SH-83: Bagi-Barbigha Subproject, Bihar State Highways II Project

Initial Environmental Examination

November 2011

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project – Additional Financing

(SH-83: Bagi-Barbigha Subproject)

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011) Currency unit – Indian rupee (Rs) INR1.00 = $0.0192104505 $1.00 = INR52.055000

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BSHPII-AF – Bihar State Highways Project II- Additional Financing BSRDC – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB – Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM – Chief General Manager CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRRI – Central Road Research Institute DoE – Department of Environment DFO – District Forest Officer DGM – Deputy General Manager DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EFRC – Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EMoP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO – Environmental Officer GDP – Gross Domestic Product GoI – Government of India GoB – Government of Bihar GRC – Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IMD – Indian Meteorological Department INR – Indian Rupees IPP – Indigenous Peoples Plan IRC – Indian Road Congress MDRs – Major District Roads MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH – Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL – Mean Sea Level NGO – Non Government Organization NH – National Highway NOx – Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP – Net State Domestic Product PCU – Passenger Car Unit PIU – Project Implementation Unit PPEs – Personal Protective Equipments PWD – Public Works Department R and R – Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB – Road Over Bridge

ROW – Right of Way RCD – Road Construction Department Rs. – Indian Rupees RSPM – Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP – Resettlement Plan SC – Supervision Consultant SH – State Highway SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SPM – Suspended Particulate Matter SPS – ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI – Survey of India SPCB – State Pollution Control Board TA – Technical Assistance TCS – Typical Cross Section TOR – Terms of Reference UNDP – United Nation Development Program

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Km – kilometer M – meter

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...... i 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Project Background...... 1 1.2. Executing Agency ...... 1 1.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard ...... 1 1.4. Purpose of the Study ...... 2 1.5. Extent of IEE ...... 2 1.6. IEE Content ...... 2 1.7. Methodology ...... 2 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources ...... 3 1.7.2. Public Consultation ...... 4 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 5 2.1. Country‟s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements ...... 5 2.2. Forest Clearance Process...... 6 3. Description of the Project ...... 8 3.1. Project Location ...... 8 3.2. Category of the Project ...... 8 3.3. Need for the Subproject ...... 8 3.4. Existing and Project Traffic ...... 8 PCUs ...... 8 3.5. Characteristics of the Existing road ...... 9 3.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities ...... 10 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 15 4. Description of the Environment ...... 16 4.1. Physical Environment ...... 16 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ...... 16 4.1.2. Natural Hazards ...... 16 4.1.3. Landforms/Physiography and Topography ...... 17 4.1.4. Geology ...... 17 4.1.5. Soil ...... 19 4.1.6. Land use ...... 20 4.1.7. Ambient Air Quality ...... 21 4.1.8. Noise Environment ...... 22 4.1.9. Groundwater ...... 22 4.1.10. Surface water ...... 24 4.2. Ecological Resources ...... 24 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 24 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 25 4.3. Economic Development ...... 25 4.3.1. Industries ...... 25 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 25 4.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 27 4.4.1. Population and Communities ...... 27 4.4.2. Health Facilities ...... 27 4.4.3. Literacy ...... 27 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration...... 28 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples ...... 28

4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ...... 29 4.4.7. Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others ...... 29 5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and its Mitigation Measures ...... 30 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment ...... 30 5.1.1. Climate ...... 30 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ...... 31 5.1.3. Air Quality ...... 31 5.1.4. Noise ...... 32 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil ...... 34 5.1.6. Groundwater ...... 36 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies ...... 37 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality ...... 37 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage ...... 38 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 39 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 39 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 40 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste ...... 40 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 41 5.4.1. Positive Impacts ...... 41 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts ...... 41 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ...... 43 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials ...... 44 6. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure...... 46 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed ...... 46 6.2. Compliance with Regulatory and Funding Agency Requirement ...... 46 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 46 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments ...... 46 6.3. Beneficiaries‟ Comments ...... 47 6.4. Integration of Comments into the IEE ...... 48 6.5. Public Disclosure ...... 48 7. Environmental Management plan and grievance addressal mechanism ...... 53 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ...... 53 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 53 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) ...... 53 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ...... 53 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 53 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ...... 54 7.3.2. Institutional / Capacity Building ...... 55 7.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 58 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 59 8.1. Conclusions ...... 59 8.2. Recommendations ...... 60 List of Tables Table 1.1 : Road Sections under AFBSH ...... 1 Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 3 Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject ...... 5 Table 3.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations ...... 8 Table 3.2 : Projected AADT in Section I (Km 000.000 to Km 11.000) ...... 9 Table 3.3 : Projected AADT in Section II (Km 11.000 to Km 37.300) ...... 9

Table 3.4 : List of Major Intersections along Project Road ...... 10 Table 3.5 : Stretches of TCS Applicability ...... 11 Table 3.6 : List of Bus Stop along Project Road ...... 14 Table 3.7 : Borrow Area Details ...... 15 Table 3.8 : Details of Construction Material ...... 15 Table 4.1 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor ...... 20 Table 4.2 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor ...... 20 Table 4.3 : Ambient Air Quality along the Project Corridor ...... 22 Table 4.4 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ...... 22 Table 4.5 : Groundwater Quality along the Project Corridor...... 23 Table 4.6 : No of Trees along the Existing Road ...... 25 Table 4.7 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ...... 27 Table 4.8 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts ...... 27 Table 4.9 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts ...... 28 Table 4.10 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category ...... 28 Table 5.1 : Noise-Sensitive receptors along the project road ...... 33 Table 5.2 : Affected Common Property Resources ...... 45 Table 6.1 : Consultation Held with Government Departments...... 47 Table 6.2 : Out come Consultations Held with Local People during IEE ...... 49 Table 6.3 : Out come Consultations Held with Local People by Design Team ...... 50 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ...... 56 Table 7.2 : Combined Training Budget for AFBSHPII ...... 57

List of Figures Figure 2.1 : Procedure for Obtaining Forest Clearance...... 7 Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross Sections for Flexible Pavement Stretches ...... 12 Figure 3.2 : Typical Cross Sections for Rigid Pavement Stretches ...... 12 Figure 4.1 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ...... 17 Figure 4.2 : Toposheet showing Project Road Alignment ...... 19 Figure 4.3 : Satellite Imagery based Landuse Map of the Study Area ...... 21 Figure 7.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDC ...... 55 Figure 7.2 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation ...... 56

List of AppendixAppendix 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... 62 Appendix 2.2 Inventory of Road/Pavement conditions ...... 66 Appendix 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 74 Appendix 4.2 : Ambient Noise Level Limits (In Leq dB(A)), India ...... 75 Appendix 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991) ...... 76 Appendix 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... 79 Appendix 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan ...... 82 Appendix 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators ...... 98 Appendix 7.3 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form ...... 101 Appendix 7.4 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report ...... 105 Appendix 7.5 Guidelines For Services of a Contractor/NGO for Tree Plantating - Terms of Reference ...... 1

NH-82

NH-31

NH-82

SH-8

NH-31

SH-82

SH-8

Map 1: Sub - Project (SH-83) Location Map Project Location

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Description of the Project. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socio-economic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will sustain the accelerating economic development of the state, enabling it to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 2. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) has decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Additional Financing for Bihar State Highways II Project will be third loan assistance to GOB for improving four road sections aggregating approximately 254 kms after already negotiated BSHP I (820 Km) and BSHP II (354 Km) which are under implementation. 3. Description of the Subproject. The subproject road SH-83 (Bagi-Barbigha) is located in Nawada (km. 0.000 - Km 24.800), Sheikhpura (km 24.800 - km. 32.000 and Km 33.000 – km 37.300) and Nalada (km 32.000 – km. 33.000) districts of Bihar state. It starts at Ch. Km.10.500 of Nawada – Pakribarawan State Highway-8 and terminates at Mission Chowk near Barbigha, which is 2.6 km from junction of Barbigha – Sheikhpura road and Biharsharif-Mokama Road (NH 82). The existing and design length of the project road is 37.300 km and 37.640 km respectively. 4. The subproject will upgrade the existing single/intermediate lane road into 2-lane with 2.5 m earthern shoulders with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections, safety installations and other way side amenities. Based on projected traffic projection, subproject road qualify two laning criteria after the design period. However, it is expected that after its improvement/capacity augmentation, substantial traffic coming from Jharkhand and going to Mokama and Northeastern part of Bihar will start using the project road, being shortest route to these destinations. Taking into account the diverted traffic, seasonal increase in traffic and induced traffic, BSRDC has decided to upgrade the project road to 2-lane standard. 5. The project road passes through highly congested stretch of Warisaliganj town. To circumvent this congested location, an already existing 2.880 km long bypass at Warisaliganj has been proposed to be improved to cater designed speeds and traffic. Realignments have been proposed at ch. km 2+550 to km 2+900, ch. Km 3+550 to km 3+950, ch. Km 16+800 to km 17+200, ch. Km 21+900 to km 22+200, and ch. Km 36+000 to km 37+000 for easing out sharp curves and avoid built-up locations. There are three level crossings. As per Detailed Project Report (DPR), none of them requires construction of road over bridges (ROBs). 6. The subproject is classified as Category-B in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive reinforces the conclusion that no adverse impacts will result. Further, no

archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the subproject is exempted from environmental clearance. 7. The IEE has been prepared by BSRDC consistent with the ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. 8. Description of the Environment. The subproject area is located in the Ganga Plain Zone which has a tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 978 to 1088 mm in the project districts. Mean temperature observed during summer is 38°C - 43°C and during winter it is 5°C to 10 °C. Bihar is considered as the most flood- prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. However, project area is free from flooding. Most of the project area lies in vast open agricultural land and is largely free from air pollution and noise generating sources. All measured parameters for air quality and noise level confirms at all monitored locatons. 9. The land profile/ topography along the project corridor is in general plain with an elevation of 60 m at Bagi Bardiha, 53 m at Warsaliganj, 51 m at Mahrath and 50 m at Barbigha. The general slope is towards northeast. Nearly two third of Bihar including project area is under cover of Ganga basin composed of alluvium comprising quaternary unconsolidated sediments. The soils of project area ranges from moderately well drained to poorly drained, acidic to slightly alkaline and medium to high textured. The soils are primarily belonging to sandy, loam (Domat), sandy loam and very light silt type. 10. Satellite imagery of the landuse within the 7 km radius indicates that the predominant land is agricultural (35%) followed by vegetation/shrubs/grasses (23%) and buit-up areas (27%). Rest is shared by wasteland/barren land, road and rail network etc. Land use/land cover of the proposed subproject corridor (lengthwise) was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 75%). Built-up Area constitutes about 15% and rest is occupied for plantation, water bodies, community property resources, and miscellaneous use. 11. Due to favourable geologic setup, abundant groundwater is available in the project area. Long-term water level data indicates no significant decline in water level. Yield prospect in Nawada district ranges from 100-200 m3 whereas it is 10- 100m3 in Sheikhpura district. The study area does not have any perennial waterway River Sakri, its distributaries/tributaries and canals mainly control the hydrology of the area. The riverbed is shallow, wide and sandy. It is ephemeral in nature and virtually in spate during the rainy season. 12. The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state butnone is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located

nearby the project alignment. However, roadside linear plantation in Sheikhpura district is notified as Protected Forest and hence forest clearance in required under Forest Conservation Act, 1984 Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature. About 2,122 trees will be removed along the proposed ROW. No loss of any rare, threatened or endangered species is envisaged. 13. In absence of any perennial waterway/waterbody, organized fishing was not observed in the project core zone. 14. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the state are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area. 15. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 kms. of national highways, 4,192 km of state highways, 12,579 kms. of district roads and over 69,000 km. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. About 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). 16. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, the health care facilities in Nalanda district are comparatively better than other two districts. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate of 65.38%. There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. Among the project districts, Nalanda has the higher literacy rate of 53.64%. Of the total population of 82.8 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in

iii

Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance. 17. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Agriculture Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Bagi-Bardiha More, Lilabigha, Shahpura Chawk and Shekhupur Sarai). Consultations were also held by detailed design team at 4 locations (Manjaur, Maharath, Balwapar and Warsaliganj). 18. The significant impacts during design and construction stage include the constricted sections of the roads which will be by-passed or require road alignment improvement to avoid and minimize resettlement and other sensitive structures and locations particularly in Warsaliganj and Ambari. An estimated 2122 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut1 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites. 19. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new

