 2 2 Trade and Commerce Service 14 3 11 6 2 3 ::Class I cities with their function: Port- Tuticorin. Artisan-Palayamcottai. 6.13 6 The East Coast Plains 6.1 Tamilnad put. These last three districts also grow Coastal Plain 6.13 Coromandel much groundnut, TiruchirapaUi grow1> Coast. sesamum. Population density is high. Beginning with 579 in TiruchirapaUi, 696 This Division consists of 7 districts: in Chingleput, 724 in South Arcot, 868 in Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli, South Arcot, Thanjavur it rises to 1,458 in Karaikal. Chingleput ·and Madras of Madras, Poncii 2,280 in Pondicherry and 35,339 in cherry and Karaikal of Pondicherry. Madras. The proportion of scheduled The main crop is rice accompa'nied tribes is negligible but that of scheduled by the millets in the uplands of castes is appreciable, being generally bet Tiruchirapalli, South Arcot and Chingle- ween 12'4 and 17'7 per cent in 4 districts, IS4 Zp per cent in Thanjavuf, 26'3 per cent also, with high values for IT, IV, V and in South Areot and 28 per cent in Chingle VI and medium values in .I1I. put. ~he principal language is TamiL The urban ratio is moderately high in AU districts are connectc~.d by grid. The Thanjavur, South Arcot, Chingleput, Pon important organised industries, are fqqd clicherry and Karaikal. Natural increase industries in Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli. and South Arcot; traniSport equipment in i~ low in all districts except Karaikal Where it is moderate and Madras where Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli and Chingleput; textiles in Tiruehirapalli, South and it' is high. Inrrrigration is low in South Arcot Madras; printing and publishing in Than Areat, moderate in Thanjavur and Tiru javur, Tiruchirapalli Ma.1ras; chemi ehirapalii, moqe,rately high in Chingleput a~d cals in Thanjavur and Chingleput; elee... and high in Maqras, Pondicherry and 'rical machinery in South Arcot a{l~ ~J:aik;al. The pr,oportion of children machinery in South Areot, Chingleput . .and 9-4 to ,women 15-44 is low everywhere. Madras; non-metallic mineral products in South Areot is placed in the third level TiruchirapaIli and South Areot; tobacco in of development with high values in II and Thanjavur; leather products in Chingleput IV. medium values in III, V and Vi. and metal products in Madras. The new Madras is of course placed in the top level heavy electrical machinery project in by rights. Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli and Tiruchirapalli is going to give a great fillip Chingleput are placed in the highest level to industrial activity in this Division. Analysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 6'13 COROMANDEL COAST Class of town r- -~ Function of town Total I II III IV-VI IV; V VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 112 3 8 15 86 41 311 7 Agricultural 36 35 11 21 3 ~ Por! 7 2 3 3 ., Artisl;\n 13 12 5 7 Manufacturing 19 3 3 12 7 3 2 Trade and Commerce 2 S: Class I cities with their function : Port-Madras. Manufacturing-TiruchirapalIi. Service-ThanjavuT. 6.21.6 l'h,e. East Coast Plains 6.2 Andhnt 0-4 to women J5-4J is uniformiy l~w. Coast 6.21 Andhra Coastal Plain. Nellore, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam This Division consists of the 7 districts are placed in the s~cond level of develop of Nellore, Guntur, Krishna, West Goda ment. Nellore has high values in II and vari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam and IV and medium in III, V and VI. Visakha Srikakulam. patnam al;ld Srikakulam have high values The contrast between the Andhra in VI and medium values in Ill, IV and Coastal Plain and the Tamilnad Coastal V. Visakhapatnam has m~dium value and Plain is striking. One sees it not only in Srikakulam high value in II. Guntur, West the demographic features b~t in the econo- and East Godavari are placed in the third mic features as well. . level of development with high values in The principal crops are rice and millets II, IV and V, mediu!ll values in III, and except in West Godavari where it is solely high values in VI except for West Goda rice. Groundnut is the main cash crop in vari which has medium value. Krishna is Guntur, Krishna, Visakhapatnam and placed in the top level with high values in Srikakulam and oilsceds in Visakha II, IV and V and medium values in III patnam. Population density is low in and VI. Nellore (255); moderate in Visakhapatna:n All districts are connected by grid. The (442) and high in Guntur (521), Srika more important organi~cd indu3tries, are kulam (602), Krishn:l (617) East Gada· non-metallic mineral products in Nellore. vari (624) and West Godavari (657). The Guntur, Krishna and East Godavari; food principal language is Telugu. industries in all districts; tob~cco in NeI The urban ratio is moderate in Nellore lore, Krishna apd West Godavari; trans and Srikakulam, moderately high in West port equipment in Nellore and Krishna; and East Godavari and Visakhapatnam cotton and jute ginning and pressing in and high in Guntur and Krishna. Natural Nellore, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam; increase and inmigration are low in textiles in Guntur, West and East Goda Nellore, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam vari and Visakhapatnam; machinery in and Srikakulam. Natural increase is Guntur and Krishna; metal products in moderate in Guntur, Krishna and West West Godavari and Srikakulam; basic Godavari. Inmigration is low in Guntur metals in Srikakulam; leather except foot and moderately high in Krishna and West 'wear in West Godavari; petroleum :mj oil Godavari. The proportion of children in Visakhapatnam. An 11ysis of Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant function and size classes 6'21 ANDHRA COASTAL PLAIN [for 6'2 add Yanam] Class of town r------..A.. .. -_._------Function of town Total I II llT IV-VI IV V VI Z 3 4 ;'i 6 7 8 9 Total 89 8 2 28 51 32 IS 1 Agricultural 35 7 28 15 13 Port 6 3 1 2 I Artisan 16 4 12 to 2 Manufacturing 9 2 2 5 4 . 1 Trade and Commerce 4 2 1 Service 19 1 13 4 2 2 Class I cities with their function: Port-Yisakhapatnam, Kakinada, Bandar (M3sulipAtam). Manufacturing-Eluru, Guntur. Trade and Commerce-Yijayawada, Rajahmundry. Service-Nellore. 163 R.G.J.-25. 186 Analysis of Town Groups and Towns by all districts (14 per cent in Puri, 18 in predominant Junction and size classes Cuttack and 19 in Balasore). The prin 6·21A YANAM cipal language is Oriya. Class of town The urban ratio is low in Balasore and Function of town Total V moderate in Puri and Cuttick. Natural increase i~ moderate in Puri and Cuttack 2 3 and high in Balasore. Inmigration and proportion of children 0-4 to women Total . 1 1 15-44 are low everywhere, the latter being moderate in Balasore. Service 1 Puri is placed in the lowest level of development with high values only in II 6.31 6 The East Coast Plains 6.3 Orissa and IV, medium value in V and low values Coast 6.31 Orissa Coastal Plain. in TIl and VI. Cuttack and Balasore are placed in the second leveI with high values The 3 districts in this Division are Puri, in II and IV, low values in III and VI, Cuttack and Balasore. Almost the sole and medium value in V. crop is rice, but oilseeds are also grown in small quantities. All districts are connected to grid. The important organised industries are basic Population density is moderately I high: metals in Puri and Cuttack; food industries 461 in Puri, 565 in Balasore, 727 in in Puri and Balasore; textiles in all three Cuttack. The proportion of scheduled districts; wood i:ndustries in Puri and Bala· tribes is low in Puri and Cuttack but sme; paper in Cuttack; machinery in moderate in Balasore (6'S per cent); that Balasore; printing and publishing in of scheduled castes is appreciable in Cuttack; tobacco in Puri. Analysis oj Cities, Town Groups and Towns by predominant Junction and size classes 'l 6'3 ORISSA COAST AND 6'31 ORISSA COASTAL PLAIN .. Class of town .. Function of town Total I II IIIj I LIV-V IVj V 2 3 4 51 6 8.iJ Total 17 1 1 3, 12 7 5 Agri~ultural 2 2 2 Port 1 Manufacturing 1 ~ ,..~ - Transport 2 - 2 1 Service 11 1 1 ~ Q 3 J Class I cities with their function' ; Service-Cuttack. - 187 REGION 7 THE ISLANDS 'this Region consists of two groups of low in Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands, the islands in the Arabian Sea in Islands and high in Andaman and Nicobar the west and the islands in the Bay of Islands. Bengal in the east. The chief crop in the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands is coconut. In Andaman and Nicobar are placed in the lowest level of develop ] slands the crops grown are rice, coconut ment while Andaman and Nicobar Islands and breadfruit. are placed in the highest level. Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands are not Population density is very high in the electrified but the Andaman Islands gene coral islands of Laccadive, Minicoy and rate their own electricity. There is no Amindivi Islands (2,241) . In Andaman registered factory in Laccadive, Minicoy and Nicobar Islands the density is low and Amindivi Islands. The important (20). Almost the entire population in industries in Andaman and Nicobar Islands Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands are wood products, repairs of ships and has been scheduled as a tribe. In Anda boats, match splints, boat building and light man and Nicobar the proportion is 22. and power. The principal language in Laccadive, Mini coy and Amindivi Islands is Malayalam, Analysz"s of Town Groups and Towns by in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands it is predominant function and size classes Nicobarese as a single group although its 7·2 ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS percentage is only 22. C Jass of town ,----.."------, The urban ratio is low in Andaman and Function of town Total IV Nicobar Islands. There is no town in Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands. 1 2 3 Natural increase, inmigration and propor Total 1 1 tion of children 0-4 to women 15-44 are Port CHAP"f.ER- tv ASSOCIAtioN OF CR"ARACTERISTICS TABLE IV-I ARRANGES THE districts of in -registered factories engaged in processing India according to the four levels of deve~ the respective crop. iopment under their respective na,tural We may now examine whether there is regions, subregions and divisions and any noticeable association between values gives for each (a) the total number of in each of th:! five blocks (II, III, IV, V registered factories, (b) the total number and VI) on the one hand and ;the four of workers in registered factories, (c) the levels of development determine,d by the number of factories employing (i) 20-99 combinded scores on the other. workers and (ii) 100 or more workers in (1) rice mills, (2) atta mills, (3) dal mills, Broadly speaking, the five index blocks (4) sugarcane mills, (5) edible oil mills, stand for the following universes: (6) hydrogenated oil mills, (7) jute and Block 11: Agricultural Infrastructure Block III : Participation rates in traditional sector cotton gins and presses and (8) tobacco Block IV : Potential of human resources factories. Table IV.1 is thus mainly de~ Block V : Distributive trade, manufacturing and infrastructure voted to agro industries which process Block VI : Organised industrial activity in the food and cash crops grown in the locality modern sector or environs. The values under each block were graded as follows : Table IV.2 arranges the districts Value A = Where the total sCore is less than 20 for of India according to the four levels of the blocks II, ill, IV and V and less development under their respective natural than 5, for block VI Value B = Where the tctal·score is between 20 and regions, subregions and divisions and gives 30 for the blocks] I, III, IV and V and for each (1) whether the district town between 5 and 10 for block VI Value C = Where the total score is more than 30 generates its own electricity or is connected for the blocks II, JIUV and "II and more to grid or bOth or none, (2) urban popula~ than 10 for block VI tion per 1,000 of toffil poptihttion (3) It has already been seen in Table IV.2 urban workers per 1,000 of total how organised industrial activity is con population, (4) number of class I Cities/ centrated in precisely those districts which Town Groups, (5) number of Cities; Town have attained a high level of develop~ Groups and Towns by function. (6) total ment in other blocks also. Table 1"V.2 number of registered factories, (7) total gives statistical proof for the first time on number of workers -in registered factories, the ,national scak of the positive association (8) number of workers in re~istered factories between industrial growth on the one hand per] 00 of total workers and (9) the number and improvements in agricultural infi-astru of factories in 20 selected non-agricultural cture, potential of human resources, dis industries classified accotcling ttl eh1ploy~ tributive trade, manufacturing and infras~ ment by 100+, 1,000+ and 2,000+. tructure on the other. Table IV.3 gives for each district The following statement illustrates the arranged by level of development under distribution of districts in each block by each State the percentage o~ area untler (a) low, medium and high values in (b) cash crops rela!ive to ma~itqde ohvt>rkers each of the four levels of development. 'ISg STATEMENT IV.! Number of districts !n each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values m (b) each of the four levels of development INDIA Part I PartIl Part 1lI A(I,ow vdue} 13 (Medium value) C (High value) r- .... _:---. r-----~~ ~ 1st 2nd 3rJ. 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ht 2nd 3rd 4th Block lovel level le... l level level level level level level lev,' level level 1 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 IN ! . :~4~ 3~ 2~ ~ !~ 30 22 13 23 55 53 67= 324 IV I : 37 5~ 50 54 3~ 7~ .fi, 7=324 V 41·9 72 .r ij 81 =324 VI. 24 10 •• •• ~1 70 6g 41 .~ 1 31~ :~::~it Total • 115 64 25 21 212 23$ 174 121 68 150 181 263 Of the 324 districts in this statement, 79 • than that of those with low values. This are placed in the first or lowest level of difference is progressively accentuated in dt:velopment, 88 in the second level, 76 the higher levels of development. In the in the thir,j, and 81 in the fourth or top second level of development we find 236 level of development. Greater Bombay, districts with medium values against 54 Calcutta and Madras which are in the top with low values; in the third level of level have been excluded and so have been development, 174 districts with medium Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands; values against 25 with low values; in the Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Goa, Daman fourth or top level of development J21 and Diu and Pondicherry. districts with medium' values against This statement is very instructive inas 21 with low values. much as we find from Part I that the num The nature of the association between ber of districts with low values in each scores of blocks and levels of develop block is highest (115) in the lowest level ment is very forcefully brought out in Part of development. This number is reduced 111. In this Part, high values are found to less than 'half (54) in the next hi~her only in 68 districts in the lowest level of level of development. In the third level development, in 150 districts in the second of development the number df districts level, in 181 districts in the third level and with low values is only 25. In the fourth in 263 districts in the fourth or top level. or top level of development the number of districts with low values is still further This statement as a whole in its three reduced to 21. We find from Part II that parts reveals the preconditions of develop the number of districts with medium ment. It provides the objective statistical values in the blocks is fairly high (212) proof of association between overall levels even in the lowest level of development. of development and the value levels in The number of districts with medium each index block. Tables IV.1, 2 and 3 values in the index blocks is highest now provide the statistical underpinning to (236) in the second level of development. the association between the preconditions In many ways the zone of middle values of growth and the effect of multipliers in the second level of development serves on them. For, it will be seen that an as the watershed or median between dis overwhelming concentration of registered tricts of low and high development. But factories occurs in the higher levels of this number falls off substantially (174) development even when districts are in the third level of development and is arranged in terms of 35 indices in which lowest (121 districts) in the fourth or top no more than 3 indicators are concerned level of development. On the whole, the with organised industrial activity in the number of districts with medium values modem sector. This serves very con· in index blocks is much more even in elusively to highlight the strong associa· the first or lowest level of development ·tion between high levels of performance 191 in agriculture, human resources, distri distinctly lower than those in the first and butive trade, general manufacturing and second levels. infrastructure on the one hand and organis 1st 2nd 3rd 4th level level level level ed modem industrial activity on the other. Pooled iICOre of low and bigb vdlues in Block III 32 33 26 27 Thus in Index Block II-agricultural illfrastructure-we find in Part I of In block IV (potential of human re Statement IV.1 that the number of dis sources) there is a distinct positive asso tricts with low scores in this block is ciation between improving potential and highest (20) in the lowest level of deve improving level of development. Thus lopment and dwindles very steeply to 3 low values in block IV are found only in in the second level and is reduced to 1 in 4 districts of the first level, there being the third and fourth levels respectively. no district with low values in the other This means that a high level of develop levels. A similar picture obtains in the ment is incompatible with low score in case of medium values. 37 districts block II or, in other words, levels of have medium values in the first level, only development are directly associated with 9 in the second level, and no district at the score in block II. This conclusion is all in the third and fourth levels. The strengthened in Parts II and III of the number of districts with high values jumps statement where we find that the number from 38 in the first level of ~evelopment of districts with medium values in block to 79 in the second level. The number II tends to decline progressively with moves to 76 in the third level and up successively higher levels of development, again slightly to 81 in the fourth or top whereas the number of districts with high level. It is therefore clear that potential values in block II progressively rises with of human resources is highly associated successively higher levels of deyelopment with the higher levels of development in (except '!for a small dip in the third level) India. until the number of districts with high Nowhere else however is the positive scores in block II reaches the highest association between ascending numbers of figure of 67 in the fourth or top level districts with high values on the one hand of development. and ascending levels of development on the other so markedly evident as in blocks Significantly enough the block of parti V and VI. In block V districts with low cipation rates in traditional ~ector shows values drop steeply from the first level little trend in the four levels 'of develop (41) to the second (9) and disappear al ment, beyond the fact that the number of together in the third and fourth levels. districts having medium values in this Medium values in the second level of block are consistently high at each level development form a kind of watershed. and those having high values are low at But it is in respect of high values in both each level. This may lend support to the blocks that the ascent in the number of view that neither the level of organised districts in each successively higher level industry nor the shift from agriculture to is dramatic, unimpaired and impressive. non-agriculture has been of sufficient magnitude so far on any scale"to have any Tln~s for India as a whole the positive noticeable impact or to support any pro association between high values in blocks nounced trend on participation rates, in II, V ~d VI and ascending levels of the traditional sector, except that the pool development seems clearly brought out. It ed score of low and high values in the also seems clear that there is much com third and fourth levels of development are patibility between ascending levels of <1eveIOp1l)~nt a~d high valqes in }JIQ~k IV. values in block II bei,ng only 23. J:he It."'s pa~tJcularIy encouragiI}.g tqat the dis only block in which the districts in ~he tncts which have been classified in the third first Je~el of development feel reason~bly and fourth levels of development, especial strong IS IV (potenti;'}l of human re ly the latter, have a high concentration of sources), large and important industrial establish ments thus generally lending support to Of the 88 districts in the second level of the methodology adopted for determining development as many as 85 districts have ~hre. levels of development. The results medium or high values in block II (agricul mdl~putaely 'demonstrate that any ap iural infrastructure), only 3 districts have precIable level of organised industrial low values in this block. In block I II acti:it~ is dependent on hlgh levels of (participation rates· in t}le traditional sector) achIevement in non-industrial sectors as as many as 32 districts ,have low values well: notably, in the field of settled 5-5 medium values and only 1 high value: and commercial agriculture, potential of As many as 79 districts )lave high values in human resources, distributive trade IV (potential of human tesources), 9 have general manufacturing and infrastructure' medium values and none with low value. ang the use of electl'icity. This is ve~ The .districts in the second level .of develop forcefully brought out by the fact -that al ment have mostly -no more than' low or though it was a case of only three cells in I medium values in V (distributive trade, block VI as against a total 32 cells in manufacturing and infrastructl;lre). ·Only 7 the remaining blocks, high values in the districts in V and 8 in VI have high values. former are, in the logic of development, powerfully associated with high values in the latter. Of the 76 districts in the third level of development there is only 1 district .with low value in II and 22 di:;tricts with medium values in II. The remaining 53 We may now briefly recanitulate and districts have high values in II. All the extend this analysis to natural regions, '76 districts have high values in IV. None subregions and select.ed natural divisions of the districts have any low values ,in V of .India, and VI, but there are 40 districts with no more than medium values in V against 36 Of the 79 districts in the first level of with high vQ1ues. 'In VI there ..ar~ 62 dis development, the distribution of values in tricts with medium values and 14 with high each block between low, medium and values, which suggests only modenrte high is by no means even. The largest degrees of achievement in the modern concentration occurs in the medium values. organised industry sector. But there is no district with a high value in block VI which indicates that in these ·Of the 81 districts in the fourth or top level of development as many as 67 have 79 di~tri<;ts development of industries in high values 'in II, all have 'high values in the modern organised s~tor is still poor. The number of districts with high values IV, 68 have high values in V. ln block in block V ·among these 7.9 rlistrtcts is VI, 'however, there are more districts (41) again only 1, also proving that .distributive with medium values than with high values trade, manufacturing and infrastructure (40), which suggests that this block has are unsatisfactory. The state of Ilgricul- still to make much leeway. There are still 7 districts at this.1evel wit~,high valves tural" iRfrastructure is far from sa~isfactory . either, the number of districts with high in bloclCnI . I93 STATEMENT IV 2 Number of ditsricts in each Mock arranged 8y (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development NATURAL REGION I-HIMALAYAS Part I Part II Parl III B (Medillm value) C (IDg" value) r--_-J...A (Low valu~) ____ -. --" ~ 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd lTd 4th 1st 2nd lTd 4tb Block level level level level l.vel level level level level level level level :: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J1 12 13 11 19 7 S l' ~~38 UI 4 16 4 6 1-38 IV 04 13 " 9 4 2 5-38 V 9 17 4 2 4_38 Vi 10 3 16 2 4_38 Total 46 3 2 69 16 2 7 15 6 G 13 As "vill appear from Statement IV.2 this in the first (1) and second (3) leve1s of is a natural region of much unevenness in development. There is 1 jute press and development, the majority (26 districts) of 3 tobacco factories in the districts of the 38 computed districts being in the first third level of development. or lowest level of development. But it is significant that of the 5 districts placed in Among the lines devoted to the pro the highest level of development as many cessing and manufacturing of non-agricul as 4 have high values in n, V and vr and tural products analysis was limited to 5 in IV but only one has a high value in steel; industrial machinery; electrical III (participation rates in traditional sector). machinery; cloth; jute; cement: tea and Of the 2 districts placed in the third level coffee; paper and paper produc,ts; pet of development, high values obtain in both roleum and oil; aluminium; artificial yarn cases in IV and V. and fabrics like rayon etc.;'fertilizers; heavy electricals; machine tools; railway wagons, Among registered factories engaged in locomotives and coaches; fine chemicals; the processing of agricultural produce heavy chemicals; generation of electricity, (agro industries limited to the milling of gas and steam; coal. limestone and non rice, atta, dal, sugarcane, edible oils, metallic industries. This Region has only hydrogenated oils, jute and cotton ginning one medium-sized steel works in (Nahan and pressing and making of tobacco pro Foundry) Sirmur which is placed in the ducts), the statistical analysis supports the second level. There are four medium and general picture. There are no registered one large cotton mills in districts of the rice or atta mills in the first three levels of second level and only one medium cotton development. All the r-ice (9) and atta mill in the fourth level. All the 15 tea (1) mills are concentrated in the districts factories are placed in districts of the top of top development. There is only one level of development. Similarly, the only Khandsari mill in the second level of fme chemicals factory in the Region is in development but two in the fourth level, a district of the top level. There is 1 but as many as 3 large sugar ntills in dis mine devoted to coal, limestone and non tricts of the fourth level. By contrast all metallic mineral in a district placed in the the four mills concerned with edible oil are first level. 163 R.GJ.-26. I94 STATEMENT IV.2.1 Agricultural Processing Industries I HIMALAYAS lst level 2nd level lTd level 4th level Totlll Size of r----'---....--'--~ r-__'___"'" r---"""'__' r-J---~ employ Indu&try ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Worker. No. Workers No. Workers 2 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 Total of all Industries 84 3,136 121 9,428 67 2,862 321 18,383 593 33,80' Rice 20-99 9 263 9 263 100+ Alta 20-99 4S 4S 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 sa 2 48 3 98 U)()+ 3 1,890 3 1,890 Edible Oils 20-99 40 70 4 110 100+ J u Ie and cotton 20-99 22 22 ginning and pressing 100+ Tobaoco 20-99 99 3 99 100+ STA.TEMENT IV. 2.ll Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 1 HIMALAYAS 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Size of .....-.A.---o, ~-.. r----'----, Industry employ ,....___.._---, ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 II 12 Steel 100+ 490 1000 ... 490 2000+ Ooth 100+ 4 2,975 514 5 3,489 1000+ I 1.770 2000+ I 1,770 Tea 100+ 15 2,149 1000+ 15 2,149 2000+ Fme chemicals 100+ 229 1000+ 229 2000+ Coal,1imest~ne and non-Illetallic 100+ mineral,pfoduc:tJ looo+ 146 1000+ STATEMENT IV.3 Number of districm in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the jour levels of development NATURAL REGION: 2 NORTHERN PLAINS Part I PartIr Part III A (LOW value) B (Medium value) C (High value) ~------~------~ -.A.-__--. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level 1st 2nd 3rd 4th level level level level level level level level level 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 II 13 14 9 3 13 14 13 Ul 26 =93 18 21 7 16 9 2 9 JO IV =93 14 13 23 16 27 =93 V 17 10 22 14 8 2 19 =93 VI 7 20 23 13 18 3 9 =93 Total 42 22 7 16 67 56 39 37 26 37 34 This natural region as a whole is also level. The Region enjoys medium to high distinguished by much unevenness of values in agricultural infrastructure (block development. Calcutta is excluded. Of a II) and potential of human resources total of 93 computed districts as many as (block IV) in all districts. But values for 27 are in the first level of development, 23 distributive trade, manufacturing and in the second level, another 16 in the infrastructure and organised industrial third level and 27 in the fourth or top activity are mostly medium for the majority 195 ot districts in the third level of develop factories and 2 out of a total of 88 coai, ment· It is significant that the majority limestone etc. factories employing 111 of the 27 districts in the fourth level of persons each, are in districts of the first and development enjoy high v.'llues in settled second levels of development. It is evident agriculture (block II), potential of human that the loeational pull was too strong in resources (IV) and medium to high values these cases to be ignored. But it is impor in blocks V and VI. But 26 out of these tant to note that all the other factories 27 districts have only low (16) to medium concerned with agro industries are in the (10) values, in block III (participation third and fourth levels. rates in traditional sector). It is encouraging that in this Region The situation is even more accentuated slightly more than half of all rice mills and in the selected non-agro industries. Only rice mill workers in the 20-99 bracket are a total of 6 factories out of which as many in districts of the first and second levels as 5 employ less than 800 persons each of development. Similarly 53 out of 161 and 1 more than 1,000 persons are in khandsari sugar mills occur in districts of districts of the first level. They manufac the first (25) and second (2S) leve,ls of ture industrial machinery (1), cloth (2), development. The most outstanding jute (1). Districts in the second level of feature is the occurrence of as many as 68 development have no more than a total of out of a total of lOS sugar mills employing 43 factories in the selected groups. 1 more than 100 persons in districts of the is concerned with electrical machinery, 3 first (61) and second (7) levels, out of which with cloth, 2 with jute, 4 with cement, 24 as many as 20 sugar mills employ more with tea, 2 with paper and paper. products, than 1,000 persons each. The position is 1 with fertilizers (employment 2,671), 2 not so heartening in respect of districts in with generation of electricity and 4 with the the first and second levels over dal, edible coal, limestone and non-metallic industry. oils, jute and cotton ginning and pressing and tobacco factories. Thus, only 7 out of' a total of 50 dal factories, 23 out of The overwhelming bulk of agm and non~ a total of 91 oil factories, 20 out of a agro registered factories are located in total of 155 jute and cotton gins and districts of th~ third and top levels of presses, 16 out of a total of 25 tobacco development m the Northern Plains. STATEMENT IV. 3.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 2 NORTHERN PLAINS 2nd level lrd level 4th level Total 1st level ______r---'"-"----, Size or Workers No. Workers No. Workers Industry employ No. Workers No. Workers No. ment 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13,505 1.073,750 Total of all 1,270 7S,017 1,616 96,370 1,736 99,335 7,883 803,028 Industries 2,385 184 8,274 14 418 140 6,319 394 17,396 Rice 20-99 56 2,612 100+ 3 341 13 1,693 1 100 4 478 21 7 285 21 1,064 36 1,656 Atta 20-99 3 72 5 235 100+ 1 100 13 2,361 14 2,461 20 42 1,179 SO 1,404 Dal 20-99 21 6 184 100+ 40 1,545 68 2,606 161 6,229 Sugarcane 20--99 25 1,005 28 1,073 100-1- 61 39,475 7 4,685 16 11,743 24 21,349 108 77,252 11 422 12 392 22 46 2,022 91 3,868 Edible oils. 21~Of? 2 284 2 I,m 15 2,826 19 3,334 44 2 177 3 221 Hydrogenated 20-99 9 2,266 9 2,266 oils 100+ 20 739 3S 1,886 100 5.124 155 7749 Jute and 20-99 890 23 3,107 31 ~.408 cotton 100+ 3 411 5 ginning and pressing 607 6 283 3 134 25 1,144 TobaCCo 4 120 12 1 125 2 2,595 3 360 7 3,887 13 6,967 i96 STATEMENT IV.3.n Selected Industries Outsido Agricultural Proc essing 2 NORTHERN PLAINS Sizlc of hllevel 2nd level 3rdlevel 4th level TOIaI employ- r- ,.--- r-~ ,--."".__.. ... lai.utry mimI NO. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 ~ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel 100-1- 170 31 10,729 32 10,999 1000+ 2 2,765 J 2,765 2000+ Machiael'l' 100+ 7S1 579 8 6,251 12 7,581 ( Industrial) 1000+ 2000+ Machinery 100+ 100 196 4 1,720 6 2,016 (Blectrical) 1000+ 2000+ Cloth • 100+ 2 716 3 1,673 7 3,974 84 112,382 96 118,745 1000+ 1 2,235 32 90,899 33 93,134 2000+ 1 2,235 21 74,913 22 77,148 Juto 100+ 1 1,047 2 4,608 80 201,988 83 207,643 1000..,. 1 1,047 2 4,608 73 198,443 76 204,098 2000+ 1 3,500 49 162,984 SO 166,484 comellt 100+ 4 I,ABI 1 1,028 5 2,909 1000+ 1 1,028 1 1,028 2000+ Tea 100+ 24 3,823 116 18,466 198 35,461 338 57,750 1000+ 2000+ Paper and 100+ 2 3,097 14 13,674 16 16,771 p~~r 1000+ 2 3,097 5 10,998 7 14,095 pro P~troleum 100+ I 1,228 1,228 1000+ I 1,228 1,228 2000+ Aluminium 100+ 3 2,549 3 2,549 1000+ I 1,249 I 1,249 2000+ Artificial fibre 100+ 4 2,299 4 2,299 rayon etc. 1000+ 2000+ Fertilizlcrs 100+ 2,671 6 1,124 7 3,795 1000+ 2,671 1 2,671 2000+ 2,671 1 2,671 Railway loo+- 3 4,107 3 4,107 waaons 1000+ 2 4,005 2 4,005 locomotives 2000+ I 2,061 I 2,061 Coaches Leather and 100+ 16 6,348 16 6,348 leather 1000+ I 2,482 1 2,482 )1I'Oduct. 2000+ I 2.482 I 2,482 fino eIlemica!. 100+ 12 3,144 12 3,144 1000+ 2000+ Ileavy 100+ S 2,718 5 2,718 chCllllcalS 1 Coa~ lime-I lao+- 12 222 4 1,871 8 2,558 74 20,941 88 25,592 ot ne aDd 1000+ 2 3,835 2 non-metallic 2000+ 1 2,707 1 mineral products ~~ 1.9'J. STATEMENT IV.4 Number of districts i/ll e.lch block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development NATURAL REGION: 3 CENTRAL HILLS AND PLATEAUS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (Hi~ value) r- ,- Illock 1st 2nd. 3rd 4th 1st 2nd lrd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 14 10 2 3 7 2S 13 13 87 III 3 7 4 18 28 10 13 2 -~ 87 IV 6 2 15 33 15 16 ,7 ,It 15 8 6 27 IS 4 12 - B7 VI 6 5 IS 28 13 10 2 2 6 - 87 Total 24 20 4 159 9S 40 30 22 60 31 49 - Of a total of 87 computed districts in industries have a strong bias in favour of this Natural Region 21 are in the first districts of the third and, most of all, the or lowest level of development. 35 in fourth levels. the second level, 15 are in the third level Thus the 21 districts in the first level and 16 in the fourth or top level. have 101 rice mills of the employment size Development is therefore uneven. But it 20-99 each and only 6 large oneS is encouraging that the values of blocks II emw.oying more than 100 persons; 1 smal} and IV are medium or high in all districts. dal mill, 2 khandsari sugar mills, 6 oil mills, The values for block V are either low or 19 cotton gins and presses of which medium in the majority of districts which 5 employ more than 100 persons each and are placed in the first and second levels 90 tobacco factories of which 5 employ of development. The values for block VI more than 100 persons each. On the otner are mostly mediuin for the majority of hand these 21 districts in the lowest level districts in the four levels of development have 3 steel mills employing more than indicating medium, and in 11 districts low 100 persons each, 1 jute factory employ industrial activity. Of the 16 districts ing 756 workers, 1 large paper mill placed in the top level of development employing 2,540 persons, 2 aluminium only 6 have high values and 10 medium factories employing a total of 465, values in block VI. The majority of these 2 factories engaged in generation of 16 districts have high values for blocks II electricity and 3 factories engaged in coal, and IV also. As many as 13 districts limestone etc. of which 1 employs 1,112 hayc medium values in block III (parti persons. cipation rates lin Ithe traditional sector) indicating that the majority of the districts The 35 districts in the second level have at the top level are still at some a much larger number (140) of rice mills transitional stage. This Region displays (of which 1 is really big employing as many a disti'nctive pattern. While the agri as 3,089 persons), 6 atta mills, 14 dal cultural processing industries are fairly mills, 3 khandsari. sugar mills, 46 oil mills, distributed among the four levels of 137 cotton and jute gins and presses and davelopment (although the predominence 108 tobacco factories of which 21 ¥mploy of numbers in the first and second levels more than 100 persons each. But the plainly testify to the concentration of even number and range of non-agro industries agro industries in the third and fourth are not much greater 'than those in districts levels), the non-agricultural manufacturing of the first level: 1 factory of industrial machinery, 4 of cement (of which 332,733 out of a total of 494,431. This 2 employ more than 1,000 persons each), level is fairly strong in each of the 8 agri 1 of aluminium, 1 of fine chemicals, 1 of cultural industries and has as much as generation of electricity and 1 of coal, 18 kinds of large selected non-agro limestone and non-metallic industry. industries, chiefly steel (13 mills of which 6 employ an average of a little less than 10,000 The 15 districts in the third level have each), industrial machinery (6 of which proportionately more of factories in each 1 employs 1,844), electrical machinery kind of agro industry except hydrogenated (5 employing 1,343), cloth (24 of which oils. The average employment, too, is 12 employ ~ average of close on 4,000 higher than in districts of the first and each), cement (4 of which 1 employs second levels. In non-agro industries the 1,118), paper and paper products (6 of third level districts are fortunately placed which 1 employs 1,644), aluminium (2 of in steel (3 of which 1 employs 15,590), which 1 employs 1,203), rayon (2 employing cloth (5 of which 1 employs 2,475), an average of over 1,000 persons each), cement (3 of which 2 employ 2,499 persons fertilizers (2 of which 1 employs 7,500 in all), machine tools (1 employing 132), persons), heavy electrica1s (1 employs fine chemicals (1 employing 212), 1,126), machine tools (6 employing 1,155) electricity (6 of which 1 employs 1,169) railway wagons, locomotives etc. (1 employ and coal, limestone and non-metallic ing 3,230), leather and leather products industries (55 of which 1 employs 1,706). (1 employing 585), fine chemicals (1 The 16 districts in the fourth level have, employing 331), heavy chemicals (1 proportionately the largest concentration of employing 656), electricity (18 of which 1 both agro and non-agro industries. Between employs 1,500), coal, limestone and non them they have 3,433 mills out of a total metallic industry (41 of which 1 employs of 6,625 for the entire region and employ 3,156 persons). STATEMENT IVA.I AgricultUral Processing Industries 3 CENTRAL HILLS AND PLATEAUS 1st level, 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Tolal Size of r .