1 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred. 20. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities. 21. During operation stage, the main impacts are increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and animals. Road safety measures will be implemented as per IRC guidelines and recommendations of road safety audits during detailed design and technical assistance fielded by ADB for BSHP II: additional financing. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. Adequate cross drains and side drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented to avoid localised waterlogging due to drainage congestaion one like near Milky village. 22. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an efficient connectivity to large rural population it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. 23. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Project Background 1. Bihar is one of the economically backward states of India. Judged by the per capita state income of Rs9,765 in the FY2007, Bihar ranks far below the all India average of Rs33,299. The road network in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and conditions while demand for road transport is increasing. The road density in Bihar is only 861 km per million population, compared with the national average of 2,828 km. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Insufficient funding for road maintenance in the past has increased the number of roads beyond maintainable condition. 2. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socio-economic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will provide momentum in accelerating economic development of the state, enabling Bihar to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 3. , The Government of Bihar (GOB) decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Bihar State Highways II Project - Additional Financing will be third loan assistance to GOB after already negotiated BSHP I (820 Km) and II (354 Km) which are under implementation. The road sections details under AFBSHP II are given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 : Road Sections under AFBSH

Length S. No. SH Project Road Districts (Km.) Nawada, Nalanda and 1 83 Bagi – Barbigha 37.30 Sheikhpura 2 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.45 Muzaffarpur 3 87 Roonisaidpur - Bhiswa 64.75 Sitamarhi 4 88 Barunapul - Rashiyaari 124.20 Samastipur, Darbhanga 1.2. Executing Agency 4. Executing agency (EA) for the project is Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDC). Road Construction Department (RCD) is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the BSRDC to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies in the state have been redefined. 1.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard 5. ADB fielded TA: 7773 IND to assist BSRDC in project preparation for possible financing of Additional Financing BSHP. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country‟s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009.

6. The present report pertains to Bagi-Barbigha (SH-83) subproject. It has been categorized as Category „B‟ and hence an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been conducted. 1.4. Purpose of the Study 7. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage, assesses environmental consequences due to project intervention and suggests mitigation measures to minimise the adverse environmental impacts, if any, associated with construction and operation. 8. Initial Environmental Examination has four basic objectives; (i) determine the magnitude of potential environmental concerns and to ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weight when carrying out the proposed road constructions/improvements (ii) identify the environmental issues that should be taken into account when new links are constructed and/or existing links are improved - such to include both adverse and beneficial impacts (iii) identify need for further environmental studies or environmental impact assessment (EIA), and (iv) suggest enhancement measures, if any. 1.5. Extent of IEE 9. EE was conducted based on DPR. Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of landuse and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise and socio economic aspects. 1.6. IEE Content 10. The IEE has been largely structured in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight Chapters including this introduction chapter. Chapter 1- Introduction Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Chapter 3- Description of Project Chapter 4- Description of Environment Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redressal Mechanism Chapter 8 Conclusion and Recommendation 1.7. Methodology 11. Suitable methodology has been adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes: Review of legal requirements Review of feasibility study

Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation. Primary and secondary data collection Consultation with stakeholders Identification of impacts and mitigation measures Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA. 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources 12. Both secondary and primary data were gathered from different sources during study period. All efforts were made for collecting most recent and updated informations about baseline condition of the area. Key information sources has been summarised in the succeeding Table.

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, Technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation information on existing road Limited (BSRDC) and Design Consultant features and proposed rehabilitation work

Inventory of road features like Ground Physical surveys water Bodies, Community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc.

Climatic Condition Status of Environment report on Bihar by SPCB, Envis and other Website2, Feasibility report, primary data collection Geology, Seismicity, Soil and Topography State of Environment report published by SPCB, government websites and feasibility report, primary data collection

Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey and Satellite Imagery based landuse classification

Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet, water resources, field observation and local people, GIS Based land use analysis Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation Divisional Forest Offices norms etc. Status of Fishing Activity Public consultation

2 2 http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, gov.bih.nic.in/, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, BSRDC.bih.nic.in, http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, http://www.nawada.bih.nic.in/, http://www.nalanda.bih.nic.in/, http://www.sheikhpura.bih.nic.in, http://www.wrd.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/,

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Air, Noise, Soil and Water quality Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples Borrow Areas, Quarries and other construction material Design consultant and public consultation during source field visit River geo-morphology, hydrology, drainage, flood SOI Toposheet, DPR and information from local patterns, people, field observations Socio-economic Environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey, Bihar through figures collected from Directorate of Statistics. 1.7.2. Public Consultation 13. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. local and beneficiary population, govt. departments/agencies, road users and NGOs with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information gathered integrated in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

4 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1. Country‟s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements 14. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all clearances/ permissions required for the subproject has been summarised in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject Acts/ Rules/ Concerned S. No. Clearances Notifications/ Responsibility Agency Guidelines A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental EIA Notification 2006 State Clearance3 promulgated under Environmental Environment Impact (not Required (Protection) Act 1986 Assessment since the project and its amendments till Authority road is not date (SEIAA), If not BSRDC passing through constituted then ecologically MoEF sensitive areas or located in hilly terrain (above 1000 amsl) 2 Forest Forest Conservation Act State Forest Clearance and (1980) Dept, BSRDC permission for MoEF and its tree cutting regional office. B. Implementation Stage 3 Permission for Mines and Minerals River Board Sand Mining (Regulation and Authorities/ from river bed Development) Act, 1957 Department of Contractor as amended in 1972 Mining Govt. of Bihar 4 Consent to Air (Prevention and Bihar Pollution Contractor operate Hot Control of Pollution) Act Control Board mix plant, 1981 Crushers, Batching Plant 5 Authorization Hazardous Waste Bihar Pollution Contractor for storage (Management and Control Board and disposal of Handling) Rules 1989

3 The Notification entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects. Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State. Category B-i) All new State High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 1000 amsl and or ecologically sensitive areas)

Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category „B‟ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco- sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”.

Acts/ Rules/ Concerned S. No. Clearances Notifications/ Responsibility Agency Guidelines Hazardous Public Liability and Waste Insurance Act 1991

6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Bihar Pollution Contractor disposal of Control of Pollution) Control Board sewage from Act 1974 labour camps. 7 Transport, use The Explosives Act (& Chief Controller Contractor and storage of Rules) 1884 (1983) of Explosives Explosive materials 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Department of Control Vehicle Act 1988 Transport, Govt. Certificate of Bihar Contractor authorised testing centres 9 Employing The Building and Other District Labour Contractor Labour/workers Construction Workers Commissioner (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, 2.2. Forest Clearance Process 15. Among all the above applicable clearances/permits/NOCs required for the project, forest clearance achieves greater significance due to the longer impacts of tree cutting/clearing and its potential effect of habitat and the needed lead time to secure compliance usually extending 6 months due to involvement of forest regulatory bodies at both state and central levels. The procedure for obtaining forest clearance has been has been illustrated at Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 : Procedure for Obtaining Forest Clearance.

Application by user Agency to Nodal Officer in Prescribed Form A PCCF to State Environment & Forest Department

Forwarded to DFO Regional Office of MoEF MoEF (within 3 days) (If diversion is upto 40 Ha) (If diversion is above 40 Ha)

State Advisory Site Inspection in Forest Advisory Scrutiny, joint verification and Group case of > 100 Ha Committee recommendation in Part II of the Application to CF Issuance of Meeting Stage I Clearance Recommendation (within 30 days) Scrutiny, verification and Monitoring by recommendation of CF and Regional Office State Govt. Forwarded to Nodal Officer

State Govt. Issue of Order by Formal Approval Compliance Report Nodal Officer to PCCF for Sate Govt. Order by MoEF to MoEF (30 days) recommendation

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3.1. Project Location 16. The subproject road SH-83 (Bagi-Barbigha) is located in Nawada (km. 0.000 - Km 24.800), Sheikhpura (km 24.800 - km. 32.000 and Km 33.000 – km 37.300) and Nalanda (km 32.000 – km. 33.000) districts of Bihar state. It starts at Ch. Km.10.500 of Nawada – Pakribarawan State Highway-8 and terminates at Mission Chowk near Barbigha, which is 2.6 km from junction of Barbigha – Sheikhpura road and Biharsharif-Mokama Road (NH 82). The existing and design length of the project road is 37.300 km and 37.640 km respectively. The major settlements along the road include Bardiha, Milki, Manjaur, Warsaliganj, Maharath, Khetalpura, Naurojpura, Shekhopur Sarai, Ambari, Balwapar, and Barbigha. Subproject location map is given as Map 1. 3.2. Category of the Project 17. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Appendix 2.1) devised for the categorization of Roads and Highways by ADB. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, reserved forest, mangrove, estuarine, protected area buffer zone, or any other similar environmental sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and some congested semi urban areas. The environmental impact envisaged is minimal and majority are co-terminus with the construction phase. Therefore, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 3.3. Need for the Subproject 18. Bihar State Highway Projects (I, II and III) aims to improve transport efficiency of the state road network, which will contribute to expansion of economic opportunities and poverty reduction. This will be realized by (i) improving the state highway network, (ii) facilitating safe and appropriate road usage, (iii) increasing efficiency of transport services, and (iv) enhancing GOB capacity for road asset development and management. Improved roads will improve accessibility to social services and markets, and enhance the efficiency of road transport usage. 19. This subproject road makes shortest route for traffic originating from Jharkhand and moving towards northeastern part of Bihar. It provides vital inter connectivity to several state highways and districts roads which further connects with important national highways like NH 31 and NH 82. It also serves significant rural population. Improvement of this road section will stimulate the local economy and enhance the living conditions of local people. 3.4. Existing and Project Traffic 20. Existing Traffic: Project road is divided in two homogenous sections, from km 0.000 to km 11.000 (Section I) and from km. 11.000 to km. 37.300 (Section II) and ADT in PCU/day is 1926 and 2095 respectively (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations

Location of ADT Peak Hour Flows Peak Hour Ch.km Survey Vehicle PCUS Vehicle PCU PCU % 7.600 Lilabigha 1683 1926 140 155 8.05 28.000 Ambari 1476 2095 138 212 10.12

21. Projected Traffic: Considering the traffic observed at two count locations, total project road is divided into two homogeneous sections (Km 0.000 to Km 11.000 and Km 11.000 to Km 37.300) for the purpose of traffic analysis and forecast. Projections have been done for all three scenarios (optimistic, most probable and pessimistic) considering the diverted and induced traffic. Table 3.2 Table 3.3 presents the projected traffic for both the homogeneous sections.

Table 3.2 : Projected AADT in Section I (Km 000.000 to Km 11.000)

Optimistic Most Probable Pessimistic Scenario Scenario Scenario Year In Veh In PCUs In Veh In PCUs In Veh In PCUs

2012 3241 3621 3185 3567 3130 3513 2027 9322 9427 8262 8444 7974 8119 2039 19178 18194 15816 15227 16085 15133

Table 3.3 : Projected AADT in Section II (Km 11.000 to Km 37.300)

Optimistic Most Probable Pessimistic Year Scenario Scenario Scenario In Veh In PCUs In Veh In PCUs In Veh In PCUs 2012 2780 3808 2737 3761 2695 3714 2027 7260 8393 6488 7642 6432 7407 2039 14356 14894 11945 12722 12877 12701

22. Based on project traffic projection, subproject road qualify two laning criteria after the design period. However, it is expected that after its improvement/capacity augmentation, substantial traffic coming from Jharkhand and going to Mokama and Northeastern part of Bihar will start using the project road, being shortest route to these destinations. This would lead to positive diversion of traffic from surrounding network to the project road. Taking into account the diverted traffic, seasonal increase in traffic and induced traffic, BSRDC has decided to upgrade the project road to 2-lane standard. 3.5. Characteristics of the Existing road 23. Right of Way: Existing ROW varies from 22 m. to 32 m in open areas whereas it is restricted to 14m to 22m in settlement/built-up areas. 24. Carriageway and Pavement Conditions: in most of its stretches, road has been recently upgraded to intermediate lane with carriageway width 5.5 m from its previous status of single lane (3.5 m). Existing formation width varies from location to location and is from 8.0 m. to 12.0 m. Earthen Shoulder is available on both sides of the road with varying width of 0.5 m to 2.0 m in entire road length. Riding quality is mostly fair. Chainagewise road condition is given as Appendix 2.2. 25. Horizontal and Vertical Alignment: Road alignment of the project road has many substandard curves and right angle bends at different locations. The existing road is traversing through flat terrain so vertical alignment has mild gradients. 26. Terrain and Landuse: The overall terrain is almost flat throughout with gradual decrease in ground elevations (60m to 50 m) from start to end as the contour of the area is generally slopping towards north. Abutting landuse is predominantly agricultural with few settlement areas.

27. Roadside Drainage: Although the road embankment is generally of sufficient height for adequate drainage of the pavement layers, there is no proper drainage along the existing road either in built-up or in rural areas. Drains that are found in built-up areas usually lack cover and are mostly choked. 28. Cross Drainage Structures: Few streams and canals at different locations intersect the subproject road. The total numbers of cross drainage structure along the SH-83 are 1 submersible vented causeway (at km. 1.269 on Tanti Nala), 3 minor bridges (on 3 canals at km. 23.940, km. 24.353 and km. 25.206) and 125 culverts. Out of 125 culverts, 99 culverts are in either poor condition or having carriageway width less than 7.0 m. All 35 hume pipe (HP) culverts are having pipe of less than 1.0 m. diameter. 29. Junctions/intersections: There are several minor and major intersections in the subproject road. List of major intersections are given below in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 : List of Major Intersections along Project Road

Chainage Type of SI. No. Description of Place (Km) Intersection 1 0+000 T Junction with S.H 8 2 9+600 Y Warisaliganj bye pass takes off. 3 12+450 Y Warisaliganj bye-pas ends 4 23+340 + To Biharsharif and to Shekhopur 5 37+626 T Mission Chowk

30. Level Crossings/ROBs: The project road crosses Gaya- Kiul railway line (BG) at three places at Km. 3.011, Km. 12.075 and Km. 17.570. All these are guarded/manned railway crossings. Presently, no ROBs are there at any of the level crossings. 31. Utilities: There are several utilities along the road viz. electric poles/lines, telephone poles/lines, and transformers which need to be shifted during road improvement. 3.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities 32. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane with 2.5 m earthen shoulders; (ii) improving road geometry; (iii) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and culverts; (iv) construction of side drains; (v) Junctions/intersections improvement; and (vi) provision of way side amenities. The brief of all key components and project activities are described below. 33. Proposed Right-of-Way: Improvement is proposed mostly within existing ROW (22- 32m) except near start and end of the existing Warsaliganj byepass and where curve radius is more than acceptable limit. Rigid pavement with covered drains has been proposed in buit-up stretches where ROW is limited to 14-22m. 34. Cross-sectional Elements: It is proposed to convert the present single/intermediate lane state highway to 7 m wide 2 lanes with 2.50m earthen shoulder in open areas. In congested locations where rigid pavement is proposed to be provided, width of pavement will be 7.0 m. with 1.5 m. hard shoulder and 1.0 m. wide covered reinforced concrete culvert (RCC) drain, which also serve as footpaths. Therefore, DPR has prepared two different typical cross sections for the proposed road widening i.e. one for rigid pavement sections and other for flexible pavement sections. The typical cross sections (TCS) applied for the project roads are enclosed as Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 and the applicability of the sections are given in the following (Table 3.5).

35. For the structures, new 2-ane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed. 36. Cross-falls has been 2.5% for the bituminous concrete carriageways and paved shoulders and 3.0% for unpaved shoulders, except at super-elevation where the paved shoulders have the same cross fall as that of pavement.

Table 3.5 : Stretches of TCS Applicability

Design Chainage Type of Widening Realignment From (km) To (km) 0.00 4.30 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 4.30 4.90 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 4.90 7.50 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 7.50 7.80 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 7.80 9.50 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 9.50 12.50 Realigned Bypass Section 12-.5 15.50 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 15.50 15.75 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 15.75 28.10 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 28.10 28.60 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 28.60 28.70 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 28.70 28.80 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 28.80 31.15 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 31.15 31.50 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 31.50 33.00 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 33.00 33.15 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 33.15 33.50 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 33.50 33.65 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 33.65 33.80 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 33.80 34.10 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 34.10 35.45 Open section (Flexible Pavement) 35.45 35.75 Built-up section (Rigid Pavement) 35.75 37.30 Open section (Flexible Pavement)

Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross Sections for Flexible Pavement Stretches

Figure 3.2 : Typical Cross Sections for Rigid Pavement Stretches

37. Geometric Design, Ruling and Design Speed: Geometric design standards are based on the IRC SP 73-2007 for „plain / rolling‟ terrain as applicable to State Highways. Both horizontal (curves) and vertical alignments will be improved to mitigate all areas of concern especially safety aspects. Horizontal alignment is retained as approved by the EA. Modications in super elevation (SE) will be done at certain locations as per site conditions. 38. Design speed adopted is 100 km per hour. However, in certain reaches speed of 80 km per hour and minimum 50 km per hour has been adopted due to village built-up portion along the road considering the safety of the pedestrians and slow moving vehicles. Other reasons are presence of many intersections and realignment at many places on the road to improve the geometrics by removing right angle bends. 39. Realignment/Bypasses: The project road passes through highly congested stretch of Warisaliganj town. To circumvent this congested location, an already existing 2.880 km long bypass at Warisaliganj has been proposed to be improved to cater designed speeds and traffic. Realignments have been proposed at ch. km 2+550 to km 2+900, ch. Km 3+550 to km 3+950, ch. Km 16+800 to km 17+200, ch. Km 21+900 to km 22+200, and ch. Km 36+000 to km 37+000 for easing out sharp curves and avoid built-up locations. 40. Embankment: Average height of embankment is about 1 to 1.5 meters. Average existing side slope of the embankment has been found to be 1V:1 H, which is deficient. There is no submergence in the project road however, the entire road has been proposed for raising and new construction. The top of the crust level of the existing surface is not more than 1.0 m to 1.5 m from the existing ground level / HFL at several places. At some places, it is below the ground level. As per IRC:37-2001, the minimum height of 1.00m between the sub grade level and the highest water level should be ensured for improvement of drainage. Further, to accommodate hume pipe culvert with minimum cushion and to accommodate box culverts, the level of existing road crust level require raising. 41. There are no stretches of the project road which run parallel to existing streams either on one side or both sides and hence, embankment protection is not required. 42. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: There are total 125 existing culverts in which 35 are HP culverts, 75 are RCC slab culverts, 09 are box culverts and 6 are Arch culverts. Out of 125 culverts, 99 culverts are in either poor condition or having carriageway width less than 7.0 m. All 35 HP culverts are having pipe of less than 1.0 m. dia. These culverts are proposed to be replaced by new culverts. Total 26 existing culverts are proposed to be retained with required repairs. Seven new culverts are proposed to be provided. Out of new 07 culverts, 04 is slab and 03 are HP culverts are proposed for new construction. Three high level bridges and one submersible vented causeway are also proposed to be replaced. 43. Roadside Drainage: There is no proper drainage in rural or urban areas. The major portion of the road passes through flat cultivated/agricultural plains varying in elevation from about 50 m to 60 m above sea level. The road embankment is generally of sufficient height for adequate drainage of the pavement layers. Total 1.800 km. covered RCC drain has been proposed on either side of road in congested areas wherever rigid pavement has been proposed, besides this, 5.000 km. of kutcha and 3.00 km. of Pucca side drain has been proposed. 44. ROBs: Based total vehicle nit (TVU) calculations the numbers and period of gate closures do not justify need for ROB at any of the three existing railway crossings. Therefore, no ROB is proposed to be provided.

45. Junctions/intersections Improvement: All 5 major intersections will be improved to ensure free and uninterrupted flow of traffic. Based on the traffic analysis, grade separation is not required at any of the above intersections. 46. Service roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made since most of the alignment is passing through open areas. Construction of cycle paths at 14 built up sections is proposed. 47. Wayside amenities: Considering the road length of only 37.640 km, truck-parking rest areas etc have not been proposed. However, pick up bus stops have been provided at the villages along the project road in accordance with IRC: 80-1981. Table 3.6 lists the bus stop location.

Table 3.6 : List of Bus Stop along Project Road Design Sl. No. Location Sides Chainage 1 0.300 Bagi village Both 2 8.850 Start of Warsaligang bypass Both 12.700 Left 3 End of warsaligang bypass 12.850 Right 4 18.300 Baghma village Both 27.200 Left 5 Sugiya village 27.350 Right 6 34.450 Barbigha (Misson chowk) Both 48. Plantation/Landscaping: It is recommended to plant roadside trees on either side as per IRC-SP: 21:2009. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 49. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, road studs, markings, signages, pedestrian guardrails etc. will be provided as per IRC codal Provisions (IRC: SP: 32-1988, IRC: SP: 44-1999, IRC: 103-1988, IRC: 35 and IRC: 67:2001). Executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of India Roads Congress standards are incorporated in design and during construction. 50. ADB has also fielded a separate Technical Assistance-TA: 7333 IND for road safety aspects to ensure that all safety elements are incorporated in design for road sections under AFBSHP II. 51. Material Sourcing: Soil is available locally along the project corridor. 7 borrow pits (Table 3.7) have been identified within 1 km distance from the project corridor. Only barren land has been selected as potential borrow pits. Borrow area shall be operated and rehabilitated as per IRC guidelines. For all other major construction material, the quantity, source location and its average lead from the proposed dumpsites are given in Table 3.8. No quarry shall be opened specifically for this project. All stone aggregate will be sourced from existing licensed quarries.

Table 3.7 : Borrow Area Details

Ownership/ S. No Ch. Km Side Lead Depth Quantity (m3) landuse 1 12+750 LHS 0.3 0.5 - 1.0 Govt (Barren) 10,000.0 2 16+500 LHS 0.2 0.5 - 1.0 Govt (Barren) 15,000.0 3 17+000 RHS 0.3 0.5 - 1.1 Pvt (Barren) 18,000.0 4 21+000 RHS 0.3 0.5 – 10 Govt (Barren) 12,000.0 5 21+300 LHS 0.1 0.5 - 1.0 Govt (Barren) 16,000.0 6 24+353 LHS 1.00 0.5 - 1.0 Govt (Barren) 18,000.0 7 24+353 RHS 1.00 0.5 - 1.0 Govt (Barren) 21,712.5

Table 3.8 : Details of Construction Material

SI. No. Material Quarry Location Lead in Km

1 Stone Aggregate Koderma 150 2 Stone Metal Sheikhpura 40 3 Stone Metal GSB Sheikhpura 40 4 Stone Boulder Sheikhpura 40 5 Mooram Sheikhpura 40 6 Cement District HQ (Nawada) 30 7 Steel District HQ (Nawada) 30 8 Coarse Sand Kiul River 70 9 Bitumen Barauni 106 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost 52. Project is expected to be implemented in 24 months. This excludes the pre- construction detailed design period.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 53. A description of the existing environment, including its physical and ecological resources, economic development of the region, and issues relating to quality of life are presented in this section. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information‟s both at regional as well as local level especially along the project corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators. 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate 54. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winters, summer and rainy. Broadly, the state can be divided into three climate zones as per its physiographic set-up: (a) Sub-Himalayan zone (b) Ganga plains zone, and (c) parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. Project area falls in Ganga Plains Zone. Meteorological attributes of the area are described below. 55. Temperature: The region enjoys extreme variation in the temperature i.e. relatively high in the summer (April to June) and quite low in the winter (December to February) showing a distinct characteristics of the tropical climate. Mean temperature observed during summer is 38°C - 43°C and during winter it is 5°C to 10 °C 56. Rainfall: Monsoon sets generally in the last week of June and it lasts until mid of September. The average annual rainfall in Nawada, Nalanda and Sheikhpura districts is 1037mm, 978 mm and 1088 mm, respectively. Maximum rainfall in the districts comes from South West monsoon with a little about 10% spread over the summer and winter. 57. Humidity: The region, on an average records a relative humidity of 73%. The air is very humid during rainy season and the average relative humidity reaches up to 79%. It is lowest during summer with average figure of 30%. The highest relative humidity is observed during August, which together with high temperature makes the weather sultry 58. Wind: Annual mean wind speeds recorded in the project area is highest in the month of May to June, while it is lowest in the month of November. The area also experiences dust storms and thunderstorms during May as hot winds blow with an average velocity of 8-16 Kmph. Predominant wind direction in the project area is from South-East and East directions. 59. Cloud Cover: Cloud cover and fog play a significant role in pollution dispersion. As per Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) the annual average cloud cover for the project, area is observed to be 3.8 Oktas. 4.1.2. Natural Hazards 60. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts are susceptible to flood. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. The north Bihar plains are drained by a number of rivers viz. Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group. They originate in Nepal, carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drop it down in the plains of Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet. The plains of north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. Among all, 2004 flood was most severe when the flood level surpassed all time high flood level. At many places,

the embankments of north Bihar were breached, resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar. 61. In the year 2008, there was an unprecedented flood due to breach of Eastern Kosi Afflux Embankment that took a shape of a catastrophe leading to miseries to lakhs of people in Sunsari and Saptari districts of Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar. River Kosi entirely changed its course from earlier one which was again tamed to its original course by Water Resources. 62. The sub-project area is unaffected by flood but road embankment overtopping has been reported by local people near Milky Chowk during 2009. This is due to local drainage congestion.