--- r---.A.---.. employ- ...... -----.,A.-I ,--.A..~ Industry ment No. Worken No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4' S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all SiG 27,618 ' 1,660 53,140 956 80,940 3,433 Industries 332,733 6,625 494,431 Rice 20-99 101 4,602 138 5,214 64 3,346 85 3,661 388 1~823 100+ 6 785 2 3,189 9 1,136 2 237 19 ,:H7 AlIa 20-99 6 238 4 169 100+ 7 389 17 796 4 713 4 713 Dal • 20-99 37 14 361 6 221 ,9 253 100+ 30 872 1 100 I 100 Sugarcane 20-99 1 75 1 20 5 178 2 .100+ 66 9 339 1 143 2 442 2 999 3 1.227 8 2,811 Bdible om 20-99 6 212 4S 1,574 19 645 37 100+ 1,460 107 3,891 I 107 1 400 4 827 6 1,334 HYo'1f~aenatcd 20-99 100+ ·2 355 '2- 355 Jute and 20-99 14 681 116 6,125 49 1,897 101 5,040 280 13.743 cOtton ginning 100+ 5 752 21 2,502 759 and pressing 7 19 2,806 52 6,819 Tobacco . 20-99 85 3,271 87 3,820 47 227 8,366 JOO+ 610 l~~ 446 17,453 5 21 2,858 8 19 3,142 S3 7,553 :roo STATEMENT IV.4.n Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3 CBNTRAL HILLS AND PLATEAUS Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total ,..._ ,---...... ___-" employ ,... .~ r-----A..---...... - ..... Industry mant No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. ' Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 S '6 ~7 :8 : 9 10 11 12 Steel 100+ 3 657 3 17.741 13 51.150 19 75.:543 1000+ 2 17,052 6 55,233 8 72,285 2000+ 1 15,590 5 53,421 6 69,011 Machin 100+ 120 6 3,101 7 3.221 (IndUS~!) 1000+ 1 1,844 1 1,844 2000+ Machinery 100+ 5 1,343 5 1,34 3 (Electrical) 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 5 l.265 24 56.773 29 61,038 1000+ 1 2,475 17 ' 54,348 18 56,823 2000+ 1 2,475 12 -47,567 13 50,042 Jute 100+ 756 756 1000+ 2000+ cement 100+ 4 5,325 ~ 3,379 ., 2,818 It If,5ZZ 1000+ 2 3,948 2 2,499 1 1,118 5 7,5-65 2000+ 1 2,592 1 2,392 Paper and 100+ 1 2,540 6 3,574 7 6,lt4 paper 1000+ 1 2,540 1 1,644 2 4,184 products 2000+ 1 2,540 1 2,540 Petroleum 100+ 2 230 2 230 1000+ 2000+ Aluminium 100+ 2 465 427 2 1,30S 5 2,191 1000+ 1 1,203 1 1,203 2000+ Artificial fibre 100+ 2 2,072 2 2,072 rayon etc. 1000+ 1 1,149 1 1,149 2000+ Fertilizers 100+ 2 7,600 2 7,600 1000+ 1 7,500 1 7,500 2000+ 1 1,500 1 1,500 Heavy electricals 100+ 1 1,126 1.126 1000+ 1 1,126 1,126 2000+ Machine tools 100+ 132 6 1,155 1 1,281 1000+ 2000+ Railway wagons 100+ locomotives 1000+ 3,230 1 3,230 coaches 2000+ 3,230 1 3,230 3,230 1 3.230 l.eatber and 100+ 585 S8S leather products 1000+ 2000+ Fino chemicals 100+ 144 212 331 3 687 1000+ 2000+ Heavy chemicals 100+ 656 656 1000+ 2000+ Generation of 100+ 2 576 100 6 2,622 18 5,632 27 8,930 ekctricity 1000+ 1 1,169 1 1,500 2 2,669 2000+ Coal limestone 100+ 3 1,393 120 55 12,766 41 16.765 100 31,044 and non-metallic 1000+ 1 1,112 1 1,706 2 ' 4.856 4 7,674 Illineral products 2000+ 1 3,156 I 3,156 200 STATEMENT IV.5 Number of listriefs in each block arranged by (a) [ow, medium and high values in (b) eaCh of the feur levels of development NATURAL REGION: 4 THE DECCAN Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th'"" Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 1 2 :I 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 1 3 5 6 2 11 15 13 - 57 m 1 3 14 20 16 3 - 57 IV 3 4 11 20 19 -57 V 3 11 10 4 10 19 ~ S7 Vi 3 13 18 10 2 2 9 = 57 Total 2 13 4S S3 32 2 28 47 63 The Region shows a fairly high level of 1 large sugar mill (employment 825), development. Of a total of 57 computed 16 oil mills (of which 4 employ more than districts only 3 are in the lowest level of 100 persons each), 122 gins and presses development, 15 in the second level, 20 in (of which 8 employ more than 100 each) the third level and as many as 19 in the and 34 tobacco factories is no mean top level. Values are almost entirely achievement at all and would do honour either medium or high. Of the 20 districts to many districts in other tracts showing in the third level of development, all enjoy higher levels of achievement on account high values in IV, 15 enjoy high values of other values. On the other hand, in II, 10 in V. But organised industrial however, there are no modern non-agro activity is not fully articulate at this level, industries in any of these 3 districts since as many as 18 districts enjoy no more which serves ac; a good object lesson that than medium values in block VI. This is a desirable pace of development and beautifully highlighted by the prevalence of breakthrough is satisfactorily achieved with a medium values in participation rates in the complementary role of agro and nOI~-agro traditional sector (III) in all the 20 districts. industries. Of the 19 districts in the top level as many In the second level the number of rice as 13 have high values in II, all have high mills increases: to 24, that of dal mills values in IV and V. In this level, too, is 10 (of which 1 employs about 250 organised industrial activity is not fully persons). The number of sugar mills is 32 articulate because 10 districts have medium (of which 7 employ more than 100 persons and 9 high values in VI and 16 districts each), of oil mills 124 (of which 7 employ have medium and 3 high values in III. an 'average of well over 100 persons), The Region as a whole is very much in 167 gins and presses (of which 36 employ a transitional stage but the existence of more than 100 persons each), 232 tobacco prerequisites of development in the entire factories (of which 22 employ more than region is unmistakable. 150 persons on the average). The Region renders evidence of much agricultural production and processin.!! In the matter of non-agro industries, industries in districts at all levels of although the range is not very wide, the development, although there is overwhelm number of factories turning out industrial ing proof of concentration of agricnltural machinery is 4, the number of cloth mills processing industries in districts of the third is 9, of cement factories 1. paper mm and fourth levels of development. 1, electricity generating stati.ons 2 and Thus in the 3 districts of the first level coal, limestone and non-metallic mineral the occurrence of 10 rice mills, 5 atta miUs. factories 6. i.6i The 20 districts in the third level 01 than 500 workers each), 105 oil mills of development have 76 rice mills, 10 atta which 11 employ -a total of 2,129 workers, mills, 9 dal mills, 18 sugar mills (of which 7 l;lydrogenated oil mills (of which 2 em 3 employ more than 1,000 persons each ploy on average more than 250 workers), including 1 employing 2,000), 124 oil mills 385 gins and presses (of which 99 employ (of which 7 employ an average of over ZOO more than 100 workers each and at least persons each), 3 hydrogenated oil mills 1 employs 2,000), and 306 tobacco (of which 1 employs more than 200 factories (of which 91 employ more than persons), 367 gins and presses (of which 100 persons each including 3 employ 125 employ more than 100 persons) and ing more than 1,000 persons each of as many as 345 tobacco (bidi) factories which again 1 employs 2,000 persons). (of which 27 employ an average or more Between them they have 1 steel mill than 150 each), In the non-agro sector (Bhadravati) employing 5,136, 12 factories there are 38 cloth mills (of which 12 em of industrial machinery (of which ploy more than 1,000 persons each of 1 employs 3,433), 2 factories of electrical which again 3 employ an average of more machinery; 150 cloth mills (of which 38 than 3,600 workers each); 2 cement employ more than 1,000 persons e!lch, of factories (the position in 1961), 2 paper which again 13 employ more than 4,000 mills (of which 1 employs 1,571), 3 jine each on the average), 1 cement factory (in chemicals mills, 1 heavy chemicals mill 1961), 17 tea factories, 4 paper mills (of employing 915 persons, 2 electricity which 1 employs 2,000), 1 petroleum generating stations and 5 coal, limestone installation, 3 machine tools (of which 2 and non-metallic mineral establishments employ 4,478 of which again 1 employs (of which 1 employs 1,695 persons). 3,000), 7 leather factories, 8 fine chemicals factories, 3 heavy chemicals factories (of' The 19 districts in the top level of deve- which 1 employs 1,444), 5 electricity lopment have 118 rice mills (of which 3 generating stations and 19 coal, limestone employ more than 100 each), 21 atta mills and non-metallic mineral estab1,ishments. (of which 3 'employ an average of 100 Thus the non-agro industries are distin- persons each), 16 dal mills, 103 sugar mills guished both by size of establishment and (25 employing on an average a little less versatility of products. STATEMENT IV. 5. I Agricultural Processing Industries 4 THE DECCAN 1st level 2nd level 3rdlevct 4thleve! Total Size of ,..._.___, ,... I , • "'\ ,_ r- ., Industry employ- '. ;a ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workerl 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all IndustriOli 292 8.386 1.628 60.527 2,595 154.913 5.843 439,237 10,358 663.063 Rice 20-99 10 210 24 634 75 2.356 115 3,688 224 6.888 100+ 1 100 3 331 4 431 Alta 20-99 5 100 10 297 18 541 33 938 100+ 3 300 3 300 0a1 20-99 II 275 II 264 16 462 34 1,001 100+ 1 250 1 250 Sugarcane 20-99 . i 2S 64S 9 251 78 2.044 112 2,940 100+ 82S 7 13.761 9 7,766 25 12,316 42 24,668 Edibleoila 20-99 12 390 117 3,752 117 4.459 94 3.682 340 12.283 100+ 4 S50 7 889 7 1.659 11 2.129 29 5.227 Hydroaenated oil. 20-99 2 96 5 110 7 206 100+ 1 201 2 50S 3 706 Jute and Cotton 20-99 114 2.679 131 4.338 242 f9,890 286 13.913 773 30,820 ginning and 100+ 8 1.400 36 4,789 125 21.644 99 9.230 268 47,063 pressin& TebaC:CO , ~0-9!1 34 1.093 210 8,293 318 12,628 215 ru,6S7 777 33,171 100+ 12 3,558 27 4,431 'I 21,402 140 29,391 163 R.Gl.-27. ~ ,0/ ' 1- - - , ',. _:,w. .~.. _- STATEMENT IV.S.1I Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 4 THE DECCAN 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total -J..-__...... Size of ,.-----.A__ ...,,... r---..A.---~ r---=....A---1 r----"-'_-"",,\ employ Industty ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel lOOt 5,136 5,136 1000+ 5,136 5,136 2000+ 5,136 5,136 Mlchinery 100l- 4 762 12 7,803 16 8,565 Undustrial) lOOOt 2 4,604 2 4,604 100,,+ 1 3,433 1 3,433 Machinery 100+ 2 850 2 850 (Electrical) lO00t 2000+ Cioth 100 ~ 9 3,807 33 11,034 ISO 134,379 197 171,220 10JO+ I 1,265 12 2 ~,061 39 93,349 51 118,675 2000+ 3 11,003 13 58,089 16 69,092 Cement~ 100 l- 500 2 786 834 4 2,120 1000+ 2000+ Tea 100+ 17 4,363 17 4,363 1000+ 2000+ Paper and paper 100 + 952 2 1,821 4 2,529 7 5,312 products 1000+ 1 1,571 1 2,000 2 3,571 2000+ I 2,000 1 2,000 Petroleum 100+ 115 115 1000+ 2000+ Machine tools 100+ 3 4,585 3 4,585 1;)00+ 2 4,478 2 4,478 2000+ 1 3,000 1 3,000 Leather and 100l- 7 1,008 7 1008 leather 1000+ productS 2000+ Fine chemicals 100+ 3 501 8 2,106 11 2,607 1000+ 2000+ Hoavy chemicals lOOt 915 3 1,662 4 2,517 1000+ 1 1,444 1 1,444 2000+ Generation of 100+ 2 342 2 200 5 1,746 9 2,288 electricity 1000+ 2000+ Coal, Ume- lOOt 6 907 5 2,809 19 5,836 30 9,552 stone and non- 1000+ 1 1,695 1 1,695 metallic mineral 2000 + products " 203 STATEMENT IV. 6 Nu-nber o/districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values·in (b) each of the/our levels 0/ development NATURAL REGION : 5 THE WEST COAST PLAINS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High..A. _____ valu~) ...... ----...... r' 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 1 2 11 5 7 -31 III 11 3 4 5 6 =3. IV 5 16 9 =31 V 3 2 16 9 -31 VI 3 13 2 3 8 =31 Total 3 11 4 3 12 29 8 10 40 33 This Region shows a high level of deve except in block III (participation rates in lopment. The district of Greater Bombay traditional sector) where the values are has been excluded from this table on either low (11 districts) or medium (5 account of the fact that it has no rural districts). 9 districts are at the top area. The number of districts at the level of development. All of these 9 lowest level of development is the smallest districts have high values in blocks IV and for any region, being only 1. The number V and as many as 8 have high values in of districts at the second level of develop block VI. Only 7 district~ have high ment is only 5. Ratnagiri, the sole district values in block II (Greater Bombay h.as in the lowest level of development has low no agriculture). All the 9 districts or medium values for all blocks except V have either low (3 districts) or med:!lm in which alone it has a high value. There values (6 districts) only in bloct III are 16 districts in the third level of deve (participation rates in traditional sector). lopment. Each of these 16 districts enjoys Th~s the majority of the districts are in the either medium or high values in all blocks two top levels of development. STATEMENT IV.6.1 Agricultural Processing Industries ~ THE WEST COAST PLAINS lsI level 2nd level 3rdlevel 4th level Total ~-- r----""'___ __ ,.-____ .A_, Size of ~;.A.--""", -, __ Industry employ- ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers NP. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11' 12 Total of all industries 3& 1.779 375 20.225 3,847 348.107 2,952 311,904 7.210 682,015 Rice 20-99 63 1,557 69 1.968 4 Il.O 136 3.635 100+ 3 511 6 900 9 1.411 Atta 20-99 3 174 , 12 300 5 238 :;'0 712 100+ Dal 20-99 9 250 95 12 345 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 2 67 2 67 100+ 5 1859 .-s 1,859 Bdi~oU8 20-99 18 450 99 3,093 99 112 229 7.389 100+ 8 1,202 8 452 10 1,654 :HydrogetWed oils 20-99 68 I 68 100+ i' 100 4' Ui97 5 1.1~7 Jute ar d cotton 2Q-')9 1 50 71 4415 137 6.656 209 11,121 ginning and 100+ 3 464 87 16:749 74 13,149 164 30,362 pressjng S4 26 l'0~ 20-99 1190 172 6,'765 21 850 220 8,859 1 S~O I~ 17 9 o' IO~i- " ~ 1 7 F ~!3;9 , 204 STATEMENT IV.6.U Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 5 THE WEST COAST PLA!NS tit level 2nd level 2nd level Total ,--__3Id 'eve A.. Shoot . ,... . ~ ,",,-....____., , r-----..J...... -_--. ID Iodg,lI) o"'1) l' mtnt No 'Workers No. Workert No. Workeri No. Worke ... No. W<>rl<.", I 2- 3 4 5 (i 7 8 9 l() II 12 Steel 100+ tOOO+ 3 1,22' 3 1.221 2000+ Machinery 100+ (tndustrW) 115 10 4,710 II 4,8ZS 1000+ t 2,320 1 2,320 2000+ 1 2,320 1 2.320 Cloth lO()i- 1000+ 104 49,266 10] IS8,888 207 • 208,154 20()O+ 15 23,m 72 147,716 87 171,593 3 6,960 33 88,00] 36 94,963 Cement 100+ 1000+ 3,()60 6 3,060 2000+ 'tel> 100+ 2 350 12 1000+ 1,600 60 9,905 14- 1l,S3S 2000-1- Paper and paper 100+ products I 1000+ 249 4 2,099 2 485 2,833 2000+ Machine tools 100+ .' 1000+ 3 458 3 458 2000+ Fine cbenl.ic:tJs lUO-jo 2- 3SS 4 1000+ 955 7 3.St4 13 4,t~ 2000+ 1 2,218 1 2,218 I 2,218 1 2,ll& Heavy chemical5 100+ 1 614 1000+ 8 4,907 10 5,521 2000+ 2 2,156 2. 2,156 aen•• lionof 100+ 114 2 electricit, 1000+ SS9 oS 1935 8 2,f08 2000+ I 1,135 1 1,13S Coal, lim... 100+ 10 2,096 142 25,772 .ton~ andnon-l()QOt- 31 7,125 183 34,993 metallic llliner.1 2000';- products STATEMENT IV-7 Number ofdistliets in eaeh block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development NATURAL REGION : 6jTHE EAST COAST PLAINS Part I Part II A (Low value) Pari III ,.. E (Medium value) ., C (High value) Ht 2nd 3rd =-, 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ht 2nd 3rd Block level level level level level lev.l 4th level leVel level level level level 2 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 11 1 4 III ", 2 ' i 3 '6 '4 7 4 -17 IV " =]7 V 2 I 3 '7 '4 'j 1 5 I -17 VJ -2 1 4 . i 6 4 -11 '2 3 3 =17 Total, 2 4 1 12 11 5 2 9 23 15 Madras Corporation has been excluded level are strong, having high values. in from this table because it has no nrra[ area, II, IV, V and VI (except for 1 district This, too, is a developed region, only 1 whicb bas a medium value). Characteristi district out of a total of 17 being in the cally enougb, none of the 11 districts first or lowest level of development, and 5 in the two top levels of development enjoy in the second level. There are as many as any high value in block III (participation 7 districts in the third level and 4 in the rates- in traditional sector), AU things con top level. Even in the third level the 7 sidered, this Region as a whole shows very districts have high values in II, IV and promising levels of development. V (except for 1 district which has a In the single district in the :first leVel of medium value), Organised industrial development, Purl, there are only 2 rice activity (VI) has mostly medium varues in mills and 1 tobacco factory and 1 steel the third level. The 4 districts in tbe top rerolling mill (employing 161), ~05 The 5 districts in the second level have LOO eaoh, which includes as many as 12 between them 83 rIce mills (of which 3 employing more than 1.000 each of which employ a total of 419 persons), 2 atta again 2 employ more than an average of mills, 10 khandsari and sugar mills ( of 3,380 each. The agricultural prosperity which 5 employ' a total of 1,843), 31 oil of these 7 districts can thus be easily mills, 9 gins and presses and 21 tobacco appreciated. Between them they have 24 factories. Of the selected non-agro indus cloth mills employing more than 100 each tries, these 5 districts have between theill (5 employ more than 1,000 each of which 1 steel rerolling mill, 2 cloth mills ( of again 2 employ a total of 7,935), 2 jute which 1 employs 4,514), 2 jute mills (total mills employing more than 1,000 each, 4 employment 5,103), 1 paper mill employ cement factories, 1 paper fa~toD', 2 heavy ing 728, 1 petroleum refinery (employ chemicals mills and 3 mines apd quarries. ment 419) and 4 coal, limestone and non The strength of the 4 districts in the top metallic mineral establishments (1 employ lever also lies very much in their agricul ing 1,264). tural processing industries (142 rice mills, The strength of the Region lies in - the 4 dal mills, 6 sugar mills, 19 oil mills, 1 districts of the third level more than in that hydrogenated oil mill, 17 tobacco of those in the fourth. Tn the 7 districts factories of which as many as 8 employ in the third level there are 255 rice mills. more than 100 each) and in the selected 4 dal mills, 14 sugar mills (7 employ a non-agro industries of cloth (7 mills), total of 3,885), 38 oil mills, 1 hydro cement (2 factories), fertilizers (1), rail genated oil mill, 73 gins and presses (of way wagons, locomotives·and cpaclles which 12 employ more than 100 persons (1), leather (3), fine chemi~als (1), and each) and 309 tobacco factories out of coal, limestone and non-metallic mineral which as many as 120 employ more than products (3). STATEMENT IV.7.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 6 THE EAST COAST PLAINS 1st level 2nd level 3td.... level 4th I evel Total Size or ,---.A.--~ ,...-.A.----. _,...___.A.--"" ,- -.A.-._"", employ- y Industry ment No. Workers No. Worken No. Workers No. orkers No. rs I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 !1 Wotf,_i Total of aU 26 851 849 13)l,888 2,746 . J58,367 1,458 56,175 5,079 254,281 Industries Rice 20-99 2 121 80 '3,337 254 9/Z16 142 5,157 478 17,891 100+ 3 419 1 113 4 532 Ana 20-99 2 53 2 53 100+ Dal 20-99 4 99 4 159 8 258 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 5 268 7 408 .. 12 676 100+ 5 1,843 7 3,885 6 2,702 18 8,430 Edible oils 2()...... 99 31 1,058 38 I.S02 19 715 88 3,27S 100+ Hydrogenated 20-99 42 I 42 oils 100+ . i 200 I 200 Jute and <:otton 20-99 8 310 61 2.373 69 2,683 ginning and 100+ 1 lOS 12 1.491 13 1,59' pressing !'!! Tobacco . 20-99 26 21 824 189 9,336 9 365 220 10,551 100+ 120 60,330 . II 2,199 128 6l,S~ '2.00 STATEMENT IV.7.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 6 THE BAST COAST PLAINS Size of 1St level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- ,__._~ r---'----. tr'----J.,--~ Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 Steel 100+ 161 365 2 526 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 2 4,840 24 17,817 7 3,880 33 26.537 1000+ I 4,514 S 11,703 2 2,570 8 18,787 2000+ 1 4,514 2 7,935 3 12,449 Jute 100+ 2 5,103 2 2,469 4 7,572 1000+ 2 S,103 2 2,469 4 7,572 2000+ 2 5,103 2 ',103 Cement 100+ 4 2,022 2 2,186 6 4,2011 lOOO+ I 1,650 1 1,650 2000+ Paper and paper 100+ 728 • 1 585 2 1,3!3 products 1000+ 2000+ Petroleum 100+ 419 419 1000+ 2000+ Fertilizers 100+ 364 364 1000+ 2000+ Railway wagons 100+ 380 3EO locomotives 1000+ coaches 2000+ Leather and 100+ 3 1,261 1,261 leather 1000+ products 2000+ Fine chemicals 100+ 156 156 1000+ 2000+ Heavy chemicals 100+ 2 703 2 703 1000+ 2000+ Coal, lime- 100+ 4 2,296 3 450 3 :118 10 3,264 stone and non- 1000+ 1 1,264 1 1,264 metallic mineral 2000 + products STATEMENT IV. 8 Nft n'nr )/ jistricts in ~ach block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION : 1'1 WEST IDMALAYAS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) ~ ,- -.A...... lSt 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th "'\ 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level .Ievel level level level level level. level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 : 12 6 4 2 =26 III 3 13 3 3 -26 IV 3 10 3 3 -26 V 7 11 3 3 =26 VI 8 3 10 3 -2~ ! Total 3~ 3 ~O U l 4 1 :; ~ n ()f the 26 districts as many as 18 are in mills in the Region are in this Subregioa the first level of development, 4 in the and the 3 large sugar mills of the Region second, 1 in the third and 3 in the top are also in this Subregion, in districts 01 level. All the 18 districts in the lowest the top level. All the 4 edible oil mills level have either low or medium values in of the Region are in this Subregion too in all blocks, except for high values for 2 districts of the first 0) and second (3) districts in block III (participation rates levels. in traditional sector) and 5 in block IV (potential of human res'ources). Simla. Among all the non-agro registered fac the sale district in the third level of tories in the Himalayan Region all but 12 development has characteristically enough, tea factories employing 1,676 persons are high, alues in blocks III, IV, and V, low in this Subregion. The steel and cloth in II (agricultural infrastructure) and mills (except 1) are placed in districts of medium in VI (industrial activity in the the second level, the coal, limestone and modem sector). All the 3 districts in the non-metallic factories in the first level. top level have high values in blocks IV, V 1 c10th and 3 tea factories In districts of and VI, and except for 1 district also in the fourth level. block II. Significantly enough none of In the aggregate, however, this Sub them have high values in block III. region claims a little less than half of an Of a total of 9 rice and 1 atta mill in registered factories, but nearly two-thirds the Himalayan Region, this Subregion of all workers in registered factories in the claims 1 each. All the 3 khandsari sugar Region. STATEMENT IV.8.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 1'1 WEST HIMALAYAS Size of 1st level 2nd 16vei 3rd~1 4th~ Total 11lialtry empby- . --.r- -. r---A --. ~--.. _____, '__.." Olent No. WJrkers No. Workers No. Workers No. Wo,\I,.ers •No. WOrkers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 01 all 48 2.983 101 9,0.5 5 955 124 8.658 281 21,651 Iudustri ... Rice . 20-99 20 20 100+ Atta 20-99 l' 45 4S 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 SO 2 48 3 98 100+ 3 1,890 3 1,8911 Edible oil. 20-99 40 3 70 4 110 100"1' .. 208 STATEMENT IV.8.11 Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 1'1 WEST HIMALAYAS 1st IOvel 2nd level 3rd level 4th level. Total. ., Size of ~-..~ Industry employ- 1J'ent No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel) 100-1- 490 1 490 . 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 4 2,975 514 S 3,489 1000+ 1 1,770 1 1,770 2000+ _' l'ea 100+ 3 473 3 473 1000+ 2000+ .::~ Coal,Limestone 100+ 146 146 and nOll-metallic 000+ mineral products2000+ STATEMENT IV. 9 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 1'2 EASTERN HIMALAYAS Part I Part n Part m A (Low-'IIalue) B (Medium value) C (High value) ". --. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th' 1St 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level, level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 -3 III 2 -3 IV 2 -3 V 2 1 -3 VI. 1 -3 Total. 3 s 2 4 There are only 3 districts in the Sub concentrated in Darjeeling the sole district region of which 2 are in the first or lowest of the top level of development. The level and 1 in the highest leve1. The range of non-agricultural industry in the disparities in development are therefore organised sector is limited to tea and high. Even In the 2 districts of first level fine chemicals. The 12 tea factories and inteiSectoral development is uneven, their the single fine chemicals factory (cinohona values being low in block II, medium in factory in Darjeeling) are confined to IV and V, and high in block III. One has the sole district (Darjeeling) in the top low value and another medium value in level of development. block VI. The only district in the top level This Subregion claims only 171 out of enjoys uniformly high values in each block a total of 593 factories in the Region and except III where the value is medium. no more than 8,877 workers out of a total All the rice mills in this Subregion are of 33,809. 2Qg STATEMENT IV. 9.1 Agricultural'Processing Industries 1'2 EAST HIMALAYAS Size of 1st level 2nd level lrd level 4th level Toul employ' ,.--..---A-----'\ r ,...---A----. ,..---.1-----, Indu.try ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Worken No. Worker. 12 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 to 1I lotal 01 all 171 8,877 171 8,877 Industries Rice 20-99 8 243 243 1()()+ STATEMENT IV. 9.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Proces~ing 1'2 EAST HIMALAYAS 3rd lovel 4th level Total Size of lst leVel 2nd level ,_,____.__..A..~ ~ r~ __--.A- ___ _ employ· r-----A------("".-___,'----, Induatry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Wvtker.· 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 1I 12 Toa 100+ 12 1,676 12 1,676 1000+ 2000+ Pin. cb. nicals 100+ 229 229 1000+ 2000+ STATEMENT IV.I0 Number 0/ dis~icts in each blook arranged by (a) lo.w, medium and high values in (b) each ofthe,/our le'Vel!S of develkJpment SUBREGION : ]'3 NORTH EASTERN RANGES Part J Part II Part III ,.... A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lst 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 5 =9 1II 1 3 2 =9 IV 4. 4 =9 V 2 4 =9 V1 S =9 Totfl \0 ,.. '1 l4 4 1 ~ 6 ~ 3 210 This is a Subregion of low develop indisputably in the top level of develop ment. Of the total of 9 districts as many ment although the total score places it as as 6 are in the first level, and one each in such nor can it be regarded as enjoying the second, third and fourth levels. It is the prerequisites of such classification. significant that while the district in the third level has high values in V and VI, The only cotton ginning and bailing the district in the fourth level has but factory and 3 tobacco factories of the medium values in these blocks. The dis- Region are in this Subregion, in the distnct trict in the top level has bigh values in of third level. This Subregion has DO blocks II, III and IV only. The analysis registered factory in any of the non-agro shows that no district can be regarded as industries selected for this analysis. STATEMENT IV.10.I Agricultural Processing Industries l' 3 NORTH EASTERN RANGES 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Sizeof r----"---...., ~ ~ ~~ employ Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all Industries 36 153 17 383 62 1,897 26 848 141 3,281 Jute and cotton ginning and pressing 20-99 22 22 100+ Tobacco 20-99 ., 99 3 99 100+ STATEMENT IV.ll Number oJdistrictlS in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 2'1 RAJASTHAN PLAINS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) r--___C (High ______value) ...... r-- r- ...., A 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 2 =9 m. 2 3 3 _9 IV. 3 3 3 =9 V 3 2 3 =9 VI. 2 3 3 =9 Total 4 3 8 7 10 3 5 5 This Subregion is marked by an even 3 medium tobacco factories and 1 coal, distribution of 3 districts in each of the limestone and non-metallic factory. There first three levels. There is no district in is only 1 medium jute and cotton gin and the top level. Each district. irrespective press in a second level district. But the of level of development. has high values great bulk of all registered factories (264 in block IV (potential of human re out 'of a total of 313 in the Subregion) sources). 4 districts (2 each in the second employing no less than 13,076 out of a and third levels of development) have high total of 16,355 persons occur in 3 districts values in block II (settled agriculture). placed in the third or highest ever level of Tlw qistricts iI1 th~ first l~v~l qav~ only development, for this Subre$i9p.. 2Il STATEMENT IV.ILl Agriculcural Processing Industries 2'1 RAJASTHAN PLAINS Size of lst level 2ndlcwel 3rd level 4th level Total employ- ,..-.-----A---..... --...... r Industry men! No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all 24 726 25 2.553 264 13.076 313 16.355 Industries Atta 20-99 43 3 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 100+ 1 598 I '598 Edible Oils 20-99 1 40 I 40 100+ " ) JIlle and cotton 20-99 47 12 649 13 69&' ginni!lg and 100+ 4 751 4 751 presSlnp' Tobacco 20-99 3 100 2 74 174 100+ STATEMENT IV.ll.n Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 2'1 RAJASTHAN PLAINS Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ.. ,--.A.~"...---.A.--. r------Jo- "' r----A----. ~--"' Ind'Jstry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 Oen'eration of 100+ 2 657 2 657 electricity 1000+ 2000+ Coal. limestone and non.. meta- 100+ 111 187 2 298 lIic mineral 1000+ products 2000+ STATEMENT IV.12 N'lumber of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION . 2'2 PUNJAB PLAINS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) ..A.--'--~ r- 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd lrd 4th alock level level level leVel level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 tt :I 12 IS III 2 10 2 IS tv :2 12 15 V :2 5 7 15 VI ...... 2 7 5 15 Total 2 10 4 2 14 4 2 36 By contrast to the Rajasthan Plains In qistricts of the second level there ate this Subregio.n is marked by a high de~ only 4 small rice mills, 1 medium sized of .development. among the h~~est iJ;l IndIa. 12 out of 15 districts are in the cement factory (employing 686) but 1 highest level of development, 1 in the third IflIge fertilizer factory (Fertilizer Corpora and 2 in tbe second. There are none in tion of India, Naya Nangal, employment ~ first or lowest le~el. An of them have 2,671 ) . In the sole district in the llhird high values for blocks II and IV'; out of level there are 1 rice mill, 1 sugarcane 12 districts of highest level 7 have higb factory, 2 oil mills, 18 jute and cotton and 5 medium values in block V while gins and presses (employing a total of 5 have high and 7 medium values i~ block 1,036 persons) and 1 steel factory VI. 'This proves that although the sectors employing 170 persons. All the remaining of distributive trade, manufacturing, 3,170 registered factories out of a total of infrastructure and moder~ organised 3,313 occur in districts placed in the fourth industrial activity. are stilI some way from or highest level of development, in which attaining a uniformly high level, the base the ~gro industries are in as strot;lg a ok human potential and agricultural muster as the non-agro factories. development is sound. STATEMENT IV.12.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 2'2 PUNJAB PLAINS Sij!.C of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level ,...--,-...... _.....4th level Total eml'loy- - ..... ,-- . r------A-. --, Industry ment No. Worken No. Workers--- No. Workers No. Workers No. ~orkers 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all 86 6,347 57 2,321 3,170 107.363 3.313 116.031 Industri.. Rice 20-99 4 107 20 7 193 12 320 100+ Atta 20-99 12 675 12 675 100+ 3 445 3 445 Cal 20-99 2 44 2 44 100+ Suprcan. ~99 .i 147 .. 147 100+ 29i 4" 2,~6 S 2.987 ldiblt~ . 20-99 ., 2 111 16 693 18 804 1110+' .. .. 1- IDe 1 108 Bydroaenated 20--99 .. 1 91 1 91 oils 1IlO+ ...... 1 140 1 140 J ote and cotton 20-99 I! 1,036 lto 5.759 ainI1ina and 100+ .. .. f723,001 12 pteaslns .. ~ 3.007 Tobaau 20-99 ., lS 100+ .. .' 25 ...... I. &Tl\TEMENT IV. 12. II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 2'2 PUNJAB PLAINS Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd.lcvel 4th level Total OIIlploy· ,..---'--, ,..---L..--. ,..--..-.A.--, induStry ~(" No. Worken No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers • No. \Vc;;;;; 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Stoel LOO+ '1 I~O 170 1000+ 2()()()+ Machinery 100+ 41 43 143 (Injt·tri~l) 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 19 1-4,627 19 H,627 1000+ 4 8',197 4 8,197 2000+ 3 7,075 3 7,015 C<:ment 100+ 686 1,028 2 1,714 1000+ 1,028 1 1,028 2000+ Pa per and paper 100+ 2,549 1 2,549 products 1000+ 2,51\9 1 2,549 ,0 2000+ 2,549 1 2.549 A~itlcial Jlbre 100+ 1,436 3 1,436 rayon btc; 1000+ 20?0+ Fert.i1izers 100+ 1 2,671 1 2,671 1000+ I 2,671 1 2,671 2000+ 1 2,671 1 2,671 Machine toO Is 100+ 732 4 732 1000+ '" 2000+ Leather and 100+ 122 122 leather pro- 1000,+ ducts 2000+ Heavy chemicals 1001' 170 170 1000+ 2000+ Coal, limestone 100+ 246 246 anu non-meta- 1000+ Hic mineral i products 2000+ STATEMENT IV.13 Number ofdistricts in each block ar~anged by (a' low, medium and high values in (tJ) each of the four levels 0 f de~elvpment t SUBREGION 2· 3 UITAR PRADESH PLAINS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (Hi gil value) r------..A...-----~ .... ---~ r- ..... I~t 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lst 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level lov~l leyel level lev~ leval 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 n 8 12 5 8 ... 41 '. , 15 4 5 3 ~ " - 41 IV , 10 10 S • .. - 41 ·V • . 14 6 5 7 3 1 5 - 41 VI, 6 14 , 5 7 .. 3 1 ... 41 Total 35 4 43 10 16 13 11 10 20 21 rthis is a Subregion of moderate devt.. lowest level as nlany as 12 .b,ave high 'and lopment. As many as 20 distri(;ts out of 8 medium values in block II, all dlstricts 41' are in the first lItvel, 5 in the s~ond, in the three remaining levels shOwirtg Wli and 8 each in the third and fourth. formly ]J.igh va1u~s in block II. Poi(~ntia1 Ab'l-icultural developmertt is satisfactory of human resources presents almost an booause evetl of the 20 districts in the iderttical picture. But the position in .. \ , 214 \ blocks V and VI is not very satisfactory, factories engaged in coal, limestone and only 5 districts and 1 district in the top non-metallic minerals employing a total of level of development showing high values 1,642 pers.ons. in V and VI respectively. The values of block III, too, are either low or medium There is a marked rise in the total num in all cases. ber of agro and non-agro factories and This is the Subregion which has a their employment in the 8 districts concentration of rice (10) and sugarcane placed in the third level of development. (62) factories in districts of the first or A greater variety and versatility in the lowest level. In districts of the first level two s.ectors is also noticeable. But the there are only I dal mill, 6 oil mil1s, 1 greatest concentration and versatility are tobacco factory (employment 125), 1 noticeable in the 8 out of a total of 41 cloth factory (employment 474) and 1 districts placed in the top level of deve jute factory (employment 1,047) and 1 lopment. These 8 districts claim as many coal, limestone and non-metallic industry. as 1,576 registered factories out of a In districts of the second level, there is total of 2,558 and an employment of an increase in rice mills to 21, atta mills 178,168 out of a total of 282,216. All to 2, dal mills to 4, jute and cotton gins the 8 selected types of agro industries and presses to 1. There are 25 khandsari are represented in strength and as many as mills and 4 sugar mills and 6 oil mills of 10 types of non-agro industries. The which 4 employ between 20 and 99 per marked association and high concentration sons and 2 above 100 persons each. of agro and non-agro industries in these There are no non-agro industries in dis 8 districts underline the complementarity tricts of the second level except 3 fair sized of growth in agriculture and industry. STATEMENT IV.13.1 Agricultural Processing {ndustries 2·3 UTIAR PRADESH PLAINS Size of 1st lcivel 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Indmtry employ r-----.A-----. ,---...A-__. r--A....--~ r--...A...----. r------A--- _, ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Work ..... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 To"~ of all 285 46,420 171 10.463 47,165 1,576 2,558 Industries 526 178,168 282,216 Rice .20-99 10 382 21 643 5 143 6 174 42 100+ 1.342 Attl 20-99 2 75 2 102 5 223 9 400 100+ 4 1,031 4 1.031 DII 20-99 21 4 114 20 16 469 22 100+ 624 'f Sugarcane 20-99 24 959 25 900 35 1,296 64 2,459 148 S.61~ 100+ 38 24,374 4 2,062 11 10,295 18 17,296 71 54,02 Edible olIs .20-99 6 211 4 1st! 9 412 19 900 38 1,681 100+ 2 284 2 224 13 2,618 17 3,126 Hydrog 100+ 508 508 1000+ 2000+ Coal lime- 100+ 111 3 1,642 7 2,371 39 6 ~32 50 10,956 stone and 1000+ non-metallic 2000+ mineral products STATEMENT IV.14 Number of distrrots in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four lewels of development SUBREGION : 2·4 BIHAR PLAINS Part I Part II Part lIT A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High vaIue) r------A-----~ ,.- -. ,..------.A. .... Block 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 1 2 1 1 =11 III 5 =u IV 4 5 =I1 .V 4 =II !.VI 4 5 =11 Totol 3 5 1 16 13 1 2 7 3 3 Of the 11 districts in this Subregion, 4 In the non-agro sector, districts in the are in the first level, 5 are in the second second level have the widest variety, al and -1 each in the third and fourth though the number of registered factories levels. This Subregion is, therefore, employing more than 100 persons is small characterised by tardy development. The and is confined to electrical machinery only district in the top level does not (1), cloth 0), jute (2 of which 1 employs ~ll\inl hi~h Vl\l11yS in blocks HI alld Vl, 3,500 persons), yyIIleqt (3), paper aw;l paper products (2 employing more than district in the third level similarly has only 1000 each), electricity (2), coal, lime 1 larg~ cotton mill. But the solitary dis" stone and non-metallic industries (1). The trict in the top level has 1 large steel 4 districts in the first level have between factory, 1 cotton mill, 2 large leather them only 1 large faCtory in industrial factories, 1 fine chemicals, 1 electricity and machinery and 1 in cloth. The single 1 coal, limestone and non-metallic industry. STATEMENT IV.14.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 2'4 BIHAR PLAINS lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Size of r----A.---l r-____""__-, r-__A __l r-__.A.. __~ ,-_--A_...., employ" Indllstry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all industrie, 961 27,871 1,883 42,928 332 4,182 837 16,164 4;013 91,145 Rice 20-99 46 2,003 35 1,967 2 102 83 4,072 100+ 3 341 8 982 I 100 12 1.423 Atta 20-99J 3 72 2 112 20 6 204 100+ 1 100 2 266 3 366 Dal 20-99 2 70 2 40 4 110 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 1 46 3 173 5 249 9 468 100+ 23 D,IOI 3 2,623 2 200 1 1,00'0 29 18,924 Edible oils 20-99 5 211 2 48 4 236 4 110 15 605 100+ 1 100 I 100 Hydrogenated oils. 20-99 44 44 100+ Jute and cotton ginning 20-99 13 397 13 397 atld pressing 100+ 1 100 I 100 Tobacco " 20-99 20 10 539 2 146 1 49 14 754 100+ 2 2595 2 200 4 500 8 3~95 STATEMENT IV.14.II Selectedlndustries Outside Agricultural Processing 2'4 BIHAR PLAINS lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Size of ---'---_....., r---A-----~ employ" Industry ment No. Workero No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 7 9 10 11 12 Steel ioo-,- 134 134 1000+ 2000.,. Machinery 100+ 751 751 flndq!trial) 1000+ 2000+ Machinery 100+ 100 100 (Electrical) 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 242 695 620 750 4 2,307 1000+ 2000+ Jute 2 4,608 2 4,608 lt88t 2 4'608 2 4,608 2000+ I 3;500 I 3,500 Cement 100+ 3 1,195 3 1.195 1000+ 2000+ Paper and 100+ 2 3,097 2 3,097 paper 1000+ 2 3,097 2 3.097 products 2000+ Leather and 100+ 2 1,201 2 1,201 leath!:r 1000+ prodtlets 2000+ Fine cHemicals ioo+ 250 250 1000+ 2000+ Genl!ration of IOQ'I- 2 495 240 735 electricity 1000+ 2000+ Coal, lime- 100+ 229 175 2 404 stode linll 1000+ non:metallic 2000 + ., lllinerall'rodu~t~ "' " "' " 217 STATEMENT IV.IS Num;er of diftricts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 2' 5 WEST BENGAL PLA.INS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) .- r- --. roo. ---, 1st 2nd lrd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level leveL level level level level level level level 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 It .. 2 .. 3 5 ~IO III 5 J 4 =10 IV ·s ·s =10 V S· 5 =10 VI 5 2 3 =10 Total 5 1 12 6 8 18 This Subregion shows uneven deve The 5 districts in the second level have lopment. Of the 10 districts, none IS 10 a large number of medium sized rice the first level but as many as 5 are in the mills (112) and 5 large rice mills. The second level. There is no district in the 2 oil mills are medium sized and so third level but as many as 5 again in the is the solitary jute press. There are 2 top level. The 5 districts in the second medium sized tobacco factories. Between level again show unevenness in intersec them the 5 districts have only 2 cotton toral growth. Thus, 2 have medium and mills employing a total of 978 persons. 3 high values in II, all 5 low values in The great bulk of the registered .factories III, but high values in IV and again are concentrated in the 5 ,districts of the medium values in V and VI. All the 5 top level, emphasizing the richness of districts in the top level have high values range and high complementarity between in 'II, IV and V, low value in 1 and agro-based and non-agro industries in medium values in 4 for III. medium these 5 districts. values in 2 and high values in 3 for VI. STATEMENT IV.15.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 2' 5 WEST BENGAL PLAINS Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total r"__ ---.Jt.--___ -""""\ ,--_..A-_____ employ- r-- -~ r- --.----.A....--. r---__"'_~ Industry ment No, Worker. No. Workers No. Workers No, Workers No. Workers I 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 Total 01 all Industries 169 20,637 1,943 468,584 2,112 489'221 Rice 20-99 112 5,183 123 5,808 235 10,991 100+ 5 711 4 478 I' 1,189 Alta 20-99 4 166 4 166 100+ 4 619 4 619 Dal 20-99 22 626 22 626 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 .. • '1 100+ I :iS7 3si Edible oils 20-\19 2 66 6 294 8 360 100-1- Hydrogenated 20-99 1 86 1 86 oil. 100+ 4 813 4 813 Jute and colton 20-99 57 6 303 7 360 ginning and 100+ 1 100 1 100 pressing Tobacco. 20-99 2 68 2 68 100+ 1 1,199 1 1,199 j 63 R.C.l.-29 218 STATEMENT IV. IS. II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 2' 5 WEST BENGAL PLAINS Size of Is t level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ ,_~--...., r---"----, t------A---.. r---..A..-_ ..... Industry m"nt Nc. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 II 12 Steel 100+ 21 7,358 21 7.3581 1000+ 1 1.675 1 [1,675 2000+ Machinery 100+ 6 (is,958 6 5,958 (Industrial); 1000+ 2 4,694 2 4,694 2000+ 2 4,694 2 4,694 Machinery 100+ 4 '1.720 4 1,720 (Electrical) 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 2 978 4S 46,060 47 '47,038 1000+ IS 34,556 15 34,556 2000+ 7 23.118 7 123.118 Jute 100+ ~78 197,438 78 197,438 1000+ 71 193,893 71 193,893 2000+ 48 l159,495 48' 159,495 Tea 100+ 102 16,337 102 16,337 1000+ 2000+ Paper and 100+ 9 [S,879 9 S,879 paper 1000+ 3 \,,397 3 7,397 products 2000+ 2 .6,174 2 6,174 Aluminium 100+ 3 2,549 3 2,549 1000+ I 1,249 1 1,249 2000+ Fertilizers '100+ 6 [1,124 6 1,124 1000+ 2000+ Machin e tools 100+ 696 696 1000+ 2000+ RaIlway wagons, 100+ 3 -4,107 3 4'/,87 locombtives 1000+ 2 4,005 2 r4, 5 coaches 2000+ 1 2,061 1 £2,061 Leathc!r and 100+ 104 104 leather 1000+ products 2000+ Fine chemicals 100+ 2,436 8 2,436 1000+ 2000+ Heavy chemicals 100+ 3 2,040 3 2,040 1000+ 2000+ ::~ Generation of 100+ 7 3,355 7 3.355 electricity 1()()(J+ 2000+ Coal, lime- 100+ 32 13,5S0 32 [13',580 stone and 1000+ 2 3,835. 2 3.835 non-motallit 2000+ I 2,707 1 2,707 mi neral PrOducts ~19 s}' A TEMENT IV.16 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 2'6 ASSAM VALLEYS Part J Part II Part III A (Low value) ,-..-....---.A..B (Medium______value) . .., C (High .. alue) r---.----A----~ r----~------~ lst 2nd 3rd 4th 15t 2nd 3rd 4th l,t 2nd 3rt! 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 1I 3 2 =7 III 2 2 =7 IV 3 =7 V 3 3 ~7 VI 3 3 =7 Total 2 10 10 2 3 4 3 The 7 districts in this Subregion pro jute presses (4). T-here is 1 atta mill. gressively taper off in the three upper There are, besides, 24 tea factories in levels of development, there being none these 3 districts in the second level. In in the first level. There are 3 djstricts in the 3 districts of the third leNel there are the second level, 3 in the third and 1 8 rice mills, 3 atta mills and 6 oil mills in the fourth. But intersectoral develop but 1 large sugarcane factory employ ment again is uneven and no district can ing 359 persons. There is 1 cloth mill be regarded as having indisputably employing 100 persons but there are 115 "arrived". tea factories and the Digboi Oil Factory employing 1,228 persons. The only dis trict in the fourth level has only 2 rice and It is the districts in the second level of 1 oil mill but as many as 96 tea factories development which have the largest num and 1 factory of coal, limestone and non ber of small rice (12), oil (4) mills and metallic industry. STATEMENT IV.16.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 2' 6 ASSAM VALLEYS Size of .employ- lst level 2nd Iovel 3rd level 4th level ,... Total Industry ment ,..--A.----""""\ ,--...-- ...... No. Workers No. .workers No. Workers No. ,Worun No. Worker. 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 01 aU 282 13.442 557 32.591 357 32,749 1,196 78.782 industries Rice • 2()'-99 12 374 8 255 2 42 22 671 100+ Alta l()'-99 48 3 120 4 168 100+ Sugarcane 2()'-99 . i 100+ ·i 359 359 Ed~bleoil. 2()'-99 4 120 6 233 25 11 378 ,(00+ J ute.and cotton ginniJ;lg and 2()'-99 4 174 4 174 pressIng ,100+ 2 311 2 311 220 STATEMENT IV.l6.1I Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 2' 6 ASSAM VALLEYS Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ' ...-----'------. ~ ,---.A.__ -, tndustcy ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cloth 100+ 100 100 1000+ .~ . 2000+ Tea 100+ 24 3.823 115 18,354 96 19,124 235 41,301 1000+ 2000+ Petroleum and oil 100+ I 1,228 1,228 1000+ 1 1,228 1,228 2000+ Coal, limestone 100+ 108 108 an.! non-meta· 1000+ llie mineral 2000 t products STATEMENT IV. 17 NU'11ber of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each ofthafour level.s of devel(lpment SUBREGION : 3'1 RAJASTHAN HILLS AND PLATEAUS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) ------.A. r------'- r------1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 3 5 3 6 =19 UI 2 2 7 5 -19 IV 2 8 3 6 -19 V 2 2 6 3 2 4 =19 VI 2 5 3 2 2 3 -19 Total 2 4 2 1 6 21 5 10 2 15 8 19 This Subregion presents a promlsmg tobacco factories. Banswara has only 1 picture. Of the total of 19 districts only factt>ry devoted to jute ginning and press 2, are in the lowest level, 8 in the second lng. Banswara has no'large non-agro iIldus level, 3 in the third and as many as 6 in trial factory whereas Bhilwara again has the top. These 6 districts again enjoy 2 devoted to coal, limestone and non high values in II and IV, and either high metallic minerals. or medium values in V and VI. Of the 3 districts in the third level 2 have mostly The 8 districts in the second level have low value in block III. 2 rice mills, 1 dal mill, 1 s~gar mill, 2 Among the 2 districts (Bhilwara and oil mills, 12 gins and presses (of which Banswara) in the lowest level Bhilwara has 2 employ 339 persons) and 2 tobacco 1 dal and 1 khandsari sugar mill, 10 factories. Sawai Madhopur has a large cotton gins and presses (of which 4 em cement factory (employment 2,592). There ploy more than 100 persons each) and 3 is 1 fine chemicals factory and 1 factory 221 devoted to coal, limestone and non None of the 6 districts in the top ieve1 metallic industry. have any rice, dal or s~gar mills. Between bhem they have 7 atta mills, 9 oil mills, 2 hydrogenated oil mills, 16 gins and The 3 districts in the third level of presses and 8 tobacco factories. But the development (Alwar, Sirohi and Bundi) range of factories employing more than are still deficient in both agro and non 100 persons each is impressive, there be agro industries. Alwar claims all the 4 ing 1,544 registered factories in these 6 edible oil mills of the Subregion. Bundi has districts alone out of a total of 1,797 2 medium sized khandsari factories as factories in all thy 19 districts of well as a cement factory (employment the Subregion. The employment in these 1,124) which is the only instance of a 1,544 factories is 98,116 as against a large selected non-agro industry. total of 109,928 for the whole Subregion. STATEMENT IV.17.I Agricultural Prooessing Industries 3' 1 RAJASTHAN HlLLS AND PLATEAUS Size of r---.A.1st level____ 2nd level 3rd level r _--..._A_4th I(ve)_____ Total emp!oy- r------A-----, ,-~--..... _ _ _'_-...A.._~~ Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 4 5 8 9 to 11 12 Total 01 all 75 3,590 134 6,439 44 1,783 1,544 98,116 1,797 109,9~ industries Rice 20-99 74 2 74 )00+ Alta 20-99 4 186 4 186 100+ 3 465 3 ,465 Dal 20-99 37 37 2 74 100+ .~: SUllarcane 20-99 75 . i 2 S8 3 133 100+ 342 1 342 'E!dIblc qn. 20-99' 2 71 4 149 9 435 IS 6S's 100+ Hydros-nated 20-99' oils 100+ '2 355 '2 is~ Jute and cotton ginn~g and 20-99 7 318 to 604 16 687 33 1,609 pressmg 100+ 4 652 2 339 6 991 Tobacco 20-99 3 98 2 89 8 377 13 fl'-4 100+ 22i STATEMENT IV..I7.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3·1 RAJASTHAN HILLS AND PLATEAUS Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- ,-~ ,- ,- r- ,..--.A-_.... Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel 100+ 6 1,437 6 1,437 1000'+ 2000T Machinery 100+ 3 1,014 3 1,014 (Industrial) 10004- 2000+ Machinery lOOT S 1,343 5 1,343 (Electrical) 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 7 17,456 7 17,456 1000+ 4 16,576 4 16,576 2000+ 3 15,454 3 15,454 Cementll 100+ 2,592 1,124 2 3,716 1000+ 2,592 1,124 2 3,716 2000+ 12,592 I 2,592 Paper and pa· 100+ 2 355 2 33S per products 1000+ 2000+ Petrolum and 100+ 2 230 2 230' oil 1000+ 2000+ Alumiruum 100+ 102 102 1000+ 2000+ Machine tools 100+ 4 724 4 724 1000+ 2000+ Leather and 100+ 58S 585 leather pro· 1000+ ducts 2000+ Fine chemicals 100+ 144 331 2 415 1000+ 2000+ HeaVy chemi- 100+ 656 656 cals 1000+ 2000+ Generation of 100+ S 2,811 S 2,SU electricity 1000+ t 1,500 1 1,500 2000+ Coal lime· 100+ 2 281 120 15 13,310 18 3,711 stone and non· 1000+ m~lic mineral 2000 + )lr Uti 223 STATEMENT IV.IS Nu.'1t~er of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION : 3' 2 BUNDELKHAND Part I Part II Part HI A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High ~alue) r-- lst 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level Jevel level leve! 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 6 =10 IJJ 2 4 =10 IV 2 6 =10 V 2 =10 VI 3 2 =10 Total' 3 6 3 12, 3 2 4 12 2 3 This Subregion has a high peak in the Curiously enough the 2 districts in the second level of development. It has 2 first level have a concentration of agro- districts in the first level and 1 each in industries: rice 4 mills but no the third and fourth levels. In tIle general non.-agro industry. In the second level picture of unevenness and comparative there are only 6 dal mills and 1 oil mill backwardness the intersectoral distribution 1tnd. 1 cement lactory employing 629 per of values in the different blocks is not very sons. In the third level there is only 1 encouraging either. For instance, neither oil mill and 1 fine chemicals factory. of . the districts in the third and fourth There are only 2 rice mills in the single levels has high values in blocks III and VI district (Gwalior) .of the fourth level but a although they have high values in II and heavy concentration of non-agro industrial IV. That is, even their strength lies concerns (73 out of 159 factories for the more in agriculture and potential of human whole Subregion and 13,653 workers out r~sources. of 19,51S). STATEMENT IV.1S.r Agricultural Processing Industries 3' 2 BUNDELKHAND 1st level 2nd lovel 3rd level 4th level Total Size of f"4 . .- .. r--- -A--__ employ- No. Workers"""' No. Workers No. Workers'"" No. Workers - No. ~-;;-rkers-' Industry ment 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all industries 18 439 29 1,241 139 4,185 73 13,653 . 159 19,518 Rice 20-99 4 108 2 45 6 153 100+ .. Oal 20-99 6 121 6 121 100+ Edible oils 20-99 20 29 2 49 100+ 224 STATEMENT IV.lS.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3 2 BUNDELKHAND Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ. r-oA------.. r .. [nJu.try ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Wqrkers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Machinery 100+ 1,844 1,844 (In dustrial) 1000+ 1,844 1,844 2000+ Cloth 100+ 3 7,7S7 3 7,7S7 1000+ I 6,498 1 6,498 2000+ 1 6,498 I 6,498 Cement 100+ 629 629 1000+ 2000+ Artlftcial fibre 100+ 923 923 fjlyon etc.• 1000+ 2000+ Machine tools 100+ 252 252 1000+ 2000;1- Fine chemicals 100+ 212 212 1000+ 2000+ Generation of 100+ 109 109 electricity 1000+ 2000+ STATEMENT IV.19 Number of distdcts in each block arranged hi}' (a) 101»', medium ar.d I,i[/h V'alue!s ill (/I) each of the four levels of devel'opn-oi t SUBREGION 3.3 MALWA Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) .- C (High value) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd ------.3rd 4ti> Block level level level level level levet level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JO IJ 12 13 II ... 1 2 2 3 =11 III 1 S 2 3 =11 IV 5 2 3 =11 V 5 2 3 =11 VI S 2 2 1 =11 Total 3 17 7 7 8 3 8 This is a Subregion of well distributed districts in the second level have a con development. Of a total of 11 districts centration of oil mills (9 employing 290) only 1 is in the lowest level, 5 are in the and gins and presses (71 of which 1 j second, 2 in the third and 3 in the fourth. employ 1,489 persons), but no non-agro No district except 1 has low values in factories in the selected ranges. The 2 any block. Even districts in the secend districts in the third level have a propor level h~ve either medium or high values. tionately greater range of agro industries; Districts in the top level have all high 2 cotton mills and 1 electricity generating values in IV and V, but 2 have medium station. The 3 districts in the top values in II and VI. Organised industrial level have th~ widest range of agro indus activity in the modem sector has high tries and 5 .selected types of non-agro value only in 1 district. industries. Cloth mills (10 of which 6 TIle only district (Jhabua) in the lowest employ more than 2,000 each and 3 more lev:el of development has 2 oil mills and than 1,000 each), paper and paper pro S gins and presses of which 1 employs 100 ducts (2 factories), rayon . (1 employing persons and no factory in the selected 1,149), machine tools (1) and electricity range of non-agro industries. The S (2). 225 STATEMENT IV.19.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 3·3 MALWA 1st level 2nd leve I 3rdlevel 4th level TOIa" Size of ~ ,-.----.A..--... r-.A.--. r No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers Industry O::!~'!1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all 14 558 llo 5.35, 121 6.142 375 47.006 620 59.062 iQdustriC$' Rice 20-99 ? 64 3 64 100+ Atta 2()...... S9 24 69 2 9~ 100+ ./@L Oal 20-99 20 3 92 4 100 100+ 1 100 1 - Sugarcane 20-99 3 120 2 66 5 186 100+ 1 100 1 712 2 616 4 1.428 Edible oils 20-99 2 41 9 290 274 13 424 32 1.029 100+ 3 699 3 699 J ute and COttOD 20-99 7 363 53 2.848 42 1.500 57 2.774 164 7485 ginning and 100+ I 10) II 1,489 5 551 11 1.520 30 3.660 pressing Tobacco 20-99 8 237 S 190 16 427 I(\I,)T I 100 1 100 STATEMENT IV.19.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3'3 MALWA 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Size of •__ .A..~ r----..A..-__--") r ~-A~ ~ _____A-----~ employ· No. Workers No. Workers No· Workers No. Workers No. Workers Industry ment 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cloth 100+ 2 1,120 10 25,613 12 26,733 1000+ 9 25,478 9 25,478 2000+ 6 21,160 6 21,1,60 Paper and paper 100+ 2 1,141 2 1,1.1 products 1000+ 2000+ Artificial fibre 100+ 1 1,149 1 1,1-49 rayon etc. 1000+ I 1.149 1 1,149 2000+ Machine tools 100+ '1 179 179 1000+ 2000+ (Jencration of 100+ 100 2 434 3 S34 electricity 1000+ 2000+ 163 R.G.I.-30. 226 STATEMENT 'IV.20 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high valu~ in (b) each o/the/our levels 0/ development SUBREGION: 3'4 VINDHYA RANGES AND PLATEAUS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium valne) C (High Value) r-- ,.... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lst 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level le"el le.... l level level level level level level level 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 1 3 4 =9 m 1 2 3 ~9 IV 3 4 -9 v 2 4 -9 VI 3 4 -9 Total 1 3 3 6 11 2 6 8 3 This Subregion of 9 districts has 1 tricity. There is slightly more of district in the first level of development, 3 industrial variety in the 4 districts of the in the second, 4 in the third and 1 again third grade with 2 atta mills, 2 dal mills, in the fourth level of development. The in 22 tobacco factories, 2 cloth factories, tersectoral distribution of medium and high 1 cement factory (employment 1,375), values even in the third and top levels is and I machine tools factory. In so uneven that no district can be regarded the single district (Sehore of Bhopal) of as having registered all round develop the top level there is a proportionate con ment. But it is significant that all the 4 centration of hoth agro and non-ageo in districts in the third level have high values dustries, Bhopal claiming a large cloth in II and IV and medium values in blocks mill (employment 2,104) and the very Vand VI. important heavy electrical industry (em The only district (Rewa) in the lowest ployment 1,126). There is 1 paper mill level of development has only 1 tobacco and 1 electricity generating station. factory and no non-agro industry in the Sehore alone claims 42 out of a total of selected ranges. The 3 ~istricts in the 213 mills and factories in the entire Sub second grade however have between them region, and employs 7,777 out of a total 1 rice mill, 3 oil mills and 14 tobacco fac factory employment of 18,330 in the Sub tories but only 1 factory generating elec- region. STATEMENT IV. 20.1 Agricultural processing Industries 3.4 VINDHYA RANGES AND PLATEAUS !stlevel 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total ,.-~-__,._ ...... Size of .... . ~...... ,.._.A.--..---...... r----J-----r- -- empl"y. Worken No. W".l 2 3 .4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 doth 100+ 2 670 1 21(l4 3 2,714 1000+ 1 2,104 I 2,104 2000+ 1 2,104 1 2104 Cement. 100+ 1 1,375 1 1,37S 1000+ 1 1,375 1 1,375 2000+ Paper and paper 100+ 434 434 products 1000+ 2000+ Heavy electricals looi- 1,126 1 1,126 1000+ 1,126 1 1,126 2000+ Machine tOOls 100+ 132 132 1000+ 2000+ Generation of 100+ 100 203 2 303 electricity 1000+ 2000+ STATEMENT IV.21 N:tnoer of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (0) each of the f our lev~/s of development SUBREGION : 3.5 CENTRAL MADHYA PRADESH PLATEAU Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) 1 B (Medium value) C (High value) IS! 2nd 3Td 4th lst 2nd 3rd 4th ~.----~--~~------~lst 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 6 3 4 2 -18 £II 7 6 2 -18 IV 6 (; 2 2 -18 V (; 3 4 2 -18 VI 3 4 7 2 -18 Total 9 4 19 II 5 5 7 10 5 5 This Subregion is marked by low deve· This Subregion is dominated at each lopment. Of a total of 18 districts as level by ~he twin Kings: rice and bidi. Rice many as 7 each are in the first and second is more dominant in the two lower levels levels -and only 2 each are in the third of development, and bidi although the and fourth levels. Further there is only poorest industry in India, in the two 1 district with high values in each of upper levels. the important tplocks V and VI, which In the 7 districts in the first level of goes to highlight the backwardness of the development the majority of the factories Subregion. The Subregion, however, is are concerned with rice (65 mills of which strong in its potential of human resourc· 5 employ more than 100 persons each), es, because except for 2 districts having oil (3) and bidi (43 of which 4 employ medium value all the remaining 16 dis more than 100 each). Only 1 factory each tricts have high values in block IV, irres is concerned with Jute and generation of pective of their levels of detelopmeilt. electricity. ,.. To a renewed concentration of rice and ing 2,475 and 3 electricity generating bidi factories in the 7 districts of the stations (of whioh 1 employs 1,169). second level is added 5 aUa mills, 6 dal mills, 20 oil mills and 54 gins and presses (of which 6 employ more than 100 persons In the 2 districts (Jabalpur and East each). Of the 89 rice mills 1 employs as Nimar) in the top level of development many as 3,089 persons. Of the 60 bidi there is only 1 rice mill, 1 atta mill, 6 dal factories as many as 15 employ more than mills, 8 oil mills (of which 1 employs 128), 100 persons. There is no selected non 34 gins and presses (of which 8 employ agro industry in the second level. 1,286) but as many as 43 tobacco factories of which 9 employ 1,808 persons. There Th\ere are propor,tionate1y more bidi are 2 cloth mills of which 1 (in J abalpur) factories in the 2 districts in the third employs 2,351 persons, 2 cement factories level of development and more dal mills (both in Jabalpur) of which 1 employs too. There are 2 steel factories of which 1,118 and 3 (2 in Jabalpur) electricity 1 employs 1,462, 1 cloth factory employ- generating stations. STATEMENT IV. 21.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 3'5 CENTRAL MADHYA PRADESH PLATEAU lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Sizeof r------A...--~ r---~ ...------.A.---. ,...---..-.A--,.._ employ- No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers Industry ment 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tot.1 of aU 198 8,958 409 19,356 151 15.593 276 i23,442 1.034 67.349 industries Rice 20--99 60 2.882 87 13294 11 257 20 159 [6,453 100+ 5 600 2 3,189 1 100 8 i3,889 Alta 20--99 5 218 96 6 314 100+ Dal 20-99 6 183 4 181 6 161 16 525 100+ .. Edible oils I. 20-99 3 99 20 614 3 97 1 208 33 1,018 100+ 1 128 1 128 Juto and cotton 20-99 48 2,673 71 397 26 1524 ['Sl 4,594 .pnninll· and 100+ 6 674 2 208 8 1,286 16 2,168 pressing Tobacco • 20-'19 39 I.~54 45 ,2.327 8711 1 il,638 111 :~,39 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel 100+ 2 2,ISI 2 2,151 1000+ 1 1,462 1 1,462 2000+ Clotb 100+ I 2,475 2 2,502 3 4,977 1000+ 1 2,475 1 2,351 2 4,826 2000+ 1 2,475 I 2,3S1 2 4,826 Jute 100+ 756 756 1000+ 2000+ Cement] • 100+ :I 1,667 2 1,667 1000+ 1 1,118 • 1 1,118 2000+ Generation of 100+ 471 3 1,617 3 590 7 2,678 electricity 1000+ 1 1,169 1 1,169 2000+ STATEMENT IV. 22 Nrumber of districts in each block arranged by (a) IOWl, medium and high values in (b) each of the/our levels of development SUBREGION : 3· 6 ORISSA HILLS AND PLATEAUS Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) r------. ,-----_-"---___ ...... 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 II 3 -10 UI 2 5 _10 IV S 2 ~IO V 3 4 -10 VI 3 4 -10 Total 8 2 21 5 4 6 3 1 This Subregion is characterised by of coal, limestone and non-metallic indus comparative backwardness. Of the 10 try. districts as many as 7 are in the first The 2 districts in the second level of level, 2 are in the second and 1 in the development have 12 rice mills, 1 oil the third level of development. There is mill and 7 bidi factories but no selected no district in the top level. The intersec non-agro industry. toral distribution of values in the different The only district (Sundargarh) in the blocks is also uneven and• tends toward third level of development has only 1 atta low and medium. mill but the Rourkela Steel Works (employ ment 15,590), a large cement factory The 7 districts in the first level have (employment 880) and 1 coal, limestone the largest concentration of agro indus.: and non-metallic minerals factory. tries, the range of which is limited to rice, sugarcane, oil and bidi. Sambalpur has The association between agro and non a large paper 111ill (emp~oyment agro industries is therefore high in the 2.540), 2 aluminPm factones, 1 !irst level but fairly inverse in, the second electricity generating station and 1 works and third levels, ~3() STATEMENT IV.22.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 3'6 ORISSA HILLS AND PLATEAUS 1st level 2nd (evel 3rd level 4th level Total Slzeof r---J--- employ. No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers Indusll'y ment 2 3 4 , 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all 201 10,390 67 1,495 20 19,698 288 31,583 industries Rice 20-99 37 1,612 12 396 49 2,008 100+ 1 185 1 185 Atta 20-99 39 39 100+ Susarcane 20-99 100+ OJ 143 'i 143 Edible oils 20-99 72 41 2 113 100+ Tobacco 2~ 21 630 7 161 28 791 100+ STATEMENT IV.22.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3' 6 ORISSA HILLS AND PLATEAUS Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level T l tal employ --.t---"----. ,--~-Jo.,.--..--v--~-. Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. W 2 3 4 S 6 9 10 11 12 ioo + 3 657 1 15,590 4 16,247 :lteel 1000+ .. 1 15,590 1 15,590 2000+ 1 15,590 I 15,590 100+ 880 880 Cement 1000+ 2000+ Paper and paper product. ioo+ 1 2,"'0 1 2,540 1000+ 1 2,540 1 2,540 2000+ 1 l2,540 1 2,540 Aluminium 100+ 2 465 2 465 1000+ 2000+ Generation of electricity 100+ 105 lOS 1000+ 2000-t Coal, limestone, and non-metaflic ~100+ 1 1,112 ~39 2 1,351 minerala products 1000+ 1 1,112 1 1)12 2000+ . 231 STATEMENT IV.23 N'umber ofdistricts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high value8 in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 3'7 SOUTH BIHAR HILLS AND PLATEAUS Part I Part II ParI III A (LoW value) B (Medium valne) C (High value) r- r- ..... 1st 2nd 3ed 4th 1st 2nd 3ed 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level levol 2 3 4 ~ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 [l 2 2 -6 III 3 2 -6 IV 2 2 _6 V 3 _6 VI 3 -6 Total 11 3 2 4 2 8 This Subregion is marked by promis of Ranchi is likely to change very radical ing levels of development. Of the 6 dis ly with the establishment of the Heavy tricts, 3 are in second level, 1 in the third Engineering, FounQry Forge and associat and 2 in the top. All values are either ed industries. The only district in the medium or high. But it is significant that third level, Hazaribagh, has 1 medium all the districts in the second and third sized rice mill and 1 large oil mill employ levels have medium values only in III, V ing 400 persons in the agro Sector and 2 and VI. Of the 2 districts in the top level factories generating electricity and 54 fac 1 each have medium and high values in tories in coal, limestone and non-metallic V and VI. The levels of development are mineral products. But the biggest concen therefore still to be fully realised. tration of non-agro industries occurs in the top level in Singhbhum and Dhan ba.d, Singhbhum claiming steel (Jamshed Apart from the usual pattern of agro pur, employment 21,222) and cement (2 industries, the 2 districts (Palamau and mills, 1 in Singhbhum employing 951) and Ranchi) out of the 3 districts in the second Dhanbad claiming fertilizers (2 of which 1 level have between them 1 industrial employs 7,500 persons) and coal, limestone machinery factory, 2 cement factories and non-metallic mineral products (17 of (one each in Palamau and Ranchi) and 1 which 2 employ more than 1,000 persons aluminium factory (Ranchi). The position each). STATEMENT IV.23.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 3·7 SOUTH BIHAR HILLS AND PLATEAUS Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- r----"---l r---"---.... r----'-----"", ,----A.___...., ~--.. Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all industries 784 12.713 41Z 22,487 924 82,945 2.120 118,145 Rice 20-99 8 301 20 S 132 14 45'3 100+ Atta 20-99 20 38 2 58 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 20 20 100+ Edible oils 20-99 4 209 3 144 7 353 100+ 'i 400 I 400 Tobacco . 20--99 18 611 171 5,900 189 6,511 100+ I 150 ') 1.234 10 1.384 232 STATEMENT IV.23.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3'7 SOUTH BIHAR HILLS AND PLATEAUS Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level \O~ employ· r--'-----, r-----.A.---. ,- r---"----. ,---,------> Industry menl No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Work.. ers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel 100+ 3 23,5104 3 23,514 1000+ 2 23,034 2 23,034 2000+ I 21,222 I 21,222 Machinery (Industrial) 100+ 1m 100 2 2m 1000+ 2000+ Cement 100+ 2 2,104 2 1.151 4 3,255 1000+ I 1,356 1 1,356 2000+ Aluminium 100+ 427 427 1000+ 2000+ Fertilizers • 100+ 2 7,600 2 7,600 1000+ I 7,500 I 7,500 2000+ 1 7,500 I 7,500 Generation of electricity 100+ .1 2 905 420 1,325 1000+ 2000+ Coal, limestone and non-metallic 100+ 54 12,527 17 10,309 71 22,836 mineral products 1000+ 1 1,706 2 4,856 3 6,562 2000+ I 3,156 I 3,156 STATEMENT IV.24 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) lo,w, medium and Mgh values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGIO~: 3·g WE';T BENGAL UPLANDS Part I PartH Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) J>.. ,- .A. .... r----"-----'" 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lst 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 II =4 III =4 IV =4 V .1 =4 VI =4 Total 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 All the 4 districts in the Subregion industry. The district in the second level, have 1 district each in each level of Bankura, has 28 rice mills, 6 oil mills (1 development. The district at the top . employing 107 persons), a:nd 6 bim fac level has attained great consistency of tories of which 5 employ more than 100 development, values in all blocks except workers each. Bankura has no non-agro III and VI being high: The 3 remaining industry either. The district of Birbhum districts have medium values in blocks V in the third level has 60 rice milis and VI. of which 8 employ more than 100 persons each, 1 sugar mill employing 287 and 3 oil The dist rict in the lowest level of mills, but no selected non-agro indus development, Purulia. has the Iar~e:st num try. Burdwan alone in the top level, has her of bidi factories (of which 1 employs as many as 76 rice mills (of which 101) but has no other agro or non-agro 2 employ 237 persons), 4 oil mills, 1 bidi 233 factory and a concentration of selected aluminium (1 employing 1,203), railway non-agro industries: steel (all 4 factories locomotives and wagons (1 employing employ more than 2,000 persons each), 3,230), electricity generating stations (5), industrial machinery (1 employing 143), cloth (1 employing 1,341), paper and and coal, limestone and non-metallic paper products (1 employing 1,644), mineral products (9 employing 3,146). STATEMENT N. 24·1 Agricultural Processing Industries 3'8 WEST BENGAL UPLANDS Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- ,.....___,____, ..------"----, Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all industries 60 l,812 61 2,870 74 5,040 199 59,794 394 70,516 Rice 20-99 28 1,099 52 3,069 74 3,400 154 7,568 100+ 8 1,036 2 237 10 1,273 Sugarcane 20---99 100+ '1 287 1 287 Bdible oils 20-99 5 211 3 96 4 173 12 480 100+ 1 107 1 107 Tobacco 20-99 21 939 1 99 51 23 100+ 1 101 5 783 6 1,~~ STATEMENT IV. 24.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 3'8 WEST BENGAL UPLANDS Si:rc of 1st level 2nd level 3rdlevel 4th level Total employ- ~ .. " ,_-.A--, r---_'___' Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. workers NO. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Steel 100+ 4 32,199 4 32.199 1000+ 4 32,199 4 32J I99 2000+ 4 J2,199 4 32,199 M achinory (Industrial) 100+ 143 143 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 341 1 1,341 1000+ I,13 41 1 1,341 2000+ Paper and paper products 100+ 1,644 1 1,644 1000+ 1,644 1 1,644 2000+ Aluminium 100+ 1 1,203 1 1,203 " 1000+ 1 1,203 1 1,203 2000+ Railwaywaeons,locomotives coaches 100+ 1 3,230 1 3,230 1000+ 1 3.230 1 3,230 2000+ 1 3,230 1 3,230 Generation of electricity 100+ S 1,065 5 1,065 . 1000+ 2000+ Coal, limestone and nOn-metallic 100+ 19 3,146 9 3,146 mineral products 1000+ 2000+ ,. ., ,. ,. 16S R.GJ.-lI1 " 234 STATEMENT IV.25 Number of dis~ricts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high v:zlues in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION : 4· 1 MAHARASHfRA DECCAN Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) r------'-----, r ,-----'.----.... r------'------"'"' lst 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 3 3 s 4 6 =22 III 7 9 IV 2 4 7 9 =22 V s 4 3 9 =22 VI 7 , =22 Total 1 19 21 IS 10 14 30 This is a Subregion of promising the Subregion is on the way to development, there being no district harmonious and synchronised development in the first or lowest level. There are 6 with a progressive and inevitable increase districts in the second, 7 in the third and in number and employment in the districts 9 in the top level. Of the 6 districts in the of the upper levels. And although the second level only 1 district has low values range and concentration of large non-agro in block II, all other values being either industries is still none too remarkable in medium or high. All the 7 districts in the this tract of 22 districts they show a fair third level have either medium or high enough distribution at all three levels, values in each block. All 9 districts in suggesting a strong climate of savings, the top level have high values in blocks inner logic of growth, and of multipliers at IV and V: 6 each have high values and 3 work throughout the tract and not of alien each medium values in blocks II and VI. implantation due to fortuitous circum~ Thus all districts, and particularly, the stances favouring location of individual top 9, enjoy very favourable positions in units. The next important thing to notice blocks IV and V. is the remarkable increase in the size of establishments in districts of the third and The most remarkable thing to notice fourth levels as opposed to those iri dis among agro industries in this Subregion is tricts in the second level, thus proving that the preeminence of processing of cash enterprises improve in scale in districts of crops: sugarcane, cotton, tobacco and to higher levels of achievement. These seem some extent edible oils. This applies to to be the outstanding and distinguishing districts at all the three levels of develop~ features of industrial activity and develop:. ment. The other remarkable thing i.g the ment in Maharashtra Deccan. The large number of factories concerned with wealth has plainly come from cotton, these commodities even in districts placed sugarcane, groundnut and tobacco and is in the second and third levels, not to speak paying for an increasingly versatile range of those in the fourth, thus indicating that of industrial production. 235 STATEMENT Iv.2s.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 4'1 MAHARASHTRA DECCAN Sizeo! 1st level 2ndlew:1 3rdlevel 4th level Total cm.ployo r---""'___'" -. ~.., Industry ment No. Workcra No. Workers No. WorkeR No. Worker. No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tobl of all industries 619 11,815 450 40,514 1,485 178,519 3,564 141,868 Rice • 20-99 J 60 2 51 5 111 100+ AUa • 20-99 27 41 2 75 100+ Dal • 20-99 2S 6 174 12 129 19 521 100+ Suprcane 20-99 24 59S 3 101 77 2,024 104 2,720 100+ 5 2,261 5 2,050 21 10,714 31 15,025 Edible oila 20-99 2S 1,216 17 878 64 106 4,783 100+ 3 489 1 100 7 2,~~ 11 1,479 Hydregcnated oils 20-99 2 SO 2 50 100+ . i iOI 2 50S 3 706 Jute and cotton ginning and pressing 20-99 22 1,025 63 3,320 178 9,081 263 13,426 100+ 8 1,239 56 9,960 68 12,267 132 23,466 'robacco 20-99 60 2,680 22 1,218 186 10,400 268 14,298 100+ 8 1,408 3 535 79 15,508 90 17,451 STATEMENT IV.2S.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 4'1 MAHARASHTRA DECCAN Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rdle~1 4th level Total employ- ...... , . ..., ,-. Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Wo'rken 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Machmery (Industrial) 100+ 3 455 5 2,970 8 7,425 1000+ 1 1,171 1 ,171 2000+ Cloth 100+ 1 1165 11 11,950 22 48'542 34 61,757 1000+ 1 1,265 5 10,255 14 44,918 20 56,438 2000+ 1 4,164 9 38,284 10 42,448 Tea 100+ 524 114 . 1000+ 2000+ Paper and paper products 100+ 962 2 424 a 1,386 1000+ 2000+ P.troleum • 100+ 115 I1S 1000+ 2000+ Machine tools 100+ 107 107 1000+ 2000+ Plnecbemlc:a1s 100+ 101 5 1,653 6 1,'54 1000+ 2000+ HeavY cbemlcall 100+ 118 118 1000+ 2000+ .General;!on of electricity 100+ 242 5 1,746 6 1,918 1000+ 2000+ Coal, Limestone and non· metallic 100+ 3 557 1 1,695 9 1,886 13 4,IS8 mineral pr()d'ucts 1000+ 1 1.695 1 .,695 2000+ 236 STATEMENT IV.26 Nu.,.ber of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of dev.elopment .sUBREGION: 4'2 ANDHRA OECCAN Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medfum value) C( High value) r- --.. r- -. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3Id 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level lev 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II .. 1 2 3 5 _1"3 ,III 2 4 6 .. -13 ') 11Y 2 3 6 _13 :v 2 a 4 2 -13 VI 2 3 5 =13 Total. s 12 16 2 2 8 14 3 Of the 13 districts in this Subregion, 2 which 3 employ a total of 859), 1 hydro are in the first level, 4 in the second level. genated oil mill, 59 gins and presses (of 6 in the third level and only 1 in the top whicp 6 empIoy more than 150 on the level. The most promising is the third level average each) and 279 tobacco factories ip. .w1!ich all the 6 districts have medium or (of which 11 employ more than .t50 each ,high vaIues in each block, thereby indicat on the average). This shows how the ing that they are on the threshold of a districts in the third level are rich in breakthrough. The single district at the agricultural production (ri~, sugarep.q~, ,l(.'),P has higll values in all blocks except III groundnut, cotton and tobacco). The and VI. investment of savings is reflected in the.8 cloth mills of which 3 employ more than 'The 2 districts in the lowest level, 1,000 each, ,of which again 1 emplOY,s ~edak and Mahbubnagar, have between 3,839; 2 cement and cement product them 9 rice mills and 33 tobacco factories factories and 1 paper and ,Paper proqllctll and none of the selected non-agro indus mill employing 1,571. tries in the registered sector. 'Iihe 4 districts in the second level, in The single district in the top level, {;l.ddit\on to 7 rice mills and 122 tobacco Hyderabad, is dominated by its city, but factori,es among them, have 52 oil mills still has time for 1 dal mill, 2 oil mills and !llld 4 gins and presses confirming cultiva 12 tobacco factories of which 1 ~ploys tion of grolindnut and cotton. There is 1 1,652 persons. There are, besides, 4 ,factory turning out industrial machinery cloth mills of which 1 employs 1,.8'28 'and 2' cotton mills. persons, 1 t~ factory, 1 paper and paper products mill, 1 machine tools factory with The 6 districts in the third level have 1,478 persons, 1 fine chemicals factory .