63. Seismicity: A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP) indicates that project area fall under high damage risk zone (Zone IV) with respect to earthquakes (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar 4.1.3. Landforms/Physiography and Topography 64. Physiographically, the project area is part of South Bihar Alluvial Plain Zone. The formations have come out with sediments deposited by the River Ganga, and its tributaries. The River Ganga divides whole Bihar into two physical divisions- the north Bihar Plain and South Bihar Plain. The entire project road passes through plain topography in Nawada, Nalanda and Shekhpura districts. 65. The land profile/ topography along the project corridor is in general plain with an elevation of 60 m at Bagi Bardiha, 53 m at Warsaliganj, 51 m at Mahrath and 50 m at Barbigha. The general slope is towards northeast. The topographic map of project road is shown at Figure 4.2. 4.1.4. Geology

66. Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe, (ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau, (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts, and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two-third of Bihar including the project district is located within the Ganga basin. Nearly two third of Bihar including project area is under cover of Ganga basin composed of alluvium comprising quaternary unconsolidated sediments. The alluvium can be subdivided into older and newer alluvium consisting of polycyclic sequence of sand, silt and clay with kankar nodules in the former and sand, silt and clay in the latter and present day flood deposit.

Figure 4.2 : Toposheet showing Project Road Alignment 4.1.5. Soil

67. There are three major types of soils in Bihar, namely: (i) Piedmont Swamp Soil found in north-western part of west Champaran district, (ii) Terai Soil found in northern part

of the state along the border of Nepal and, (iii) Gangetic Alluvium is spread along the plain of Bihar (both new as well as old). 68. The soils of project area ranges from moderately well drained to poorly drained, acidic to slightly alkaline and medium to high textured. The soils are primarily belonging to sandy, loam (Domat), sandy loam and very light silt type. In the region, very fertile soil is known as „KEWAL‟ (Heavy clay) in local terms, which is very suitable for production of rice, wheat, gram, maize etc, with pH ranging from 6.6-7.3. 4.1.6. Land use 69. Land use/land cover of the core zone (100m on either side): the proposed subproject corridor (lengthwise) was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 75%). Built-up Area constitutes about 15% and rest is occupied for plantation, water bodies, community property resources, and miscellaneous use (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor

Agriculture Approx 75% Built-up Approx 15% Roadside Plantation, Pvt. scrub and grasses Approx 7% Water bodies <1% Community Property and Misc. Approx 3% 70. Landuse of the Study Area: Satellite imagery based landuse classification (Table 4.2 and Figure 4.3) has been done for 7 km buffer area. Unsupervised classification was performed using ERDAS Imagine software. Classification was supported by ground verification.

Table 4.2 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor

Landuse Category (%) Cultivable Land 35.31 Vegetation/ Shrubs/ grassland 23.80 Built-up Area 27.53 Wasteland/ Sand/fallow Land 6.27 Water bodies 3.96 Road/Railways and other infrastructure 3.13

Figure 4.3 : Satellite Imagery based Landuse Map of the Study Area 4.1.7. Ambient Air Quality

71. The ambient air quality along the project corridor was monitored for respirable particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO). CO was monitored for 8-hourly averages, whereas all the other parameters were monitored for 24-hourly averages. The

average ambient air quality levels with respect to PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx ranges from from 66 - 83 µg/m3, 39 - 46 µg/m3, 7.5 – 9.5 µg/m3 and 22 - 32 µg/m3, respectively. CO concentrations were observed below detection limit (< 625 µg/m3) at all the monitoring locations (Table 4.3). These ambient air quality levels confirm to the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) appended as Appendix 4.1 for all the parameters.

Table 4.3 : Ambient Air Quality along the Project Corridor Parameters PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx CO Locations Urdu School (Ch: 3+500 km) 66 39 9 22 BDL Junction Near JPS ITI 83 46 9.5 32 BDL

Mission Chowk 69 41 7.5 23 BDL

CPCB Standard for industrial, 100 60 80 80 2000 residential and other areas Source: Onsite Monitoring. All units are in µg/m3. BDL: Below Detection Limit CO Detection Limit – 625 µg/m3. 4.1.8. Noise Environment

72. The ambient noise levels (Table 4.4) conform to the limits prescribed under Gazette Notification 643 of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for all landuse categories during day and night time (Table 4.4)

Table 4.4 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Day Time Night Time Noise Level (6.00 am-9.00 (9.00 pm-6.00 Locations pm) am) Urdu Vidhyalaya (Residential) 50.3 40.7 Junction Near JPS ITI (Commercial) 63.6 42.1

Ch : 22+400 (Commercial) 57.5 40.7 Sugiya Village (Residential) 52.0 40.3 Mission Chowk, (Commercial) 61.1 44.3

Standard (Commercial 65 55

Standard (Residential Zone) 55 45

Source: Onsite monitoring 4.1.9. Groundwater 73. Occurrence and Yield: Due to favourable geologic setup, abundant groundwater is available in the project area. Ground water is used for all purposes including irrigation.Groundwater in the project area occurs both in confined and unconfined aquifers with thickness vary from 4-100m. In Nawada district, the water level during pre-monsoon varies from 2.19 to 8.82 m, whereas in Sheikhpura district, depth to

ground water level of aquifer is ranging from 6 to 10m bgl. Long-term water level data (1997-2006) indicates no significant decline in water level. Yield prospect in Nawada district ranges from 100-200 m3 whereas it is 10-100m3 in Sheikhpura district.

Source: Central Ground Water Board 74. Ground water is principally used for domestic and drinking purposes. All parameters from four sampled locations meet the drinking water standards (Appendix 3.3). Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected during field survey in the study area has been summarised in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 : Groundwater Quality along the Project Corridor

Borewell Borewell Well Borewell Parameters Ch: 6+400 Ch: 10+300 Ch: 24.015 Ch: 31.395 PH 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.7 Turbidity (NTU) 3 2 4 3 Dissolved Solid 352 346 268 318 Nitrate (as NO3) 4.3 4.8 3.9 4.2 Total Hardness 154 167 162 173 Sulphate as SO4 38 36.31 34 30 Chlorides as Cl 54 63 63 71 Cyanide as CN BDL BDL BDL BDL Residual Free 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 Chlorine Lead (as Pb) BDL BDL BDL BDL Magnesium as Mg 32 31 34.8 37 Iron as Fe 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.31 Calcium as Ca 31 29 30.24 34 Total Coliform Nil Nil Nil Nil (MPN/100 ml)

Borewell Borewell Well Borewell Parameters Ch: 6+400 Ch: 10+300 Ch: 24.015 Ch: 31.395 E-Coliform per 100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Source: Analysis of Field Samples. All units are in mg/l otherwise specifically mentioned 4.1.10. Surface water 75. The study area does not have any perennial waterway. Hydrology of the area is mainly controlled by river Sakari, its distributaries/tributaries and canals. The riverbed is shallow, wide and sandy. It is ephemeral in nature and virtually in spate during the rainy season. 76. The major surface water body intersecting the project road is Tanti Nala at Km 1.277. The road alignment also crosses three branch canals. There are 2 stagnant water resources (small ponds) located along the project stretch at ch. Km 9.600 (Warsaliganj) and Ch. Km 34.420 (Balwapar). Pond water is neither used for domestic purpose nor any fishing activity as reported by the local people. It is only used by cattles. Therefore analysis of surface water quality was not done. 4.2. Ecological Resources 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.1.1 Forests 77. Forest Areas in the state: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. As per the latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km., which is 5.9% of the land area. 78. Forest in Project Area: Project area is devoid of any type of forests except roadside linear plantation, which is notified as Protected Forest. 4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas 79. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations 80. 2,122 trees are likely to be affected, out of that 927 trees are in LHS and 1,195 trees are in RHS of the project road. Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature. No loss of any threatened, rare or endangered species is envisaged. Predominant species found along the project corridor are Tar (668 no.), Shisham (525 no.), Kahua (144 no.), Siris (105 no.), Chakundi (95 no.), Mango (74 no.), Peepal (48 no.), Sahjan (48 no.), Babool (43 no.), Neem (42 no.) etc. Table 4.6 summarises the details of likely to be affected trees.

Table 4.6 : No of Trees along the Existing Road S. No Girth Size Left Right Total

1 30Cm - 60cm 33 37 70 2 60cm - 90cm 108 89 197 3 90cm -120cm 260 396 656 4 120-180cm 364 488 852 5. > 180 cm 162 185 347 Total 927 1195 2122 Source: Tree inventory by Design Team. 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology 81. Project area is devoid of any perennial waterway and waterbodies. There are few canals intersecting the subproject road where water is released during irrigation time. There are two small ponds/ditches, which is only used by cattles. No fishing was reported in these ponds/ditches. 4.3. Economic Development 82. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, with a significant agricultural base and a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9%, and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% between 2006-2007, and stood at 942510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project districts have been described in following paragraphs. 4.3.1. Industries 83. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant, mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries in Bihar. Food, beverages, tobacco, and petroleum products account for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables. Project area is largely devoid of industries. 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities 4.3.2.1 Water Supply 84. Bihar ranks among top states in terms of accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Project districts are also richly endowed with groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is primarily used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area.

4.3.2.2 Transportation

85. Roads: The state is serviced by 2,318 kms of National Highways, 4,192 kms of State highways, 12,579 kms of district roads and over 69,000 kms. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77km and the road density is only 901 km per million population. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. 86. Railways: Bihar‟s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for all-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 87. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 Kms Navigable length of rivers is 1,325 Kms. Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417Kms) and Haldia (517Kms). 88. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. 39 district Head Quarters have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India. 4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability 89. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand. Bihar‟s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220 MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW. 4.3.2.4 Agriculture 90. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, and lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producing state of India. Project districts produce all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley), Pulses (gram, masoor, arhar, khesari peas, etc.) and cash crops (sugarcane, potato, tobacco, jute, chillis etc). 4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources 91. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves, now about 90% of the important minerals are with the Jharkhand after separation. Still some important minerals remain in the state contributing to the total though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are limestone, pyrite, magnetite, steatite, mica, chinaclay, soapstone, slate, felsdpar, galena, andstone, and saltpetre. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project districts.

4.4. Social and Cultural Resources 4.4.1. Population and Communities 92. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9% of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991-01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47% in 2001. According to the census 2001, project districts have following facts on Population (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts

Project Districts Nawada Sheikhpura Nalanda Indicators Total Population (in millions) 1.81 0.53 2.368 Urban Population (% of total population) 7.63 15.43 10.47 Rural Population (% of total population) 92.37 84.57 85.23 ST Population (% of total population) 0.12 0.01 0.012 SC Population (% of total population) 24.09 20.78 0.387 Density (Sq. km) 726 762 1000 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males 946 918 916 Decadal Growth (%) 33.08 24.96 18.64 Literacy Rate (%) 46.8 48.6 53.64 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.2. Health Facilities 93. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, Patna being the state capital, the health care facilities are comparatively better than Nalanda. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.8 provides the number of health care centres in the state and the project districts as of 1999-2000.

Table 4.8 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts State and Project No. of No. of No of District Hospitals/Dispensaries Beds Practitioners Bihar 1636 12123 2472 Nawada 37 384 68 Sheikhpura 27 180 NA Nalanda 55 674 153 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.3. Literacy 94. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. In Bihar, only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. Among the project districts, Nalanda has the highest literacy rate of 53.64% followed by Shekhpura and Nawada. Gender break- up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts State and Project Districts Literacy Rate (%)

Males Females Total Bihar 60.0 30.0 47.0 Nawada 60.6 32.2 46.8 Sheikhpura 62.2 33.8 48.6 Nalanda 66.94 39.03 53.64

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration 95. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% had regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of main workers under various categories in the project districts has been summarised in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category Main Other Cultivator Agricultural Household District Workers Workers 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Bihar 29.48 25.36 41.29 32.15 45.24 42.84 2.01 3.55 11.02 21.43 Nawada 30.36 28.06 50.6 43.88 36.31 35.48 1.25 3.42 11.86 17.20 Shekhpura 31.55 28.89 42.23 40.28 43.63 37.79 1.97 2.97 6.91 18.93 Nalanda 31.25 29.52 39.47 36.89 43.75 39.16 2.26 4.47 14.58 19.47 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar) 96. Migration is a crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. As per census and NSS reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 97. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Out of 2180 affected families, there are only 65 scheduled tribe household being affected due to the project. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose.

4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance 98. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area. 4.4.7. Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 99. No such eco-sensitivity areas, protected area, restricted area and legislative and others were found in the subproject area.

5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 100. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued Environmental Components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment 5.1.1. Climate Design and Construction Phase 101. Cutting of approximately 2,122 trees will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. Mitigation Measures 102. The project envisaged approximately 6,366 trees as a compensatory plantation in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on 1:2 basis against cutting of 6,366 trees. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the compensatory plantation process that will include meetings, actions and discussions with concerned authorities. 103. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. This will involve 15,155 additional trees to be planted along the ROW and other priority areas as identified in Appendix 8. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB.

Operation Stage 104. The subproject road is located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, proposed extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the micro climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles.

5.1.2. Natural Hazard 105. Project area is free from flooding. Road overtopping was not reported except near Milky Chowk due to drainage congestion. 106. The project area is located in seismic zone IV which is high damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. Mitigation Measures 107. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage shall be made to avoid flooding/water logging. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. 108. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures if design aspect related to seismicity is not adequately taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV.

5.1.3. Air Quality Design and Construction Phase 109. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are: (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation), (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines, (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road, (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials, (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants, and (vi) localised increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter, which will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged. 110. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the project. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national and state highways. Mitigation Measures Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and aggregates shall be covered. Loading and unloading of construction materials in project area or provisions of water fogging around these locations. Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area. Water shall be sprayed on earthworks and unpaved haulage roads Regularly. Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory. Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind

direction from the nearest settlement and after securing a No- Objection Certificate (NOC) from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases. Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used. LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted. Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers. Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2 KVA. Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries. Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 111. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, traffic density existing and proposed is not so high and all bottlenecks will be improved to avoid congestion. Mitigation Measures 112. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 113. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas. 114. EA will continue to promote the proper operation and maintenance of vehicle fleets regardless of size and type of vehicle consistent with the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs. This will include provision of road signs and distribution of flyers to remind drivers on the benefits of a well maintained engine. The EA may opt to identify operators of large fleet (e.g. more than 100 trucks) and cause the promotion ways to reduce emissions through replacement of old with new and more efficient vehicles, converting to cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, regular maintenance and repair, and avoiding overloading of trucks. 115. Driver education will be promoted on the benefits of driving practices that can reduce fuel consumption and promote safety when driving within the speed limits and avoiding sudden acceleration. 5.1.4. Noise Design and Construction Phase 116. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB (A) (at a distance of about 5 m from the source). Although this level of noise is higher the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road.

117. Although there are a number of noise sensitive receptors along the alignment but most of them need relocation. List of affected noise sensitive structures are given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 : Noise-Sensitive receptors along the project road

S. Side Type of Distance from Chainage Village No. Structures Centerline 1 7.700 RHS Lila Bigha School 6.90 2 9.500 LHS Warsaliganj Collage 7.00 3 15.640 LHS Ballopur School 5.10 4 19.800 RHS Jamuawa School 7.00 5 23.050 RHS Maharath School 8.00 6 28.600 LHS Amabari College 7.40 7 33.100 RHS Samas School 4.50 8 33.800 RHS Samas School 4.90 9 33.100 LHS Samas Hospital 6.00 Mitigation Measures All equipment shall be timely serviced and properly maintained to minimize its operational noise. Noise level will be one of the considerations in equipment selection which will favour lower sound power levels. Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un-inhabited stretches. On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are minimal activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. If the above-mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations or near the noise source during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated. Protection devices (earplugs or earmuffs) shall be provided to the workers operating near high noise generating machines. Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly. Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Develop a mechanism to record and respond to complaints on noise Operation Phase 118. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. This may result in increase noise levels at nearby schools and religious place. Mitigation Measures

Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations. The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use Design and Construction Phase 119. The project will require minimal land since improvement is proposed mostly within available RoW and therefore not affecting the agricultural yield of the area. Temporary loss of soil productivity is envisaged due to land required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period.

Mitigation Measures 120. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used as top cover of embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 121. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner. Operation Phase 122. The better access can lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures 123. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India. 5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion 124. Soil erosion may take place near bridge constructions, along steep and uncompacted embankment slope, and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion may have cumulative effect viz. siltation and drainage problem. Loss of soil due to run off from earth stock-piles may also lead to siltation. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern. Mitigation Measures Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls. Stone pitching wherever necessary. When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls.

Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H: 1V. Turfing if required, of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch. Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Shrubs shall be planted in loose soil area. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by „mitre‟ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. IRC: 56 -1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration. Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures shall be taken to control the soil erosion further including bio-turfing. Operation Phase 125. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures shall form part of the environmental monitoring during project operation). Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries 126. The project area is in general a flat terrain. All potential borrow areas are selected from wasteland/barren land during detailed design. Borrow areas if left un- rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease. 127. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries. Mitigation Measures Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level. Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed. The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse. The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%. To the extent possible, borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan has been appended as Appendix 4.1. 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil 128. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction

vehicles, machineries and equipments, and due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 129. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps. Mitigation Measures Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils. All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re-fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease. Spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners. To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route. Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil. The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity. Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp. Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non-biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that biodegradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter4 by the contractor. Non-biodegradable and non-saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorised landfill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured. Operation Stage 130. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation proposed. 5.1.6. Groundwater Design and Construction Stage 131. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. However, uncontrolled abstraction can deteriorate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp.

4 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to dispose bio-degradable waste effectively.

Mitigation Measures 132. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater. 133. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. 134. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible. Operation Stage 135. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed.

5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 136. Project road does not intersect any perennial waterway. Bridge construction over canals is recommended during non irrigation period. There are two small seasonal ponds close to the alignment. Pond water is neither used for domestic purpose nor does it support any aquatic life as reported by the local people. It is only used by cattles for bathing. Mitigation Measure 137. Partial loss to two small ponds may be compensated by converting few of the borrow areas in ponds. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department. 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality Design and Construction Stage 138. Siltationand deterioration of surface water quality is minimal since there is no perennial waterway/waterbodies along the alignment. However, a set of mitigative measures have been suggested if construction is continued near these seasonal waterways/waterbodyeven during monsoon season to avoid temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. Mitigation Measure Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration. Bridge construction activity over canals shall be undertaken during non- irrigation period and the debris shall be cleared immediately. All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water body and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors. Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected

and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated. All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites. No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near waterbodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants. The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelised to prevent entry of contaminants. Construction camps shall be avoided near water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 139. No major or long-term impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the project implementation activities. Oil-contaminated runoff from the road during monsoon will have minimal impacts considering their low concentration. Periodic checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage Design and Construction Stage 140. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures is not envisaged. To avoid any negative on hydrology and drainage of the area. following mitigation options shall be adopted: Mitigation Measures Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to avoid natural flow of water. Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area. The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. The height of the embankment based on the final road levels. The following principles shall be followed for fixing the road level: (i) top of sub-grade is at least 1.0m above the high flood level/high water table/pond level and in exceptional circumstances a minimum difference of 0.6 m between the top of sub-grade and HFL/high water table/pond level. (ii) road level of the new two-lane carriageway not lower than the existing carriageway unless it improves vertical profile and also satisfies all other requirements set out in the Manual. (iii) fulfill the minimum free board requirement and provide smooth vertical profile for portions forming

approaches to structures. (iv) raise the level of stretches of the existing road from drainage considerations. The structural features and design of embankment considerations are: (i) embankment designed to ensure the stability of the roadway incorporating only those materials, which are suitable for embankment construction as per Section 5 of the Manual. ii) Side slopes not be steeper than 2H:1V unless duly designed slope protection measures are provided. iii) where the embankment is supported on a weak stratum necessary special design of the embankment done and also adopts appropriate remedial / ground improvement measures. iv) high embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils designed from stability considerations as per IRC: 75 and MOSRTH – Guidelines for Design of High Embankments. v) The side slopes protected against erosion by providing turfing/vegetative cover, stone/Cement Concrete block pitching, geo-synthetics, gabion walls or any other measures depending on the height of the embankment, type of soil involved and susceptibility of soil to erosion as pr IRC: 56. Pitching works on slopes shall be as per MOST Specifications.

Operation Stage 141. Regular removal/cleaning of drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions will be regularly conducted. 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 142. There are no national parks, wildlife sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs. Design and Construction Stage 143. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 300 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be cut. 144. A total of 2122 are likely to be affected due to the proposed project. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large number of trees has been recommended to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 145. Requisite permission from Forest Department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 146. The project envisages plantation of approximately 16,000 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State‟s forest department on 1:2 basis replacement rates. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 147. A range of 10-15 m centre-to-centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21.

148. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering, and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance. Operation Stage 149. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the project operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The Project will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road. No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. 150. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. Mitigation Measures 151. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional Forest Offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme. 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology 152. No impact on aquatic ecology is envisaged during construction and operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed.

5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste 153. Debris can be generated by dismantling of pavement, though involved only for few kilometres as realignment is envisaged for major sections. Quarry dust and unused iron bars or damaged support structures constitute significant wastes. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been given in construction camp section. Mitigation measures The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes, etc. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MoSRTH guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site. 154. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations. Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites. Away from residential areas and located at least 1000 m downwind side of these locations. Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and

Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location. Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props. 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact 155. Assessment of project impact on socioeconomic conditions point to the conclusions that positive benefits are many fold compared to its adverse impact. 5.4.1. Positive Impacts 156. Road-side economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro- industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. Major benefits of such projects are (i) Reduction in travel time, (ii) better mode and frequency of transport, (iii) access to quality heath care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities, (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy, and (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people.

5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts 157. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. This may cause livelihood challenge especially to small/marginal farmers. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts. 5.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers 158. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking, (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies‟ quality, (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste, and (iv) poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuffs, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic and drug. Mitigation measures 159. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilise the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilised for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies.

160. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 161. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided. 162. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. The program includes monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS. 163. The Contractor will ensure safe water supply; sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price is available to the workers. 164. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. 165. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community. 166. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check- up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 5.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community Design and Construction Stage 167. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists, (iii) safety to cattle, (iv) safety of local community, (v) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage, and (vi) conduct of safety audit. Mitigation measures During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works, (ii) handling of large construction equipment and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances, (iv) welding, and (v) electrical works, etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table. Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, firstaid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety

hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane. Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC-17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, the concessionaire shall draw up comprehensive traffic management plan. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed as per the provisions of IRC SP 55. After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. All diversions/access roads should l be closed before start of normal operation. Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 168. Road safety is the main concern during operation phase of the project. ADB has already fielded a separate TA for road safety aspects for roads under AFBSHP II. All recommendations of this this study must be incorporated in the road design to avoid/minimise road accidents and tackle emergency situations due to accidents. Further, relevant IRC guidelines shall also be adopted. 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic Construction Phase 169. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated. Mitigation Measures 170. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others.

171. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements: At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road 172. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage. 173. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorised vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas.