~!i rnap.y as 2~ rice mills, 6 sugar mills (of and 3 estab~hments conee~ep with, coal, which 1 employs 1,966), 62 oil mills (of 1imestone and non-metallic minerals. 237 STAl'BMENT IV.26.I Agricul(ural Proces~ing Industries 4·2.ANDHRA DECCAN Size of lst.level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ .. ,--_-'----'-"" ment 'NO. Worker; No. Workers No. Worbrt No. .Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 To~al of all industries 140 2,142 535 11,934 1,006 40,604 533 28,531 2,214 83,211 Rice 20-99 9 190 7 169 25 763 41 100,," 20-99 3S 35 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 5 100 100 100+ 1 1,966 1,966 EdiblP.l!ils 2D~99 S2 ,1,406 59 2,200 2 .8.728 100+ 3 859 859 I • ~ydrp.lIen~ted oils 20-9, 46 46 .100+ -lilt" )lnd \)qtf9J1 gignilll!-and 20-,99 4 139 .53 2,105 :;7 pressing )00+ 6 924 6 rJI,a&o: 20-99 33 1,043 122 4,444 268 10,186 11 381 434 ;100]!- 11 1.83) -t 1.~ 12 STATEMENT lV.26.;II Selected :Industries outside Agricultural Processing 4'2 'ANDHRA DECCAN Size of 1st level 2ndlC\\'~1 3rd J.ey~1 (1\h.IC;vql To", employ- ~ r--.A.----.. r----...___... ,- Industry ment No. Workers No. workers No. Workers No. Workers No. workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It 12 Machinery (Industrial) 100+ 307 307 1000+ 2000+ ..cloth '. 100+ 2 591 8 8,868 4 2,153 14 11,612 1000+ 3 6,361 1 1,828 .4 8,189 2000+ 1 3,839 1 3,839 Cement 100+ 2 786 2 786 1000+ 2000+ Tea 100+ 379 379 1000+ 2000+ 'l;a'per and paper products 100+ 1,571 105 2 1,676 1000+ 1,'511 1 1,571 2000+ Mfchine,tools 100+ 1 1,478 1 1,4711 ~OOO+ 1 1,478 1 1;478 I ' ,000+ IFm~ cheWcals 100+ 153 153 1000+ .. , 2000+ Qoal"Umeltpne and non-metallic 400+ 3 1,332 ,3 1,332 Wiper~roducts 1000+ .2\)00+ .." 238 STATEMENT IV.27. Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of d~velopment SUBREGION : 4' 3 MYSORE DECCAN Part I Part II Part ill A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) r- r- 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ht 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 1 2 2 3 5 3 -1,9' ~, 1 4 6 3 2 _17 1',( 1 1 4 6 5 _17 V 1 3 2 2 4 5 _17 VI 4 5 5 ... 17 Total • 5 14 14 10 10 16 15 This Subregion of 17 districts also cultural processing industries are more or presents a very favourable picture of deve less evenly distributed both in number and lopment. There is only 1 district in the scale of establishments in terms of food first level, 5 in the second level, 6 in industries, sugar, oil, cotton ginning and the third and 5 in the top. None of the pressing and tobacco. But the location of diStricts, except only 1, enjoys low selected non-agro industries is confined values in any block. All 16 districts both in number and scale of operation enjoy either medium or high values. The mainly to districts in the third and fourth prerequisites of development are fairly levels of development, there being no evenly available in all districts although s~lected non-agro industry in the first level the values for block VI (organised indus and only 6 cloth mills, 1 cement factory, trial activity in the modern sector) are still 1 electricity generating station and 3 coal, medium in most districts. limestone and non-metallic mineral pro This Subregion is fairly !homogeneous ducts factories in the 5 districts of the in its wealth of agro industries. The agri- second level. STATEMENT IV .27.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 4' 3 MYSORE DECCAN Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- ~ r- . , ...., r---'------. r- Industry ment No. Workers No Workers No. Wo kers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 '8 9 10 11 12 Total 01 all indllstries 152 6,244 464 25,768 629 56,709 808 102,172 2,053 190,893 Rice 20-99 20 14 40S 30 942 13 290 S8 1,657 100+ 1 100 2 200 3 300 Atta 20-99 5 100 9 270 15 410 29 780 100+ 3 300 3 300 Dal 20-99 8 250 3 90 1 50 12 390 100+ 1 250 1 250 Sllgarcane 20-99 1 50 1 50 2 100 100+ .i 825 2 1,500 3 3,750 . i 100 7 6,175 Edible oils. 20-99 12 390 40 1,130 33 1,144 10 360 95 3,024 100+ 4 5S0 4 400 3 700 2 700 13 2,350 Hydrogenated oils 20-99 50 3 60 4 110 100+ Jute and cotton ginning and pressing 20-99 114 2,679 105 3,174 121 4,305 6 217 346 10,375 ,. 100+ 8 1,400 28 3,550 63 10,760 15 4,500 114 20,210 'I'obacco 20-99 50 28 1,169 26 1,160 9 453 64 2,832 100+ 14 2,150 13 2,070 8 3,816 35 8,036 239 STATEMENT IV.27.n Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 4·3.MYSORE DECCAN Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Tlltal employ- ,-~ r___"_____" r--"----"'"\ ~--~. ~--~ Industry ment No. Workers No. Worken No. Workers No. Workers No. Wor! 2 3 4 5 6 7' 8 9 10 11 12 Steel • 100+ 5,136 5,136 1000+ 5,136 5,136 2000+ 5,136 .5,13~ MClChinery (Industr}al) 100+ 500 5QO 1000+ 2000+ Machinery (Electrical) • 100+ 2 850 2 850 1000+ 2000+ Cloth. 100+ 6 1,951 14 8,008 35 20,520 5S 30,479 1000+ 3 5,500 4 13,000 7 18,500 2000+ 1 3,000 2 10,500 3 13,500 Cemehf 100+ 500 500 1000+ 2000+ Tea 100+ 500* 500 1000+ ' 2000+ .. Paper and paper products 100+ 250 2,000 2 2,250 1000+ 2,000 1 2,000 2000+ 2,000 1 2,000 Machine :tools 100+ 1 3,000 3,000 1000+ 1 3,000 3,000 2000+ 1 3,000 3,000 Fine chemicals 100+ 2 400 2 300 4 700 1000+ 2000+ Heavy chemicals 100+ 100 100 1000+ 2000+ Genbration of electricity 100+ 100 2 200 3 300 1000+ 2000+ Coal, limestone and non-metallic 100+ 3 350 6 1,800 9 2,150 mineral products 1000+ 2000+ * Relates to Coffee STATEMENT IV.28 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 4'4 TAMILNAD HILLS AND UPLANDS Part I Part II Part m A (LoW value) B (Medium value) C (High value) ,.... .- ---. lst 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lst 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 3 =5 III 3 =5 IV 4 _s V 4 =S VI 3 _5 Total 2 5 3 IS This is a highly developed Subregion promise as well as fulfilment. of 5 districts in which there are not only no districts in the fitst and second revels This is reflected in the distribution of but only 1 in the third level, all the re food and cash crop processing industries m?ining 4 districts being in the top level. in the Subregion and the very obvious Tlie onl~ district in the third' level' has relationship between savings in the agricul bigh values in II, IV and V, a matter of tural sector and their investment in the great promise. Of the 4 districts in the non-agricultural organised industrial sector tOp; level, all' have high values in IV and that is revealed- in the pattern, versatility V: 3 Have top values in II and VI. This and scale of selected non-agro indUstrial means that the Subregion is ricli in establishments in the Subregion. STATEMENT IV.2S.I Agricultural Processing Industries 4'4 TAMIENAD HILLS AND UPLANDS Size or 1st 19vel 2nd level 3rd level employ_ 4th level Total Industry . ~ ~ ,....-.-.A.-... ment No. Workers No. Worken No. Workers No. Workers No. Worker$ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8' 9 LO 11 12 of all iadBstrial Total 510 17,0116' "2,017 130,005 2,527 147,091 Rice 20-99 20 6s1 100 3,:~ 120 3,998 100+ 1 I' 1-31' .(\\a- 20-99 2 83 2 83 100+ ':., 041 :W:-99 2 48 2 48 100+ Sllllarcane 20-99 1 20 1 20 100+ 3 1,502 3 1,502 Bltible oils 20-99 8 237 18 511 26 748 100+ 2 539 2 539 Jute and cotton ginning and pressiItg 20-99 S 160 102 4,615 107 4,775 100+ 16 2,463 16 2;463 Tobacco 20-99 2 64 9 423 11 487 100+ .. 3 426 3 426 STATEMENT IV.2S.n Selected lndustrieg Outside A,gricultural Processing 4· 4 TAMILNAD HILLs AND' UPLANDS Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- ,..._.,_~ ,.--J...--. ,.- ~ I . Indbstry ment . . No. Workets No. Workers l Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (Hillb value) r------.A.. -- -- - ...... r------...A..-----.., J.. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lot 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 Ii 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1I 4 5 _10 III 4 2 =10 IV 4 5 -10 V 4 -10 VI 4 5 -10 Total 4 3 4 2 3 12 20 This is a Subregion of much achieve activity in the modern organised sector. ment. Of a total of 10 districts, no district Aga!n each of these 5 districts in the top is in the first or lowest level. Only 1 is level ,have high values in each of the blocks in the second level. 4 districts are in except III. the third level and as many as 5 or half of the districts are in the top level. All the The pattern of concentration of agro 4 districts in the third level have high and non-agro industries in districts of the values in each block except III and VI. higher levels of development is too patent In the latter block the values are medium, in the following statement to need verbal indicating the need for greater industrial elaboration. STATEMENT IV.29.I Agricultural Processing Industries 5'1 KUTCH AND KATHIAWAR Size of ' 1st level 2nd level 3td level 4th level Total, employ- r-.A--"") ,....__'______' r----A---.. ,..____,______, r- Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Worken No. Worken I 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 Total of all Industries 22 524 252 25,208 960 ;: 56,970 1,234 12,702 Rice 20-99 60 1 69 100+ Atta 20-99 28 21 100+ Dal 20--99 2 47 2 47 100+ SUllarcano 20--99 100+ 1 571 1 57i Edible oils 20-99 32 21 871 102 3,514 124 4.417 100+ 1 200 2 452 3 652 Hydrogenated oils . 20-99 68 I 6ft 100+ '3 97i 3 972 J ute and cotton ginning and 20--99 31 1.762 79 3,751 110 5,513 pressillil 100+ 30 5,846 20 3,446 50 9,292 Tobacco 20-99 10 586 2 81 12 667 100+ I 370 1 370 163 R.G.I.-32. 242 STATEMENT IV.29.1I Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 5'1 KUTCH AND KATHIAWAR Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- '___.A.-, r---"--'> ~ r-.A.______, Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Machinery (lndustrhll) 100+ 118 118 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100 t- 6 8,363 11 11,726 17 20,089 1000-1- 5 7,389 4 7,626 9 15,015 2000~ 2 4,593 2 4,593 Clltmellt 100-+ 2,560 5 2,560 1000+ 2000 + -rea 100 + 255 255 1000+ 2000+ .. HeavS' chemicals 100+ 5 3,923 5 3,923 1000+ 2 2,756 2 2,756 2000+ Generation of electricity 100+ -4 800 4 800 1000+ 2000+ Coal, limestone and non-met allic 100 + 13 3,411 13 3,411 mineral products 1000+ 2000+ STATEMENT IV.30 Number of distrilCt3 in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 5'2 GUJARAT PLAIN AND DANGS Palt I Part II Part lIT A (Low value) B lMedium ..Ine) C (High value) r------A r- 1st 2nd 3rd 4th' 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rdl 4th Bieek level level level level level level level level level level leve level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 3 0=7 III 2 2 2 =7 TV 2 2 =7 V 2 3 2 =7 VI 3 2 =7 Total 6 S 3 3 9 7 This Subregion although not as highly third and 2 in the top. All the 3 developed as Kutch and Kathiawar is districts in the third level and the 2 still very promising. Jt has no district in districts in the top level have, significantly fihe first or lowest revel. There are only enough, high values in blocks IV, V aQq 2 districts in the second level, 3 in the VI. 243 STATEMENT IV. 30.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 5'2 GUJARAT PLAIN AND DANGS !,>,ze of l.t level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total ,-__.J..._...... :._, erupluy- r--A.----, r-- .._.A.. -~ r- ~ ..-A. __ """"" r-----"---__....., Indu,t,·y m!nt NO. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers NO. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total o[ all Industrie. 62 5,207 1,274 69,925 1,270 '202,694 2,606 277,826 Rice 20--99 I 48 2 58 4 110 7 216 100+ I 161 1 161 Atta 20-99 174 4 210 384 100+ Dal 20-99 7 203 3 9S 10 298 100+ Sugarcane 20-99 2 67 2 67 100f- 3 388 3 388 Edible oils 20-99 13 33S 24 932 9 3[2 46 1,582 lOOT ", 1 ]02 1 102 Hydrogenated oils 20-99 100+ I liS I tiS J ute and cotton ginning and pressing 20-99 50 40 2,653 58 2,905 99 5,608 100+ 464 57 10,903 54 9,703 114 21,070 Tobacco 20-99 104 3,814 17 725 121 4,539 lOOT 4 459 4 459 STATEMENT IV. 30.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 5'2 GUJARAT PLAIN AND DANGS Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total emplo),- ,--.A.--, ,---• ..A--~_ ,.-----.A.----- ,--.A.----, t--.A,---, Industry rnent No· Workers No· Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workeer 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 I 2 Steel 100+ 2 757 2 757 1000-1- 2000 T Machinery (Industrial) . 100+ 115 7 1,860 8 1,915 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 35 23,503 81 143,230 H6 1'6,733 IOOO T 10 16.488 67 ]38.022 77 154,510 2000 T 3 6,960 30 81,342 33 88,302 Paper and paper products 100-1- 2 599 2 599 1000+ 2000 -r Machine tools 100+ 2 261 2 261 1000+ 2000T Fine chemicals 100+ 255 2,699 4 2,954 1000 + 2.218 I 2,218 2000+ 2,218 1 2,218 Heavy chemicals 100+ 114 114 1000+ 2000+ GeneratIOn of electricity 100+ 2 559 2 559 1000+ 2000+ I. Coal, limestone and non-metal- lie mineral products 100+ 2 305 14 1,922 15 3,002 31 5,229 1000+ 2000+ 244 STATEMENT IV.31 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 5'3 KONKAN COASTAL LOWLAND Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) ~ (High 'value) - ~ 1st 2nd 3rd 4th lsi 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level le"el level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It 12 13 It IV .. -3 vi Tllt.1 3 2 l 3 Greater Bombay has been excluded generating statiort and 1 coal, limestone from consideration because the district has etc., establishment. no rural area. Thana has a heavy concentration of 493 'this Subregion of 3 districts has 1 registered factories with 35,399 workers district each in the first, second and top (in 1961). It has 2 small tobacco fac levels of development. The district placed tories but 1 large steel rerolling mill; 2 in the top level of development has high industrial machinery workshops of which varues in IV, V and VI. 1 employs 2,320; 11 doth mills of which 1 employs 2,068; 2 paper and paper pro Ratnagiri, in the first level, has only 1 ducts mills; 1 machine tools mill; 4 fine tobacco factory but none of the selected chemicals factories, 3 heavy ohemicals non-agro industries. factories; 1 electricity generating station employing 1,135 and 3 limestone and non Kolaba has 3 rice mills and 2 tobacco metallic mineral establishments. The dis factories, 1 paper and paper products mill, trict constitutes the first stage of the great 2 fine chemicals factories, 1 electricity overflow from Greater Bombay. STATEMENT IV.31.I Agricultural Processing Industries S'3 KONKAN COASTAL LOWLA~D Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ- r--~--, Induotry ~ ,---..A.---. r---"---.. ,----'-----, ment No. Workers No. Workers No. workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 S 6 8 9 10 11 12 Total:_f all iDduotrias 36 1,779 76 2,943 493 35,399 605 40,121 Ria. 20-99 3 89 100+ 3 89 Tobacco 20-99 54 2 140 :2 100+ 44 5 238 245 STATEMENT IV.31.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 5'3 KONKAN COASTAL LOWLAND Size of 1st level 2nd level 3ed level 04lh level Tolal employ-..-~ ,-._A..--, r-A-,.. r-.A.___..... r-A-. Industry menl No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 Steel 100+ 464 o4M 1000+ 2000+ Machin.ry (Industrial) 100+ 2 2,732 2 2.'732 1000+ 1 2,320 1 2,nO 2000+ 1 2.320 1 2.320 Cloth 100+ 11 3,932 11 3,93Z 1000+ 1 2.068 1 2,068 2000+ 1 2.068 1 2,068 paper and paper products 1601- 2 485 3 734 1000+ 2000+ Machin. tools 100+ 197 197 1000+ 2000+ Pine chemicals 1004- lSS 4 815 1,110 1000+ 6 2000+ Heavy chemicals 100+ 3 984 984 1000+ 2000+ Generation of electricity 100+ 114 1 1.13~ 2 1,249 1000+ 1 1,135 I 1,135 2000+ Coal,limestone and non-lXletallic mineral products 100+ 391 3 712 4 1,103 1000+ 2000~ STATEMENT IV.32 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium alld high values in (b) each of the four levels of develcfFn;ent SUBREGION: 5'4 KONKAN KERALA TRANSITION Part 1 Part II PlUt UT A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (Hi~b value) ,..------,.A. ~-4lli' 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd lrd 4th Block revel level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 =2 111 2 -2 IV 2 =2 V 2 =2 VI 2 -2 Total 6 4 This Subregion has 2 districts, both mills, 4 oil mills, and 25 tobacco factories placed in the third level of development, (4 employ more than 125 each on the both having medium values· in blocks II, 111 average) . There is 1 cloth factory and VI and high values in IV and V. employing 100 persons (Mangalore), 1 paper mill (Dandeli in North Kanara) and The Subregion is far from being agri 41 non-metallic mineral establishments. culturally rich except in cereals. There are The Subregion is rich in forests wood 29 rice mills (2 employ 350), 11 atta and bamboo which feed the paper mill. 246 STATEMENT IV.32.I Agricultural Processing Industries 5'4 KONKiAN KERALA TRANSITION Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd leve I .---• .A.__ , 4th level Total ,...... __.A.-_ ... .., ( ___",.A.~_._-.""",,\ employ· r-.A--, ,....__A.---, Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. WGrkers No· Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 i S 9 11l 1 \ 12 Total Jf all industrIes 3'53 28,405 353 18,405 Rico • 20-99 27 680 27 680 100 l- 2 350 2 350 Atta, 20--99 11 280 11 280 100+ Edible oib 20-99 4 11() 4 llO lOOT Tubacco 20-99 21 750 21 750 lOa l- 4 550 4 5~O STATEMENT IV.32.U Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 5'4 KONKAN KERALA TRANSITION Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Tot "I , ___ A __~ employ.. r--.A,---. ~ -, r ---'------, ,---A---o.., Industry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cloth 100 l- 100 100 1000+ 20oo~ Pap.rand paper products 1oo-!- 750 750 1000+ 2000-1 Coal, limestone and non· metallic mineral 100 + 41 7,150 41 products 1000 r 7,150 2000+ STATEMENT JV.33 Number of districts in each block arranged by (a) low, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 5·5 KERALA COASTAL PLAINS-WESTERN AND SOUTHERN GHATS (SOUTH SAHYADRI) Part I PartlJ Part III A (Low value) B (MediUm value) C (High value) r ""------, ,------.A._____ -. r-W---2nd -"-3rd--4th' 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block 1st 2nd 3rd 4th level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 II 6 _9 III 6 =9 IV 7 -9 V 7 =9 VI 7 -9 Total. 6 3 14 2 2 15 3 247 This Subregion has 9 districts of which rice mills (of which 2 employ a total of none is placed in the first level. I is 350), 4 oil mills and 28 tobacco factorics placed in the second, 7 in the third and 1 (of which 4 employ a total of 550). in the top. This betokens a fairly high level of achievement, short of the highest, particularly as all the 7 districts in the By contrast the 7 districts in the third third level have high values in IV and V level have only 43 rice mills (of which 4 and medium values in VI. Again, of employ a total of 550), 1 small atta mill. these 7 districts 6 have medium values and I large sugar mill (employment 900), 56 I has high value in block II. The single oil mills (of which 6 employ a total of district in the top level has high values in 900) , I hydrogenated oil mill employing blocks II, IV and V and medium value in 100, and 41 tobacco factories (of which 4 III and VI. The Subregion, as a whole. employ 100 persons each). therefore, has yet to make its mark in organised industry in the modern sector. The single district in the fop level has The single district in the second level of only I small oil milf by way of agro indus development, Palghat, has as many as 61 tries. STATEMENT IV.33.1 Agricultural Processing Industries 5'5 KERALA COASTAL PLAINS-WESTERN AND SOUTHERN GHATS (SOUTH SAHYADRI) Size 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Industry employ- r~ _ ___,_.I..__-., ..--.A._-.. ,----'----~ ,--..A...,..___~ ~---.. ment No. Workers NO. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 T olal of all industries • 215 11,551 1,968 224,569 229 16,841 2,412 252,961 Rice '. 20-99 59 1,420 39 1,170 98 2,590 100+ 2 350 4 550 6 900 Atta • 20-99 20 20 100+ Sugarcane • 20-99 100+ 'j 900 1 900 Edibledlo 20-99 4 80 50 1,180 20 55 1.280 100-r 6 900 6 900 Hydrogenated dIs 20-99 100+ 1 10~ 100 'foba~co 20-99 24 1.050 37 1.~1.5 61 2.665 IOQ+ 4 550 4 4flj 8 950 248 STATEMENT IV.33.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 5' 5 KERALA COASTAL PLAINS-WESTERN AND SOUTHERN GHATS (SOUTH SAHYADRT) Size 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total Industry employ- r---A---...... r-_..A---, .,----A--__-, r---J.--, r-----'--, IDont No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No Workers 2 3 4 5 ~ 7 8 9 10 11 12 Machinery (Electrical) 100-r 100 100 1000+ 2000+ Cloth 100+ 62 17,300 62 17,300 1000+ 2000+ Cement. 100+ 500 500 1000+ 2000+ Tea 100+ 2 350 12 1,600 59 9,650 73 11,600 1000+ 2000-r Paper and paper products 100+ 750 750 1000+ 2000+ Aluminium 100+ 2 1,250 2 1,250 1000+ 2000+ Artificial fibre rayon etc. 100+ 750 750 1000+ 2000+ Fertilizers 100+ 1,600 1,6')0 1000+ 1,600 1,60') 2000+ Machine tools 100+ 250 2 200 3 450 1000+ 2000+ Fine chemIcals 100+ 3 700 3 70C 1000+ 2000+ Heavy chemicals 100+ 500 SOil 1000+ 2000+ Coal, limestone and non-mt- 100+ 7 1,400 87 16,700 94 18,100 tallic minoral products 1000+ 2000+ STATEMENT IV.3.4 NU'11ber of districts in each block arranged by (a) l.ow, medium and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 6'1 TAMILNAD COASTAL PLAIN • Part I Part II Part III A (Low value) ,.-___B ;__--A (Medium____ value) -, C (Higb value) ,..------'"------. ,...----.... ---••• '-t. Is! 2nd 3rd .th Is! 2nd 3rd 4!h Is! 2nd 3rd 4111 Block level l.vel level l.vel level level level level level level level 1",.1 I 2 3 4 5 678 9 10 11 12 J3 II 4 3 -7 m 3 3 -7 IV 4 3 =7 v 3 3 =7 VI 3 -7 Total 7 3 12 12 249 Madras Corporation has been excluded for 1 district in the third level). The val\1GS from this table because it has no rural are also very favourable in block VI. area. The strength of all these districts lies in This Subregion of 7 districts shows their agricultural wealth and agro indus- high development. There are 4 districts tries which provide the base and source of in the third level and 3 in the fourth or investments in industries in the non-agri- top level. All the 7 districts in the third cultural sector. Because of the exclusion and top levels have high values in blocks of Madras City the picture of non-agro II, IV and V (except for medium- value industries in the Subregion is incomplete. STATEMENT IV.34.I Agricultural Processing Industries 6'1 TAMILNAD COASTAL PLAIN Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total r __..A. __~ r----"-----. Industry employ r-~ -,.--A.--, ,--- _...... -~ r---A-----. ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all industries 1,107 53.718 1,l)i;,8 44,247 2,175 97,965 Rice 20-99 16 528 66 2,154 82 2,682 100+ Dal 20-99 4 99 118 7 217 1004- SUl1arcane 20-99 100+ 1 2, iin 4 1.982 5 4,083 Edible oils 20-99 12 335 2 65 14 400 1004- Hydrogenated oil; 20-99 100+ . i 200 . i 200 Jute and cotton, ginning 20-99 53 1,985 53 1,985 and pressing 100+ 12 1,491 12 1,491 Tobacco 20-99 4 193 9 165 13 558 100+ I 200 5 576 6 776 STATEMENT IV.34.U Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 6'1 TAMILNAD COASTAL PLAIN Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd \.evet_ 4th level Total rndustry employ- ~"'--""'___-v---""""_-J'---..A--' rrte7tl NO. Workers No. Workerr No. Workers No. Worl 2 3 4 S 6 7 II 9 10 11 12 13 II 2 3 -7 III 3 3 _7 IV 2 3 -1 V 3 3 _7 VI 2 2 _7 Total 10 4 2 5 11 3 Of the 7 districts in this Subregion, much greater agricultural wealth than in 3 each are in the second and third the Tamilnad Coastal Plain Subregion. levels and 1 in the top level. There is Almost the full range of processing no district in the first level. All the districts industries of agricultural produce is present in the third level have high values in blocks in all the three levels. But the Subregion II, IV and V. In block VI, 1 district has is deficient in selected non-agro industries medium value and 2 high values. The both in range and scale. Apart from 1 single district in the top level has high steel factory, 3 cement factories, 1 paper values in all block15 except III and VI. This factory and 1 petroleum refinery 2 coal, shows that the Subregion has yet to make limestone and non-metallic mineral its proper mark in the field of organised factories for the entire Subregion the only industry in the modem sector. other major selected industries process This Subregion presents a picture of cotton (3 cotton mills) and jute (4 mills). STATEMENT IV.35.I Agricultural Processing Industri~s- 6'2 ANDHRA COAST Size of lst level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ,- r-- __,,___., ,....-A---..., ~ ,----.A._ . . ~ IndUliIry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers NO. Workers NO. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of aU industries 675 23.583] 11.639; 104,649 390 11,928 2,70-1 140,160 Rice . 2(}-99 27 743 238 . 8.748 76 3,003 341 12,494 100+ 1 113 1 lIS Ana .20-99 32 32 100+ Dal 20-99 41 41 100+ SUprCUlO 20-99 S 268 7 408 I? 676 100+ S 1,843 6 1,784 '2 720 13 4,341 Ediblo on. 20-99 31 1,053 26 1.167 17 650 74 2,175 100+ Hydro&cnated oil , 20-99 42 42 100+ Juto and cotton giuninll and p rc"sing • 20-99 8 310 8 388 16 6,. 100+ 1 lOS 1 lOS Tobaeeo 20--99 12 516 185 9.143 197 ,.639 100- 119 6'0.130 3' 1:623 122 61.75) 251 STATEMENT rV.35.II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 6'2 ANDHRACOAST Size of 1st le,"!:1 2nd level 3Td level 4th level Total employ...... --J.---. ..--~ r--.A--. r--~, Industry ment No. Workers N· Wor NO. Workers No. Workers No. Wod:en t>-flI 2 4 .s 6 7 II 11 12 Steel 1001- 365 365 lOOO+ 2000+ Cloth looi' 3 1.27' 1,27' 1000+ L .. 2000+ Juto 100+ 2 S.103 2. 12.469 4 7,572 1000+ 2 :S.103 2 1,469 <4- 7.572 2000+ 2. S.103 2. S,I03 Cement 100+ 2 1.010 S36 1.546 1000+ 2000+ Paper and paper products • 100+ S&S sas 1000+ 2000+ Petroleum 100+ 419 41.9 1000+ 2000+ " Coal. limestone and non-metallic 100+ 2 348 2 '348 mineral products 1000+ 2000+ STATEMENT IV.36 Number ofdistricts in each block arranged by (a) low, medIum and high values in (b) each of the four levels of development SUBREGION: 6'3 ORISSA COAST Part...... A I ____ Part II Part III A (Low value) B (Medium value) C (High value) r------A r- "'- ht 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Block level level level level level level level level level level level level 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 II 2 III 2 IV 2 V VI 2. ToW 1 4 2 2 4 252 All the 3 districts in this Subregion agro industries is very tenuous. There are are confined to the first two levels of 58 rice mills, 1 aUa mill and 10 tobacco development. 1 district is in the first factories. The selected non-agro industries level and 2 in the second. They have are 1 steel rerolling mill, 2 cloth mills of high values in II and IV, medium values which 1 employs 4,514 persons, 1 paper in V and low values in III and VI, all mill employing 728 and 2 mines anti betokening tardiness in development. quarries. The selected non-agro industries are thus alien grafts on the soil with the The relationship between agro and non- possibility of activising the latter. STATEMENT IV.36.J ~ Agricultural Processing IndustriesJ 6'3 ORISSA COAST Size of 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total ,----..A.____ employ- ,---.A.---, r----.A--., r--...A...~ r-.A----. /llzldustry ment No. Workers No. Workers No. Workers No. 'Workers No. Workers 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total of all industri••• 26 851 174 15,305 200 16,156 '"' Rice .; 20-99 2 121 S3 2,594 S5 2,71S 100+ 3 419 3 419 Al!a 20--99 1 21 21 100+ 2O-.911 26 , 30a 10 334 . lOOt STATEMENT IV.36. II Selected Industries Outside Agricultural Processing 6'3 ORISSA COAST Size of ht level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level Total employ ~ r- -.A.--. ,_-A-----.. .--"---, ~~ n1ent No. Workers NO. Workers No. Workers No. 'Yorkers No. Workers 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ii , 10 11 12 St.~1 100 t [161 HI 1000+ 2000+ Oloth lOO~ 2 4,840 2 4,840 1000t I 4,514 1 4,514 2000+ 1 4,514 1 4,514 Paper RL'd paper products 100+ 728 728 1000+ 2000+ eolll, limestone lind non-metallic 100+ 2 1,948 2 1,948 mineral ,raduet. 10001- 1 1,264 1 1,l64 2000+ 253 CONCLUDING REMARKS The foregoing analysis supports several the tables establish the association between conclusjons. improvements in agriculture, diversification of crops, savings on account of such im Firstly, it demonstrates strong and provement, their investment in social and positive association between agricultural economic infrastructure and their further infrastructure, potential of human investment in modem organised indus~ry resources, distributive STATEMENT IV.37 Association between cash crops and certam industries [manufacture;; in italic are fir"t in order of employment in the district] More than C value in both area and State District workers Non-agro industries 1 2 3 4 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Oilseeds Basic metal industries, metal products Visakhapatnam Oilseeds and sugarcane Transport equipment, textiles. Chittoor Oilseeds Textiles, metal products. Cuddapah Oilseeds Chemicals and chemical products, transport equipment, textiles. Anantapur Oilseeds Textiles, miscellaneous industries. Kurnool Cotton and oilseeds Textiles, printing and publishing. Nizamabad Sugarcane Chemicals and Chemical products. Khammam Oilseeds Transport equipment, chemicals and chemical products, printing and publishing. Hyderabad Oilseeds Transport equipment, metal products, machinery except electrical machinery. Bihar . Saran Sugarcane Metal products, printing and publishing. Champaran Sugarcane Miscellaneous industries, wood and cork except furniture. Muzaffarpur . Sugarcanc Machinery except electrical machinery, printing and pUblishing. Darbhanga Sugarcane Textiles, transport equipment. Purnea Jute Textiles. 3ujarat . Panchmahals . Oilseeds Transport equipment, chemicals and chemical products. Amreli Oilseeds Textiles, chemicals and chemical pro ducts, transport equipment. Sabarkantha Cotton and oilseeds Transport equipment, printing and publishing. Mehsana Cotton Textiles, wood and cork except furniture, miscellaneous, industries. 255 STATEMENT N. 37 Association between cash crops and certain industries--contd. More than C value in b ot11 area and State District workers Non-agro industries 2 3 4 Gujarat-concld. Kaira Cotton Textiles, non-metallic mineral products. Broach. Cotton Textiles, chemicals and chemical pro ducts, non-metallic mineral products. Surat Cotton Textiles, chemicals and chemical products. Jamnagar Oilseeds Chemicals and chemical products, textiles. Rajkot Cotton and oil seeds Textiles, transport equipment. Surendranagar Cotton Textiles, chemicals and chemical products. Bhavnagar Cotton and oilseeds Textiles, machinery except electrical machinery. Junagadh Cotton and oilseeds Textiles, chemicals and chemical products. Ahmedabad Cotton Textiles, machinery except electrical machinery, transport equipment. Baroda. Cotton Textiles, chemicals and chemical products, machinery except electrical machinery. Korala . Kozhikode Oilseeds Textiles, wood and cork except furniture. Trichur Oilseeds Te'ttiles, machinery except electrical machinery. Ernakulam Oilseeds Textiles, chemicals and chemical pro ducts, transport equipment. Alleppey Oilseeds Textiles, rubber and rubber products, printing and publishing. Madhya Pradesh • West Nimar • Cotton and oilseeds Textiles. Shajapur Cotton Mandsaur Oilseeds Textiles, machinery except electrical machinery. Ratlam Cotton Textiles, paper and paper products. Ujjain Cotton Textiles, chemicals and chemical products. Indore • Cotton Textiles, metal products. East Nimar Cotton Textiles, paper and paper products. Mlldras South Areot Oilseeds Electrical machinery, machinery except electrical machinery, textiles. Salem • Oilseeds Textiles. chemicals and chemical products, electrical machinery. Ramanathapuram. Cotton Chemicals and chemical products, textiles printing and publishing. Tirunelyeli Cotton Textiles, chemicals and chemical products, miscellaneous industries. Coimbatore - Cotton and oilseeds Textiles, machinery except electrical maChinery, transport equipment. Madurai • Cotton and oilseed" Te'C{iles, transport equipment, machinery except electrical machinery. Tiruchira paUi Oilseeds Textiles, transport equipment printing and publishing. ' 25 6 STATEMENT IV.37 Association between cash crops and certain industries-eontd. More than C value in both area and SIJte District ",o~kers Non-agro industries 2 3 4 Mahar~shtra Kolhapur Oilseeds and sugarcane Textiles, machinery except electrica I machinery, transport equipment. Parbhani Cotton and oil seeds Transport equipment, electrical machinery. Bhir Oilseeds Transport equipment. Osmanabad Oilseeds Transport equipment. Aurangabad Cotton and oilseeds Textiles. Nanded Cotton Textiles, transport equipment. Buldhana Cotton Printing and publishing, basic metal industries. Yeotmal • Cotton Wardha Cotton Textiles, machinery except electrical machinery. Nasik Oilseeds Printing and publishing, transport cquipm0nt. Dhulia Cotton and oilseeds Textiles, transport equipment. .Talgaon Cotton and oilseeds Textiles. miscellaneous industries . Ahmadnagar Surgarcane Machinery except electrical machinery, chemicals and chemica] products. Sho1apur Oilseeds Textiles, transport equipment. Akola • Cotton Textiles, printing and publishing. Amravati Cotton Textiles, printing and publishing, miscellaneous industries. Nagvur Cotton Textiles, transport equipment, printing and publishing. \1~sore . Raichur Cotton and oilseeds Transport equipment, printing and publishing. Belgaum Cotton and oilseeds Textiles, transport equipment. Bijapur. • Cotton and oilseeds Transport equipment, textiles. Gulbarga " Oilseeds Textiles. Bellary Oilseeds Machinery except electrical machinery, transport equipment, printing and publishing. Mandya Sugarcane Chemicals and chemical products. Dhanvar Cctton and oilseeds Transport equipment, textiles. Chitradurga CoUou .. and oilseeds Textiles, machinery except electriC.!1 machinery. 2·57 STATEMENT lV'37 Association between cash crops and certain incustries-contd. More than C value in both area and State District workers Non-agro industries 1 2 3 4 Orissa Punjab Ludhiana Cotton Textiles, machioery except electrical machinery, electrical machinery, transport equipment, metal product~. Ferozepur Cotton Textiles, metal products. Amritsar Cotton Textiles, transport equipment. Rojasthan Bhilwara Cotton Textiles. Ganganagar Cotton Textiles. Uttar Pradesh Kheri Sugarcane Machinery except electrical machinery. Sitapur Sugarcane Machinery except electrical machinery, transport equipment, printing and publishing. Gonda Sugarcane Textiles, miscellaneous industries. Bara Banki, Sugarcane Chemicals and chemical products, miscellaneous industries. machinery except electrical machinery, textiles. Basti Sugarcane TextJ.1es, transport equipment, miscellaneous industries. Gorakhpur Sugarcane Transport equipment, textiles, machinery except electrical machinery, printing and publishing. Deoria . Sugarcllne Transport equipment. Shahjahanpur Sugarcane Transport equipment, miscellaneous industries, machinery except electrical machinery. Bijnor Sugarcane Miscellaneous industries, transport equipment. Moradabad Sugarcane Metal products. basic metals, miscellaneous industries. Rampur Sugarcane Textiles, miscellaneous industries, machinery except electrical machinery. Bareilly Sugarcane Transport equipment, chemicals and chemical products, textiles, machinery except electrical machinery. Pilibhit Sugarcane Chemicals and chemical products. Naini Tal Sugarcane Transport equipment, machinery exCept electrical machinery, miscellaneous industries. Saharanpur Sugarcane Textiles, paper and paper products, machinery except electrical machinery. 163 R.G.I.-34. 258 STATEMENT IV. 37 Association between cash crops and certain industries-concld. More than C value in both aNa and State District workers Non-agro ind~.suies 2 3 4 Uttar Pradesh- Muzafi'amagar Sugarcane Machinery except electrical machinery concld. basic metals, transport equipment. Meerut. Sugarcane Textiles, machinery except eleCtrical machinery, transport equipment, miscellaneous industries. West Bengal 24-Parganas Jute Textiles, transport equipment, machinery except electrical maChinery. Hooghly Jute Textiles, rubber and rubber products, transport equipment. STATEMENT IV. 38 Cotton Oilseeds r------~ r------A ------""") Number of workers in Percentage of- area Percentage of area under Cotton to under oilseeds Number of workers GrouI1 gross area sown Textile (Cotton) Gins and presses to gross area sown in oir mills 1 2 4 6 A B 0-01 :- !2'SO 1- 500 1- 500 10'01 5·00 100 C ,- 12' 51 1- !5'00 501:- 2,000 501 - 1,000 5'01 to·OO 101 - 250 D I· 5'011- to'OO 2,001 - :5,000 :1,001 - 2,500 10'01 25·00 251 - 500 E 10-01 - 25'00 ,5,001 -; ]12,500 2,501 - 4,000 25'01 - 4'1'00 501 - 1,000 F 25'01 + 12,501 + 4,001 + 40'01 + 1,001 + STATEMENT IV.38 concld. Sugarcane Jut" -A______-, -r----~-__.A. ______. tr Number of worker. Percentage of aTea Number of workers in l'ereen tage of area in sugar and under jute to gross , -~ Gr('u!l under Sugarcane to khandsari mills area sown Textile [Jute] Presses grOll' ~rea shown 7 8 9 10 11 A:. B 0'01-0'99 1-500 0'01-1'00 1-1,000 1-100 C 1'00-1'99 501-1,000 1'01-2' 50 1,001-2,500 101-200 D 2'00-3'99 1,001-2,500 2'51-5'00 2,501-10,000 201-350 E 4'00-9'99 2,501-5,000 5'01-10'00 10,001-25,000 351-500 F 10'00+ 5,001 + 40'01+ 25,001 + 501+ 259 DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS BY LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT • Table IV.4 gives a list in two parts of interest of regional growth the compuisions all public sector undertakings engaged in of raw materials, production and industrial production, processing and re managerial costs and markets still exert a pairs under the Government of India and strong pull in favour of location in districts the State Governments. Statement IV.39 in the higher levels of development. This below gives an analysis of a total of 54 pull is so strong that as many as 32 under Central Government undertakings in the takings are concentrated in 18 districts in States arranged according to levels of deve the top level of development; to under lopment. It brings out very clearly that takings in the 5 districts in the third level; despite the Government's declared aim to 8 in 6 districts in the second level; and disperse government undertakings in the none in any district of the lowest level. 260 STATEMENT Number of Central Government companies and by levels of development Level of development IV. Level of d~velopment III ------~ r------'------~ -.. No. of No. of State District Units State District Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andhra Pradesh Hyd~rabad 2 Assam Kamrup Bihar Dh3.nbld Kerala Ernakulam 3 Gujarat Jamnagar Madhya Pradesh Durg Bhavnagar Madras South Arcat :> Sub-total 2 Orissa Sundargarh 2 Total 5 dts1ticts l() Madhya Pradesh Sehore 1 Easr Nimar 1 Sub-total 2 Madras Nilgiri Maharashtra Poona Mysare • Bangalore 5 Shimoga 2 Sub-total 7 Rajasthan Jaipur Uttar Pradesh DehraDun West Bengal 24-Parganas Burdwan 4 Sub-total • 5 Delhi Delhi 2 METROPOLITAN C[TIES Greater Bombay . 