5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials 174. The construction material primarily will consist off aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 M away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties 175. As per initial assessment minimal land is required for the project since widening is mostly within existing ROW. Final land acquisition plan and resettlement plan is under finalisation. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and adequate compensation to other affected persons as recommended by resettlement expert shall be implemented to minimise these impacts. 5.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources 176. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled will be suitably relocated. Summary of impacted community properties has been provided at Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 : Affected Common Property Resources Type of CPR No. of Structures Temple/ Shrines 26 Schools/colleges 8 Panchayat Kendra/ Gramin Vikash Kendra 4 Community centre 1 Handpumps/well 45 Abandoned 3 Primary Health centre 1 Bus shelter 23

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed 177. Stakeholder‟s consultations were held during different stages of project with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, overall opinion and solicit recommendations to improve project design. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subprojects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participant‟s views were gathered with regard to alignment, existing environment and its likely changes due to project activities. 178. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the subproject. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinions was sought particularly in identifying and mitigating any potential adverse impact. 6.2. Compliance with Regulatory and Funding Agency Requirement 179. In India, formal public consultation is mandatory only in case of project requiring environmental clearances for in select conditions as per procedures prescribed in new EIA notification of 2006. Since this subproject, which do not pass through ecologically sensitive areas and/or not located in hilly terrain (1000 amsl), it is exempted from environmental clearance. Hence, formal public consultation is not required. 180. Meaningful consultation was undertaken in consistent to the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co-ordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated in the consultation process. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected. 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency 181. Officials of executing agency provided technical information‟s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redress mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. Suryamani Singh, Deputy General Manager (Environment and Social), expressed that the BSRDC, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country‟s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. He also shared the lessons learnt from BSHP I and BSHP II. Deputy General Manager Project Implementation Unit discussed about existing capacity at field level and desired suggestions about effective implementation of EMP. 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments 182. All relevant government departments/agencies including forest, pollution control board, road construction and DRDA were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project. 183. Forest officials informed that linear plantation along the project road falling in Sheikhpura District is under protected forest. Hence, forest clearance must be obtained before start of the civil works. There is no endangered floral and faunal species in the project area. Officials expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work.

184. Pollution Control Board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries. They emphasised that all conditions of statutory clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project in letter and true spirit. 185. District Rural Development Authority was consulted for list of NGOs working in the project area. Assitant Project Officer confirmed that none of them is working in the field of environment. Absence of forest resources and pollution sources are the main reason. Further, there is no industrial, mining or any other activity, which may pose risk to the environment. 186. Directorate of Economics and Statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarised in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Consultation Held with Government Departments. S. No Location Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation 1 District Forest Office, Shri. S.K. Sinha, DFO Information obtained about Patna Nawada compensatory afforestation norms, Shri. B.K. Das , Range Estimated cost per km for plantation Officer Kauwakol, along roadside. Status of forest along Shri. Ajit Kumar ACF, the project road. Presence of any Jamui, endangered or rare floral and faunal Shri.K.ganesh, species along the project corridor etc. Kumar,DFO Jamui 2 State Pollution Control Dr. Naveen Kumar, Report on “State of the Environment of Board, Patna Scientist Bihar” was collected. Information about Shri Nand Kishore, existing baseline conditions of the project Regional Officer area if any was collected. Capacity Shri S P Ray, Regional assessment was done for the likely Officer involvement in the project for monitoring Shri Anil Kumar Regional and other environmental management Officer required for the project. 3 Agriculture Shri. Bhawan Ray. Soil suitability for cultivation, cropping Department Nawada District Agriculture pattern etc. Officer, Nawada

4 Directorate of Dr. Jitedra Kumar Sinha, Latest report on “Bihar through Figures” Economics and Joint Director, was collected. Environmental issues were statistics, Bihar Dr. Shiv Shanker discussed with head of the Environmental Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, cell. The newly constituted cell presently has not much of the information related to environment. 5 District Rural Information about active NGOs in the Development Arti Sinha Assistant project region was obtained. They Authority, Patna Project officer informed that in absence of forests and Public Relation Officer rich floral and faunal resources, NGO‟s focus are more towards social issues. T The environmental activities of these NGOs are primarily for tree plantation and National Environmental Awareness Campaign. 6 Road Construction Shri. Pramod Prasad Information about ROW availability, Department, Nawada J.E,RCD Nawada overtopping of Road, land availability in Division Warsaligabj bypass etc.

6.3. Beneficiaries‟ Comments 187. Consultations were held at 4 locations during IEE. Emphasis was given to the locations with habitated areas and constricted stretches (location with drainage

congestions, accident-prone areas, limited ROW etc.) identified during reconnaissance survey. Consultations held by detailed design team have also been captured. Outcome of both these consultations have been summarised in Table 6.2 and 0. 6.4. Integration of Comments into the IEE 188. During discussions, notes were taken on all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures. 6.5. Public Disclosure 189. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB‟s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

Table 6.2 : Out come Consultations Held with Local People during IEE S. Place and time Name of Participants Observation, Demand and suggestions No. of Local People

1. Lilabaghavillage Lokendra Yadav (wage Earner), Area is dominated by vulnerable people Sitaram Yadav (farmer), Lallan Local drainage problem. Informed that Kumar (Student), Sarun Kumar suitable outfall location is available (Student), Ram chandra Kumar hence covered side drains shall be (Student), Chandrasekhar Prasad provided in habitated areas (wage earner), Surendra Kumar Local people enquired about (Farmer), Surendra Yadav assistance for non titleholders. (Farmer), Gaya Yadav (Farmer), Demanded underpass and speed Devki Yadav (Housewife), restrictions near village area and Kaushalya Yadav( Housewife), schools. Chottu Kumar (Student), Arrangement for alternate access for schools.

2. Shahpur Chowk Pramod Kumar (shop owner), Accident prone location near junction of Sikander Singh (sweet shop), project road with PWD road (link road Upendra Singh (dispensary), joining NH-31). Local residents Rajniti Tanti (Rickshaw Puller), demanded provision of junction. Chitranjan Kumar (Shop owner), Demanded side drains with outlet at Madan Rajak (washerman), suitable location. Ranjeet Kumar (kirana Store), Proposed improvement should be Ram Pravesh Singh(Bus Owner), limited to available Row Tuntun Singh (Businessman), Adequate compensation for Project Arvind singh (farmer), chaudhary affected persons. (wage earner) Road level should not be raised to cause water logging

S. Place and time Name of Participants Observation, Demand and suggestions No. of Local People

3. Shekhupur Sarai Kamlesh Kumar (local leader), No specific issue highlighted by the karjanand Singh (agriculture), participants Devendra Paswan (driver), Dhari They demanded for rehabilitation of Paswan (driver) Sanjeev Kumar bridge on Sakri right branch canal and (Agriculture), Kamta Singh provision of a box culvert on a (agriculture0, Chandan Kumar drainage near brick-kiln (wage earner), Gore Mian (richshwa puller), Pankaj Kumar (shop owner) Vinod Kumar (shop keeper)

4. Bagi-Bardiha More Upendra Prasad (Medical shop All participants were in favor of the owner), Ramdev Yadav (farmer), project. Ramchandra (farmer), Sohan Lal Area is free from any pollution (Electric Shop owner), Arun No incidence of road overtopping Kumar (Electrician), Ramadhin except near Milky Chowk and Lilabigha Yadav (farmer), Shanker Kumar in the year 2009 due to over flow of (farmer), Umesh Pandey (Pundit), Sakri branch Canal. Rajkumar (Farmer), Manoj Kumar Adequate provision of side drains and (electrical shop owner), Vinod cross drainage structures shall be Kumar (Driver), Surendra Singh made. (Driver) A junction is required at start point since the road is intersecting with SH-8.

Table 6.3 Outcome Consultations Held with Local People by Design Team

Consultations Conducted by Design Team

Manjaur Date – 05.06.2011

Bikash Kr (Student), Ramesh Kr (Agri), Rajender Singh (Retired Teacher), Kanhai Pandit (Teacher), S. K. Singh Business), Devender Saw (Agri), Bibhisan Singh (Service), Yogender Singh (Agri), Ram Naresh Singh (Agriculture), Baleshwar Mahto (Agri, Raj nandan Pandit (Agri), Anandi Pandit (Agr), Damodar Ram (Agri), Sunil Singh (Agri), Arvind Singh (Agri), Chinku Kumar (Agri), Binod Kumar (Agri), Bramhdev (Labour), Dinesh Saw (Business), Hajari Saw (Business), Rajesh Kr (Agri), Karan Kumar (Agri), B.P.Singh Rtd. (Service Man), R.K.Singh Agri), Suresh Chaudhari Consultation at Maharath Village Consultation at Balwapur Village (Labor), Mahesh Chaudhari (Labor),Aashu Singh (Agri), Papu Kumar (Agri), Mohan Kumar (Private Work), Sandeep Chaudhari Agri), Lalan Kumar Findings:

Maharath More than 70% of the people responded that the water quality of the area is good. However, few Date – 08.06.2011 complained about presence of high Iron content.

Noise level is not an issue to the inhabitants except in some congestion settlements or market Lalan Kumar Teacher, Ram Bachan Singh, Ashok places. Kumar, Ranjeet Singh, Manoj Kumar, Vipin Kumar, Ram Saran Singh, Mukesh Kumar, Abhay Kumar, About 85% of the people felt that the air quality is good. However due to present construction Baban Singh, Sada nand Singh, Sanjay Kumar, work in this road and large number of vehicular movement the air pollution may increase. Ganesh Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Manoj Kumar, 90% of the people said that plantation along the project road will reduce the pollution load. Virender Kumar, Anil Singh, Dilip Kumar, Satish 90% of the people said that the project area is not affected by flood. Kumar (All agriculturist) About 90% of the people said that present level of road should not be raised. Balwapar The widening of road will enhance the religious/cultural sites. Date – 08.06.2011

Sanjay Pandit, Jay Ram Yadav, Santosh Saah,

Vashudev Prasad, Yogendra Yadav, Arun Pandit, Response and Action: Gaurav Kumar, Shiv Kumar, Vanarash Pandit, The alignment has been finalized with an aim to minimize impact on structures, trees and water Ram Baalak, Mohan Pandit, Shama Devi, Ajay bodies. Only those trees, which directly impinge on the work, will be felled. Kumar, Saryug Pandit (agriculturists), Sangeeta Devi, ,Vida Kumari (housewives) Widening to two lane standards, improved road conditions, design improvement at junctions and curves and provision of proper signage will reduce rate of accidents. Warsaliganj The compensation will be paid as per relevant regulatory framework of the state/lending agency Date – 08.06.2011 Longitudinal drains will be provided along the road where required.

Local people will be given preference in employment for unskilled/semiskilled components of Vidya Bhushan Kumar, Ram Vilash Pal, Rama Dip work. Chaudhry (Business), Anil Kumar, Jag Ram Singh, Ram Kishan Singh, Malati Singh, Kiran Devi, Sakuntala Singh

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM 7.1. Environmental Management Plan 190. The project specific Environment Management Plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and proposed enhancement measures. This includes (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts, (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation, (iii) institutional capacity building and training, (iv) compliance to statutory requirements, and (v) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation. 191. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 6.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans 7.1.1.1 Social Development and Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan 192. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan 193. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents and spills. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency. 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) 194. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards, (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required, (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations, and (iv) use as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule 195. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of project and provided as Appendix 6.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program

196. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDC head quarter and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 197. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. 198. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to SPCB required as a part of consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats. 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement 199. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDC) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDC is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of subprojects. For implementation of EMP/ RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDC. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. The DGM for Environment and Social is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and co-ordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirements of this subproject.

Technical Advisor, GM: General Manager, DGM: Deputy General Manager PPP: Public Private Partnership, LA: Land Acquisition, QC: Quality Control, CM: Contract Management Figure 7.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDC 200. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy General Manager (Technical) at the subproject level supported by the Manager (social and environment). PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. The Manager-Technical at PIU is responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDC and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Environment and Social) from HQ BSRDC. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 201. The EMP will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDC will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 202. The roles and duties of all agencies responsible for monitoring are outlined in Table 7.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for EMP and EMoP implementation is given as Figure 7.2.

7.3.2. Institutional / Capacity Building 203. Training and Awareness: To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effects, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public, the training and awareness programme is planned and is given as 0. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, and Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject‟s experts/consultants (e.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts /agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training.

Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations

HQ BSRDC Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant

Obtain statutory clearances Obtain permits required Joint verification to be carried Assist and advise the required during pre-construction during construction stage out by HQ PIU, SC Contractor PIU in matters relating stage Env. Manager. to environment and Joint Verification Exercise social matters. overall project coordination and including, PMU CMU, SC for Overall Supervision of management through PIU review of EMP implementation of EMP Part of Joint Verification supported by SC Exercise to be carried Environmental monitoring Interaction with ESDRC, PIU out by HQ, PIU and Interaction and Reporting to through approved laboratory. and SC Contractor for review of ADB EMP for modification in Contractor‟s Env. Officer will Consent for opening of borrow enhancement measures Effective implementation of EMP be primarily responsible for areas, quarry areas, and (if required) and Monitoring of EMP implementation EMP labour camps and supervising its monitoring. Compilation of data relating to Supervise Filling of Reporting Format and implementation of EMP. Keeping records of all implementation of EMP submitting to SC consents obtained by by contractor Advising and suggesting Monitoring through approved contractor. corrective measures to adhere Develop good practices agency. to time schedule for Compilation of data relating to construction guidelines implementation of EMP. Preparation of various plans implementation of EMP. to assist contractor in implementation of EMP Carry out verification/supervision for effective implementation of Filling of Summary Sheets and EMP as detailed out in EMP exercises for implementation of reporting to HQ. Conduct Consultations and submitting it for approval EMP with respect to modification programs with the to SC Approval of plans prepared by (if required) for enhancement stakeholders on regular measures. contractor Identification of sites for labour basis to get first hand camps, hot mix plant, batch Addressing grievances of local information on the mix plant, debris disposal etc community and information inconvenience caused dissemination through to contractor‟s activities NGOs/CBOs. such as noise, debris disposal etc.

maintain environmental reporting system

Figure 7.2 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

HQ BSRDC Asian CGM (Technical Wing) Development Supported by technical Advisor Bank General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env. and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Level Officer - Manager (Tech) (Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions

Table 7.2 : Combined Training Budget for AFBSHPII S. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame and Basis for Costs Estimation No. Estimated Cost Training Training Material Delivery Preparation All staffs of BSRDC Environmental Overview: Lectures Before beginning of already covered under including PIU project staff Environmental Regulations, cum the implementation BSHP II involved in subproject related interaction of the subproject. 1 implementation of the provisions of various Acts/ project and Select NGOs. Guidelines, EIA notification, process and methodology for IEE, EMPs Managers (Env) at PIU, Implementation of EMPs: Workshop Before the already covered under Supervision Consultant‟s Basic features of an EMP, s and construction begins BSHP II Environmental Specialists Planning, designing and Seminars and Select NGOs execution of environmental 2 mitigation and enhancement measures, monitoring and evaluation of environmental conditions – during construction and operation Environmentally Sound Workshop Before the already covered under Construction Practices: s and Site construction BSHP II Clean construction visits technology, alternatives materials and techniques for construction, Waste Management and Environmental officer, minimization in construction, design team, Supervision 3 pollution control devices and Consultant Construction methods for construction Contractors‟ staff sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction PIU and Supervision Monitoring Environmental Lectures, During initial phases already covered under Consultant, NGOs and Performance during Workshop of construction BSHP II community Construction: and site representatives Air, Water, Soil and Noise, visits tree survival Monitoring requirement and techniques, 4 Evaluation and Review of results, Performance indicators and their applicability, possible corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms -do- Long-term Environmental Workshop During already covered under Issues in Project s and implementation of BSHP II Management: seminars the Subproject Designing and implementing environmental surveys for ambient air, noise, biological and water quality surveys, 5 data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition Public /contractors Awareness programmes Workshop During construction already covered under workers on environmental protection s and initial phase say BSHP II 6 and measures being 3 years of operation implemented by BSRDC

S. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame and Basis for Costs Estimation No. Estimated Cost Training Training Material Delivery Preparation and their role in sustaining the measures taken including for noise pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement BSRDC Staff, Restoration of sites viz Lecture/Pr before Contractor already covered under Supervision Consultant, borrow areas, construction esentation Demobilization BSHP II Engineering Staff of Camps, Crushing units, s 7 Contractor. HMP etc. And Reporting Formats/procedure 204. Procurement of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment: A necessary budgetary provision for monitoring equipments has already been made under BSHP II which can be utilised by EA .for effective implementation of EMoP for AFBSHP II and further projects. 7.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism 205. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell BSRDC Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. Conclusions 206. The proposed subproject revised alignment has been categorized as Category „B‟ based on environmental screening and assessment of likely impacts while the initial environmental examination ascertains that it is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and easy to mitigate. 207. The subproject proposed road corridor does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 208. The significant impacts during construction are air quality deterioration due to increase in fugitive dust emissions from materials hauling and unloading, ground shaping, hot mix plant operation, quarry operation, and unpaved road travel. Nuisance to nearby residents due to increase in noise from heavy equipment operation, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources, and increase in traffic on road sections where construction is on-going. Minor change in land use from agricultural or residential to road due to expansion of road right-of-way adequate for a 2-lane carriageway. Health and safety risk due to increase in heavy equipment traffic particularly to children and near pedestrian crossing points. During operation stage, the main impact may be accident risk to pedestrians and livestock, hindrance in accessibility, increased noise due to increase in traffic, etc. 209. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are short- duration and co-terminus with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws. 210. The significant impacts during design and construction stage include the constricted sections of the roads which will be by-passed or require road alignment improvement to avoid and minimize resettlement and other sensitive structures and locations particularly in Warsaliganj and Ambari. An estimated 2,122 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut5 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG

5 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites. 211. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio- engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred. 212. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities. 213. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large rural populations and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other socio-economic positive benefits. 8.2. Recommendations 214. The following are some important initial recommendations designed to make the project environmentally sound and sustainable: All requisite clearances/permits shall be timely obtained applicable for different stages of project; Dedicated competent staffs shall be appointed for environment and safety by the contractors for efficient implementation of EMP/EMOP; Distmantled/excess material should be reused to the extent. Discarded materials that cannot be used in construction and fill should be disposed off in environmentally acceptable manner; Prior consent shall be obtained by the Engineer-in-Charge before locating project offices, sheds and construction plants; Camps, equipments, vehicles and machines shall be operated in compliance to EMP and consent conditions by SPCB. amps should be operated within a self-sufficient infrastructure and no trees should be cut for wood fuel; Project implementation unit should ensure that pollution control equipment is installed on all equipment and operating properly by the contractors;

Borrow areas shall be located and operated as per IRC guidelines and as per EMP. Aggregates shall be obtained from existing licensed quarries. Transport, unloading and storage of construction material shall be done as per EMP; Contractors should be required to maintain construction sites, keep them clean and provide appropriate facilities for the storage of all waste until it is disposed suitably; work forces should be provided with adequate water supply, septic tanks with soak pits, health care facilities and LPG to reduce their dependence on wood fuels; Contractors should ensure that the safety of workers and other site users is not compromised during construction; Nearby trees, vegetation and private property should be protected during bitumen spraying work; Bitumen drums should be stored in designated locations and not scattered along the road; At construction sites within 500 metres of settlements, noisy operations should be stopped between 22:00 to 06:00 hrs, Cut and fill methods of construction should be employed to the extent possible, and using excavators; Loss of trees should compensated by planting trees on available space in consultation with forest department; in case of loss of land and structures, compensation should be paid in accordance with the government norms and affected people should be rehabilitated as per Resettlement Plan; Periodic monitoring and reporting shall be done as envisaged in IEE; Supervision consultant may update the EMP and monitoring program with intimation to ADB as per local site conditions; and Recommendations of road safety study (being conducted under separate TA for BSH II Project-Additional Financing) and resettlement plan shall be adopted by all parties involved in project implementation.

APPENDIX 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

IND: Bihar State Highway Project II – Additional Financing. SH-83 Country/Project Title: Bagi-Barbigha

Sector Division: SARD-SATC

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. PROJECT SITING IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE No cultural heritage site in located within the road X ROW.

. PROTECTED AREA No protected area is located within the road ROW X . WETLAND No wetland is located along the project site X . MANGROVE No mangrove area is located in the project site X

. ESTUARINE Not applicable X

. BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA Not Applicable X

. SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY No special biodiversity area is located within the X ROW

B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE…

. Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of X The topography of project road is flat. Minor to landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and negligible impacts on landscape by road quarries? embankments, cuts and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist along the project road which may get impacted. Opening of New Quarries is not envisaged since area is underlain by thick alluvium. Quarry material will be sourced from existing quarries. All borrow areas located at barren land and be suitably rehabilitated. . Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or X There are no National Parks, Wild Life protected areas)? Sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways X Project road crosses one Nala at km. 1.269 and 3 crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in canals at km. 23.940, km. 24.353 and km. 25.206. streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction Nala is seasonal in nature and water in canals is released only during irrigation period. site? All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. Further, construction of minor bridges on these seasonal nala and canals are recommended during non-monsoon season. . Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and X Adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals workers camps will help to avoid this possibility. used in construction? As the construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. . Increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, cutting X Local air pollution level is likely to be increased for and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt processing? short duration during construction period. Appropriate distance from settlement area and wind direction will be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit , hot mix plants, etc. . Risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health X All contractors will be required to appoint its and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and occupational health and safety officer who will be radiological hazards during project construction and responsible to train employees on how hot to operate on hazardous conditions. operation during project construction and operation? All bitumen and petrochemical materials will be stored on secured and paved area equipped with fire extinguishers.

During project operation, possible road-user conflicts have been identified and countermeasures like warnings (road markers, signs), calming (speed bumps/speed breakers), and crash barriers will be installed based on the road safety audit findings. . Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works? X No blasting will be required in the project.

Noise level is expected to exceed standards along the active construction fronts and camp site rock crushing and hot mix plant operations. Along active construction fronts impact will be minimized through timing of activities and installation of barriers near sensitive sites. Inside the construction camps all workers deployed in high noise level areas will be required to wear protective gears . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? X No off-site (beyond ROW) dislocation will take place

. Dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people living X Minor, since expansion is mostly within existing in right-of-way? ROW and major resettlement areas where ROW is grossly inadequate will be by-passed. (Resettlement Plan is currently being finalized). . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and X None. The proposed road will assure equal pay to children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? women. Women, poor, and dislocated people will be given priority in establishing and maintaining additional plantation and road safety awareness program. No children/minors will be employed by the Project. There are no IPs in the sub-project area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Other social concerns relating to inconveniences in living X Deterioration in ambient air quality will be limited conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of to be localized and temporarily during construction upper respiratory problems and stress? activity. The project area is largely located in vast open areas.

. Hazardous driving conditions where construction X To minimized the impact suitable traffic interferes with pre-existing roads? management plan will be designed and implement by the contractor

. Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction X Proper provisions for sanitation, health care and camps and work sites, and possible transmission of solid waste disposal facilities will be available in communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) the contract documents to avoid such possibility. Workers will be made aware about communicable from workers to local populations? diseases Immunization of workers will be done prior to their inclusion by linking with existing state

and national programs. All contractor employees will undergo STI and HIV/AIDS awareness training. . Creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases such X No such condition is anticipated, All borrow pit as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents? areas will comply with IRC guidelines. Borrow areas, will be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored. Good housekeeping practices will be maintained and monitored in all construction camps. . Accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, X Road safety measures will minimize the likelihood leading to accidental spills of toxic materials? of such events. Coordination with local state pollution control board, police and medical facilities to leverage corrective actions. . Increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic X Increase in noise and air pollution is expected volume? during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize them which include timing of heavy equipment operation, and installation of temporary noise barriers along heavily inhabited areas. During operation phase, vehicular traffic will be the main source of air and noise pollution. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. . Increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and fuel X Cross drains and side drains will be inspected spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road? before the onset of monsoon to collect and dispose properly of oil contaminated silt.

. Social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries X Laborers will be sourced primarily from local are hired? communities to reduce conflict.