3 Madras 3 Calcutta Sub-t:.tal 7 Total 18 districts IV'39 departmental u'ldertakings (industrial ollly) as in March, 1961 Level of development II All levels of development -A ______~ r-____._... _____...A.. ______-a.") ,--- No. of No. of No. of State District Units State districts Units 7 8 9 10 11 12 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 2 3 Bihar Ranchi Assam Maharashtra Kolaba Bihar 2 2 Punjab Hoshiarpur Gujarat 2 2 Himachal Pradesh Sirmur 3 Kerala z 3 Mandi Madhya Pradesh 3 3 Sub-total 4 Madras district 3 Total 6 districts 8 Madras (including Madras district) 3 7 Greater Bombay 3 Maharashtra 3 5 (including Greater Bomba~) Mysore z 2 7 Orissa 2 Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Calcutta West Bengal (including Calcutta) 3 6 Delhi 2 Himachal Pradesh 2 4 Sub-total 29 50 UNSPECIFIED CASES Assam 2 Bibar Kerala Sub-total rotal including unspecified cases : 54 Similarly Statement IV.40 gives the greater concern of State Governments to distribution of a total of 122 State under disperse their State undertakings in less takings arranged according to levels of developed areas. Thus 31 undertakings development. This statement reflects the are located in 13 districts in the top level STATEMENT Number of State Government companieS and by levels of development Level of devdopment IV Level of development 'In --.A,______...... ,------...)...._------. r-- No. of No. of State District UliL State DLtrict Unit~ 2 3 4 5 6 Andhra Prade:,h Hyderabad 10 Andhra Pradesh • Warangal Bihar Patna East G Jda vari 1 Dhanbad Adilabld 3 Sub-total 2 Nizamabad 4 Sub-total 9 Kerala Kottayam 2 Assam Kamrup Madhya Pradesh GWllior 2 Kerala Quilon 5 Madras Nilgiri Kozhikode 4 Coimbatore Trivandrum Q Chingleput . Ernakulam 5 North Arcot . Trichur 2 Sub-total 4 Sub-total 22 M2dras. . Ramanathapuram 1 Mysore Bangalore 7 Tirunelveli 1 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Sub-total 2 METROPOLlTAN CITlES Calcutta 2 Mysore . Bellary 1 Madras Mandya 1 Sub-total 3 Mysore 1 Total . 13 districts 31 Sub-total 3 Orissa Sundargarh 3 Rajasthan Gang:m:tgar Uttar Pradesh Bareilly 3 Mirzapur Sub-total 4 fvtal 19 district~ 45 263 of devel'opment. 45 undertakings are located in 7 districts of the second leve\, located in 19 districts of the third level and 8 units in 4 districts of the first or of development. 33 undertakings are lowest level. IV.40 departmental undertakings (industrial only) as in March 1961 Level of develo;>m ent II Level of development I All levels of development ,-______A r- .A. --. ,------""------"\ No. of No. of No. of No. of State District Units State District Units State districts Units 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah Bihar Darbhanga Andhra Pradesh 7 22 Nell ore 2 Orissa Mayurbhanj 2 Assam 2 2 Sub-total 3 Sambalpur 2 Bihar 3 3 Puri 3 Kerala 6 24 Assam Nowgong Sub-total 7 Madhya Prac;1esh 2 Orissa . Ganjam 5 Madras district . Balasore Total 4 districts 8 Madras 7 7 Dhenkanal (including Madras district) Cuttack 22 Mysore 4 10 Sub-total 29 Orissa 8 39 Rajasthan Total 7 districts 33 Uttar Pradesh • 3 5 Calcutta 2 West Bengal . 2 (including Calcutta) Sub-total 43 117 UNSPECIFIED CASES Bihar Kerala 3 West Bengal Sub-total 5 Total including un specified cases 122 CHAPTER V RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATTERNS OF SHIFT FROM AGRICULTURE TO NON-AGRICULTURE 1951-61 AND THE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT IT MAY BE ASSUMED THAT the male parti The closeness of the 1951 aJ?d .1961 cipation rate gives a m~re stable and reli participation rates in other States of India able index of economic activity than the is well brought out in the following state overall crude activity rate, alth~ugh even ment. here it should be remenibered that the STATEMENT V.:! participation of boys below the age of 15 is likely to vary sharply with the school Participation rates in other States, enrolment age which must, since 1951, 1951 and 1961 sharply and progressively rise. All the 1951 1961 ,-----"---, ,--.-.-"---, same, the following statements leave little. M F M 'F foom for qouQt, llrlltl that the 1951 &nd Assam 53'60 30·18 54'le 30 ''91 1961 male activity rates are closely com parable, and, secondly, that the 1951 and Bihar 49'18 20·69 55'fO '77'Q 1961 rates in the majority of $t1ltes fqIlow Gujarat and Maharashtra 55'{)8 31·60 '55;7~ 34:59 the !re.qq ~i.qc:;e:- 1901· Kerala ,46'67 111·40 47,'20. 19''71 - STATEMENT V.l Madhya Pradesh -60' 37 37' 95 60--21 43'99 partiqipation ra,tes in (ndia and three Orissa 56'34 18'80 60·75 26-58 SOZ4thern State~1 1911-61, Punjab 55-52 17'44 52'92 14-:20 All India minus Rajasthan 59'60 38'37 .58:]4 35·?.9 \ Andhra.Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh Madras Uttar Pradesh 58'25' 23-(;6 Sg·i9 -, is·;.14 Madras 'and t .,.. ,I aod Mysore West Bengal _ 54'24 11 '~4 53'9~ "-f9-'43 Mysore combined l ~-______r---"----, ;Besides, tl}e pl;lrpose of' this c~~rpter Males Females Males FemaJes being an appraisal of sectoral sputs, any (a) Ratio of\vorkers to total population excess in the agricultural ~eCtor would 1911 62·63 33-04 59'52 35·88 lend to show qff marginal increijilmts iit' 1921 62-02 32-93 55'70 31'87 1931 58'86 27'73 56-40 31·75 the non-agricultural sector more convin 1951 55·58 25'33 48'97 17'01 cingly. The concept of family worke~, by 1961 56·22 25'66 60'57 36'25 its very nature, is likely to swell the agri (b) Ratio of agricultural'WorJ!.ers-to total population cultural sector to a greater degr~e thap_ the l' 1911 43'74 24·71 38'08 25·63 1921 44'42 25'62 35'44 21'83 non-agricultural, particularly the wage sec 1931 42'49 21·45 32'23 19'96 tor. 1951 37'75 19·65 30'79 12·47 1961 36'99 20'7(\ 37)5 27'62 These average crude participation rates (c) ~atio of non-agricultural workers to total were tested by a two-way process: building. population up from below from the -level of the dis 1911 18-89 8·33 21 '44 10-25 1921 17'60 7·31 20'26 10'04 tricts in te(.tl1s of its nineilldU'Sttial category 1931 16'37 6·28 24·17 11·79 components; breaking down from the' State 1951 17'83 5·68 18 ·18 4'54 1961 19'23 4-90 23'22 8'63 down to the level of the districts in te'rins 163 R.G.I.-35. 266 of the same nine components. This build if there has been a shift at all, in favour ing up and breaking down faced a variety of which industria! categories has this shift of difficulties posed by the different eCono occurred and what are the regions most mic classifications at different censuses and affected by these shifts? For it must be by the jurisdictional changes of territorial remembered that the decade 1951-61 has units. The problems of reconciliation are seen the most massive investment ever in niggling and various and call for a large this country in non-agriculture as well as mass of patient, if mechanical, shifting. agriculture, that this investment must show objective measurable results by way of The nine census industrial categories of shifts, however small, in the different workers of 1961 mentioned in the last branches of industry, and if the shifts fail paragraph are (1) I Cultivators, (2) II to show up, then either there must be Agricultural labourers, (3) III Workers something wrong in the measurement itself engaged in Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, or the unit of measurement itself is not Hunting, etc., Plantations, Mining and sensitive enough, for not even the unique Quarrying, (4) N Workers engaged in ness of India can defy the universal Household Industry, (5) V Manufacturing behaviour of production, savings and in· other than in Household Industry, (6) VI vestment. Construction, (7) VII Trade and Commerce Before we go into the details of the (8) VIII Transport, Storage and Com· shifts that mayor may not have occurred munications and (9) IX Other Services. They in the various regions of India, we may correspond to the Divisions of the stan remind ourselves once again of the truism dard Industrial Classification as follows: that India is such a vast and populous Division of the country with such a wide range of non C~nsus Indu~trial Category Standard Industrial 1961 Category development as well as development, that a general avetage rate is apt to conceal Cultivator. I o real and wide differences often between Agricultural labourer II o contiguous, not to speak of geographically remote territories. Secondly, the shifts Mining, Quarrying, Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting themselves may be of two kinds: (1) those and Plantations, Orchards that are primarily a function of population and Allied aCtivities TIl Part oro and t growth and (2) those that are primarily Household Industry. IV Part oro, 2 and 3 due to economic growth. The first Manufacturing other than kind of shift which is primarily a func Household Industry V Part of 0,'2 and 3 tion of popUlation growth may reflect itself Construction VI 4 more in a strengthening of the Cultivators rn. a faIling off in Agricultural labour Trade and Commerce - VII 6 (II) and a corresponding strengthening of Transport, Storage and unspecified general labour and Services in Communications • VIII 7 cate!?'ory IX. in a strengthening of Forestry. Other Services IX 5, 8 and 9 Fishing, Orchardry, Livestock. etc. am. of Household Industry (N), Trade (VII) Having thus worked out two sets of and of Other Services (IX). In other figures for 1951 and 1961, the next ques words, population growth alone creates its tion that may pertinently, ~her, will own increases of employment in these inevitably, arise is, has there been any s'hift traditional sectors by increasing the pres from agriculture to non-agriculture in the sures on them. The second kind of shift, last decade, 1951-61? In the next place, which is primarily a function of economic ~towth, wlli reflect ltself in a strengthening whereas the increase In the Telehgaiia of Plantations, Mining and Quarrying districts seems more immediately due to (HI), Household Industry (IV), Manufac demographic growth. An exception even in turing (V), Construction (VI), Transport, the Telengana districts seems to be Kham Storage and Communications (VIII) and mam, A.dilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar of Services (IX). In regions where shifts and Nalgonda where economic forces are are noticed in favour of 1, III and IV, VII at work, mainly irrigation and extention of and IX to a greater extent than in favour cuitivation and growth of industries_ In of IV & V, VI and VIII, such shifts may Assam the decline in Goalpara, Darrang, be regarded as comparatively unstable, the Lakhimpur and Sibsagar was partly due growth in the tertiary sector being induced to the slump in the tea industry- Economic more by population growth than by solid activity did not attain much momentum in economic achievement. In regions where Assam during the decade as will appear positive shifts are noticed generally more from a study of the Plan investments. and in favour of IV, V, VI and VIII and demographic growth appears to have been specIfied sectors of IX than 1, 111, IV, V11 the chief contributing factor to the slow and the unspecified sectors of IX such increases in participation rates. The Garo shifts may be regarded as comparatively and United Mikir and North Cachar stable, the growth in the secondary and Hills experienced a comparatively tertiary sectors being supported by solid high margin of economic activity economic achievement. in Assam because of their erstwhile back II wardness_ In Bihar participation rates have risen in almost every district, there But before one proceeds tu observ.:: the being a general association between the shifts that have occurred from one indus rate of popUlation growth and that of parti trial category to another, a brief look at cipation rate, although in Saran and Ranchi the changes in the average crude male the participation rate seems to have kept participation rates at the level of districts comparatively ahead of the rate of popu may lIS elf be rewardmg. lation growth than in other districts. In Brief comments on the contents of Gujarat there has been an actual decline in Table V _I will be pertinent. In Andhra the participation rates in several econo Pradesh, the coastal Andnra and Rayala mically progressive districts like Rajkot. seema districts have increased at a faster Kutch. Ahmedabad and Baroda. At thl! rate than the Telengana ones, although the same time it is well to remember that a rate of popUlation growth in several Telen high proporlion of urban population tends gana districts like Nizamabad (22 -36), to depress the general participation rate. Adilabad (21-37), Khammam (30-88) Gujarat has a high urban ratio, Ahmeda and Nalgonda (22-36) is higher than in bad and Rajkot enjoying two of the highest the remaining districts of Andhra Pradesh ratios in India. Kerala shows decline in The rate of population growth read with the former Travancore-Cochin districts the direction and magnitude of shift will but some increase in the Malabar districts. be another criterion of whether the shift Kerala and West Bengal are a class by is merely due to demographic growth or to themselves and present complexities which the growth of the economy as well. A do not admit of simple explanations. In very general and preliminary reflection Madras, Madras Corporation alone has seems in order in respect of Andhra Pra registered a small decrease. Nilgiri and desh: that the rise in the male participation Kanyakumari which have shown high rates rates of the coastal Andbra and Rayala of population growth (31 0 30 and 20-64 seema districts appears to be due not only respectively) have shown small increases to demographic but economic growth also, in participation rate. Kanyakumari accords 2.68 'Iroore \Yith the general picture of Southern I.a) the percentage of a certain category of K;erala to which it had belonged. All male workers to total male workers in other districts of Madras have shown hig:1 v (951, (b) the pe-rcentage of that category increases in participation rates exceeding of male workers to total male workers in the decadal rates of population growth 1961 and (c) increase (or decrease) in suggestIng accelerated economlC male workers in that category 1951-61 activity. The Maharashtra districts are expressed as percentage of total increase divi'ded between low decline in some and in male workers 1951-61. While (a) and low increase in others and call for closer (b) may be referred to as averages for inve~tigation. The general pattern in each category for 1951 and 1961, (c) Mysore districts seems to be that the may be referred to as marginal changes districts qf high population growth' have for that category during 1951-61. shown comparatively low increases in pai~~cipation rate~ wher~as it is mostly districts of comparatively low population This (C) was an attempt at measure growth that have shown high increases in ment of the intensity of the marginal change by expressing the difference bet I!flJii~ipation r~tes. It is curious that Sambalpur in Orissa, with its. growth of ween 1951-61 in a particular industrial large industries and the establishment of category as a percentage of the total .tqe Hirakud ,Dam should show a small change in male workers during 1951-61- decrease in participation rates, an explana This index, which may be calle-j the mar tion 'for which will perhaps be later avail ginal index, was intended to bring out the ,able. It is also significant that many shar.:: of change in a particular industrial districts of comparatively high increase in category against the decadal increase in total male workers. It may be assumed l?art~8ipatiop. rates should also be districts , w~ere the ra.e of population growth has that a positive sign of the marginal index been below the State average. The districts reflects a strong and favourable structural shift in employment particularly where the ff ~tta~ Praq~sh again, with the solitSlry exception of Fatehpur, like those of sign of marginal change is also positIve, Mah~rashtra, ' are neatly divided into two whereas a negative sign reflects decline unequal blocks: 28 districts of low particularly where the population of decrease in male participation rates and 25 workers in the category is marked by an districts of low in'crease. It is a point of absolute decline also. mterest that as many as 13 of the 28 IV districts which have shown decreases in J>1,lrtiyipation rates have shown rates of We shall first consider those districts in population" growth below the State average. each of the four levels of development .<\s many as 8 au. of 16 districts of Wtst which show decreases in marginal index Bengal have shown declines in participa lV & Y, VI, VII, VIn and IX. tion rates, while 5 have shown small iq,creases and only 3 moderate increases. The tollowing statement (V. 3) gives the decreases in marginal index in industrial III ~ categories IV & V, VI, VII, VIII and IX in individual districts classified by levels of To. proceed now with the question of development. Concomitant marginal bntnter-categcry shifts. A uniform test has decrease in other categories is indicated been applied for India as a whole and for simultaneously together with the extent of each Sta:e. This test consists iN observing the decrease in each such category. 2bg STATEMENT V.3 Decreases in marginal index in industrial categories IV & V, VI, VII, VllJ and IX in individual districts classified by levels of development IV & V-Decreases Concomitant decrease in other categories Level I Assam GaroHills -{l'02 Madhya Pradesh Jhabua. . - -'l'55 Sec>ni (including Chhindwara) --4·87 vn .-0·88 Manipur Manipur -14'77 vn -2'56 SIKKIM SIKKIM -{l·55 VIlI -12·58 Level II Assam Cachar -3,53 United Miki~ and North Cachar Hills -0,83 Gujaral Dangs --2'62 Madhya Pradesh Rajgarh -0·30 Shajapur -5·80 Maharashtra . Bhandara -13·94 VI -0·20 Chanda -13'96 VII --0·11 Rajasthan Dungarpur -0·37 Level 1I1 • Kerala . Quilon (including Alleppey) --5·01 VIII -3·26 Trichur (including Ernakubm) -1·8) VI --0'91 VIll -5·68 Trivandrum -2·45 VIJI -0'11 Madhya Pradesh Hoshangabad (includ- ing Narsimhapur) -7·39 VII -5·99 Vidisha . . -2'45 Madras Kanyakumari - -1·31 vrn -0·37 Rajasthan Alwar -11-04 VIT -7·47 VIII -0·78 Level IV Rajasthan Bharatpur -13·88 VII --4·13 IX -O-l~ West Bengal . Jalpaiguri - -2'33 VI -0-48 VI Decreases Level I Andhra Pradesh Mahbubnagar - 1·05 VJJl -0·23 Medak . -0'28 Mysore Raichur -12·61 Vlll -0·\6 Orissa Bolangir -0·30 VII -1'67 Baudh -Khondmals - -2·49 VII _7'90 VIIl -O'IS Kalahandi -0·66 VJI _1'71 VIlI -0'03 i'vtayurbhanj - 0·52 VII _1'45 Puri . --2·92 VII --4·31 Rajasthan Banswara -0·10 Nagaur -1·45 vn --4'92 IX -10·28 U uar Pradesh Ballin . - -2·07 VII -0·84 Ghazipur -3·28 VII -1'59 VIII - 1'51 Rae Bareli -25·55 IX -2-77 Unnao -3·29 VII ...... ()·74 IX -S'09 Level II Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah -1·03 IX --4-85 Karim nagar -0·31 Bihar Monghyr -0·52 Saharsa --0-25 Santal Pargan~s -2-43 VII -1-22 M aharash'ra Bhi. -1'57 Osmanabad -{l·S2 VII ...... ()·24 IX -5'59 Orissa Balasore -0-26 VII -1-81 Ganjam -a. 54 vn _10·01 Rajasthan Jhalawar -3·46 VII _0·67 Uttar Pradesh Shahjahanpur -0·04 West Bengal Murshidabad -0·87 Vll -1-2~ 2,6 STATEMENT V. 3 Decreases in margillal index in industrial categories IV & V, VI, VII, VIlI and IX in individual districts classified by levels 0/ development-contd. VI-Decreases-concld. ~ Concoffiltant decfa3.e in other calegJries Level III Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -092 VIII -0·78 Anantapur -0'32 Kurnool -0'74 IX -4'06 Bihar Bhagalpur -0'34 VIII -5·68 Madhya Pradesh Raisen . -2·80 Vlll -1·25 Maharashlra . Aurangabad -0·)2 Mysore Bellary • -3'70 Kolar -0·43 Rajasthan Bundi -0·06 VII -)'11 Uttar Pradesh Bijnor -7·60 Varanao;_;i -0'15 West Bengal Birbhum -1'59 Level IV Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad -8·98 VII -12·21 Madras Nilgiri • -6'36 Maharashlra Thana -0,33 IX -7·86 Punjab Rohtak. -1·99 VII -9,00 Delhi Delhi -2'25 Vll-Decreases Level I MadhY a Pradesh Mandla --2·72 VIll -\·04 Rewa -2·20 vm -1'34 Maharashlra Ratnagiri -0'19 IX --'7.38 Orissa Keonjhar -0,56 Koraput -2'92 Sambalpur -1'25 Punjah Kangra (incI uding Lahaul and Spiti) • -2'47 Raja'than Harmer. --0·22 IX -4·54 Bhilwara -2'54 laisalmer --36'61 UI tar Pradesh Bara Banki -0'03 IX -13·02 Fal<'hpur - -2· 56 IX -5·85 Hamirpur -0·43 Jaunpur -1·35 IX -8'26 Himach.I Prdesh Chamba -3'16 VllT --0'78 Level It Madhya Pradesh • Betul -2·42 Datia -6·36 Dhar --1·06 Shivpur{ -0·62 Tikamgarh -0·31 Chhatarpur -0·48 Orissa Cuttack -4·64 Ohenkanal -2·87 VlIl -1·25 Punjah Hoshiarpur -124·56 IX -136'15 Rajasthan Chitorgarh -1·57 Churn -2,36 Ialor -\·18 IX -4'66 Jhunjhu~u -4·63 IX -]3'46 Pali . -4·32 IX -12'97 Sawai Madhopur -3·98 IX -1'50 Slkar -5·14 IX -5'47 Tonk -4·50 IX -!l'1I Udaipur -2·40 Uttar Pradesh Ialaun . -0·83 Mainpuri -2·25 271 STATEMENT V. 3 Decreases in marginal index in industrial categories IJI & V, VI, VII, VIII and IX ill individual districts classified by levels of development-contd. VIl-,k)ecrcascs----concld. Level II concld. Concomtitant decrease in oth~r categories We,t Bengal Bankuea -0'45 Maida. -0'11 Midnapore -1'90 Himachal Prale,h. Mandi. --}'27 VIII -0,53 Sirrnur • -5'21 Level III Gujarat Arneeli . -1·33 VIII -2·63 IX -7·62 Madhya PraJesh Mandsaur --0·78 Sagar (inc1uling Damoh) -1'21 'YIaharashtra Wardha -6·3() Punjab. Sangrur -2'36 VIII -9·94 Simla -485'73 VlII -554·38 rX-I,161'44 Rajasthan Bikaner -14'62 IX -5·71 Jodhpur -2·74 IX -2'36 Sirohi -8·87 IX -2'10 Uttar Prade sh Ihansi -1·88 Leve\IV Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad -12·21 Punjab Arndtsar -15·42 IX -13'92 Qordaspur -33'78 IX -48'37 JuUundur -O'll3 Kapurthala -8~'1~ VIII -69·62 Kamal. -1'24 Ludhiana -17'84 IX -22·02 Rajasthan • Ajmee -18'30 ~ -~'H Jaipur -3,18 Kota -1·14 Vltar Pradesh Aligaeh. -6·70 VIII -2·98 Mathuea -1·83 VIII -0·40 West I1~I\1I'I1 . ClIh;utta , -134-61 YHI :-148'21 VIII-Decreases L-ovol 1 Madhya Pradesh Basta. --0·07 Uttar Pradesh Budaun -O'S3 Himachal Pradesh Kinnaur (including Mahasu) -loS? Lovel II Madhya Pradesh. Panna _I·d! Mysore Gulbarga -0·25 Punjab Mahendragarh -J'18 Level III NIL Level IV Punjab. Bhatinda -3'35 Patiala -11'18 West Bengal ffowrah -6,65 Andaman and Ni- Andaman and Ni- cobar Islands cobor Islands -1·70 IX-Decreases. Level I Madhya Pradesh Bilaspur -10·10 Uttar Pradesh Azamgarh -5'04 Basti -8·83 Gonda -6·87 Gorakhpur -2·69 Kheri . -1·94 Sultanpnr -8,01 Laccadive, Minicoy Laccadive, Minicoy and AminJjvj gnd Arnindivi Islands Islands -101'67 Level II Andhra Pradesh Chittoor -3·41 Maharashtra Kolaba -2·28 p'rhh'ni -2"4 272 STAU:w..ENT \"3 Decreases in marginal index in industrial categories IV & V, VI, VII, V III and IX in individual districts classified by levels of development-concld. (X -Decreases-concld. Level III • Gujnrat Broach -10'51 Concomitant Jeere,se in olher catoBories Kutch -0'33 Sural - 0.66 Uttar Pradesh Bareilly . -8'43 Bulandshahr . -6'48 Moradabad -7'46 Level IV Andhra Praue.h Krishna --2'66 Guiarat Baroda, -7'~3 Bhavnagar -2'38 Junagadh -0'02 Surendranagar -.5'66 Madhya Prade,1; . Gwalior ~5'72 Ratlam, _2'51 "1aharashlra • Poon~ . -6'30 llttar llfad~sq E~hra Dun -19'39 \,cknow -2'36 The following Statement V.4 gives an decreases in each category by levl?l§ o~ abstract of the previous statement by developme~~. ~rra,n9in¥ 111e ~~l?Yr of d.is~ri9ts showing STATEMENT V.4 Absll u,,~ of statement arranging the number of districts showing decreases in each category by levels of development [Figures within brackets in each case indicate number of districts which have registered marginal decreases only in the categories mentioned in the first column] VI VII VIII IX Level I IV & V 5 2 I 3 (2) VI 14 9 5 (3) 3 (2) 12 (2) VII 26 3 5 8 (18) VIII 12 12 12 (12) IX 8 (8) 8 (8) 65 Level II [V & V 8 2 (6) VI 13 6 2 8 (5) VII 32 2 7 9 (23) VIII 5 5 5 (5) rx 3 3 3 (3) 61 273 STATEMENT V.4 Abstract of statement arranging the number of districts s/;rowing decreases in each category by levels of development--concld. VI VlI VlIl IX Level ill ,LV & V. 7 1 2 5 (2) 6 (1) VI 13 1 1 3 1 5 (8) VII, 13 '3 5 (2) 5 (8) YJII. . 10 (10) 10 (10) (IX 6 6 6 (6) 49 Level_IV IV & V 2 1 1 1 (1) 2 (0) VI 6 2 1 3 (3) VII 15 4 4 8 (7) VIII 8 8 8 (8) IX 10 10 10 (10) 41 ·It will be seen that at each level the inasmuch as the decreases may mean a nu;nber of districts showing marginal pruning of underemployment and decreases in IV & V is the minimum. It marginal employment in retail trade, is"5 in level I, 8 in II, 7 in III and as low hawking etc. on the level of 'breaking the as 2 in IV. In other words the decade book'. The number of districts showing 1951-61 has meant a substantial streng· decrease is high in levels I (26) and II thening of the household industry and (32), but is low in levels ITI (13) and IV manufacturing centre almost everywhere (15). except in .the districts mentioned in the previous statement. Further that the levels In category VIII (Storage and Transpor to gain the most have been the lowest and tation) decreases are noticed in the largest the highest, whereas there are more number of districts in level I (12). The pockets of depression in the intermediate number descends to 5 in level II, rises to in l~els.. II and III which are probably lOin level III and descends again to 8 sufidters of a backwash effect. level IV. These fluctuations are also indio cative of mopping up of primitive and In industrial category VI (Construction), labour intensive means of transport in the decreases arc graduated-14 in level backward pockets. Otherwise the general 1, J3 each in II and III, and 6 in level picture is one of much buoyancy. IV-showing patches of depression in what is otherwise a picture of general buoyancy. Category IX is rendered uncertain by Category VII (Trade) presents a sector the inclusion of general and unspecified in 'which the number of districts showing labour. The number of districts showing de91flase is the highest at each level. This decrease in IX is 8 in level I, 3 in II, 6 in itself may be interpreted as a hopeful sign III and 10 in IV. 163 R.G.I.-36. 274 The total number of districts showing The distribution is further arranged by decline in one or other of the five sectors number of districts under specified ranges of industrial categories progressively dec of percentage marginaI increase in each lines with each rise in level of development. category. This very clearly shows the Thus it is 65 in I, 61 in II, 49 in ITI and 41 differences of behaviour in levels and how in IV. This provides statistical corrobora the ranges of marginal shifts are reflec~ed tioij. to the assumption that the rising levels in each shift in level of development. The of development should show a decreasing statement speaks for itself. Thus the total number of districts showing a decline in number of districts which have registered the non-agricultural categories. increase goes up from 262 in level I to 340 in level II, 305 in level III and 368 in level IV. This suggests that the economy is Statement V.5 in a way is the comple bracing up quite appreciably even in ment of the above statements and shows districts of levels I and II, a fact which is the distribution of number of districts supported by the aggregates of the number which have recorded increase in one or of districts in each percentage range of more of th'e non-agricultural categories. increase as follows: STATEMENT V.5 Total number of districts by range of percentage increase r-~-~___::------"- ~ Level of development Total 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-50 50+ I 262 157 26 40 26 13 II . 340 206 46 57 27 4 III 305 161 58 51 27 ~ IV 368 141 84 72 5S 16 STATEMENT V.6 Districts showing increases in marginal index in non-agricultural categories arranged by percentage range of increase 1951-61 No. of districts by range of percentage increase Industrial category No. of districts with increase 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-50 50+ Level I IV & V 62 17 9 18 13 5 VI 53 42 5 2 3 VII 41 37 3 VIII 55 49 5 IX 51 12 8 17 9 , 262 157 26 40 26 13 ~75 STATEMENT V.6 Districts showing increases in marginal index in flon-agricultural categories arranged by percentage range of increase, 1951-6r-concld. No. of districts by range of percentage increa~e No. of districts ~------~~------~ Industrial category with increase 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-50 50+ Level IT IV & V 74 18 15 25 14 2 VI 69 58 6 3 VII 50 45 5 VIII 77 70 7 IX 70 15 13 29 12 340 206 46 'i7 27 4 Level m IV & V 65 6 17 24 16 2 VI 59 45 9 4 VII 59 49 10 VIII 62 51 7 3 1 IX 60 10 15 20 10 5 305 161 58 51 27 8 Level IV IV & V 81 6 8 26 32 9 VI 77 45 20 9 2 vn 68 49 15 4 VIII 75 34 26 12 3 l~ ,. 67 7 15 ~1 1& 6 ~68 141 ~1 ~2 ;;~ 16 Andhra Pradesh ill), Visakhapatnam (Thandava and Varaha), Nellore (Kanupux), Kumool (Zurreru), The first thing to notice about Andhra Anantapur (TBPHLC, and Mid Pennar), Pradesh is the absolute decline in the Nizamabad (Swama, Pochampadu, Kad number of workers in the categories and dam and Godavari). It is interesting that districts noted below: the absolute and marginal declines in II-Agricultural la'bour in Mahbubnagar; Medak, Nizamabad, Adilabad, Karim Category District nagar, Waranga! and Khammam is com plemented to a certain extent by marginal increase in IX-Other Services in the~ n·AgriculturaI labour. Mabbubnagar, Medak, Nizamabad, Adilabad, which suggests the possibility of inter Karimnagar, WarangaI (including Khammam). changeability between a type of agricul tural labour in 1951 and unspecified III-Forestry, Plantations, Chittoor, Mahbubnagar, Mining, Quarrying, etc. Hrderabad, Karimnagar. general labour in rural areas (~ajor Groups of I.s.I.C. 89 and 90) in VI-Construction Cuddapab, Anantapur, 1961. Category III-Mining, Quarrying, ~urnool, Mahbubnagar, Hyderabad, Medak, Forestry, Orchardry, Plantations shows Adilabad, Karimnagar. increments in marginal index in all- but VII-Trade and Commerce Hyderabad. five districts. Chittoor, Mahbubnagar, VIII-Transport, Storage Medak, Adilabad. Hyderabad, Karimnagax and Khammam and Communications alone show marginal declines. This re IX-Otber Services Krishna, Cbittoor, flects the striking growth in tobacco and Cuddapab, Kurooo!. coconut plantations, fruit orchards and mining and quarrying particularly in the These absolute declines have necessarily coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema disf1ricts~ been attended by declines in the marginal IV & V Household Industry and Manu facture have shown encouraging growth in indices also all districts. This category (IV ~ V) and VIII (Transport, Storage and Com Positive values for marginal indices of munications) are the crux of the marginal cultivation are observed in all the districts structural shifts reflecting economic of the State, whether they are on the west growth that have occurred in Andhra or in Rayalaseema or in Telengana thus Pradesh in the last decade. The low reflecting the general extension of cultiva positive index observed for VIII in tion through colonisation, reclamation and Nizamabad, Karimnagar :lnd Nalgonda and irrigation that has occurred in these dis the low negative indices for VIII in Medak tricts. Chiefly responsible for continued and Adilabad are the only exceptions to and fresh improvement in agriculture has a strong positive shift which underlines been not only the existing productive irri-' the role played by investment and ec0- gation systems in the Godavari and Krishna nomic growth in shifts in employment. deltas, the Tungabhadra and Manjira This is evident in the increases in marginal hasins and the Nellore delta area to the indices for III, IV & V, VI and VIII for number of as many as 15, but the :new Andhra Pradesh as a whole. irrigation projects in the three Plans not able among which are the projects in the districts of Srikakulam (Narayanpuram), Assam Nalgonda (Musi and Nagarjunasagar), East The following districts have experienced Godavari (Thorrigedda), Hyderal;>ad (Tutpa- ilpsolutCf qeclines iq worlwrs in. tllo 277 categories noted against them: Bjbar T.he following districts have experienced Category District absolute declines in workers in the cate gories noted against them: II United Khasi and Jaintia Hills. II • Singhbhum. III Goalpara, Darrang, Lakhimpur, Sibsagar, Cachar, United Mikir V[ • Monghyr, Bhagalpur, Saharsa, and North Cachar Hills. Santal Parganas. VI[ Santa! Parganas. IV & V . Cachar, GaroHilIs, United Mikir and North Cachar Hills. Bihar presents a picture of structural Category I shows increases in Goalpara, shift £rom agriculture to non-agriculture. Kamrup, Nowgong, Garo Hills, United This is evident from the fact that although Khasi and Jaintia Hills, United Mikir and there have been substantial absolute in North Cachar Hills and Mizo Hills. creases in cultivation and agricultural labour the marginal indices in these two There have been numerous irrigation schemes in Goalpara, Darrang, Cachar categories are mostly positive. The First and Kamrup districts. It is possible that Plan saw 20 irrigation schemes none of operationally there was some interchange which except the commencement of Kosi itt certain districts between plantation were of great importance. The Second labour in 1951 and agricultural labour and Plan saw 18 schemes the more important unspecified labour in 1961 because nega of which were the three Sone and the Khajia and Sikri schemes. The Third tive indices in III are matched by positive indices in both II and IX in the districts of Plan has taken up 12 schemes of which the major ones are the Kosi Project Goalpara, Darrang, Sibsagar, Cachar and (Western Kosi Canal) and irrigation of area l1nited Mikir and North Cachar Hills. IV between Kosi Eastern Enibankment and & V register only marginal increases but, marginal decline in a,s many as 3 districts Bhenga Dhar. On the contrary the mar Cachar, Garo and United Mikir and North ginal indices in III, IV & V, VIII and Cachar Hills. The real structural s'hifts, IX are high and positive in all districts, although they involve very small absolute suggesting shifts in the eConomy. Even populations and are therefore marginal, in VI the indices are high and positive in have occurred in VI Construction all districts except Monghyr, Bhagalpu:r, and VIn Transport, Storage ami Saharsa and Santa1 Parganas districts Communications, the marginal indices be which have also experienced absolute de ing positive everywhere in VI and VIII. clines. In VII the marginal indices are positive, though low, in all districts except In VII, the increases during 1951-61 are San tal Parganas. positive in each district. The general pic ture seems to be that the effect of econo This buoyancy of economic growth and mic growth in Assam on structural shifts structural shift is evident almost every has been weak, but there has been notice where even to the naked eye. Planta able strengthening of the infrastructure in tions (chiefly sugarcane, tobacco, etc.), comtruction, transport, storage and com mining, quarrying, livestock, forestry, or munication. Population growth seems to chardry, have grown along with small and have played a more positive role than large industries. New constructions are economic growth in augmenting employ visible in most place~ and transport and ment in Agriculture and Services. This communication have improved. The is evident in increases in marginal indices Government have expanded Services fqr Assam !is ~ whole in VI, Vln and IX. ~hrough thy ~mchals! Qyvelopment bloc;k.:s and a close network of school and medical the fullest extent from under the cover of services. This is evident in the positive cultivation. The structural shifts are marginal indices in all categories for the noticeable in N & V, VI and VIII. The State as a whole, particularly in I, II, nI, marginal indices are positive in IV & V N & V and IX. in all districts except Dangs. VI shows positive indices in all districts although the Gujarat values are weak in Mehsana, Panchmahals The following districts have experienced and Sur The growth of population undoubtedly Kerala has contributed to increases in marginal The following areas have experienced indices in I Cultivation which in Gujarat absolute declines in workers in the cate has assumed a decisive share in economic gories noted against each: growth. There were as many as 33 irrigation Kottayam. schemes in the First Plan, 26 in the Second I Plan, some of them continuing in the II All areas. Third, distributed all over the State but IV&V Trichur (including Emakula~), Quilon none of them of sufficient magnitude to (including Alleppey), Trivandrum. claim a major share in the marginal in VI Trichur (including Emakulam). crease in r. Gujarat now has some of the VIII Trichur (including Emakulam), Quiton richest agricultural tracts in India where (including Alleppey), Trivandrum. inputs have joined hands with careful husbanding, diversification and multiplicity Kerala has had substantial accretions to of crops, irrigation and better storage and category I but seems to have weaned" marketing. This increase has been ac away masses of agricultural labour from companied by a rise in the marginal index II to Major Groups 89 and 90 in IX (un in II in Rajkot, Surendranagar, Bhav specified general labour). The districts nagar, Kutch, Banaskantha, Mehsana, which have benefited most fr01l1 major Ahmedabad and Kaira. There has been irrigation schemes in the last ten years universal decline in the marginal index in (8 in the First Plan and 5 in the Second) III except in Panchmahals, Broach, Surat are PaIghat, Trichur" Emakulam, Alleppey and Dangs. An adequate explanation for and Trivandrum. There has been marked this is being sought in the sectors of improvement in TIl (Forestry, Fishing, livestock, fishing, animal husbandry etc., Plantations, Mining and Quarrying) in all which may not have been brought out to districts. In IV & V the marginal index is negative in Trichur (including has been contributed by extension of cul Ernakulam) , Quilon (including Alleppey). tivation, by reclamation of land and by a and Trivandrum. Even VI has low po&i number of major irrigation projects in the tive indices in most districts and has dec Five Year Plans. The 22 irrigation pro lined in absolute terms in Trichur (includ jects of the First Plan mainly concerned ing Emakulam). There has been a resuscitation of tanks, which also saw the spectacular build up of industries in Tri beginning of the first phase of the Cbam chur and Ernakulam in the last decade. bal Project. The Seco'nd Plan saw 32 The marginal indices for VII Me positive schemes and the Third 2 more major for all districts. In VIII the marginal in schemes. The schemes are geographically dices are positive but quite weak in Can well distributed throughout the State. It nanore, Kozhikode, Palghat and Kot is possibly extension of cultivation which tayam; being negative in the rest. There has been responsible in part for the nega have been large accretions in IX. The tive index in II Agricultural labour for conclusion seems to be that population Madhya Pradesh as a whole. Forestry, growth has multiplied pressure on tradi plantations and mining have greatly in tional avenues of employment, being un creased particularly in the eastern, central able to induce large shifts, economic and northeastern districts while Raipur, growth having strengthened the existing Bhopal, Indore and Jabalpur Divisions pattern of employment. have seen not only rapid expansion in manufacturing industries but household Madhya Pradesh industries as well. Construction (VI) There have been absolute declines in· and Transport, Storage and Communica the following districts in respect of the tions (VHI) have enormously improved. categor~es noted against them: The increase in services merely reflects the gains made in the primary and secondary I . Raigarh. sectors. Madhya Pradesh thus present~ II. Bhind, Gwalior, Datia, Shivpuri, GUlla, a picture of real structural shift in empl~ Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Satna, Man ment in the growth sectors, indicative of dsaur, Ujjain, Jhabua, Dewas, East Nimar, Rajgarh, Raisen, Hoshanga economic growth. bad-Narsimhapur, Betu], Sagar Damoh, Jabalpur, Mandla, Ch hindwara-Seoni, Balaghat, Surguja, Madras Bi'laspur, Raigarh, Durg, Raipur, Bastar. The following districts have experienced In Morena. absolute declines in workers in the cate gories noted against each: IV & V. Jhabua, Shajapur, Rajgarh, Vidisha, Hoshangabad-Narsimhapur, Chhindwara-Seoni. I • Madras Corporation. VI Raisen. II Madras Corporation, North Areot, Nilgiri, Kanyakumari. VII • Datia, Shivpuri, TIkamgarh, Chhatar pur, Rewa, Mandsaur, Dhar, III • Madras Corporation. Hoshangabad-Narsimhapur, Betul, Sagar-Damoh, Mandla, Chhindwara IV&V Kanyakumari. Seoni. VI • Nilgiri. VIn Panna, Rewa, Raisen, Mandla, Bastar. VIII Kanyakumari. IX Gwalior, Ratlam, Bilaspur. Category I has made substantial advance Madhya Pradesh as a whole presents a in the State. It is possible that workers re picture of buoyancy as well as increasing turned in category II in 1951 have to a pressure on land. The factor of buoyancy certain extent been returned in Major ~ Groups 89 and 90 (unspecified general Maharashtra labour) in IX in 1961. Population The following districts have experienced grdwth hast brought considerable rein absolute declines in workers in the cate~ forcements to cultivation in the districts of gories noted against each: North Arcot, South Aroot, Salem, Coim batore, . Nilgiri and Ramauathapuram II • Greater Bombay, Bhir, Buldhana, Akola Amravati, Yeotmal, Wardha, where extension of ilirigation, improve Nagpur, Bhandara, Chanda. ment of inputs and agricultural practices and diversification of crops are much in III Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur. evidence. Although there has been no IV & V Bhandara, Chanda. absolute decline in numbers II Agricultural VI Thana, Aurangabad, Bhir, Osmanabad, labour shows declines in the marginal Bhandara. index in Madras, North Arcot, Nilgiri VII Ratnagiri, Osmanabad, Wardha, and Kanyakumari. Apar;t .from as many Chanda. as 16 existing productive irrigation IX Thana, Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Poona schemes which brought extensive benefits Parbhani, Bhir. ' in the past, the First Plan saw 10 new The marginal iIidices for I are positive irrigation projects, the Second Plan saw 4 in all districts but particularly high in and the Third Plan is putting through 7 Ratnagiri, Ahmadnagar, Aurangabad, medium schemes. F.orestry, Plantations, Parbhani, Bhir, Nanded, Osmanabad, Mining, Quarrying etc. (III) have made Buldhana, Akola, Amravati, Yeotmal, substantial strides in all districts except in War~ha, .Nagpur, Bhandara and Chanda. Madras where the index is negative. The These are mostly in the Ma1'athawada, index, though positive, is weak in Coim, Vidarbha and Mahakoshal tracts. There batore and Ramanathapuram. The struc were 18 irrigation projects in Maharashtra tural shifts are strong in IV & V and in the First Plan mostly in the peninsula! VIII. In IV & V the marginal indices aTe districts and 31 in the Second Plan. There positive in all districts except Kanya~ are 8 schemel> in the Third Plan of which kumari. In VI the marginal indices are the major ones are Koyna and Bhima. In positive but weak in all districts except the Deccan and Peninsular districts Nilgiri where it is negative. The marginal population growth, by increasing pressure indices are positive in all districts in respect on land, has led to spectacular diversifica of VII. In VIII a negative marginal in tion of crops, particularly cash crops, ex~ dex appears only in Kanyakumari. In tension of and reclamation and improve VI Madras seems divid~d into two geog~ ments in inputs and agricultural practices. raphical blocks: the first consisting of There seems to have been a general swing Madras, Chingleput, North ArC?t, South of unspecified general labour (Major Arcot, Coimbatore, Madurai and, Than Groups of I.S.I.C. 89 and 90 of IX) javur shows high gains along with IV & in 1951 in the western districts in V and VIII, while the second consistip.g ot favour of accretion in Agricultural labour Salem, Nilgiri, Tiruchirapalli, Ramana~ in 1961, and a general decline in marginal thapuram and Tirunelveli shows weak indices of Agricultural labour in the gains, and even declines in some cases. The eastern districts. Plantations, Forestry, positive indices in IX are high and strident. Livestock, Mining Quarrying (lm have The conclusion seems to be that economic improved in most districts except Satara growth is going ahead. This is evident and Sangli. The marginal index in IV & in the positive marginal indices in III, IV V is positive in all districts except Bhan & V, VI, VIII and IX for Madras as dara and Chanda. VI is up, too, in all dis a whole. tricts except Thana, Aurangabad, Bhir, 28r Osmanabad and Bhandara. VIn shows a Bellary . Tungabhadra HagaribommanhaIIi strident positive marginal index in all dis tricts. VII shows negative in the districts Gulbarga Hathi Koni of Ratnagiri, Osmanabad, Wardha and North Kanara Dharma Chanda, and so does IX in the districts of Thana, Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Poona, Par Coorg . Laxamanathirta bhani and Bhir. The general conclusion Tumkur Mangala seems to be a marked marginal structural shift in employment in favour of IV & V, Bangalore Arkavathi VI and VIII and a strengthening of I de noting sound overall improvement in the Negative marginal indices in II appear economy. This is evident in the positive in Hassan. Chikmagalur, Gulbarga and indices for all categories for Maharashtra Bidar. Fore~try, Plantation, Mining and as a whole. Quarrying etc. (III) show negative marginal indices in Bangalore, Kolar, Gulbarga, Mysore Bidar and Raichur in all of which there have been absolute declines also. IV & The following districts have experienced V show positive marginal indices in all abs.olute decline in workers in the cate districts. VI Construction shows positive gories noted against each : marginal indices in all districts except II Hassln, Chikmagalur, Gulbarga, Bidar. Kolar, Bellary and Raichur where the indices are negative. The indices though III • Bangalore, Kolar, Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur. positive are weak in Hassan, Mandya and VI Kolar, Bellary, Raichur. Belgaum. VIn shows positive margina1 indices in all districts except Gulbarga and VIII Gulbarga, Raichur. Raichur, where they are negative. VII Population growth has contributed to a shows a positive but generally weak mar strengthening of I particularly in Tumkur, ginal index in all districts. IX shows Kolar, Hassan, Mandya, Belgaum, Gul positive indices in all districts. The over barga, Bidar and Raichur, indicating that all picture is one of economic growth and the pressure on land has intensified in these structural shift in employment. This ap districts and is comparatively less in the pears in the positive marginal indices in remaining districts. There have been all categories for Mysore as a whole. notable irrigation and drainage achieve m~nts during 1951-61 as follows: Orissa Raichur • Tungabhadra-Left and Right The following districts have experienced Bank: Rajolibunda Division Kanakanala absolute declines in workers in the cate gories noted against each: Bijapur • Ghataprabha II Ramanahalli Tank Areshankar Tank II Baudh-KhondmaIs. Kalascope Tank Nagathana lII. . Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Baudh-Khondmals, Dhenkanal, Chikmagalur Bhadra Cuttack, Balasore. Jambadhalla Belgaum Kolchi Weir VI. Kalahandi, Bolangir, Baudh- Shimoga Tunga Anieut! Khondmals, Ganjam, Puri Ambligola Mayurbhanj, Balasore. ' Mysore Nugu Reservoir VII All districts except S~ndargarh. Chik Hole Kabini VIII Kalahandi, Baudh-KhondroaJs Hebbattalla Dhenkanal. 163 R.G.I.-37. VIII • Mahendragarh, Sangrur, Simla, The two main irrigation schemes in the Bhatinda, Patiala, Kapurthala. First Plan were Hirakud Stage I and the IX • Hoshiarpur, Simla, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Mahanadi Delta. There were 7 local Gurdaspur. schemes in the Second PIal} and 5 in the The most important events in the sphere Third Plan of which the major one was of cultivation in the decade have been the Birgovindpur. I shows high positive in Bhakra Nangal irrigation system, the ex dices in all districts. II is positIVe tension of irrigation to the arid area of but weak in the districts of Ganjam. Jandiala and Gurdaspur Divisions of Sundargarh, Dhenkanal and Puri and Upper Bari Doab, the Madhopur-Beas negative in Baudb'-Khondmals. III is link, the remodelling of western J amuna positive but weak in Koraput, Ganjam, Canal, the Sirhind Feeder, and several Sundargarh, and Pqri and negative in other important schemes in the First Plan; Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Baudh the extension of irrigation to Rewari, the KhondmaIs, Dhenkanal, Cuttack and western Jamuna Feeders, the Gurgaon Balasore, while it is strong and positive in Canal, and extension of non-perennial Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj. IV & V is irrigation to Upper Bari Doab in the positive in all districts and relatively high Second Plan; the Beas project in two units in Ganjam, Sundargarh, Dhenkanal, Cuttack Ca) the Sutlej-Beas link the Pong Dam, and Mayurbhanj. VI is weakly positive only expansion of the Sirhind feeder and re modelling of the Harike Headworks in i~ the districts of Koraput, Samoalpur, .Sundargarh, Dhenkanal, Keonjhar and the Third Plan. The marginal increases Cuttack. VII is negative in all districts in IV & V, VI and VIII have been borne 'except Sundargarh. VIII is negative out by expansion in forestry, mining, and in the districts of Kalahandi, Baudh-Khond· plantations, household and manufacturing mals and Dhenkanal and weakly positive industries, extensive construction activities in all other districts except Sundar and expansion of transport and communi garh. IX is positive in all districts but cation network. The absolute increase weak in Koraput, Mayurbhanj and Bala and positive index in IX confirms the con sore. Sundargarh alone of all the districts clusion that the marginal shifts in employ exhibits a strong structural shift. For ment have been due mainly to economic Orissa as a whole the !!ains are strongest and not merely to popUlation growth. in I, II and IX. R,ajasthan The following districts show marginal Punjab decljnes iu respect of the categories noted The following distric.ts have experienced against them: marginal declines in workers in the cate II Banswara, Bhilwara, Jaisalmer, Chitor gories noted against each: garh, Churn, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Tonk, Udaipur Al:var, . Bikaner, Ajmer, Bharatpur: I Amritsar, Kapurthala, Gurdaspur Jalpur, Kota. Kangra (including Lahaul and Spiti).' III • Barmer, Jaisalmer, ChitorJ!arh, Churu II • Ho~hiarpur, Mahendragarh, Amritsar Jalor, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Pali' Hissar, Rohtak, Gurdaspur. Gur: Saw~i Madhopur, Sikar, Tonk: gaon, Kapurthala, Kangra (including UdaIpur, Alwar, Bikaner Bundi Lahaul and Spiti), lullundur. Ganganagar, Sirohi, Ajmer: Bharat: pur, Kota. III • Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, Kamal Al?ritsar, Gurdaspur, Gurgaon: IV&V Dungarp'ur, Alwar, Bharatpur. HIssar, Jullundur, Mahendragarh Sangrur, Simla, Rohtak. ' VI • Banswara, Nagaur, Jhalawar, Bundi . YI • Rohtak. VII • Bat'm~r, Bhilwara, Jaisalmer, Nagaur, Chlt~rgarh, Ghuru. Jalor; 1halawar, VIi • Hoshiarpur, Sangrur, Simla Amritsar J~unJhunu, Pali, Sawai Madhopur, Kangra (including Lahaui and Spiti) S~kar, Tonk,. Udaipur, Atwar, Gurdaspur, Jullundur, Kapurthala, BI.kaner, BundI, Jodhpur, Sirohi, Karnal, Rohtak, Ludhiana. AJmer. Bharatpur, Jaipur, Kota. VUt A!wat. The marginal ittdex in I is negative tOl LX Barmer, Nagaur, Jalor, Jhunjhunu, Pali, the districts of Faizabad, Sultanpur .~d Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Tonk, Varanasi only. Similarly, II has negative "Bikaner, Jodhpur, Sirohi, Ajmer, Bharatpur. marginal indices only in the districts men tioned above. This unmistakably denote.s Rajasthan as a whole shows increase 1D increasing pressure on cultivation and employment.in cultivation, to which the swelling of the ranks of agriculturaJ decade's irrigation projects have contribut labourers, a sign of the strain population ed in no mean measure. In the First Plan growth exerts in Uttar Pradesh. The decline there were as many as 30 schemes, in the in 111 shows regional geographical variations, Second as many.as 19, the pride of place the marginal index being positive in the high going to Chambal Stage II (Rana Pratap land districts of the northwest, Bijnor, sagar Dam) and Rajasthan Canal; in the Pilibhit, Kheri, Jaunpur and Mirzapur. IV Third as many as 10, the pride of place & V show positive indices in all districts going to the Beas Project (Pong Dam) which indeed is very encouraging although extension. The extension in irrigation and the values are small in districts like Etah, cultivation ~hiefly in the. eastern, central Etawah, Jalaun, Kheri, Sitapur and Unnao. aud southern districts led to a rise in I There has been tardy growth and in some and a decli,ne in II, III and VII (Agricul· districts actual decline in VI, although the tqra1labpur, Livestock, etc., and Trade and highland districts of the northwest, Dehra Commerce and Industry). The rise in IV Dun, Lucknow, Mirzapur and even Meerut & V has been substantial but the marginaJ show fairly high values. In VIII the eastern inareases in VI and VIII have· been of a distriqts, the northern highlands and the lower order, and ther~ has been some western districts adjoining Punjab general marginal increase in .IX. ly bear appreciable positive indices while the central land mass generally bears low u~ Pradesh values. In VIII the indices are negative in the 4 districts mentioned above and The fo~owing distrlcts have experienced absolute declines in workers in the cate positive but low in all districts except gories noted against each: Bareilly, Dehra Dun, Saha!Eanpur, Agra, Jhansi, Lucknow and Varanasi where they I Faizabad, Sultanpur, Varana&i. are comparatively high. A very welcome II Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Agra, sign of hope is in Eastern Uttar Pradesh Etah. -, where the entire group of 12 districts III All districts, except the six highland (Faizabad, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Basti, districts-Tehri Garhwal, Uttar Gorakhpur, Deoria, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Kashi, Garhwal, Chamoli, Almora, Pithoragarh-Naini Tal, Bijnor, Ballia, Ghazipur, Varanasi and Mirzapur) .Rampur, Pilibhit, Kheri, Jaunpur has shown much welcome shift in favour of Mirzapur. IV & V although the pressure on land in VI Bijnor, Shabjahanpur, Unnao, Rae 'Bareli, Ghazipur, Varanasi, BaHia. these districts has simultaneously intensi fied, particularly aggravating the problell! VII Aligarh, Mathura, Mainpuri, Fateh- pur, Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, of agricultural labourers. Bara Banki, Jaunpur, Ballia, Ghazi pur, Unnao: Uttar Pradesh as a whole presents a picture of high marginal increase in I. VIII Budaun, Aligarh, Mathura, Ghazipur. In the First Plan there were a~ many as IX Moradabad, Bareilly, Dehra Dun. Bulandshahr, Fatehpur, Kheri, 25 irrigation projects in Uttar Pradesh, Unnao, Lucknow, Rae Bareli, the more important of them being the Gonda, Bara Banki, Sultanpur, Basti, Gorakbpur, Azamgarh, Jaunpur. extension of the Sarda Canal, the Saprar lind Nangarh Dams, the remodelling of and Midnapore, although positive, ate Upper Ganga, Agra, Banganga, Eastern very low. IV & V have registered de JaIDWla and Tanda Canals. In the Second clines in marginal index in J alpai~, and Plan there were 10 s¥hemes the more im weak though positive indices in Darjeeling, portant Qf which were the Matatilla Dam Cooch Behar, West Dinajpur and Ban and Sarda Sagar Stage II. In the Third kura· VI shows negative marginal index Plan there are as many as 23 schemes, the in J alpaiguri, Murshidabad, Birbhum and major pn~s being Saxju and Gandak positive but weak values in Darjeeling. Canals. There has been a marked mar VII shows negative indices in Malda, Mur ginal rise in II £Uld it is possible that there shidabad, Calcutta, Bankura and Midna has been some transfer from general un pore and weak positive indices in West speoified Jabour (Major Groups of Dinajpur, Nadia, 24-Parganas, and How LS.I.C. 89 and 90 of 195J.) to II rah. VIII shows negative marginal in in 1961. III has shown ap absolute as dices in Calcutta and Howrah and weak w~l1 as marginal decline while IV & V positive indices in J alpaiguri, Cooch shows an appreciable marginal increase. Behar, West Dinajpur, Malda, MqTshida VI, VII and VIII show positive but low bad, Nadia, 24-Parganas, Birbhum, Ban indices but a fair positive index in IX. kura and Midnapore. All districts have The overall cpnclusion seems to be that positive indices in IX. Economic growth economic growth has played a positive al is strongly reflected in marked increases though limited, role in diversifying and in the marginal index in 24-Pargapas, Cal increasing employment in t~ growth cutta, Darjeeling, Howrah, Hooghly and sectors. Burdwan. There have been extensive and major irrigation projects in the districts of West Bengal Birbhum (Mayurakshi), Burdwan, Hoogh The following districts have experienced ly, Bankura (D.V.C. and Suvankar Dams) absolute declines in workers in the cate and Midnapore (Kansavati) and drainage gories noted against each: schemes in 24-Parganas (Sonarpur-Ara I Calcutta. panch) in the last decade the effect of which is evident not only on the primary Darjeeling, Calcutta. II but also on the secondary and tertiary III Jalpaiguri, Maida, Calcutta. sectors. In the remaining districts popula IV&V J aipaiguri. tion growth more than economic growth seems to have been ['esponsible for aug VI JaJpaiguri, Murshidabad, Birbhum. menting existing pressures on employment. VII Maida, Murshidabad, Calcutta, Bankura, Midnapore. This is evident in the strong positive mar ginal indices which are observed only in VIII Calcutta, Howrah. I, II, Ill, IV & V and IX for West Bengal Population growth has intensified pres as a whole. sure on the land and cultivation. The in The Union Territories and Other Areas dices in I and II have appreciably risen. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and A proportion of workers returned in Sikkim have experienced high rises in I plantation labour in 1951 in Jalpaiguri Owing to colonisation, reclamation and ex seems to have been returned in II Agricul tension of cultiv~tion. ~daman and tural labour in 1961. Forestry, Planta Nicobar Islands, Manipur and Tripura tions, Mining, Quarrying etc. (III) have have shown increases in II but all other registered increases in all districts except territories have shown abs.o1ute as wen as Jalpaiguri, MaIda, and Calcutta, but the marginal decreases. HI shows absolute values for Cooch Behar, West Dinajpur as well as marginal decreases in Sikkim, but absolute marginal increases On the whole the picture in the lJniofi in Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. There Territories is one of rapid build up of the have been absolute as well as marginal infrastructure of growth. decreases in Laccadive, Minicoy and Ami~divi Islands and Manipur. IV & V All India hav~ increased in all other Union Terri tories but show negative marginal indices Taking India as a whole we find there in Manipur and Sikkim. VI Construction have been marked marginal shifts in em shows high indices everywhere except in ployment indicated by positive marginal Delhi where there has been distinct falling indices, in favour of III, IV & V, VI and off in construction activity in 1961 from VIII, reflecting the effects of economic 1951 . VII shows high marginal increases growth on employment in these growth only in Delhi, Laccadive, Minicoy and sectors, together with a small marginal Amindivi Islands and Sikkim. Vln shows growth in the Service sector. There i~ high positive indices in Delhi, Manipur comparatively less pressure on land than and Tripura. Delhi, Himachal Pradesh and what might have been if the 1951 struc Manipur show high positive indices in IX. tural pattern had persisted in 1961. CHAPTER VI DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL LICENCES AMONG DISTRICTS ARRANGED BY LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT ONE MAY NOW EXAMINE whether, the different categories distri~t by d~strict. districts in t'le different levels of develop Table V!.2 gives the statewise abstract. ment as delineated by the ranking device The lion's share claimed by the three display difhrences in their respec~ive cities of Greater Bombay (1,071), Calcutta absorptive capacities for industrial activity. (567) and Madras (140), malting a total This may be measured by the number, of 1,778 licences .out of a grand total of nature and range of industrial licences 4,971 licences issued all over India will be acquired py the blocks of districts i.n the immediately .recognised. There is no dis., four levels (1f development between 1953 puting the fact that Bombay, Calcutta and and 1961 under the Industrial Licencing Madras have more tlian their share of (Development and Regulation) Act. capital resources, raw material and trans7 Since a classified compilation of all port mobilisation, entrepreneuri~l aJ?d licences issued since 1953 has not been managetial and banking resources and published at all aqd since such a compila pools of skilled labour. In talking of tion has perhaps been comprehensively absorptive capacity it is therefore advisable done for 'the first time in this office it is to leave Greater Bombay, Calcutta and proposed to publish the full compilation in Madras out of our reckoning. a separate Census Paper as soon as the The great differences in the four levels, main printing programme of the 1961 in Table VI. 1 , hit the' eye at once. These Census eases a, little. But even an abstract differences lie not only in the total number such as 'is now published in Table VI.l will of licences issued but in the type and range De found pf unique value as it gives the of licences issued as the toll owing statement full range 'of licences issued under 36 will bear out. STATEMENT VI.1 Abstract of licences distributed among all districts in India according to levels of development Greater Level of d!velopment Bombay, ,.. ------Jo- ,-__, ~ Calcutta, Industry Total I II HI TV Madras 1 All Licences 4,971 84' 17:) 637 2,293 1.778 2 Metallurgical industries 673 15 2? 48 3~ 217 3 Fuels 32 3 6 3 13 7 4 Electrical equipment 413 1 16 26 149 221 5 TII"ansportation (including railway wa¥ons) . . 263 7 10 125 120 287 2H~ STATEMENT VI.l A'tract of licences distributed among all districts in India according to levels of deve/opment--concld. Greater r- ___-:- ______Level of development.A. ______-, Bombay, Calcutta, Industry Total I II III IV Madras 6 Industrial machinery 228 3 7 7 66 145 7 Commercial, office and household equipment 43 2 15 24 8 Fertilizers 25 2 15 7 9 Chemicals 333 3 9 54 157 110 10 Textiles 798 4 20 116 449 209 11 Paper and paper products 169 6 14 29 90 30 12 Sugar 153 21 20 36 71 5 13 Fermentation industries 55 6 4 11 32 2 14 Food processing industries 168 2 5 130 29 2 15 Vegetable oils and vanaspati 217 4 11 41 109 52 16 Leather and leather products 28 2 20 5 17 Glas'3, ceramic and gypsum products- 272 6 11 41 148 66 18 Timber products 67 5 5 28 20 9 It will thus be seen from the above Of the more sophisticated lines of pro statement which includes only those items duction districts in level II claimed the on which at 1east one licence has been following additional items which were not issued to a district in level I, that the claimed by any district in level I: machine districts in the first level of deveIopment tools (1 licence), drugs and phar did not find it possible to ask for more maceuticals (3) , cement (6) and prime than 17 out of a total of 36 items under movers (2). the Act, and even out of these 17 items no more than one licence each was issued for such modern lines of manufacture as The following items of industrial licence e}jectrical equipment, transportation (in turnjed out to be the excIusive preserve of cluding railway wagons), commercial, office districts in levels III and IV. Incidentally, and household furniture and leather pro districts in levels III and IV to.{!ether (in ducts. Of the remainder the bu Ik of the cluding Greater Bombay, Calcutta and metallurgical industry licences which went Madras in level IV) claimed 10 licences for to Orissa (12), fuels, fertilizers, textiles, boilers, 177 for machine tools (7 in dis paper and paper products, sugar, fermen tricts of level III and 170 in districts of tation industries, food processing indus level IV0, 274 feu drugs and pharmaceu tries, vegetable oils and vanaspati, glass, ticals (2 in level III and 272 in level IV) ceramic and gypsum products and timber and 14 for cement (6 in level JII and 8 in products are either raw material based or lievel IV) and 52 for prime movers (none concerned with basic wage goods. in level III and all in level IV). 289 STATEMENT VI.2 Abstract 01 licences in industrial. items which went exclusively to districts of levels III and IV Greater Bombay, Calcutta, III IV Madras Industry Total 47 44 1 Telecommunications 91 21 16 2 Agricultural machinery 38 10 13 3 Earthmoving machinery 23 4 Miscellane')us mechanical and engineering industries 121 2 49 70 4 5 Medical and surgical appliances 4 29 14 15 6 Industrial instruments 22 15 Y 7 Scientific instruments 8 Mathematical, surveying and drawing instruments 2 9 Photographic raw films and paper 41 12 17 12 10 Dyestuffs 11 Soaps, cosmetics anj toilet preparations 43 10 32 4 40 25 12 Rubber goods . 69 8 2 6 13 Glues and gelatine 3 2 14 Mi~celhn;)JUl in:iustries The extreme concentration of all A State wise narration of each item of modern lines of industrial licences in dis licence may now be attempted, each State tricts of level IV and the 3 great cities subclassified into districts in each of the 4 is nowhere more forcefully brought out levels of development. The abstract is than in these two statement,s. Even dis available in Table VI.2. We shall exci'lde tricts in level III claim no more than a Greater Bombay, Calcutta and Madras handful of licences in agricultural machi from this brief account. nery, miscellaneous mechanical and engineering industries, math\ematical, 1. Metallurgical industries. surveying and drawing instruments, soaps, cosmetics and toilet goods, rubber goods. The largest concentration of licences glues and gelatine and miscellaneous indus amounting to 20 or more occurs in the tries, the total of all ,of which comes to following States. We shall mention only only 12. while dyestuff alone claims as those districts which took au' 5 or m()f~ many licences. licences. 163 ~.GV--~8. 290 STATEMENT VI 3 Distribution of licences of metallurgical industries by States and districts Level I Level 'II Level III Level IV Total .----"-----. ~ ,~ State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Bihar 35 Shahabad 11 Singhbhum 16 Gujarat 21 Ahmedabad 8 Maqras 24 Chingleput 7 Coimbatore 9 Maharashtra 38 Poona 11 Thana 17 Mysore 20 Shllnoga 5 Bangalore 7 Orissa • 20 Cuttack 5 Punjab • 84 Patiala 15 Jullundur 9 Ambala 14 Amritsar 10 Ludhiana 9 Gurgaon 17 Uttar Pradesh 52 Moradabad 5 Agra 5 Meerut 12 Kanpur t6 West Bengal 94 Burdwan 9 Hooghly 5 24-parganas 26 Howrah 54 Delhi . 22 Delhi 22 2. Fuels. We shall take those States which have taken more than 5 licences. STATEMENT VIA Distribution of licences offuels industries by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total r--~""_"____...... ---'--..... State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Bihar 8 Monghyr 1 Hazaribagh Dhanbad 3 Ranchi 3 ,. .. West Benga J 7 Darjeeling 1 Jalpaiguri 1 aurdw\ln 5 3. Boilers: 'I'" We shall take only those States which have taken )~i }ij;ences or more . . . " .. , l'-STATEMENT VI·S " Distribution of licences of boile'r.y, by States and!~districts ,1. I... Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Maharashtra 3 poona • 3 West BenfSal J Burdwan 1 ~4-Parg~~ ~ Prime movers. bimiting ourselves only to those States which hav.e tak.en a licence, STATEMENT VJ.6 Distribution 0/ licences 0/ prime movers by States and districts Level J Level II Level III Levei Total .,---...... -----, {- "---...... , .--__..A_..._ __ , .--__ ..k._ -_ .., State n~mb;:r District NJ. District No. District No. District No Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Gujarat 7 Rajkot 3 Baroda I Ahmedabad 3 Madras 1 Coimhatore Maharashtra 6 Kolhapur. Poona 4 Thana I Mysore 4 Belgaum . Bangalore 3 Punjab 6 Ambala . 1 Gurgaon ""5 Uttar Pradesh Dehra Dun West Bengal 3 24-Parganas 3 5. Electrical equipment. We shall take only those States which have taken 12 licences or more STATEMENT VI.7 Distribution of licences of electrical equipment by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total State number District No. District No. District No. District Nb. Bihar 19 Ranchi Patna '10 Dhanbad 3 Singhbhum 5 Gujarat 15 Mehsana 1 Rajkot , 1 · Surat 2 Baroda '8 Ahmedabad 3 Kerala . 16 Palgbatl Trivandrum 4 Kottayam · Trichur 1 Ernakulam 3 Quilon 6 Madras . 20 Chingieput '.1 .• 3 Coimbatore 17 Maharashtra 13 Sangli 1 Poona 8 · Thana 4 Mysore 17 Bangalore 17 Punjab . ,',')6 Kapurthala 4 Patiala . 3 Jullundur 2 Amritsar 3 Ludhiana 1 Gurgaop " .13 Uttar Pradesh" , 30 Mainpuri . 13 Rampur. 1 Dehra Dun 1 Mirzapur 3 Aligarh 2 Allahabad 2 Agra 1 Meerut. 1 Kanpur • 6 West Bengal 12 Burdwan 1 24-Parganas 6 Howrah 5 Delhi 12 Delhi .. .." .u 6. Telecommunications. We shall take only those States which have 2 or more licences. This industry is entirely limited to level IV districts. STATEMENT VI.8 Distribution of licences of telecommunications by States and districts Total Level I Level II Level III Level IV State numb~l r----"----. c-~--. c---~--, ,-----'-----, D;;trict No. District No. District No. District No. Qujarat. 2 Abmedabad 2 Maharashtra 5 Poona 5 Mysore 12 Bangalore 12 Punjab. 16 Jullundur 7 Gurgaon 9 West Bengal 3 Nadia 1 24-Parganas Howrah Delhi 8 Delhi 8 7. Transportation (including railway wagons). We shall limit ourselves only to those States which have 6 or more licences each. STATEMENT VI.9 Distribution of licences of transportation (including railway wagons) by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total r----::--j.. State number District No. District No. District No. District No .. Bihar 12 Muzaffarpur 1 Monghyr 4 Patna 1 Ranchi. 1 Singhbhum 5 Gujarat 7 Bhavnagar 2 Rajkot 3 Baroda 1 Ahmedabad 1 Madras. 11 TiruchitapalIi 2 Madurai I Chingleput 6 Coimbatore 2 Maharasbtra 6 Poona 3 Thana 3 rvIysore 9 Belgaum . Bellary 1 Bang!lJore 4 Mysore 1 South Kanara . 2 Punjab . 31 Kapurthala 2 . Rohtak 7 PatiaJa 1 Jullundur 3 Ambala. 2 Arnritsar 1 Ludhiana 3 Gurgaon 11 Uttar Pradesh. 10 Bareilly A1igarh • 1 LuCknow 1 Meerut . 3 Kanpur • 4 West Bengal • 21 Nadia 2 Burdwan 2 Hoogbly. 2 24-PaTganas . 9 Howrab 6 Delhi 25 Delhi 25 8. Industrial machinery. We shall take only those States which have taken 3 or more licences. STATEMENT VI. 10 Distribution of licences of Industrial machinery by States and districts Level I Levelll Level III Level IV Total .-----"------.., , ___.A.. ___--.., , ___.A. ___ """\ r-----"------.., State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Assam 4 Lakhimpur 4 Bihar 9 Muzaffarpur . I Shahabad Dhanbad 4 Saran. . 1 Singhbhum 2 Gujarat 10 Baroda 4 Ahmedabad 6 MaharasRtra 4 Sangli Poona 3 Mysore 10 Gulbarga 6 Bangalore 4 Punjab 7 Kapurthala I Ambala . 4 Gurgaon 2 Uttar Pradesh . 8 Deoria Bareilly . 2 Saharan pur I Allahabad 1 Lucknow 1 Agra 1 Kanpur . 1 West Bengal • 20 Burdwan 3 Hooghly 1 24-Parganas 10 Howrah 6 Delhi 3 Delhi 3 9. Machine tools. We shall take only those States which have taken 3 licences or more. STATEMENT VI. 11 Distribution of licences of machine tools by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV .A Total "'"'--.--.., J , .. \ State number District No. District !'l"o. District No. District No. Gujarat 8 Surat 3 Surendranagar I Ahmedabad 4 Madras 12 Salem 2 Coimbatore 10 Maharashtra 11 SangIi Poona 7 Thana 3 Mysore 7 Belgaum. Chitradurga I Bangalore 5 Punjab 17 Gurdaspur 2 Ambala . 4 Amritsar 2 Ludhiana 5 Gurgaon 6 Uttar Pradesh 5 Barcilly . AJigarh . Saharanpur Meerut Kanpur . West Bengal 24-Parganas 2 Howrah~ . 7 Delhi 3 Delhi 3 10. Agricultural macbinery. STATEMENT VI.l2 Distribution of licences of agricultural machinery by States and districts Level III Level IV Total Level I Level II ,----A.___ ...... ,-_--A.___ ...... State number r-----A.--~ ,------"'----...... Dsitrict No. District No. District No. District No GUjarat Ahmedabad 1 Madras. Chingleput Maharashtra 3 Poona. 3 Myspre Hassan PunJab 8 Gurdaspur 1 Jullundur 1 Ambala • 2 Gurgaon 4 Rajasthan Kota Uttar Pradesh 4 Agra 1 Kanpur 3 West Bengal 2 Howrah 2 Delhi Delhi 11. Earthmoviug macbiuery. STATEMENT VI.13 Distribution of licences of earthmoving machinery by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV ,..-_.,_.,.A__ ---.., Total -"-----..... r-----"---, -"--, State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Bihar 2 Singhbhum 2 Gujarat Baroda • 1 West Bengal 4 Hooghly 1 24-Parganas 3 Delhi 3 Delhi 3 12. Miscellaneous mechanical and engineering industries. STATEMENT VI.14 Distrib!ltion of licences of miscellaneous mechanical and engineering industries , . ':. by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV T~tal .. .A. State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 3 Hyderabad 3 Gujarat 2 Rajkot 2 Kerala I 1 Ernakulam Madras 6~ Madurai 1 Coimbatore S Maharashtra . 8 Poona . 1 ~q Thana 7 Mysore 2 Bangalore 2 Puniab 6 Rohtak 1 'AmritSa1l': 1 Ludhiana :2 Gurgaon 2 Uttat Pradesh 6 Jhansi Meerut 3 Kanpur . 2 West Bengal ,16 24-Parganas 9 Howrah. 7 Delhi Delhi 1 13. Commercial, office and household equipment. STATEMENT VI.15 Distribution of licences of comm~rcial, office and household equipment by States and districts Level I Level II Level, III Level IV Total r----.A.---___-- .A. ___ -, r----.A.---, ,.-___A. ---, State number D',trict No. District No. D;strict No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 2 Hyderabad 2 Maharashtra I Sangli • • 1 Orissa 3 Puri Balasore Cuttack Punjab 10 Amritsar 1 Ludhiana 6 Gurgaon 3 Delhi 3 Delhi 3 14. Industrial instruments. STATEMENT VI.16 Distribution of licences of industrial instruments by States and distriers Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total .----'---. State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Madras 1 Chingleput 1 Maharashtra 2 Poona 2 Mysore . 1 Bangalore Punjab :. 3 Jullundur 1 Ambala; 1 Gurgaon 1 Rajasthan 3 M~ 1 Jaipur 2 Uttar Pradesh. 2 LucknQw 2 West Bengal 2 24-Parganas Howrah . 15. Scientific instruments. STATEMENT VI.17 Distribution of licences of scientific instruments by States and districts,) Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total ,--"--, State number Disttict : No~ District NQ. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 1 Krishna. 1 Poona 3 Maharashtra ,4 , . , , Thana 1 Mysore 1- BaJ,lgalore I Punjab 4 Ambala. 3 Gurgaon 1 Rajasthan' Ajmer 1 Uttar Pradesh· 2 LucknLlw 2 West Bengal _ 1 Howrah . Delhi 'J' , De'lhi· . ..' 16. Mathematical, surveying a~ ,drawing instruments. STATEMENT VI.18 -Distribution of licences of mathematical,. survey'ing"and drawing ins/rumenfs by Stdles, ' , 'and' districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total ~--. v-.A. : Stale number District 'l" NQ.' District No. District No. pjsq'ict l'!lq. / Uttar Pradesh . yaranasi 1 Qyjhi Delhi , , : I •. f 1 ... 1.1 17. Fertilizers. STATEMENT VI-I 9 Distribution of licences offertilizers by States and districts Level] Level II Lcvel III Le\cl TV Total ~_-A ,--~--~ ,--~--~ r---~---~ State number District N). District No. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 5 Visakhapatnam Khammlm I West Godavari 3 BIhar Dhanbad Gujarat 3 Surat Baroda Ahmedabad Kerala Ernakulam Madhya Pradesh 2 Hoshangabad Durg Madras . 3 South Areat 2 Coimbatore . Maharashlra Thana Mysore . 2 Mysore 2 Rajasthan Ganganagar Uttar Pradesh. 6 Unnao Allahabad 2 Kanpur 2 Jaunpur 18. Cbemicals. STATEMENT VI. 20 Distribution of licences of chemicals by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total ,___._____._ r--"-----. State nurrber District No. District No. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 9 Adilabad 1 Krishna. East Godavari 2 Hyderabad WcsfGodavari 2 Guntur. 2 Assam 4 Kamrup. 4 Bihar~ 8 Hazaribagh 4 Singhbhum 4 Gujarat 50 Surat 6 Surendranagar 1 Junagadh 4 Bhavnagar 3 Jamnagar 16 Baroda 9 Ahmedabad 11 Kerala • 10 Trivandrum 1 Kottayam Trichur 1 Ernakulain 6 Quilon 1 Madhya Pradesh 7 Betul I East Nimar 1 Shahdol . 1 Ujjain 2 Gwalior . I Indore 1 M\\4ras • • 23 South Areot 1 Thanjavur 1 Tirunelvel i 3 North Areot 4 Salem 5 Chingleput 2 R,\\l11anatbapuram 6 Coimbat9re 1 STATEMENT VI.20 Distribution of licences oj che,h{cal~ bj Stdt~s and districts--<;oncld. Level ~ Level II Level"IiI Level IV Total r------'----, ,------"------' State I number Distlrict No District No. District No. District No. Malihashtra 33 KolalSa • 2 lalgaon. 1 Kolhapur 1 Nagpur. 4 I AluDiidnatar 1 Poona. S Thana. ;19 Mysore • 8 Mandya. • 2 Shimoga • 1 North Kanara 1 Chitradur~a .J.~ Mysore 1 Bangalore 1 Dharwar 1 drissa 4' Sambalpur 1 DJienkanal 1 Ganjam 1 , Cuttack • 1 Punjab 12 Hoshiarpur Kamal . 1 Bissar Patiala '. Amritsar 2r I, S Rajasthan 3 =: I Ajmer 1 Kota 2 ~JttaL' PradesH 20 Faizabad 1 Varanasi 2 DehraDun 2f BaraBanki 1 Bareilly 1 Lucknow 1 '. Moradabad • 1 Meerut 6 Kanpur • S ~ , West Bengal 24 Nadia 1 Burd~~1 !2\ Hooghly 12 24-Parganas 7 Howrah • 2 Delhi. . 8 " E>elhi 8 19 ... J:!hOtographic raw.filniS aod.paper. STATEMENT VI.21 Distribution of licences of photographic raw films and paper by States and districts Level I Level It Level III UveHV ,\ Total State number District No. District No. District No. District No. West Bengal 1 Nadia • I 20. Dyestuffs. STA;J'EMENT VI.22 Distribution of licences of dyestuffs by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV 'Total~, State n.ilifilJer District No. Dismc t No. District No. Distr1ct No. Gujarat ,17 Kaira 11 lamnagar .tI- Surat 1 Baroda . 3 Ahmedabad 1 Maharashtra 9 Poona · S Thana · ~ ~unjap " ".1 Amlitsar. 1 ' Delhi .' 2 Delhi • • 2 165 R.Gl.-'3,9: 21. Drugs lind pharmaceuticals. STATEM~NT VI.23 Distribution of licences of drugs and pharmaceuticals by States and districts o Total Level I Level II ,-----A--Level III ____,( LevellV State number ,-__...-J. ___-, .... _-.-..,. r----A-..... District No. District District No. District No. Andhra PJ;adesh 15 Srikakulam. • 1 Krishna. 1 Hyderabad 13 Gujarat '50 Surat • Baroda 44 Ahmedabad 5 t.:ladras I 3 North Areot 1 Chingleput 1 Coimbatore 1 Maharashtra. 7 Kolaba Nagpu,r . J Poona • 4 Thana 1 Mysore • Bangalore 1 Punjab • Ambala • 2 Amritsar 2 , Gurgaon 1 Rajasthan • 1 Udaipur • 1 Uttar Pradesh. 4 Allahabad • Lucknow. 1 Meerut • 1 Kanpur 1 West Bengal'. 5 Hooghly 3 24-Parganas 1 Howrah. 1 Delhi' 4 Delhi 4 22. Textiles. STATEMENT VI.24 Distribution of licences of textiles by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level W Total ~~ State number District No. District No. District No. District No. AndhraaPradesh 12 Chittoor 3 Anantapur 1 Hyderabad Kurnool. 2 East Godavari 2 West Godavari 2 Guntur 1 Assam) • 4 Goalpara • Kamrup 3 Bihar 4 Puniea • Patna 3 Gujarat • • 96 Panchm'ahals 1 Broach. 3 Surendranagar 2 Mehsana 2 Junagadh 1 Kaira 1 B.havnagar 3 Surat • 27 Jamnagar 2 Baroda. 6 Ahmedabad 48 Kerala • 'I' 14 Kozhikode 1 Trivandrum 2 Cannanore 3 Trichur 2 Ernakulam 6 ~adhYa Pradesh: 22 Dewas 11 East Nimar. 3 ~Durg Ujjain . 4 Sehore • 3 Gwalior 6 Indore 3 Jabalpur 1 299 STATEMENT VI.24 ./i);stribution of licences of textiles by States and districs-concld. , Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total , , State number District No, District No. District No. • District---l'{-P'. Madras , 188 Kanyakumari, 1 North Areot. 1 South Areot , 2 Tiruchirapalli 6 Tirunelveli 15 Madurai 24 Salem ' , 5 Chingleput 2 Ramanathapuram12 Coimbatore 120 M~harashtra • 22 Kolhapur Aurangabad , Nasik 1 Akola 1 Nagpur 1 Thflna, . 17 Mysore' • • 33 Bijapur 1 Mysore 4 Chitradurga II Belgaum 3 Dharwar .5 Bangalore . 9 Or!ssa, 6 Sambalpur Cuttack 3 Sundargarh 2 Punjab" • • 67 Ferozepur 1 Kamal • 2 Hissar . S' Kapurthala 4 Ambala • 1 Amritsar 24 Ludhillna 24 Gurgaon 6 Rajasthan , 18 Bhilwara 2 Jhalawar. 1 Jodhpur. Mmer 4 Pall 3 Kota 3 Jaipur 4 Uttar Pradesh. 38 Etawah Rampur 1 DehraDun 3. Varanasi 3 Aligarh 2 Mirzapur 1 Saharanpur 2 Moradabad 1 Agra 2 Allahabad 2 Meerut 7 Kanpur 13 West Bengal . 54 Bankura. Nadia 3 Burdwan 1 Hooghiy 19 24-Parganas 16 Howrah, 14 Delhi • 10 Delhi 10 Himachal Pradesh 1 Chamba 23. 23. Paper and papen products. STATEMENT VI.25 Distribution of licences ofpaper and paper products by States and districts Level I Level II Level IfI Level IV Total r~ ,---A--, State number District No. District No. District No. Distric No Andhra Pradesh 5 Chittoor. 1 Adilabad . 3 East Godavari 1 Assam .5 NPWllPng Sibsagar. 1 Kamrup'. 3 300 'STATEMENT N~.25 Distribution of licences ofpaper and paper products by States and districts-concld. Levell Levelll Level.A.. III___ -., .--__Level .A. ___IV -, Total r-----"-----, ,-.----J'-----, State I nbmber District No. District No. District No. District No. Bihar 1 Darbhanga Patna '1 Gpjarat 13, Dangs Broach 1 Raj,kot . l Kaira I Ahmedabad '4 SUfat 3 I)..~r~la '1 Trichur 1 Madhya Pradesh 7 Bilaspur • I Balaghat Vidisha • Ratlam 1 Ujjain ~. Sehore 2 Madras. 10 Tirunelveli 1 Thanjavur 1 Salem 4 M/idurai C ingleput I, Coiinbatore 2 Maharashtra 19 Bhandara 1 Nagpur t· Chanda- • 1 Th,ana !2 Kolaba . 4 ~ysore . 10 Belgaum Mandya 1 Shimoga. , . 2 North Kanara 2 Chitradurga 1 Mysore 2 Bangalore 1 <¥ssa '5 Kalahandi 1 Cuttack 2 Sambalpur 2 Pqniab 14 Kangra Ambala. 5 Ludhiana 2 Gurgaon 6 ~asthan 4 Kota 2 Jaipur 2 U~ar'Pradesh • 20 Varanasi' 2 Muzalfarnagar 1 Allahabad 2 Saharanpur 4 Meerut. 6 Kanpur 5 West Bengal 19 Jalpaiguri I Nadia 2 Burdwan 3 Hooghly 2 24-Parganas 7 Hllwrah 4 Delhi ,4 Delhi 4 Himachal Pradesh I Sirmur 24 Sugar. STATErVfENT' VI.26 Distribution of licences of sugar by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total ~-, ,---'--.., State number District No. District No. District· No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 19 Chitto or 1 Anantapur 1 Krishna . 4 Srikakulam 2 ~East -Oodavari 4 :Visakhapatnam 3 West Godavari 3 Guntur I Assam 2 Sibsagar. 2 :.:sOl STA.1lEMENr JVI;26 Disiribution of licences of sugar by States and districts-concld. Level I ILevel II Level III Level IV TOUI r----.A..----. ,--__.A.. __--. -"-----, r·------A-----. state number llhtrict No. District No. 'Disfrict ·No Distriat· 'No. Bihar 7 Champaran 2 Gaya l' Muzaffarpur 1 Purnea I S~ran • 2 Gujarat 3 Amreli 1 Surat '2 Madhya Pradesh 3 Rajgarh • Ratlam 1 Gwalior . 1 r Madras. 13 South Areot Thanjavur 3 Salem Tiruchlrapalli. 5 CPm~nU\ "., ~~ " Coun15atbre . 2 Maharashtra 31 Osmanabad 1 Satara 1 Nasik 2 ~o1hapur 6 AVf~gl\bad ., 2 Sh.olal?vr 6 Sangh • 3 A:hnladilagar 7 Poona 3 ,Mysor.e 9 Raichul: . 1 Belgaum 3 Mandya. -1 ~himoga Bellary 31 Orissa 2 Koraput. Ganjam Punjab 13 Sangrur • Kamal Gyrdaspur Kapurthala Rohtak Jullundur Ambala Rajasthan Ganganagar • Uttar Pradesh. 43 Bahraich • 1 Bulandshahr • 1 Naini Tal ~ Hardoi • 1 Bijnor 2 Aligarh 1 Bara Banld 1 Bareilly . 2 Muzaffamagar 5 cfonda 2 Moradabad 2 Saharanpur 4 K~eri 2 Meerut 8 Deoria 2 Kanpur 1 Gorakbpur '3 Sitapur 2 West Bengal 2 Birbhum 1 Nadia ZS. 25. Fermentation industrie,s. r I r STATEMENT VI.27 Distribution of licences offermentation industries by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total ---, State pUJDber District No. District No. District No. District N o. Andhra Pradesh 4 Srikakulam Nizamabad Visakhapatnam West Godavari Bihar Saran G~jarat . 4 Baroda 3 .. Ahmedabad 1 Madhya Pradesh 2 Ratlam 1 Sehore I M~arashtra 9 Kolhapur Sangli 1 NlISik J Ahmadnagar 3 Poona . 3( . Mysore '2 Bangalore 2 Roq~k ..,1, Punjab . 302 STATEMENT VI. 27 Distribution of licences offermentation industries by States and districts-<;oncld. Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total..-----"-----. r--~ r---~ ...... ----, r-----"-----, State number District No. Di~trict No. District No. District No. Rajasthan Udaipur Uttar Pradesh 26 Gonda 1 Bijnor 2 Muzaffamagar 6 Kheri 1 Rampur. 3 Lucknow 1 Deoria 1 Bareilly . 2 Meerut 6 Gorakhpur 1 M:oradabad 1 Sitapur 1 West Bengal. 3 Nadia 1 Hooghly 1 24-Parganas 1 26. Food processing industries. STATEMENT VI.28 Distribution oflicences offood processing industries by States and districts Level I Level II Level III LevellY Total ...... _--..,...... , State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 3 Anantapur 1 Guntur . 2 Assam 3 Cachar Sibsagar 1 Kamrup 1 BIhar 2 Patna Dhanbad Gujarat 2 Kaira Ahrpedabad Kerala 114 Alleppey 2 Kottayam 2 Kozhikode 6 Trichur 5 Ernakulam 3 Quilon 96 Madhya Pradesh 2 Sehore . 1 Indore • 1 Madras. 3 \ Tiru~hlrapalli 1 f Maharashtra 5 Ratnagiri 2 Kolhapur 2 SangJi Mysore • 10 South Kanara 7 Bangalore 3 Punjab • 5 Ferozepur Hissar . Rohtak • Ambala . Amritsar. Rajasthan .laipur Uttar Pradesh • 9 Etah • Rampur 1 Aligarh. 1 Moradabad 1 Saharan pur 1 Lucknow 1 Meerut 2 Kanpur • 1 West Bengal • 2 Howrah. 2 Delhi 4 Delhi 4 Himachal Pradesh 1 I\fabasu 393 27. Vegetable oils and vanaspati. STATEMENT VI. 29 Distribution of licences of vegetable oils and vanaspati by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV "Total r-----A.------, ~.' State number District No. District No. District No. District No. ~dhra Pradesh 20 Cuddapah 3 Kurnool. 5 Krishna. 1 West Godavari 2 Hyderabad 7 Guntur 2 Bihar Patna 1 Gujarat 32 Panchmahals Amreli 1 Junagadh 4 Kaira 2 Bhavnagar 6 Surat 1 Rajkot . 9 Jamnagar 6 IJ Ahmedabad 2 IJ Palghat Alleppey 4 Trichur • 6 Madhyll Pradesh 11 Raipur 1 Ratlam 2 East Nimar 2 Ujjain 1 Indore S Madras . 4 Salem 1 Chingleput 1 Ramanathapuram 1· Cpimbatore, 1 Maharashtra 28 Wardha. 2 Amravati 2 Buldhana 3 Dhulia 3 A'kola '3 Jalgaon . 7 Thana 8 Mysore 19 Raichur • 2 Tumkur 2 Mysore • 1 arltradurga • S Gulbarga 2 Dharwar 6 South Kanara l' Punjab 8 Sangrur • Perozepur 1 Pa~ . 1 Ambala . 2 Amritsar 1 Ludhiana 2 Rajastlian - .' Bikaner Uttar Pradesh. 23 Gorakhpur 1 Btah 1 Allahabad AIigarh . 1 Sitapur J Lucknow 1 Agra 2 Meerut 5 Kanpur . 10 West Bengal 3 Hoogbly. 1 24-Parganas 1 Howrah . 1 Delhi 4 Delhi 4 28. Soaps, cosmetics and toilet preparations. STATEMENT VI. 30 Distriqution o/licences of soaps, cosmetics and toilet preparations by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total State number District No. Distriltt No. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 1 Gujarat 3 I Bharugar 1 Ahmedabad 2 Kerala Bmakulam 1 Mysor~ 2 Bangalore 2 Uttar Prad~b . 1 Meerut 11 West Bengal,: 3 Hoogbly 1"13 29. Rubber goods. S1'ATEMENf VJ.31 DWtibution of licences oj,rubber gOIJds by States and districts Level I J-evel-II Level III Level IV State Total .------'---"'\ ____. -, r----.A..-.--., ,.----"'""";~.A_--_. number District No, District 'No. District No. District No. Gujarat 4 Bhavnagar 3, Baroda 1 Kerala 7 Alleppey 2 Kottayam Trivandrum 1 Emakulam ) 1 Madras ·5 Madurai 2 Chingleput 1 Coimbatore 2 Mabarashtl'a 4 Poona. j Thana. 1 M,rsore 1 Bangalore 1 P6njab 3'1 Robtak . 2 Gurgaon. 1 Uttar Prad~li 3 Meerut . 1 Kanpur . 2, vlest Bengal 16 Hooghly 9 24-Parganas • 2 Howrah 5 ~lbi "" 1 Delhi .' 1 I 30. Leather and leatber ,produtts • . .,/, ( STATEMENT VI.32 Distribution of licences of leather and leather products by States and districts I Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total ~ r-_.A_-"",""" , State number District No. District No. District No. District '1kq. CJujarat 3, Kaira i Ahmedabad . 1 M-I\dhya Pradesft 2' Sehore 1 Gwalior . 1 Madras North Arcot 1 Tiruchirapalli . 2 Qlingleput 5 Orissa 4( 'Baudh-lOlondmals 1 Uttar Pradesh 7 Agia 1 Kanpur 6 West -Bt!nk\a . 2 2~ptt~~ 1 Howrah . 1 31. Glhes and gelatine. STATEMENT VI. 33 I?is,tribution oj licences of glues and gelatine by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Leve1 IV :1:9tal ",.---" -.--...... A--~~T'!~, ... t ,State rltixhb'er District No. District No. District No. District 1'40. Ghjanit '. .. "I' Kaira. 1 Kerala. . 1 Cannanore 1 Madhya Pradesh 1 Jabalpur . 1 t1Iadras. • t Chingleput 1 Maharashtra 1 Poona • Uttar Pradesh f .. Kanpur! • .} Wes~ Bengal '. lIt 24-Parganas 1 Di1hi • ..' Delhi • 1 32. Glass ceramic and gypsum products. STATEMENT VI.34 Distribution oflicences ofglass ceramic and gypsum products by States and distriels Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total r-----"-----, r---"- ,.-___.A-_ .. ..-___..A-_"""I State number District No. District No. District No. District No. A ndhra Pradesh 4 Hyderabad 4 Bihar 33 Ranchi 1 Hazaribagh 6 Patna 2 Dhanbad 19 Singhbhum 5 Gujarat . 18 Mehsana 1 Junagadh 1 Kaira 3 Bhavnagar 1 Rajkot . 1 Jamnagar 1 Baroda . 6 Ahmedabad 4 Kerala - 6 Palghat Kozhikode 1 Kottayam 1 Trichur 1 Quilon 2 Madhja Pradesh 18 Maodla 2 Satna 2 Hoshangabad 1 Gwalior 2 Durg 1 Jabalpur 10 Madras. 9 Salem 6 North Arcot 1 Tiruchirapalli 1 Chingleput 1 Maharashtra 9 Poona 3 Thana 6 Mysore 7 Bijapur • 1 Kolar Bangalore 4 Belgaum 1 Orissa 10 Mayurbhanj 2 Cuttack 5 Sundargarh 3 Punjab 13 Bhatinda 1 Kapurthala 1 Rohtak 3 Gurgaon 8 Rajasthan 5 Bhilwara Bharatpur 1 Kota 2 Jaipur 1 Uttar Pradesh • 37 Jaunpur Bulandshahr 2 Aligarh 3 Varanasi 1 Agra 14 Mirzapur 3 Meeyut 3 Moradabad 1 Kanpur 1 Allahabad 8 West Bengal 24 Burdwan 10 Hooghly 6 24-Parganas 4 Howrah 4 D'elhi l 13 Delhi 13 33· Cement. STATEMENT VL35 Distribution of licences of cement by States and districts Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total r-~ ~ ,- State number District 'No. District No. District No. District No. A ndhra Pradesh 13 Cuddapah 1 Adilabad 2 Krishna 4 Vi~akhal'atnam 2 Kurnool 1 Guntur 3 Bihar RjUlchi Gujarat 2 Junagadh 1 Jamnagar 1 Madhya Pradesh JabaJpur 163 R.G.l.~O. 306 STATEMENT VI.35 Distribution of licences of cement by States and districts-conc1d. Level I Level II Level III Level IV Total r----A.------. r----A.--, ,-___"'_~---. ,------'----""-\ State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Madras J Coimbatore . 1 Maharashtra 1 Cbanda Mysore 1 34. Timber products. STATEMENT VI.36 Distribution of licences of timber products by States and districts Levell Levell! Total ,--__..A.. __ ...., ,..-__--"- __--, ,--__Level --"-. __ III --, Level IV State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Amihra Pradesh 2 Visakhapatnam Krishna Assam 14 Cachar . Sibsagar 5 Lakhimpur Bihar 1 Muzaffatpur Gujarat • 2 Surat Ahmedabad Kerala 10 Palghat Trivandrum 1 Kottayam 2 Cannanore 6 Madras 9 Ramanathapuram 9 Maharashtra 2 Poona Thana Mysore 2 North Kanara 1 South Kanara 1 O~sa 3 Koraput 1 Balasore 2 Uttar Pradesh 9 Deoria 1 Bijnor 2 DehraDun 2 Sitapur 2 Bareilly 2 West Bengal • 4 24·Parganas 2 Rowrah 2 35. Miscellaneous industries. STATEMENT VI.37 Distribution oj licences of miscellaneous industries by States and districts Level I Level 11 Level III Level IV . Total ,-_ .A.~, .A..__ ----, State number District No. District No. District No. District No. Andhra Pradesh 1 Guntur 1 In conclusion it may be worthwhile to Bilaspur 1, Mandla 2), Maharashtra 2 have a look at the licences taken out by (district of Ratnagiri), Mysore 3 (district each State as a tentative index of their of Raichur), Orissa 27 (districts of Baudh absorptive capacities. KhondmaIs 1. Kalahandi 1, Mayurbhanj 3, It is a matter of much interest that none Koraput 4, Puri 4, Keonjhar 5, Sambalpur of the districts in the first level of develop 9, Punjab 1 (district Kangra), Rajasthan ment in the States of Andhra Pradesh, 3 (district of Bhilwara), and Uttar Pta Assam and West Bengal has taken out desh 33 (1 each in Bahraich, Ballia, Faiza any licence (If any sort. This is of parti bad, Hardoi, Unnao, Bara Banki and cular significance for the State of West Jaunpur 2, Gonda 3, Khwi 3, Deoria 5, B~n~a( whi<;h is generally held to be indus Gorakhpur .6. and Sitapur 7) and Hima trialized_ Of those States which have chal Pradesh 1 (district of Chamba). This taken out licences for districts in level I, makes a total of only 84 licences in only Bihar has taken out 11 (districts of Darb 30 out of a total of 79 districts in the hanga 1, Champaran 2, Muzaffarpur 4, lowest level of development throughout Saran 4), Madhya Pradesh 3 (districts of India. r9"0:7 Of the 179 licences taken out by only 46 development, the distribution by States is out of 88 districts in the second level of as follows: STATEMENT VI.38 State District Number of licences Andhra Prade~h Cuddapah 4 Chittoor 5 Srikakulam 5 Visakhapatnam 10 Total 24 .... s~am Goalpara 1 Nowgong 1 Cachar 2 Total 4 Bihar Gaya I Santal Parganas 1 Pumea . 2 Monghyr 7 Ranchi 7 Shahabad 12 lotal 30 GuJanlt . Dangs 1 Panchmahal$ 2 Total 3 Kerala '. .. . Palghat, S Total 5 Madhya Pradesb . Balarat 1 Betu 1 Rajgarh 1 Shahdol 1 Satna 2 Raipur 3 Total 9 Maharashtra Osmanabad I Bhandara 2 Chanda 4 Kolaba 7 Kolhapur 12 Total 26 Mysore Tumkur 2 Bijapur 3 Gulbarga g Belgaum 11 Total Z4 STATEMENT VI.38-concld. State District Number of licences Orissa Dhenkanal 1 Ganjam 2 Balasore 4 Cuttack 19 Total 26 Punjab . Hoshiarpur 1 Total 1 Rltjasthan Ihalawar . 1 Sawai Madhopur 2 Udaipur 2 "Pali 3 Total 8 Uttar Pradesh Etawah . 1 Etah 2 Mainpuri 13 Total 16 West Bengal Bankura Total Himachal Pradesh. Mahasu Sirmur Total 2 Of the 637 licences taken out by 62 out of development, the distribution by S~ates of a total of 76 districts in the third level is as follows: STATEMENT VI. 39 State District Number of licenc<'s Andhra Pradesh Khammam 1 Nizamabad 1 Anantapur 4 Adilabad 6 Kurnool . 9 East Godavari 12 West Godavari 12 Guntur 14 Total 59 Sibsagar ~ Kamrup 17 Total ~6 369 ST ATEMENT VI.39-contd. State District Number of licences Bihar BhagaJpur 1 Hazaribagh 12 Total 13 Gujarat Kutch 1 Amreli 2 Broach 4 Mehsana 4 Kaira 22 Surat 51 Total 84 Kerah Alleppey 8 · Kozhikode 8 Trivandrum 9 Cannanore 10 Trichur 18 Ernakulam 27 Quilon 109 Total 189 Madhya Pradesh Dewas 1 · Vidisha 1 Hoshangabad 2 Durg 4 Total 8 Madras Kanyakumari 2 · South Arcot 7 Tirunelveli 20 Salem 28 Ramanathapuram 29 Total 86 Maharashtra SataTa • 1 Wardha 2 Aurangabad . 3 BuJqhana 4 Sangli 10 Total 20 Mysore Hassan 1 Kolar 1 Mandyu 4 Bellary . 5 North Kanara 6 Mysore 11 Dharwar 12 South Kanara 12 Total 52 '-)fi~s~ Sundargarh 12 Total 12 316 ST ATEMENT VI.39-concld. State District Number .r licences Punjab. Sangruf 2 Total 2 Rajasthan Bikaner 1 Ganganagar 2 Jodhpur 2 Total 5 Uttar Pradesh Jhansi . 1 Bulandshahr 3 Bijnor . 6 Rampur 6 Varanasi 9 Mirzapur 10 Bareilly 12 Moradabad 12 Allahabad 21 Total 80 West Bengal Birbhum 1 Total Of the 2,293 licences taken out by 75 this level) districts in the fourth or top level out of a total of 81 (excluding districts of development, the distribution by State!! of Greater Bombay, Madras and Calclltta of i~ as folloW!!; ST ATBMENT VIAO State District Number of licences Andhra Pradesh Krishna 15 Hyderabad 43 Total • 58 Assam . • Lakhimptlr . 18 Total 18 Bihar Patna 19 Dhanbad 34 Singhbhum 39 Total 92 ~Rjarat Suren Tqtl1l 290 ~tt STATEMENT VI.40-contd. State District Number oflicences Kerala Kot~aya~ 11 Total 11 Madhya Pradesh Ratlam 5 East Nimar 6 Ujjain . 8 'Sehote. 9 6walior 12 ),ndor,e 13 Jabalpur 13 Total 66 M~dras 'Thanjavur 6 North Arcot 8 Tiruchirapalli 20 Madurai 29 Chi~leput 34 Coimbatore 176 Total 273 Maharashtra Amravati 2 Dhulia 3 ·Nasik 4 Akola 5 Sholapur 6 Jalgaon 9 Nagpur 10 Ahmadnagar 12 Poona 81 Thana 106 Total 238 Mysore Shimoga 9 Chitradurga 23 Bangalore 80 Total 112 Punjab . Dhatinda 2 Ferozepur 4 Kamal 5 Gurdaspur 6 Hissar 8 Kapurthala 18 Rohtak 18 Patiala 21 Jullundur 26 Ambala 44 Amritsar 49 Ludhiana 55 Gurgaon 102 Total 3~ Rajasthan Bharatpur 7 Ajmer 8 Kota 13 Jaipur 18 Total 46 STATEMENT VI.4O-concld. State District Number of licences Uttar Pradesh Mathura 2 Naini Tal 3 DehraDun 9 Aligarh 12 Muzaifarnagar 12 Saharanpur 13 Lucknow 14 Agra 27 Meerut. 66 Kanpur 81 Total 239 West Bengal Darjeeling Jalpaiguri 2 Nadia 12 Burdwan 37 Hoogbly 65 24-Parganas 115 Howrah 126 Total 358 Delhi • . Delhi 134 Total 134 The following abl>tract shows the relative positions of the States in the matter of industrial licences: STATEMENT VI.41 Distribution 0/ industrial licences issued to States. Madras, Greater Bombay and Calcutta districts Less than 50 50-100 100-150 150-300 Over 300 Assam Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Kerala Gujarat Himachal Prad()sh Orissa Bihar Maharashtra Madras Rajasthan Madras district Mysore Greater Bombay Delhi district Punjab Uttar Pradesh Calcutta district West Bengal No licences have been taken out in respect of the following industries in the States noted against each: STATEMENT VI.42 States which have taken out no industrial licences Met,allurgical industries Himachal Pradesh Pu.Is Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Boilers No licences in any State except Maharashtra, PUnjab and West Bengal Prime movers Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Mad.hya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajastban, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Electrical equipment Assam and Himachal Pradesh Telecommunications Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Transportation (including railway wagon) Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Industrial machinery Himacnal Pradesh Machine tools Assam, Bihar, KeraIa, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh Agrjcyltural pmchinery Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bih!lr, KeraIa, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa. and Himachal Pradesh, Earthmoving machinery Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Orissa Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Miscellaneous mechanical engineering Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Himachal industries Pradesh, Commercial, office and household Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore. equipments Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Medical and surgical appliances No licences in any State except Maharashtra and West Bengal Industrial instruments Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madbya Pradesh, Orissa, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Scientific instruments Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa and Himachal Pradesh· Mathematical surveying and drawing No licences in any State except Uttar Pradesh and Delhi instruments 16~ R.C.I.-H. 3I 4 STATEMENT VI.42 States which have taken out no industrial licences--concld. Fertilizers • • Assam, Orissa, Punjab, West Bengal, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Chemicals Himachal Pradesh Photographic raw films and paper No licences in any State except West Bengal Dyestuffs Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Keraia, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Mysore, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh Drugs and pharmaceuticals Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Himachal Pradesh Sugar Kerala, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Fermentation industries, Assam, Kerala, Orissa, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Food processing industries Orissa Vegetable oils and vanaspati . Assam, Orissa and Himachal Pradesh Soap3, cosmetics and toilet preparations Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Rubber goods AnJhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh Leather and leather products. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Keraia, Mysore, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Glues and gelatine Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Mysore, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh Glass, ceramics and gypsum products Assam and Himachal Pradesh Cement Assam, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh Timb'er products Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal Pradesb Miscellaneous industries No licences in any State except Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra CHAPtER V11 CASES OF HIRE PURCHASE UNDER THE NATIONAL Sl.\-lALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION AMONG DISTRICTS ARRANGED BY LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT THE PRECEDING CHAPTER was concerned purchase cases in the various levels of with the distribution of industrial .licences development than of industrial licences. relating to large factories among districts This accords with the aims and objects of arranged by levels of development. A the National Small Industries Corporation, Directory of machines supplied on Hire which are mainly 4esi!Wed to stimulate small furchase issued by the National Small industrial enterprise over as large an area as Industries Corporation in August, 1964 possible. But despite this effort there is a provided the occasion for investigating how . noticeable concentration of hire purchase m,uch of tho hire purchase benefits has cases in districts of the top or highest level been claimed by districts in the various of development and mainly in the three levels of development. The Statistics cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Madra§, presented in this Chapter have been based which provides proof of .their absorptive on this authoritative Directory alone. capacities. Statement VII. 1 gives aq abstract of cases of hire purchase distri The Directory gives us on the whole a buted among all districts according to levels picture of more equable distribution of hire of development. STATEMENT VII.1 Abstract of cases of hire purchase distributed among all districts in India acc!ording to levels of development Greater Bombay, Total of Calcutta, ,Industry Total I II III IV I to IV Madras 'J\'otal . 3,716 105 301 657 1,616 2,679 1,037 Agricultural implements . 42 4 5 11 18· 38 4 2 Auto servicing . 127 2 11 43 55 111 16 3 BQilding mate,rials 67 17 17 18 53 14 4 Ceramics 13 3 4 9 4 5 Chemicals 126 3 6 22 41 72 54 -6 Containers 38 2 7 7 16 22 '1 El~ctfiCaI goods 143 8 14· 73 95 48 8 Food products 116 17 10 32 45 104 12 9 Foundry 92 4 10 16 36 66 26 10 Leather. 30 7 4 11 22 8 11 Light engine'ering 1,546 19 119 222~ 711@ 1,071 475 ·Includes 1 unit for which hire purchase value is not available. tIncludes 4 units for which hire purchase value is not available. @Incluqes 9 units for which hire purchase value is not available. 315 316 STATEMENT VII.1 Abstract of cases of hire purchase distributed among all districts in India according to levels of development-concld. GreatCf Bombay, Total of Calcutta, Industry Total I II III IV I to DI MlI;djrll!' 12 Metalware 60 6 14 19 39 21 13~ Plastic conversion 134 4 17 47 69 65 14 P.rinting and binding 239 6 17* 47 115 185 54 15 RUbber based industry 75 1 6 2S 33 6S 10 16 Scientific goods 92 2 8 45 55 37 11 Stationery 120 3 18 45 67 53 18 Textiles. 64 8 6 34 48 !6 19- Timber based industry 282 31 45 98 75' 249 33 20 Wearing apparel 99 2 7 77t 87 12 21 Miscellaneous industries 211 11 14 26 107* 158 53 *Includes 1 unit for which hire purchase value is not available. tIncludes 3 units for which hir~ pur.:hase value is not available. The best distributed sectors are agricul industries. It is noteworthy that no case of tural implements, auto servicing, building hire purchase has gone to a district of the materials, ceramics, food products, foun first or lowest level of development in res dty, chemkals, rubber based industry, pect of containers, electrical goods, leather, timber based industry and miscellaneous metalware, scientific goods and te~es. The items leather, metalwarfe and textiles industries. Industries which are beavily J' , concentrated in districts of levels III and are of particular moment as these mdus- IV are chemicals, containers, electrical tries are stili regarded as traditional and, goods, leather, light engineering, metal therefore, supposed to be universal.. .Both ware, plastic conversion, printing and the number and value of hire purch~se binding, scientific goods, stationery, textiles cases are particularly low in districts of crnd wearing apparel. level I in respect of auto servicing, .cera mics, building metrials, chemicals, foundry, A picture of much heavier concentration "light engineering, plastic conversion, print in districts of levels III and IV and the ing and binding, rubber based Industry, three cities of Bombay, Calcutta and stationery, timber based industry, wearing Madras, is however obtained in Statement apparel and Il)isceUaneous . industries. VII. 2. The lines of heaviest concentration Similarly the n~mber and value of cases are auto serVIcmg, chemicals, electrical are particularly Jow in districts. of level II goods, foundry, leather, light engineering, in respect of containers, food PWdqcts, plastic conversion, printing and binding, plastic conversion, rubber based industry, rubber based industry, scientific goods, sta scientific goods, stationery and wearing tionery, wearing apparel and miscellaneous apparel. 3d:,I STA'iI'EMENT VII.2 Abstract of total value of cases of hire purchase distributed among all districts in. India according to levels of develoP"(1le{lt Greater Bombay. Totruof CalcUtta, Industry Total Ii II III IV I to IV Madras Total 144,696,490 1,288,900 5,800,600 15,758,090 64,257,500 87,105,090 57,591,400 1 Agricultural implements 721,600 62,100 147,300 142,000 253,800 605,200 116,400 2 Auto servicing . 3,655,690 j 48,200 350,100 741,690 1,893,500 3,033,490 622,200 3 Building materials 1,777,500 23,800 386,900 454,000 507,900 1,372,600 404,900 4 Ceramics 1,039,000 7,400 184,800 126,100 95,000 413,300 625,700 5 Chemicals. 5,209,900 25,800 392,600 635,700 1,343,700 2,397,800 2,812,100 6 Containers. 1,672,600 77,300 441,100 438,800 957,200 715,400 7 Electrical goods 7,653,300 357,100 868,500 3,697,700 4,923,300 2,730,000 8 Food products 3,298,800 406,200 248,700 611,800 1,676,000 2,942,700 356,100 9 Foundry 3,431,600 67,100 188,900 258,400 1,319,800 1,834,200 1,597,400 10 Leather 813,000 61,800 23,000 616,100 700,900 112,100 11 Light engineering 70,344,900 175,600 2,092,200 6,845,900 34,419,600 43,533,300 26,811,600 12 Metalware 2,010,000 167,900 159,600 527,100 854,600 1,155,400 13 Plastic conversion 8,392,700 35,300 97,100 842,400 2,239,300 3,214,100 5,178,600 14 Printing and: binding 5,299,300 49,900 101,300 714,700 2,835,400 3,701,300 1,598,000 15 Rubber based industry 2,818,500 7,600 43,500 172,000 1,235,600 1,458,700 1,359,800 16 Scientifi ~ goods 3,734,000 146,100 118,300 1,563,400 1,827,800 1,906,200 17 Stationery 6,419,400 37,700 17,500 583,700 2,393,100 3,032,000 3,387,400 18 Textiles 1,661,300 97,600 80,800 1,124,700 1,303,100 358,200 19 Timber based industry 5,253,200 177,900 434,500 1,177,700 1,483,600 3,273,700 1,979,500 20 Wearinll apparel 2,293,200 128,700 15,400 59,400 1,729,500 1,933,000 360,200 21 MisceManeous industries.. 7,197,000 35,600 192,000 701,300 2,863,900 3,792,800 3,404,200 This shows that not only moclem lines State subclassified into districts in each of of small industry but even the traditional the four levels of development. We shall on'es which lean on modem tools ,are con exclude Greater Bomb'ay, Calcutta and centrated in districts of levels III and IV. Madras from this brief account. The first figure gives the number of cases of hire A. statewise narration of each item of purchase and the second figure the total hire purchase may now be attempted, each value (in rupees). 8 V) o ~00 .... ~...... ~..... i>... ! I 000 000 MM 00 ftft_ 88888 ..... M ..... ~\O.. ~C't,,\O.. V)l() 'I"""'Il()CO ...... ______'!""""l - ~(f"') '1"""'1\0- - ('I") C'('I"""'I 8 V) !i..... , 8 .t?os C'" .l!l .~ 00 o o 0 8 o o 0 00 \D .,... \0 Mft ..; o t'f"I"o ~..... 0'\ N_ ~ ..... £.,...... r- -_..... ~ - - .~ -o g § 0\ a:; ~~ .... -.,...-- -.... o 8 t-.:' -~ ~ -'" 321 0 00 8 8 0 8 00 88 88 ~§ <'l <1\ 00_ _10 .... ~ NM~ ~~~~_r-<'I 000"" 0\''-: ~ ~ ~ 0\' ";-M _<'I t::: 0'1 -' 0 0 0 gg 8 '8888 8 0 0 g og 0 0 000 0 0 010 \r) 000 0 0 gg .... \0 00 IO~O 0 "" 0";- ~.,.., -~ ..... i vi' '" --'"!S~!i s- <'100 -M' ..... -<'1_ -M' NN <'I -- ---... ------. . -- - i ... ~... .c m.c "'d :aco - ... 01 "'::s ... ~ .... "O~ m~ 0 ~o~E"O c,c 'a-~ ;<;::: ~'" ~::::"O it'" ~ ta .~ "'- ~ 0 (3 ~o(3 p.. ~ o~ 88 0 0 0 0 00 "t ,.;- t- ---<'I --- ... z~ g g ... 8.... ~ 00 o ... i .,.., ...... -.... - =J.... ;n --- 8 8 - 8 <5...... ; ""'!. ~ -\0 - --~" ""0 .....8. 8' .... ri.... - -...... g ~ e-- ;:.- - .... ., ~~",:.n -...... - 8 ...... ; ~ ~ -{E-< 00 • • ..323 ...8 r-!' -~-- •• •t • • • i"C:I D'!0 :a ~! !- .,...~_ .....- --- " ~ -._ - .1 8-8;0 0 g-; 0 0 . 0 2 _ 8.,... ~ ..... 0 0 ;. 8 ~ ~ N" 00 a::- t ~ ~_ 0- ,.... 00 ., .~ hi' r-!' 0\" r-!' "'vi'; r-!' vS- r-!' vS a\ 0- on \0 ~_ r..: f'~,,: ...., _, <1'1 ~ -;:, ~ ...... -I-~ ~. .... N N ~ ~ _' " :::t f"') -- " "'" ¥ ~ .... 00 ... N .... -- -- - ~ -- ~ \0 ------, ' "CI'" ] - . .;l !~ ... ..c:l~ .J;' 11"C:I t ~ ~ ! § '1:1 ~ '1:1 .S CIS ..... £ ~ s ~ .. ~ 1j.: £ .. la CIS e Ii: CIS f! '" l;I o~ CIS .a:"'. i.'! ~: ~ os I"' tIJ ~ en .. S . OS ' !9 ~ a .s ~ - ;:.,'-,.~- ~ 'S' t !CIS ~ t" ~,.., . '" ":-' '- ~ :::Ii ~ :::Ii "0 :5 l'" ¥' &~ -0 I 6 ! i o· ...I ~ :::Ii ::s ::s ~ ...... o -0\ Io ~ 88 Mil")'" '" 00 --.... -.... " 8 00 v;f N- U;-O ~.a «1«1 r, (» ~, 'Q{ :> , .3,, l 8- r-:. .::::. 0 ",08 ~i -"'" · .. o o 00 'C) ~ o o ~..... o o o o o "-> .!i .....00 ..... -..... ~..... !:!...... o (:) o o 0 o 00 on t::. ~ !Q ..... M ..... 8 <:> <:> <:> <:>.... .!:i- 00' - ~- _0-- co ...... 9o '" L is o o 00 O\ft -.::::! • S~9 0 <::) 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 <'> M r- M 0 0 00 .,...r- 0 " 0 00 0 00 0 0 00::> 0 0 00 0 0 8g 0 '0"'" CO 0.,... co_ Nco \0 '""! --...... ;' ~~ r-!'v)' r: ... ..;' -N !:i- N -...... ~..... NN ..... --N_ N - - --. - ..c: ...0:1 -; (1)>. CO CO ... Po ... 0:1 I'l::s Po= ;.::: e:-e 0:1 .... PoO 0:1 0 "0 ;::J 0:1 ... e CO CO _ell "'1'1 El .. = ->. = Po 0:I::s 0:1 ~:g ::s 0:1 ::s °0 Q til ~~ til E-< ~O ;:.: <0- 0 0 0 0 g~ CI), 0\ -0 ..; ~o -N !:!. ;:;-~ N - 8 "0 0:1 .. = ~ ~..c: ..c: Po 0:1 ... ,.14 0:1 Po ..Q0:I ..e ,.14"0 ~ 0$ 0:1"0 ~ p;.. .. ~ ::s • u) cU :>u 41-:0 ~~.~ :~r~~ 0 ;;0:1 0 0$ 0 coo - =c::= -~ .~.~.~g.a.e .... 0:10:1 ~ ... > ~~.g ,Q C!I~~ 8'" '8~2 0:1 .... ;::J;::J ..c: ;::JPot=>. U Pov~ g o!:l 0_ 0 Q 0 0 ;..:;.c<.c< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <'> 0 r- 0'1 <'> 0 0 0 0 .... 0 0 ' -u .~ "0 o 0000 o 000 0 \0",_....-1 00 ~ rtN"';~ -..... ("t')('f"l_OO - ---~ -- -N ...... o o o o M -M O· ~- ~ o o o o CO ..0 -e on ..... ~ M on..... :a '0 C 33 1 o o ,..: ---N 00 00 88 888888ooOI£lN_- vO OOv 0\____ t'--N'"',..:...; N-_~ __ 0("')- _--. ____ N ~~ ------N M -- 8 8 0.. ~ 0. -.... ~ .... cder cd ·cc rn .!i o o o o o o o o t'-~ o M "'- 0. N ~ ~ ("oJ \0'" -:: \0- - <> '0'" -~.. 332 -~R... eo ~ ,D .§ 8 g vi -...... - o o o o o .....,.,R :3...... -...... -.... co 333 -, 0 0 8 888 8 0 8 8 888 0 §~§8 II'> __ 00 8 t- § N~ 00 §~~ § ~~~§ ~ ...-:C'i.N.. ~~ N 'D- M..~"-:" 8~ f"'i'....-4.. ®"'r-!' .,.; .... 00 ~ ~-II'> 'D \IS o\O"M"a\ ~ ----('f"\"'I:t !!i II'> t-- .... ~ -N-- !i..... :!i~~ ..... ~---- 'D--- II'> ...... --N--N __ - ~~t:.=...... ('1") __ -'" N- - N ------~ N -- N ------~ ...... a .... I>ll 01 p8~ ' a !:l 6. ::I ::I~ ,S .D e 0 0 .... '" 0 .s- '0 01 ...0 fr< 01 C; ~~.g ~ g] ~ 01 OIa2 co,.d.c:r 01 01 bIl::l'" .g ,.\( .~ e I>ll -OI§ ~ :; l3718 '~° 'ta' 0 ,S 01 =0 :;: ~= ~ >. t 0 =«I ..cl ~ ~ 01 ,~ Ife:>~e:> ~ A::l~ 0 ::t: .... t:4 ~ !-e= 0 '".....= ozt: <~ .... ll~j 0 0 888 8 0). 0\.\0 N N eg ~-':;M ~ ~M ~ N--.... N ------.... --- ...... ~--..... - e ,os 01 2>.' '".D '"{l .... «1 "'0=~ g:.s 1:E'g ·f:~·8 ~ !§~ ~ £-0<0' rJ:l i5:~ 0 0 r:- ...; ....~ -;::;- --- e .s01 «I c.os ..cl ~ ,.\( C. 't;! ~ :3 g0 t::- 'C g° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VI N ~ g N t- ~ o 00 on .... o~ 0\" VI" :3 3 .,.; ..... 00 r-.:' .~ .,.; ..r ~ :2- 0\ VI t- t- ~ 00 00 ::. !::; ~ ~ ::!; S ~ N ;n ~ - ~ N II'> ~ N t1i N ~ II'> -- N M N ;0- - - i ~ ...,III ... 0 's 0 ..c: 1)1) ..cl ..c: ""01 '" ..cl U "" ~ ..cl ° °01 «I "" C; !S '"CI) I>ll ... '"~ '"p..... a °«I p.. a 01 a 01 .E '".... CI) '" o:! fa ,0 ..c: p.. .! o:! o:! CI) ..cl '" ~ Col ... o:! ::I 01 >. '" ...'" .... ,0 £ 01 gj ... 00 ..c: -... ..c: e 01 0 01, 01 a Ol 'j? ;S ..cl -~ .. ;S ::I 'ta' ~ 'S' a 01 01 «I 'g 'ta' S -0 '"= 01 '" '" p.. ~ P- ~ A° 1"1 -< 0 .... ~ ~ ~ =s ~ p.. g:: :5 01° 334 OJ ..o ....-g o8 ~..... g N' ....-.....N " 33.5 o o 8 ~ II") ...... M N- -.... 00 00 o ",,"II") ~ 8 -...... II") M -..... t::...... o o 8..... ~ o r-!' II") :. ~ .....N t::. .... -..... -...... -N " t, ....I ....> ! . . . . . . . . . 337 o . o o 0< o g :;:.. ~ I' ~i !.i 1'-... - ~- - .. i 00 00 g g 00 00 ,.., I' _ft \0.. "l cO VI....:~ '" -... -----...... N------...- - o o 8. '" E -~ - .. . . o ~ ('I ---..... o o g g o o o ~ 00 ~ ~ 00 '"0' .... 00 ~ -... ,.., ~..... '" -M -~ - '"\0,.., - .... ~ "S' o 163 :5 ~- co 01' .S "80p co 00 00 _t-- _"'00 \0------' ...o I'l .:::1 en '" ,..9I~ ~ en ,- 0;::'" o I 3S9 Of the i05 cases of hire purchase worth districts in the first level of development, 1,288,900 taken out by 37 out of 79 the' distribution by States is as follows: STATEMENT VIl.4 Value State District Number ,Rupees) Bihar . Saran 1 800 · Muzafi'arpur 1 1,500 Total 2 2,300 Jammu and Kashmir · Baramulla 1 8,600 Total 1 8,600 Madhya Pradesb Mandla 2 13,100 Bilaspur 3 47,800 Rewa 4 57,300 Jhabua 7· 52,~00 Seoni 9 29,900 Total 15 200,600 Onssa Mayurbhanj 1 21,000 · Puri 2 21,200 Total 3: 42,200' Rajasthan Nagaur 1 23,800 Bhilwara 2 33,100 Total 3 56,900 Uttar Pradesh Sultanpur 1 1,800 Pithoragarh 1 3,000 Gonda 1 6,700 Hamirpur 1 10,300 Almora 1 11,700 Hardoi 1 16,100 Ghazipur 1 27,500 Ballia 1 31,800 Gorakhpur 2 13,800 Banda 2 18,800 Azamgarh 2 39,000 Budaun 2 85,700 Basti 3 37,600 Faizabad 3 63,200 Fatehpur 3 , 142;600 Sitapur 4 18,200 Kheri 4 26,500 Pratapgarh 4 56,200 Jaunpur 4 65,500 Bara Banki 4 68,200 Bahraich 7 61,000 Rae BareH 8 55,900 Deorla 9 63,200 Total 69 924,300 Himachal Pradesh Chamba 1 4~~ioo Total 1 49,100 Maniput Manipur 1 4,900 Total 1 4,900 34° Of the 301 cases of hire purcbase worth development, the distributiJon by States B 5,&00,600 taken out by 45 districts out of as follows: 88 districts in the second level of STATEMENT VII.S Value 'Stato District Number (Rupees) Andlira Pradesh Nellore 3 13,900 Srikakulam 4 39,000 Chittoor 8 130,600 Visakhapatnam 15 308,~00 Cuddapah 18 256,400 Total 48 748,700 Assam ~owgong 1 7,200 poalpara 1 25,300 Cachar 4 69,600 Total 6 102,100 Bihar Santa! Parganas 1 2,900 Monghyr 2 19,500 Palamau 2. 24,400 Ranchi 4 259,400 Total 9 306,200 Gujarat • Banaskantha 1 3,100 Total 1 3,100 Jammu and Kashmir • Sri nagar 8 199,000 Total 8 199,000 K~rala • Palghat 17 280,500 Total 17 280,500 Madhya Pradesh Satna 1 800 Morena 1 5,700 Dhar 1 6,700 Shahdol 1 29,400 Shajapur • • 2 10,300 Guna 3 12,300 Chhindwara 4 9,300 Betul 4 21,900 West Nimar • 4 78,800 Raipur 14 142,100 Total 35 317,300 Mabarashtra • Bhandara • 1 119,300 Chanda 2 20,600 Parbbani 5 12,300 Kolhapur 66 1,1)0,,500 Total 74 1,157,700 34I STATEMENT VII·5-concld. Value State ., District Number (Rupees) Mysore Bijapur 4 47,800 Gulbarga 5 63,900 Tumkur* 23 262,900 Belgaum 29 603,300 Total 61 977,900 Orissa • Ganjam 4 45,500 Cuttack 11 604,600 Total 15 650,100 Punjab • Mahendragarh 2 109,100 Total 2 109,100 Rajasthan • Chitorgarh 1 10,500 • • • Udaipur 6 520,600 7 531,100 Uttar Pradesh Etawah • 1 61,100 Shahjahanpur . 2 68,400 Mainpuri 2 128,400 Farrukhabad 8 86,300 Total 13. 144,200 W.est IBengal • West Dinaj1?ur 1 4,400 Murshidabad 1 4,900 Midnapore a • 3 64,300 Total • 5 73,600 nncludes i pnit for whic~ hire purchase v.alue is not &vailable. Of the 657 cases of 'hire purchase $orth districts in the third level of development, 15,758,090 taken out· by 58 out of 76 the distribution by States is as follows: STATEMENT VII. 6 Value State • District Number (Rupees) Andhrl! Pradesh Kurnool 1 16,400 Nizamabad 8 66,600 Anantapur 8 100,800 East Godavari 9 82,300 Warangal 13 99,800 Guntur 28 435,300 Total 67 801.200 Assam. . Sibs agar 3 97,000 Kamrup 9 315,900 Total 12· 412,900 Bihat . Hazaribagh 1 60,800 Total . 1 60,800 3~ STATEMENT VII.6-contd. Value State District Number (Rupees) Gujarat Broach 1 9,000 Mehsana 2 6,200 Kaira 4 130,100 Surat 7 618,000 Total . 14 763,300 Kerala Cannanore 16" 382,000 Kozhikode 23 600,900 Ernakulam 24 365,500 Trivandrum 28 464,500 Alleppey 34 336.200 Trichur . 35. 593,200 Quilon 40 995,100 Total 200 3.737,400 Madhya Pradesh Mandij,aur 1 • 4,200 Raisen 2 26,000 Sagar 3 23,500 Hoshangabad 5 15,900 Vidisha 8 48,300 Durg . . . 8 112,700 Total 27 230,600 Madras . Kanyakumari 2 10,300 Tirunelveli 10 300,200 Salem 14 326,300 South Aroot . . . 16 160,000 Ramanathapuram 17 536,400 Total 59 1,,333.200 Maharashtra • . Yeotrrial 1 7,<500 Nanded 4 39.600 Satara 18 520.600 Sangli 28 473,300 Total 51 1,040,400 Mysorl' North Kanara 2 9,700 Hassan 2 '14,100 Bellary 5 32,300 Mandya 7 , 32.900 Kolar, 17 79,800 South,Kanara 21 456,800 Mysore 24 446,800 Dharwar • 35 628,290 Total 113 1,700,690 Orissa . Sundargarh 4- 317,400 TDtal 4 317,400 Punjap . Simla 1 10,500 Total 1 10f~O .. Includes 1 unit for which..hire purchase value is not available• 343 STATEMENT VII. 6-concld. Stllte District Number Value tRupees) Rajasthan Bikaner 1 10,500 Alwar 2 16,400 Jodhpur 6 601,100 Total 9 628,000 Uttar Pradesh . Mirzapur 3 23,200 Pilibhit 3 50,400 Jhansi 3 54,900 Rampur 4 49,300 Bareilly 5 80,300 Bulandshahr 8 65.000 Varanasit 12 316;200 Moradabad 12 502,900 • Allahabad 46 3,549,300 Total 96 4,691,500 Tripura . Tripura 3 30,200 Total. 3 30,200 tIncludes 4 units for whiCh hire purchase value is not available. Of the 1,616 cases of hire purchase Madras and Calcutta of this level) districts worth 64,257,500 taken out by 76 out of 84 in the fourth level of development, the (excluding 3 districts of Greater Bombay, distribution by States is as follows: STATEMENT VII. 7 Value State District Number (Rupees) Andhra Pradesh Krishna 22 771,500 Hy;derabad* 47 3,109,300 Total 69 3,880,800 Assam United Khasi and Jaintia Hills 3 102,800 Lakhimpur 9 94,800 Total 12 197,600 Bihar . Patna • 16 492,600 Total 16 492,600 Gujarat . Junagadh 2 12,300 Bhavnagar • 3 197,900 S urendranagar 4 45,500 Jamnagar 4 71,400 Rajkot 18 789;300 BaJ;Oda 23 1,047,800 Ahmedabad 34 1,774,400 Total 88 3,938.600 *lncludes 1 unit for whicli hire purchase value is not available. 344 STATEMENT vn. 7-contd. Value State District Number (Rupees) Jammu and Kashmir Jammu 14 531,700 Total 14 531,700 I Madras • Nilgiri ·3 20,800 Cbingleput 8 359,100 North Areot 15 295,000 Madurai 19 558,100 Thanjavur . 25 478,800 Tiruchirapalli . 28 669,200 Coimbatore 58 1,951,800 Total 156 4,332,800 Maharashtra Jalgaon 1 5,600 Dhulia 2 9,200 Alcola 2 245,600 Nasik 4 35,200 Ahmadnagar 7 207,800 Amravati 7 451,300 Thana 8 196,100 Nagpur 14 632,900 Sholapur 17 207,100 Poona 56 1,661,000 Total 118 3,651,800 Mysore Coorg 1 4,800 Chikmagalur 2 14,400 Shimoga 16 165,100 Chitradurga 30 801,000 Bangalore* 206 7,621,900 Total 255 8,60-7,200 Punjab Hissar 1 5,800 Kapurthala 1 70,200 Ferozepur 5 50,100 Karnal 7 199,200 Patiala 8 437,500 Amritsar 10 771,800 Rohtak 10 846,000 Gurgaoo 15 137,600 Jullundur 17 409,100 Ambala 17 1,013,700 Gurdaspurt 18 621,000 Ludhianat 81 3,115,300 Total 190 7677,300 *Includes 1 unit for which hire purchase value is not available. tIncludes 2 units for which hire purchase value is not available. tIncludes 5 units for which hire purchase value is not available. 945 STATEMENT Vll.7-concld. Value State District Number (Rupees) Rajasthan Bharatpur 2 15,200 Ajmer 2 253,200 Kota 3 22,800 Jaipur 23 t.3~S,4oo Total 30 1,6S6,6()0 Uttar' Pradesh Nain! Tal 5 80,9()O Mathura • 5 ]94,600 Muzaffarnagar 7 161,700 Saharanpur 7 247,800 Aligarh 9 186,000 DehraDun 14 533,200 Lucknow 27 1,175,200 Meerut • 40 1,008,500 Agra * 52 1,820,400 Kanpur S4 2,630,000 Total. 220 8,038,300 West Bengal Hooghly 2 20,300 Nadia 3 1,246,100 Darjeeling 4 48,600 Burdwan 6 372,500 24-Parganas 16 614,500 Howrah 33 1,472,900 Total . 64 3.. 774,900 Delhi • . Delhit 292 14,075,900 Total 291 14,075,990 .Includes 1unit for which hire purchase value is not available. tIncludes 3 units for which hire purchase value is not available. The following abstract shows the relativte positions of the States in the matter of cases of hire purchases: STATEMENT VII.S Total cases of hire purchases Less than 25 26-100 101-200 201-300 Over 300 Kerala Jammu and Kashmir Assam Andhra Pradesh Madras Greater Bombay prissa Bihar Gujarat Madras District District Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mysore Manipur West Bengal Punjab Delhi Uttar Pradesh Trlpura Calcutta District STATEMENT VII.9 Total value of cases ofhire purchases Less than 1,000,000 0'1-0'5 Crores 0'6-1 '0 Crores 1'1-1' 5 Crores Over 1 . 5 Crore~ Assam Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Madras District Greater Bombay Bihar Madhya Pradesh Kerala Mysore District Jammu and Kashmir Orissa Madras Uttar Pradesh Calcutta District Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra Delhi Manipur West Bengal Punjab Tripura 1113 ~.G.I.-t5. The following statement gIves an .abstract no contract for any hire purchase case of tho~e industries for which there has been in respect of the States noted against them. STATEMENT VII.lO No cases of hire purchase Agricultural implements. ~ihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Auto servicing Assam, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh and Manipur Building material Assam. Bihar, Gujarat, JamlUu apd :{{ashJtlir, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tnpura ceramics Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,Madhya Pradesh,Madras, Mysore, Rajasthiln, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Chemicals Bihar, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Containers Assam, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Rimachal Prad(sh, Manipur and Tripura EII;ctrical goods Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Food products Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Foundry Assam, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur . and Tripura Leather Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura I Light engineering Manipur Metalwares Bihar, Jammu and 'Ka;shmir, Himachl}l Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Plastic conversion Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Orissa, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Mapipur and T,ripura Printing and binding Rajasthan. Himachal Pradesh and Manipur Rubber based 'industry Assam, Jammu and Kas.hrnir, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Scientific goods Assam, Bi}1ar, Oris~a, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Stationery Assam, Kerala, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Textiles Assam, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripl ra Timber. based industry Orissa, Himacbal pradesh and Tripura Wearing appurel Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, H,imacbal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura Miscellaneous -industries Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura CHAPTER VIII THE FOURTH ESTATE AND THE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT It WOULD BE INTERESTING 'to find Out whe of these 88 only '6 districts publish a 'total ther there is any association between the of 18 daily newspapers. Of these J.8 activity of the opinion forming press again, 14 have circulations less than 5Q,QQQ (newspapers and journals) and districts in each. The circulation of the remaining 4 the various levels of development, whether is small and unkriown. The district's pub newspaper publication increases in range lishing daily newspapers are Chittoor fu and circulation with improving levels of Andhra Pradesh (English 1, Tamil 1. qevelopment. All of us are generally Telugu 1), Shajapur in Madhya Prades~ agreed on the likelihood of positive asso (Hindi 1) Raipur in Madhya Pradesh ciation between the two, but no statistical (Hindi 4), Kolhapur in Mahluashtra analysis of association has yet been made (Marathi 3), Cuttack in Orissa (English t'1 the writer's knowledge. The fpllowing 1, Oriya 5) and ptawah in UUar Pr.ade~h brief analysis prepared from the 'Annual (Hindi 1). Etawah also publishes 1 Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for monthly journal in Hindi with a circulation India 1961' (tables appearing on pages below 50,000. 66-75 and 139-152) on which it is based might therefore.be of interest. . Districts in the third level of develop ment Districts in the lowest level of ~evel0l! ment A to\al of 76 districts have be(fn placed The ranking device has placed 79 dis in the third level of development. Of these tricts in the first or lowest level of develop only 32 districts produce any newspapel ment. Only 3 districts (Rew(j., Faiza or journal at all. Only 1 daily news bad and Manipur) produce 7 daily news paper claims a circulation of more than papers in all, none of which sell anything 51),000 in Kozhikode (Kerala). Only 1 like 50,000 copies each. In fact, the cir weekly, again from Kozhikode, claims a culation of 5 of them is small and unknown. circulation exceeding 50,000. There are Of these again, 4 are published from 2 monthly journals from Allahabad- (Uttar Manipur, 1 of which is bilingual. Gorakh Pradesh) with a circulation exceeding pur produces 1 monthly j'ournal in Hindi 50,000. Detailed information aOout the with a circulation of more than 50,000. languages in which the papers and journals are published will be found in the table. Districts in the second dowest but one} level· of development The following is an abstract of dally A "fotal of 88 districts have been placed newspapers published from distriots in the in the second level of development. - Out . third level of dtwelopment of each- State. 347' ~48 STATEMENT VIII.1 Number and circulation of daily newspaperJ Circulation No. of Circulation less than Small and State districts Total over 50,000 50,000 unknown 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andhra Prad~h 6 5 Assam. 1- 2 2 ',' Gujaral 2 10 6 4 KeMla 7 32 26 5 Madhya Pradesh 1 3 3 Madr~ 4 6 3 3 Maharashtra 2 4 3 I Mysore 3 17 8 9 Ra~asthau 3 3 2 Uttar Pradesh 5 21 13 B Tripura· 1 Total 30 105 1 69 35 Thus. 10.5 STATEMENT VUI. 2' ~mber and circulation of weekly papers Circulation No. of Circulation leM' than Circulation districts Total, over 50,000 50,000 unknown 2 3 5 6 Assam 2 2 2 Kerala 5 6 1 5 Mad .lS Mlsqre 1 1. Uttar. Pradtsh 2 2 2 Total 11 12 1 11 ., the following is an abstract of the monthly. journals: STATEMENT VIll.3 Number and circulation of monthly journals Circulation No. of Circulation less than Circulation State districts Total over 50,Q()() 50,000 unknown 2 3 4 S 6, Kerala 3 7 7 Madras Mysore 1 Uttar Pradesh 3 8 2 6 Total 8 17 2 15 Districts in the fourth or highest level of 18 have a circulation of more than 50,000,. development 237 have a circulation less than 50,000 Of the 84 districts placed in the fourth and 139 have small and unknown circula or highest level of development as many tions. as 49 districts publish daily newspapers. The following is an abstract for each Out of a total of 394 daily newspapers State of daily newspapers: STATEMENT VIII .4 Number and circulation of daily newspapers CirculMion No. of Circulation less than Circulation State districts Total over 50,0001 50,000 unknown 2 3 4 5 6 Andhra Pradesh 2 28 ., 15 13 Bihar 9 6 3 Gujarat 3 19 14 5 Kerala 7 5 1 Madhya Pradesh 6 36 23 13 Madras 4 35 4 22 9 Maharashtra. 9 105 5 53 47 Mysore 4 19 14 S, Punjab. 8 27 17 10 Rajasthan 3 12 7 S Uttar Pradesh 6 32 24 8 West Bengal 1 30 4 17 9. Delhi 35 4 20 11 total 49 394 18 237 139 the following abstract gives the distribu tion and circulation of weekly ~oumals: STATEMENT VIII.5 Number and circulation of weekly journals Circulation No. of Circulation less than Circulation State districts Total over 50,000 50,000 unkno'll(n 2 3 4 5 6, Andhra Pradesh Bihar • 2 2 Gujarat 8 8 Kerala ( fl' lt Midhy:i Prade'sh "i r{; , Madras 20 4 16 Maharashtra 1. ]5 ~ 11* M'ysore' 4 4 Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh 2 2 West Bengal 9 8 Delhi • r> " 3 3 13 67 10 57 *Il}cludes 1 biweekly and 1 Iri.weekly. Thle following is an abstract of fortnightly publications: STATEMENT VIII.6 Number and cir~ulation of fortnighily journals Circulation No. of Circulation less than Circulation State districts Total over 50,000 50,000 , unknown. 1 2 3 4 ,5 6 Madtas 12 12 ~ Maharashtra 2 4 3 West Bengal 2 1 Deihl 1 .. Total 5 19 2 17 351 The following is an absract of monthly journals: STATEMENT VIII. 7 Number and circulation of monthly journals Circulation No. of Circulation less tban Circulation State districts Total over 50,000 50,000 unknown 2 3 4 5 6 Andhra Pradesh 2 2 Gujarat 3 5 5 Kerala 2 2 Madras 3 25 2 23 Mabarashtra 4 17 2 IS· PUrUab 2 3 3 Rajasthan 1 1 Uttar Pradesh 3 4 4 West... Bengal 12 12 Delhi 1 19 2 17 Tota) 20 90 6 84 ·Includes 1 published yeady and 1 for which period is not stated. The above brief analysis testifies to the in the lower levels of economic deVielop concentration of opinion forming organs in ment on geographically concentrated districts of the two top levels of devielop sources of news and opinion dissemination. ment, particularly in the highest level. This Such a situation, again, sometimes makes leadership in news distribution and opinion formation may be used both for altruistic it difficult for the case of economically and other purposes. In any case it is indi backward areas to be presented and presll cative of the heavy dependence of districts ed in the correct perspective. CHAPTER IX THE GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1957 AND 1962 AND THE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT THIS SMALL CHAPTER IS a di gression in is the presentation of election statistics dis which the intention is to examine whether trict by district grouped under the four there is any noticeable associa levels of development. It is perhaps for tion on the one hand between the the first time that such a systematic com strength, range and consistency of political pilation was attempted and Table IX.1 in parties, their voting performance and four parts gives the results of the General changes in the strength of votes polled in Elections of 1957 and 1962. 1957 and 1962 and the levels of economic development on the other. Various tests The following statement gives art of possible associations were carried out abstract of the Table IX.l. I would prefer by relating the voting pattern in to reserve comments at this stage as it is each of the four levels of deve felt that no comment would be valid as a lopment with (1) natural regions. sub general observation on the strength of the regions and divisions; (2) strength of limited analysis that has been carried out organised labour in registered factories and and that one oUght to return to more establishments; (3) ratio of urban popula detailed and systematic analysis when time tion to total population; (4) number of permits. A very interesting field of class I towns; (5) number of class II analysis that I have in mind is the intra towns; and (6) by the numerical strength block and inter-block variances in the indi of agricultural processing industries viz., cators adopted in this volume and their rice, atta, dal mills, sugar factories, oil association, if any, with the voting patterns mills, jute and cotton gins and presses, of different parties. I feel it is necessary tobacco and bidi factories. But none of to investigate whether the results of the the associations proved either significant or proposed principle components analysis consistent to any appreciable degree for that has been referred to elsewhere in this either any of the levels of development or book would have any bearing on the voting for any particular party or for any natural pattern. In the meantime it was felt that or cultural tract. But the examinations the data were too valuable to be denied to were little more than exploratory and there research workers and they are now present is need for a whole series of systematic ed in the bope that researcbers would like exercise in an effort to detect the sensitive to discuss with the writer the findings of and sigriificant spots of association. The their analytical work or about possible main excuse for introducing this chapter lines of further enquiry. 353 163 R.G.I.-46. 354 STATEMENT IX.1 Distribution of di1>tricts in each of the four levels of development by (a) number of districts where no votes were polled by a party; (b) number of districts showing increases in percentage of votes polled 1957-62 ; (c) number of districts showing decreases in percentage of votes polled 1957-62 No. of districts having nil value both Level of ill 1957 and 2·00- 5·00- 7·00- 10·00- d:velopment 1962 Total 1'99 4'99 6·99 9'99 19·99 20+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (a) Districts with no return and increases Congress 27 4 8 4 7 3 II 33 9 12 4 4 3 1lI 29 7 10 4 2 3 3 [V 25 9 2 4 5 5 Communist Party of India 21 27 10 10 4 2 I r 24 34 12 7 3 7 4 III 16 37 16 8 5 3 3 2 IV I1 39 14 12 4 3 6 Praja Socialist Party 8 21 11 6 2 [I 21 24 6 10 3 4 III 10 24 9 6 3 4 2 IV 11 23 10 4 4 2 3 Socialist I 26 36 7 13 3 4 8 11 48 35 9 14 2 4 4 2 HI 52 22 8 7 3 2 1 IV 41 37 15 5 3 7 5 2 Jan Sangh 18 35 4 to 6 3 9 3 2 II 24 42 12 11 8 3 6 5 4 2 lU 18 49 22 12 4 IV 12 51 20 12 11 3 5 Swatantra 2 5 3 I 33 29 9 7 3 3 12 14 II 35 48 12 6 6 5 7 III 31 43 13 10 2 IV 25 53 15 15 7 4 6 6 NOTE: The Swatantra party did not put UP any candidate in 1957. The Socialist Party was included in Other Parties in 1957. The scores of these two par~ies in this statement, theref?re, indica~e n?t 'inq-ease over 1957' but the number of districts which polled a certaIn percentage of total votes m 1962 as mdlcated 10 the class range. 355 STATEMENT IX.1 Distribution of districts in each of the four levels of development by (a) number of districts where no votes were polled by a party ; (b) number of districts showing increases in percentage of votes ,Polled 1957-62 ; (c) number of districts showing decreases in percentage of votes polled 1957-62-contd. No. of districts having nil value both Level of in 1957 and 2-00- 5-00- 7-00- 10-00- development 1962 Total <1'99 4'99 6'99 9-99 19'99 20+ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (a) Districts with no return and increases-concld. Other parties I 13 26 9 5 4 7 II 12 26 4 5 6 3 6 2 III 11 34 12 5 3 3 7 4 IV 8 45 6 13 4 7 14 Independents I 18 3 3 2 7 2 II 25 3 5 3 2 7 5 III 27 5 6 6 7 2 IV 21 4 5 4 6 1 (b) Districts with decreases Congress I 35 7 6 3 7 4 8 II 50 7 4 12 7 14 6 III 45 5 7 10 9 11 3 IV 53 7 12 4 8 21 Co-nmunist Party of India 14 5 7 II 25 10 7 3 2 3 III 21 5 7 3 4 IV 28 9 8 3 5 3 Praja Socialist Party I 33 6 10 5 6 5 II 38 10 8 7 5 7 1 III 40 12 10 5 6 7 IV 44 14 1"5 3 5 7 Jan Songh 9 2 7 II 17 8 6 2 1 •• III 7 6 1 IV ~ 15 9 4 2 356 STATEMENT IX.! DiJtriburion of districts in each of the four levels of development bJ' (a) number of districts wher ('to vote,s were polled by a party (b) number of distticts showing increases in percentage of voles polled 1957-62 : (c) number of districts showing decreases in percentage of votes polled 1957-62-concld. No. of districts having nil value both Level of in 1957 and 2'00- 5'00- 7'00- 10'00- developonent 1962 Total <1'99 4.99 6.99 !l.99 19.99 20+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Other ParTies .1 . 23 5 6 5 3 3 II 45 9 9 4 10 6 7 III 28 4 7 3 8 6 IV 25 5 4 6 3 7 independents 1 . 44 2 3 3 6 12 18 II 58 6 10 3 7 17 15 III 47 5 6 7 6 6 17 IV 57 4 6 6 3 19 19 -_._---- NOTE: Swatantra did not contest the 1957 election. Another type of exercise was attempted 1957 to 1962 but all other in which the increase or decrease in votes parties together have polled an polled between 1957 and 1962 by the increase. This would signify the Congress party on the one hand and all emerging strength of other poli other parties including Other Parties and tical parties at the cost of the Independents on the other was expressed Congress. in terms of percentage of the votes polled D. Districts in which both Congress in 1957. This suggested that the results and all other parties combined might be classified into four groups as have each experienced a follows: decrease. This would signify growing apathy all round to A. Districts in which both Congress wards the elections. and Other Parties have polled a The four groups of results were in the large number of votes from next place arranged in two ways. First, 1957 to 1962. This might be where any of the four characteristics taken to signify an intensification (A, B, C and D) mentioned above are of political contest. observed in medium and large clusters of contiguous districts, thus forming large B. Districts in which Congress has patches of territory. Secondly, where any experienced an increase from of the four characteristics are observed 1957 to 1962 but all other only in isolated districts or very small parties together have polled a clusters of distri,cts. decrease. This would signify that the Congress was gaining at The four grOllPS of results classified the cost of other parties. again into clusters of contiguous districts . or spots of isolated districts are presented C. Districts in which Congress has in Table IX.2. The following is an abstract experienced a decrease from of the results obtained in Table IX.2. '. ~57 STATEMENT 1X.2 Distributions of districts (a) by levels of development and (b) by extent of votes polled by Congress and Other Parties between 1957 and 1962 Lev~l of development .--- -..A. I II III IV Characteristics Lowest Second Third Highest Total A. Congress + Other Parties+ 7 13 18 21 59 B. Co~ss+ Other Parties- 10 12 1f 10 43 C. Coogr;:ss- Other Parties+ 14 28 22 34 98 D. Congress- Other Parties- 28 30 23 16 97 Only very tentative and broad conclu of a desire for multiple ohoice. Finally, sions are permissible. Firstly, political con if the decline in both Congress and Other test seems to intensify with increasing level Parties votes from 1957 to 1962 were to of development. Secondly, Congress seems be construed as apathy, the latter seems to to be gaining at the expenses of Other be highest in the bottom and second levels Parties more in the intermediate levels of development. Thirdly, the greater gains of development, being progressively on the of Other Parties in the second, third and decline in the third and highest levels of top levels of development seem expressive development. <1MGIPND-Job II NS-163 RGI--6·1-6S-30S0. LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS (as on 17 February, 1964) AGARTALA-Laxmi Bhandar Books & Scientific Sales (Rest.) BHOPAL- AGRA- 1 Superintendent, State Government Fress I National Book House, Jeoni Mandi (Reg.) 2 Lyall Book Depot, Mohd. Din Building, Sultania Road (Reg.) 2 Wadhawa &. Co., 45, Civil Lines (Reg.) 3 Delite Books, Opp. Bhopal Talkie. : (Rest.) 3 Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra (Rest.) BHUBANESWAR-Ekamra Vidyabhaban, Eastern Tower, Room 4 English Book Depot, Sadar Bazar, Agra Cantt. (Rest.) No.3 (Res!.) AHMADNAGAR-V.T. Jorakar, Prop., Rama General Stores, Navi BIJAPUR-Shri D.V. Deshpande, Recognised Law Booksellers, Prop. Path ~Rest.) Vinod Book Depot, Near Shirashetti Chowk • . . (Res!.) AHMEDABAD- BIKANER-llhandaniBros. (Rest.) I Balgovind Kuber Dass & Co .. Gandhi Road (Reg.) BILASPUR-Sharma Book Stall, Sadar Ea.ar (Rest.) 2 Chandra Kant Chtman Lal Vora, Gandhi Road (Reg.) BOMBAY- , 3 New Order Book Co., Ellis Bridge (Reg.) I Supd!.l'rinting and Stationery, Queens Road 4 Mahajan Bros., Opp. Khadia Police Gate (Rest.) Charles Lambert and Co., tOf, Mahatma Gandhi Road (Reg.) Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Patthar Kuva, Relief 3 Co-operator's Book Depot, 5/32 Ahmed Sailor Bldg •• Dadar • (Reg.) Road (Reg.) 4 Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghunath Dadaji St. (Reg.) AJMER- Current Technical Literature Co. P. Ltd., India House, ht Book-Land:f 3, Madar Gate (Reg.) floor • (Re~.) 2 Rajputana F ook House, Station Road (Reg.) International Book House Ltd., 9. Ash Lane, M.G. Road (Reg.) Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata (Reg.) 7 Lakkani Book Depot, Girgaum . (Reg.) 4 Vijay Bros., Kutchery Road (Rest.) 8 Elpees Agencies, 24, Bhangwadi, Kalhadevi • (Reg.) 5 Krishna Bros .. Kutchery Road (Rest.) 9 P.P.H. Book Stall, 190-B, Khetwadi Main Road (Reg.) ALIGARH-Friends' Book House, Muslim University Market (Reg.) 10 New Book Co., 188-190, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road (Reg.) (Reg.) ALLAHABAD- II Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road 12 Sunder nas Gian Chand, 601, Girgaum Road, Near Princess Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, U.P. Street. • • . • (Reg.) 2 Kitabistan, 17-A, Kamla Nehru Road. (Reg.) 13 D.S. Taraporewal. Sons and Co. (P) Ltd., 210, Dr. Dadabhai Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box: 4. (Reg.) NaorojiRoad (Reg.) 4 Ram Narain Lal Beni Madho, 2-A, KatIa Road (Reg.) 14 Thacker and Co., Rampart Row (Re!.) 5 Universal Book Co., 20, M.G. Road (Reg.) 15 N.M. Tripathi Private Ltd .• Princess Street (Reg.) The University Book Agency (of Lahore), Elgin Road (Reg.) 16 The Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road (Reg.) Wadhwa & Co., 23, M.G. Marg . (Rest.) 17 P.H. Rama Krishna and Sons, 147, Rajaram Bhuvan, Shivaji Park Road, No.5. (Rest) Bharat Law House~ 1~, Mahatma Gandhi Mars (Rest.) 18 C. Jamnadas and Co., Booksellers, 146-C, Princess St. (Res.) Ram Narain Lat Beni Prashad, 2-A, Katra Road (Res!.) 19 Indo Nath and Co., A-6, Daulat Nagar Borivli (Reg.) AMBALA- 20 Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1/80, N. Subhas Ro~d . (Reg.) I English Book Depot, Ambala>Cantt. (Reg.) 21 Academic Book Co., Association Building, Girgaum Road (Rest.) 2 Seth Law House, 8719, Railway Road, Ambala Cantt. (Rest.) 22 Dominion Publishers, 23, BellBuitdin&. Sir P.M. Road (Rest.) AMRITSAR- 23 Bombay National History Society, 91 Walkeshw.r Road (Rest.) The Law Book Agency, G.T. ltoad, Putligar~ • (Reg.) 24 D"warnadeo and Co. 16, Naziria Building, Ballard Estate (Rest.) S. Gupta, Agent, Government Publications, Near P.O. Majith 25 Asian Trading Co., 310, the Miraball, P.B.ISOS (Rest.) Mandi...... (Reg.) CALCUTTA- Amar Nath & Sons, Near P.O. Majith Manui (Reg.) Chatterjee and Co., 3/1, Bacharam Chatterjee Lane (R.,.) ANAND- Dass Gupta and Co. Ltd., 54/3, College Streot (Reg.) 1 Vijaya Stores, Station Road (Rest.) Hindu Library, 69-A, Bolaram De Street (Reg.) 2 Charto Book Stall, Tulsi Sadan, Stn. Road (Rest.) 4 S.K. Lahiri and Co. Private Ltd., College SIreet (Reg.) ASANSOL-D.N. Roy & R.K. Roy, Booksellers, Atwallluilding (Rest.) 5 M.C. Sarkar and Sons Private Ltd., 14, Bankim Chatterjee Street (Reg.) BANGALORE- 6 W. Newman and Co. Ltd., 3, Old Court Hou,. Street • (Reg.) The Bangalore Legal PrO£titioner Co-op. Society Ltd. Bar As. Oxford Book and Stationery Co.. 17, Park Street. (Reg.) sociation Building .....•.. (Reg.) R. Chambray and Co. Ltd., Kent House, P,33, Mission 2 S.S. Book Emporium, 118, Mount Joy Road . (Reg.) RoadExtension (Reg.) 3 The,Bangalore Press, Lake View, Mysore Road, P.O. Box 507 (Reg.) S.C. Sarkar and Sons Private Ltd., I.C, College Square. (Reg.) 4 The Standard Book Depot, Avenne Road • (Reg.) 10 Thacker Spink and Co. (I933)·P. Ltd., 3, Esplanade East (Reg.) 5 Vichara Sahitya Private Ltd., Balepet • • (Reg.) 11 firma K.L. Mukhopadhaya, 6/lA, Bancha Ram Akrar Lane. (Reg.) 6 Makkala Pustaka Press. Halamandlra, Gandhinagar (Reg.) 12 K.K. Roy, P. Box No. 10210, Caleutta-19 (Rest.) 7 Maruthi Book Depot, Avenue Road • (Rest.) 13 Sm. P.D. Upadhyay, 77, Muktaram Babu Street (Re.!.) 8 International Book House, P. Ltd., 4-F, Mahatma Gandhi 14 Universal Book Dis!., 8/2, Hastings Street . (Res!.) Road (ReB.) 15 Mode.n Book Depot, 9, Chowringhee Centre (Rest.) Navakarnataka Pubns. Privat~ Ltd., Majestic Circle (Rest.) 16 Soar and Co., 125, Canning Street (Reg.) BAREILLY -Agarwal Brothers, Bara Bazar (ReB.) 17 S. Bhattacharjee, 49 Dharamtala Street (Reit.) ,ARODA- 18 Mukherjee Library, 10 Sarba Khan Road • (Bel.) ) Shri Chandrakant Mohan Lal Shah, Raopura , • (Rest.) 19 Curren! Literature Co. 208, Mahatma Gandhi Road (Reg.) i Good Companionl Booksellers, Publish,\;ra CHANDIGARH- FBROZEPUR-English Book Depol, 78, Jhoke Road (Reg.) 1 Supdt. Govt. Printing and Stationery, Punjab GAUHATI-Mokshada Puslakalaya (Reg.) Jain Law Agency, Flat No.8, Sector No. 22 (Reg,) GAYA-Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budba Marg (Reg.) Rama News Agency, Bookseller, Sector No. 22 (Reg.! GHAZIABAD-Jayana Book Agency (Res!.) 4 Universal Book Store, Booth 25, Sector 22D (Reg.) GORAKHPUR-Vishwa Vidyalaya Prakashan, Nakhes Road (Reg.) 5 English Book Shop, 34, Sector 22D (Rest.) GUDUR-The General Manager, The N.D.C. Publishing & Ptg. , Mehta Bros, 15-Z, Sector 22B (Rest.) Society Ltd. , , , (Res!.) Tandan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, Sector 16 . (Rest.) GUNTUR-Book Lovers Private Ltd., Kadriguda. Chowrasta (Reg.) Kailash Law Publishers, Sector 22B Rest.) GWALlOR_ CHHINDWARA-The Verma Book Depot (Rest.) Supdt., Printmg & Stationery, M.B. COCHIN-Saraswat Corporation Ltd. ,PaUiarakav Road (Reg.) Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lashkar (Reg.) CUITACK- M ..C. Daftari, Prop. M.B. Jain & Bros., BookseUers, Saraf. I Press Officer, Orissa Sectt. Lashkar • (Rest.) 2 Cuttack Law Times _ (Reg.) HUBLI-Pervaje's Book House, Koppikar Road (Reg.) 3 Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Mang.labag, P.B. 35 (Reg.) HYDBRABAD- 4 D. P. Sur & Sons, Ma galabag (Rest.) S Utkal Stores, Balu Bazar (Rest.) Director, Govt. Press DEHltADUN- The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul (Reg.) I Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road (Reg.) Book Lovers Private Ltd. . (Rest.) 2 National News Agency, Paltan Bazar (Reg.) Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan Bazar IRes!.) 3 Bisban Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, 318, Chukhuwala (Reg.) TMPHAL-Tikendra & Sous Booksellers (Rest.) 4 Utam Pustak Bhandar. Pallan Bazar (Rest.) INDORE- DELHf- I J.M. Jaina & Brothers, Mori Gate. (Reg,) Wadhawa & Co., 56, M.G. Road (Reg.) 2 Atma Ram & Sons, Kashmere Gate (Reg.) 2 Swarup Brothers, Khajuri Bazar . (Rest.) Federal Law Book Depot, Kashmere Gate (Reg.) Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 14, Ahilya Pur. (Rest.) 4 Bahri Bros., 188, Lajpat Rai Market . (Reg.) 4 Modern Book House, Shiv Vilas Palace (Rest.) Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi (Vijaya General Agencies) P.B. S Navyug SaWtya Sadan ,Publishers & Booksellers, 10, Khajuri Bazar 2027, Ahata Kedara, Chamalian Road (Reg.) (Rest.) 6 Book-Well, 4, Sant Narankarl Colony, P.B. 1565 • (Reg.) JABALPUR- 7 Imperial Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar, Daryaganj (Reg.) I Modern Book House, 286, Jawaharganj Metropolit~ Book Co., 1, Faiz Bazar (Reg.) (Reg.) 2 National Book House,. 135, Jai Parkash NaralJ1 Marg Publi. ation Centre, Subzimandi • (Reg.) (Rest.) 10 Youngman & Co., Nai Sarak (Reg.) JAIPUR- 11 Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Daryaganj (Reg.) Government Printing and Stationery Department, Rajasthan 12 AU India Educational Supply Co., Shri Ram Buildings, Jawahar 2 Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Publishe", Opp. Prem Pra Nagar (Rest.) kash Cinema • (Reg.) 13 Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522, Laj~at Rai Garg Book Co., Tripolia Bazar • Market. (Rest) (Reg.) 4 Vani Mandir. Sawai Mansingh Highway 14 University Book House, 15, U.B., Bangalore Road, Jawahar (Reg.) 5 Kalyan Mal & Sons, Tripolia Bazar Nagar . (Rest.) (Rest.) 6 Popular Book Depot, Chaura Rasta 15 Law Literature House 2646, Balimaran (Rest.) (Reg.) KrIshna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta 16 Summer Brothers, P.O. Birla Lines (Rest.) (Rest.) Dominion Law Depot, Shah Building, P.B. No. 23 17 Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16 Netaji Subhash Marg (Reg.) (Rest.) 18 B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkhawaloo (Chowri Bazar) (Rest.) JAMNAGAR-Swadeshi Vastu Bhandar (Reg.) 19 Rajkamal Prakashan P. Ltd., 8, Faiz Bazar . (Reg,) JAMSHEDPUR- 20 Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers & Booksellers, Nai Sarak (Rest.) Amar Kitab Ghat', Diagonal Road, P.B. 78 (Reg.) 21 Universal Book Traders, 80, Gokhale Market (Reg.) 2 Gupta Stores, Dhatkidih (Reg.) 22 Tech. &. Commercial Book Coy., 75, Gokhale Market (Rest.) 3 Sanya! Bros, Booksellers & News Agents, Bistapur Market (Rest.) 23 Saini Law Publishing Co., 1416, Chabiganj, Kashmere Gate (Res!.) JAWALAPUR-SahyogBook Depot (Rest.) 24 G.M. Ahuja, BookseUers & Stationers, 309, Nehru Bazar (Rest.) 25 Sat Narain & Sons, 3141, Mohd. Ali Bazar, Mori Gate. (Rest.) JHUNJHUNU- 26 Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Div.) P. Ltd., 28, Faiz Buar • (Res.) Shashi KUmar Sarat Chand • (Rest.) 27 •Hindu Sahitya Sansar, N ai S.Tak • (Rest.) 2 Kapram Prakashan Prasaran, 1}90, Namdha Niwas Azad Marg (Reg. I 28 Munshi Ram Manobar Lal Oriental Booksellers & Publishers, P. B. 1165, Nai Sarak (Rest.) 29 K. L. Seth, Suppliers or Law, Commercial Tech. Books, Shooti JODHPUR- Nager, Ganeshpura . (Rest.) Dwarka Das Rath~ Wholesale Books and News Agents (Reg.) 30 Adarsh Publishing Service, SA} 10, Ansari Road (Rest.) 2 Kitab-Ghar. Sojati Gate (Reg.) DHANBAD- 3 Choppra Brothers, Tripolia Bazar (Reg.) 1 Ismag Co-operative Stores Ltd., P.O. Indian School of Mines (Reg.) JULLUNDUR- 2 New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 • (Rest.) 1 Raworia Bros., Mai Hiran Gate (Rest.) DHARWAR- 2 Jain General House, Bazar Bansanwala (Reg.) The Agricultural College Consumers Co-oP. Society (Rest.) 3 University Publishers, Rail~ay Road (Rest) 2 Rameshr.ya Book Depot, Su bash Road (Rest.) KANPUR- 3 Karoatakaya Sahitya Mandir of Publishers and Booksellers Advani & Co., P. Box. 100, The Mal! (Reg) ERNAKULAM- 2 Sahitya Nikelan, Shradhanand Park (Reg.) I Pai & Co.. Cloth Bazar Road (Rest.) 3 The Universal Book Stall, The Mall (Reg.) 2 South India Traders Cjo, Constitutional Journal (Reg.) 4 Raj Corporation, Raj HOllie, P.B. 200, Chowk (Rest.) (iIi) KARUR-Shri V. Nagaraja Rao. 26. Srinivasapuram (Re5t.l NAGPUR- I Supdt., Govt. Press & Book Depot KODARMA-The Bhagwati Press. P.O. Jhumri Tilaiya. Dt. Haza· ribagh (Reg.) 2 Western Book Depot, Residency Road (Reg.) The Asstt. Secretary, Mineral IndlJStry Association, Mineral KOLHAPUR-Maharashtra Granth Bhandor, Mahadwar Road (Rest.' House (Rest.) KOTA-Kota Book Depot (Rest.) NAINI TAL-Coural Book Depot, Bara Bazar (Rest.) KUMTA-S.V. Kamat. Booksellers & Stationers (N. Kanara) (Reg.) NANDED- 1 Book Centre, College Law General Books, Station Road (Rest.) LUCKNOW- 2 Hindustan General Stores, Paper & Stationery Merchants, P.B. Soochna Sahitya Depot (State Book Depot) No.51. • (Rest.) 2 Balkrishna Book Co. Ltd•• Hazratganj (Reg.) 3 Sanjoy Book Agency, Vazirabad (Rest.) 3 British Book Depot, 84, Hazratganj (Reg.) NEW DELHI- 4 Ram Advani, Hazratgani, P.B. 154 (R,Og.) 1 Arnrit Book Co., Connaught Circus (Reg.) 5 Universal Publishers (1') Ltd.. Hazratganj f(Reg.) 2 Bhawani & Sons, SF, Connaught Place (Reg.) 6 Eastern Book Co., Lalhagh Road • C\l.eg.) 3 Central News Agency, 23/90, Connaught Circus (Reg.) Civil & Military Educational Stores, 106/B, Sadar Bazar. (Rest.) 4 Empire Book Depot, 278, Aliganj (Reg.) Acquarium Supply Co •• 213, Faizabad Road f!1est.) 5 English Book Stores, 7-L. Connaugbt Circus, P.O.R 328 (Reg.) Law Book Mart, Amin·Ud·Daula Park. IRest.) 6 Faqir Chand & Sons, 15-A, Khan Market • (Reg.) LUDHIANA- Jain Book Agency. C-9, Prem House, Connaught Place (Reg.) Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar (Reg.) Oxford Book & Stationery Co., Scindia House (Reg.) Mohindra Brothers, Katcheri Road , (Rest.) Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore), 16/B, Conoaught Place (Reg.) Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar '(Rest.) 10 Sikh Publishing House, 7-C, Connaught Place (Reg.) 4 The Pharmacy News, Plndi Street . (Rest.) 11 Suneja Book Centre, 24/90, o,nnaught Circus (Reg') 12 United Book Agency, 31, Municipal Market, Conn.ught Circus (Reg.) MADRAS- 13 Jayana Book Depot, Chhaparwala Kuan, Karol Bagh (Reg.) 1 Supdt.! Govt. Press, Mount Road 14 Navayug Traders, Desh Bandbu Gupta Road, Dev Nagar (Reg.) Account Test Institute, P.O. 760, Emgore (Reg.) 2 15 Saraswati Book Depot, 15, Lady Harding Road (Reg.) C. Subbiah Chetty & Co., Triplicane • (Reg.) 16 The Secretary, Indian Met. Society. Lodi Road (Reg.) K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 . (Reg.) 17 New Book Depot, Latest Books, PeriodicalS, Sty. & Novelles 5 Presidency Book Supplies, 8, Pycrorts Road, Triplicane (Reg.) P.B.96, Connaugh! Place, (Reg.) 6 1'. Vardhachary & Co., 8, Linghi Chetty Street (Reg.) 18 Mehra Brothers, 50·G, Kalkaii (Reg.) 7 Pa1ani Parchuram, 3, Pycrofts Road, Triplicane (Reg.) 19 Luxmi Book Stores, 42. Janpath (Rest.) 8 NCBH Private Ltd., 199, Mount Road (Rest.) 20 Hindi Book House, 82, Janpath (Rest.) V. Sad.nand, The Personal Bookshop, 10, Congress Building, 21 People Publishing House (P) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road (Reg.) III, Mount Road ' (Rest.) 22 R.K. Publishers, 23, Deadon Para, Karol Bagh (Rest.) MADUARI- 23 Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar (Reg.) I Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi Street .' (Reg.) 24 Aapki Dukan, 5/5777, Dev Nagar (Rest.) 2 Vivekananda Press, 48, West Masi IStreet . '.. .- (Reg.) 25 Sarvodaya Service, 66A·1, Rohtak Road, P.B. 2521 (Rest.) MANDYA SUGAR TOWN-K.N. Narimhe Gowda &,sons (Rest.) 26 H. Chandson, P.B. No. 3034 (Rest.) MANGALORE-U.R. Shenoye Sons, Car Street, P. Box. 128 (Reg.) 27 The Secretary, Federation of Association of Small Industry of India, 23-B/2, Rohtak Road (Rest) MANJESHWAR-Mukenda Krishna Nayak (Rest.) 28 Standard Booksellers & Stationers, Palam Enclave (Rest.) MATHURA-Rath & Co., Tilohi Building, Bengali Ghat (Res!.) 29 Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Regarpura • (Rest.) MEERUT- 30 Sant Ram Booksellers. 16, New Municipal Market, Lody Colony (Rest.) 1 Prakash Educational Stores, Subhas Bazar (Reg.) PANllM- 2 Hind Chitra Press, West Kutchery Road (Reg.) I Singhals Book House, p.O.B. 70, Near the Church (Rest.) 3 Loyal Book Depot, Chhippi Tank (Reg.) 2 Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellers, 5w 7 Rua 3 Ide Jameria (Res!.) 4 Bharat Educational Stores, Chhippi Tank (Rest.) Universal Book Depot, BookseLLers. & News Ag~rlts (Rest.) PATHANKOT_The Krishna Book Depot. Main Bazar (Rest.) MONGHYR-Anusandhan, Minerva Press Building (Rest.) PATIALA- I Supdt., Bhupendra State Press MUSSOORlE- 2 Jain & Co., 17, Shah Nashin Bazar (Reg.) I Cambridge Book Depot, The Mall (Rest.) 2 Hind Traders (Rest.) PATNA- MUZAFFARNAGAR- Supdt., Govl. Printing (Bihar) 1 Mittal & Co., 85-C, New Mandi (Rest.) 2 J.N.P. Agarwal & Co., Padri ·Ki-Haveli, Raghunath Bhawan • (Reg.) Luxmi Trading Co .. Padri·Ki·Haveli 2 B.S. Jain & Co.. 71, Abupura (Rest.) 3 (Reg.) 4 Mati Lal Banarsi Dass, Bankipore (Reg.) MUZAFFARPUR- Bengal Law House, Chowhatta (Rest.) 1 Scientific & Educational Supply Syndicate (Reg.) PITHORAGARH-Maniram Punetha & Sons (Res!.) Legal Corner, Tikmanio House, Amgola Road (Rest.) PONDICHBRRY-M/s. Honesty Book House. 9 Rue Duplix Tirhut Book Depot • I (Rest.) (Rest.) POONA- MYSORE- I Deccan Dook Stall, Deccan Gymkhana (Reg.) I H. Venkataramiah & Sons, New Statue Circle (Reg.) 2 Imperial Book Depot, 266. M.G. Road (Reg.) 1 Peoples Book House, Opp. Jagan Mohan Palace (Reg.) International Book Service~ Deccan Gymkhana (Reg.) Geeta Book House, Booksellers & Publishers, Kri,hnamunhi- 4 Raka Book Agency, Opp. Nat,,'s Cbawl, Near Appa Balwant puram . ~ (Rest.) Chowk • (Reg.) News Paper House, Lansdowne Building . • (Rest.) Utility Book Depot, 1339. Shivaji Nagar (Rest.) Indian Mercantile Corporation, Toy PalaJ Ramvilas (Rest.) PUDUKOTTAI-Shri P.N. Swaminathan Sivam & Co., Bast Main NADIAD -R,S. Des,y, Station Road I • (Rest.) Road (Rest.) (iv) RAJKOT-Mohan Lal DOBs.bhai Shab, Booksellers and Sub-Agents (Reg.) Railway BookstaU Hold ... I SIS. A.H. Wheeler &0 Co., 15, Elgin Road, Allahabad RANCHI- 2 Gahlot Bros., K. E. M. Road, Bikaner J Crown Book Depot, Upper Bazar (Reg.) Higgmbotbams &0 Co. Ltd., Mount Road, Madr.. 2 Pustak Uabal, Upper Bazar (Rest.) ,4 M. Gulab Singh'" Sons .Private Ltd., Mathura Road, New Delhi REWA-Supdt., Govt. State Emporium V.P. Foreign ROURKELA-The Rourkel. Review (Rest.) SAHARANPUR-Cbandra Bbarata Pustak Bhandar, Court Road (Rest.) I SIS Education Enterprise Private Ltd., Kathumandu (Nepal) SECUNDERABAD-Hindustan Diary Publishers, Market Street (Reg.) 1 sIs. Aktie Bologat, C.E. Frizes Kung1, Hovobokhandel, Fredsgation-2 Box 1656, Stockholm-16 (Sweden). SILCHAR-Shri Nishitto Sen Nazirpatti • (Rest.) Reise-und Verkehraverlag Stuttgart, Post 730, Gutenbergstr~ 21, Stuttgart ~o. 11245, Stuttgart den (Germany West) SIMLA· - 4 Shri [,war Suhramanyam 452. Reversite Driv Apt. 6. New York, 27 NWY Supdt., Himachal Pradesh Govl. '{'ho Proprietor, Book Centre, Lakshmi Mansons, 49, The Mall, Lahore 2 Minerva Book Shop, The Mall • (Reg.) (PakIstan) 0\1 Ou S. aud R. Basis 3 The New Book Del?_ot, 79, The Mall (Reg.I -Ae Head Clerk, GOYl. Book Depot, Ahmedabad SINNAR-Shri N.N. Iakhadi, Agent, Times oflndia, Sinn.r (Nasikl '(Rest) The Asstt. Directdr. Extension Centre, Kapileswar Road. Belgaum SHlLLONG- 3 The Em~loymont Offi""r, Employment Exchange, Dha, I The Officer-in-Charge, Assam Govt. B.D. 4 The A~stt. QirectQr, Footwear Extension. Centre. Polo Ground No. I, 2 Chapl. Bookstall, P.B. No. I (Rest.) Jodhpur 5 The,o.J/C., Extension Centre, Club Road, Muzaffarpur. SONEPAT-United Book Agency (Reg·l 6 Tbe'Director, Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of Indi., Ministry of Mines and Fuel, Nagpur SRINAGAR-The Kashmir Book,hop, Residency Road (Reg.) 7 The A'3stt. Director,Industrial Extension Centre! Nadia.d (Gujarat) SURAT-Shri Gajan.n Pust.kal.ya, Tower Ro.d (Reg.) S The l{ead Clerk, Photozincographic Press, 5, Finance Road, PODn. 9 Govt. ;Printing & Stationery, R.jkot TIRUCHIRAPALLI 10 The O. [fC. E,tension Centre, Industrial Estate, Kokar, Ranchi Kalpana Publishers, Wosiur (Reg.) !l The Director, S.LS. Jnd~strial Exten,ion Centre, Udhna, Surat. 2 S. Krishnaswami &. Co., 35. Subhash Chander Bose Road (Reg.) 12 The Rekistrar of Companies, Narayani Building, 27, Erabourne Road 3 Palamiappa ,Bros. (Rest.) Calcutta-! TR;IVANDRUM- 13 The Reg~trar of Companies, Kerala, 350, Feet Road, Brnakulam. 14 The Regiltrar of Companies, H. No. 3-5-83, Hyderguda, Hyderabad 1 International Book Depot, Main Road (Reg.) 15 The Regiltrar of Companies, Assam, Manipur and Tripura, Shillong 2 Reddear Press & Book Depot, P.B. No.4 (Rest.) 16 The Regiltrar of Companies, Sunlight Ins,urance Building, Ajmeri G.te TUTICORIN-Shri K. Thiagarajan, IO-C, French Chapal Road (Rest.) Extensio,\: Nfw Delhi. 17 The Registrar-of Companies Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, Link Road, UDAIPUR- Jullundur Cil~ .• 18 The Registr~r o!Companies, Bihar, Jamal Road. Patna~l I Jagdish & Co., Inside Surajapole . • (Rest.) 19 The Registrar of-Companies, Raj & Ajmer; Sri Kamta Prasad House, 1s 2 Book Centre, Maharana, Bhopal Consumers' Co-op. Society Ltd. (ReSt) Rloor 'C' Sch~", Ashok Marg, Jaipur 20 The Registran of Companies, Andhra Bank BllUding, 6, Linghi Chetty UJJAIN-Manak Chand Book Depot, Sati Gate . (Rest.) Street, P.R. 1530, Madras 21 The Registrar of Companic3, Mahatma Gandhi Road, West Cotto Bldt. VARANASI- P.B. No. 334,'Kanpur 22 The Registrar of Companies. Everest 100, Marine Drive, Bombay Students. Frien ds &. Co., Lank. (Rest.) 23 The R;}J;;strac of"Cam))anies, 162, Brigade Road, Bangalore' 2 Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Gopa! Mandir Road, P.B.S (Reg.) 24 The Registrar of Compau.ies, Gwalior 3 Globe Book Centre • (Rest.) 25 The Asstt. Director, Extension~Centre, Bhuli Road, Dhanbad 4 Kohinoor Stores, University Road, Lanka (Reg.) 26 The Registrar of cbmpanies, Orissa, Cuttubltcity and Information .VidhanaSaubh a (P.B,271 ) Bangalore