. Large population influx during project construction and X The size of the constructions camp, similar to the operation that causes increased burden on social previous BSHPs, will not be expansive as labor infrastructure and services (such as water supply and and materials will be primarily sources locally. All water extraction will be covered by necessary sanitation systems)? permits to avoid negative impacts to the host communities.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Risks to community health and safety due to the transport, X 3rd party supplier and transporters of bitumen and storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as fuel will be required to demonstrate capability to explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction contain accidental spills especially during transport. and operation?

Within the construction camp, all loading and unloading of these materials will be supervised by the safety officer and only in designated areas. . Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural X Natural causes of structural failures will involve causes, especially where the structural elements or extreme flooding and earthquake. The only flood components of the project are accessible to members of prone section in the entire SH-83 is in Milky Chowk where overtopping has occurred due to the affected community or where their failure could result inadequate cross drains. The entire SH is under in injury to the community throughout project construction, Zone IV seismicity category having high damage operation and decommissioning. risk to earthquakes. Adequate sizing of cross drains will be made in Milky Chowk while road design has incorporated corresponding ground acceleration.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No REMARKS The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, X Project area is located in high damage risk zone landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or w.r.t seismicity (Zone IV) All civil structures have volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I) been designed as per relevant IS Codes corresponding to seismic zones.

. Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events X Increase in marginalization is not expected. patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial Project will cause upliftment of socio-economic sustainability (eg., increased erosion or landslides could increase conditions including reduction of migration.

maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture

content could affect sub0-grade).

. Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the X Although now considered as one of the fastest Project area that are already vulnerable (eg., high incidence of growing state, Bihar has the lowest per capita th marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, income, 14 lowest gross domestic product, low literary rate, highest gross interstate migration, and ethnic minorities, women or children)? weak health service.

. Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster X The project will improve existing road. This will vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging enhance resiliency of the villagers to climate change settlement in areas that will be more affected by floods in the risk, particularly to flooding as higher and reinforced embankments and properly sized side/cross drains future, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? will be constructed on sections that has experience flooding.

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

Appendix 2.2 Inventory of Road/Pavement conditions

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

0.000 0.200 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F F 0 0 0% 0 - 0% 0% 0 F F p p 0.200 0.400 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F F 2 0 2 0 - 0% 0% 0 F F p p 0.400 0.600 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F P 3 1 4 0 - 0 2% 0 F F p p 0.600 0.800 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0% 1% 0 F F p p 0.800 1.000 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F F 2 0 2 0 - 0 5% 0 F F p p 1.000 1.200 Bitumineous 425 Earthen F P 2 1 3% 0 - 0% 6% 0 F F p p 1.200 1.400 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 4 1 5 0 - 0 5% 0 F F p p 1.400 1.600 Bitumineous 425 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0% 4% 0 F F p p 1.600 1.800 Bitumineous 445 Earthen F F 2 0 2 0 - 0 5% 0 F F p p 1.800 2.000 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0% 3% 0 F F p p 2.000 2.200 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0% 3% 0 F F p p 2.200 2.400 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0 5% 0 F F p p 2.400 2.600 Bitumineous 440 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0% 5% 0 F F p p 2.600 2.800 Bitumineous 1425 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0% 4% 0 F F p p 2.800 3.000 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 4 1 5 6 - 10 5% 0 F F p p 3.000 3.200 Bitumineous 440 Earthen F F 14 6 20 6 - 20 0% 0 F F p p 3.200 3.400 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F P 25 15 40% 5 - 20 0% 0 F F p p 3.400 3.600 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F P 20 10 30% 6 - 20 0% 0 F F p p 3.600 3.800 Bitumineous 1565 Earthen F P 25 15 40% 6 - 10 0% 0 F F p p 3.800 4.000 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F F 14 6 20% 5 - 15 0% 0 F F p p 4.000 4.200 Bitumineous 445 Earthen F F 7 3 10% 6 - 20 5% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

4.200 4.400 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 5 - 10 5% 0 F F p p 4.400 4.600 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 5% 0 F F p p 4.600 4.800 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 4% 0 F F p p 4.800 5.000 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 5.000 5.200 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 1% 0 F F p p 5.200 5.400 Bitumineous 385 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0 1% 0 F F p p 5.400 5.600 Bitumineous 420 Earthen F P 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 5.600 5.800 Bitumineous 440 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 5.800 6.000 Bitumineous 440 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 6.000 6.200 Bitumineous 450 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 1% 0 F F p p 6.200 6.400 Bitumineous 480 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 2% 0 F F p p 6.400 6.600 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F P 1 0 1% 0 - 0 1% 0 F F p p 6.600 6.800 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 2% 0 F F p p 6.800 7.000 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0 1% 25 F F p p 7.000 7.200 Bitumineous 450 Earthen F P 7 3 10% 0 - 0 2% 150 F F p p 7.200 7.400 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F P 14 6 20% 0 - 0 1% 175 F F p p 7.400 7.600 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 2% 0 F F p p 7.600 7.800 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 1% 0 F F p p 7.800 8.000 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 2% 0 F F p p 8.000 8.200 Bitumineous 405 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 8.200 8.400 Bitumineous 430 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 8.400 8.600 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 8.600 8.800 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F F 1 0 1% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 8.800 9.000 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

9.000 9.200 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 9.200 9.400 Bitumineous 430 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 9.400 9.600 Bitumineous 410 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 9.600 9.800 Bitumineous 410 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 9.800 10.000 Bitumineous 440 Earthen F F 7 3 10% 5 - 5 0% 0 F F p p 10.000 10.300 Bitumineous 450 Earthen F P 25 15 40% 6 - 15 0% 0 F F p p 10.300 10.400 RIGID 550 Earthen F P 20 10 30% 5 - 15 0% 0 F F P P 10.400 10.600 RIGID 555 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 7 - 10 0% 0 F F P P 10.600 10.800 RIGID 620 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 5 - 5 0% 0 F F P P 10.800 11.000 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 5 - 5 0% 0 F F p p 11.000 11.200 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F P 20 5 25% 6 - 10 0% 0 F F p p 11.200 11.400 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 25 5 30% 7 - 10 0% 0 F F p p 11.400 11.600 Bitumineous 445 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 5 - 5 0% 0 F F p p 11.600 11.800 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 5 - 3 0% 0 F F p p 11.800 12.000 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 4 - 4 0% 0 F F p p 12.000 12.200 GR-1 385 Earthen F P 7 3 10% 5 - 10 0% 0 F F p p 12.200 12.400 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F P 6 1 7% 6 - 15 0% 0 F F p p 12.400 12.600 Bitumineous 415 Earthen F P 4 1 5% 6 - 15 0% 0 F F p p 12.600 12.900 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F P 14 6 20% 6 - 10 0% 0 F F p p 12.900 13.000 Bitumineous 420 Earthen F P 20 5 25% 5 - 15 0% 0 F F p p 13.000 13.200 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 13.200 13.400 Bitumineous 475 Earthen F F 7 3 10% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p 13.400 13.600 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 7 3 10% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 13.600 13.800 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F F 10 5 15% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

13.800 14.000 Bitumineous 410 Earthen F F 5 1 6% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 14.000 14.200 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p 14.200 14.400 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 14.400 14.600 Bitumineous 445 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p 14.600 14.900 Bitumineous 435 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 14.900 15.000 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 15.000 15.200 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p 15.200 15.400 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 15.400 15.600 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p 15.600 15.900 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 5 1 6% 4 - 1 0% 0 F F p p 15.900 16.000 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 4 - 2 0% 0 F F p p 16.000 16.200 GR-1 420 Earthen F P 50 10 60% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 16.200 16.400 GR-1 440 Earthen F P 40 10 50% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 16.400 16.600 GR-1 390 Earthen F P 35 5 40% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 16.600 16.800 GR-1 410 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 16.800 17.000 GR-1 405 Earthen F P 40 5 45% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 17.000 17.200 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 17.200 17.400 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 17.400 17.600 Bitumineous 500 Earthen F P 5 1 6% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 17.600 17.800 Bitumineous 480 Earthen F P 5 1 6% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 17.800 18.000 Bitumineous 480 Earthen F P 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 18.000 18.300 Bitumineous 500 Earthen F P 15 5 20% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 18.300 18.400 GR-1 400 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 18.400 18.600 GR-1 430 Earthen F P 20 5 25% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

18.600 18.800 GR-1 430 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 18.800 19.000 GR-1 420 Earthen F P 25 5 30% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 19.000 19.200 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F F 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 19.200 19.400 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F F 7 1 8% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 19.400 19.600 Bitumineous 475 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 19.600 19.800 Bitumineous 500 Earthen F F 2 1 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 19.800 20.000 Bitumineous 475 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 20.000 20.200 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 20.200 20.400 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F P 7 3 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 20.400 20.600 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 20.600 20.800 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 20.800 21.000 Bitumineous 450 Earthen F P 15 5 20% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 21.000 21.200 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 21.200 21.400 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 21.400 21.600 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 21.600 21.800 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 21.800 22.000 Bitumineous 460 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 22.000 22.200 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 22.200 22.400 Bitumineous 440 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 22.400 22.600 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F P 10 5 15% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 22.600 22.800 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F P 8 2 10% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 22.800 23.000 Bitumineous 495 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 23.000 23.200 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 23.200 23.400 Bitumineous 465 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

23.400 23.600 Bitumineous 470 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 23.600 23.800 Bitumineous 485 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 23.800 24.000 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 4 0 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 24.000 24.200 Bitumineous 455 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 24.200 24.400 Bitumineous 445 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 24.400 24.600 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 24.600 24.800 Bitumineous 445 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 24.800 25.000 Bitumineous 500 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 25.000 25.200 Bitumineous 515 Earthen F F 4 1 5% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 25.200 25.400 Bitumineous 545 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 25.400 25.600 Bitumineous 590 Earthen F F 2 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 25.600 25.800 Bitumineous 615 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 25.800 26.000 Bitumineous 595 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 26.000 26.200 Bitumineous 515 Earthen F F 2 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 26.200 26.400 Bitumineous 505 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 26.400 26.600 Bitumineous 555 Earthen F F 2 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 26.600 26.800 Bitumineous 540 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 26.800 27.000 Bitumineous 595 Earthen F F 2 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 27.000 27.200 Bitumineous 585 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 27.200 27.400 Bitumineous 585 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 27.400 27.600 Bitumineous 595 Earthen F F 2 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 27.600 27.800 Bitumineous 490 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 27.800 28.000 Bitumineous 520 Earthen F F 2 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 28.000 28.200 Bitumineous 530 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

28.200 28.400 Bitumineous 545 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 28.400 28.600 RIGID 680 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F F F 28.600 28.700 Bitumineous 610 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 28.700 28.800 RIGID 705 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 p p 28.800 28.900 Bitumineous 600 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 29.000 29.200 Bitumineous 480 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 29.200 29.400 Bitumineous 500 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 29.400 29.600 Bitumineous 560 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 29.600 29.800 Bitumineous 565 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 29.800 30.000 Bitumineous 600 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 30.000 30.200 Bitumineous 590 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 30.200 30.400 Bitumineous 565 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 30.400 30.600 Bitumineous 510 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 30.600 30.800 Bitumineous 560 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 30.800 31.000 Bitumineous 580 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 31.000 31.140 Bitumineous 630 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 31.140 31.400 RIGID 680 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F F F 31.400 31.600 Bitumineous 630 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 31.600 31.800 Bitumineous 560 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 31.800 32.000 Bitumineous 620 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 32.000 32.200 Bitumineous 580 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 32.200 32.400 Bitumineous 620 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 32.400 32.600 Bitumineous 570 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 32.600 32.800 Bitumineous 630 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p

Pavement G/F/P/VP quality Riding Embankm Chainage (km) Shoulder Cracks Deformation Composition ent

Edge bre Edge

Rutting Depth Depth (cm)in Rutting

% of Area Affected Area of %

Condition ( Condition Condition General

Pot holes % Area Area holes % Pot

Patching Area % Patching

Thickness (mm) Thickness

Extent of Slopeof Extent Road Side

Composition

Undulations

Settlement Settlement Drain

Affected Affected

Erosion

Narrow

falled) (NE/PF/F)

From

Wide

Type

in m

aking Length To

/poor/ /poor/

L R

32.800 33.000 Bitumineous 610 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 33.000 33.150 RIGID 735 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F F F 33.150 33.500 Bitumineous 595 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 33.500 33.650 RIGID 750 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F F F 33.600 33.800 Bitumineous 635 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 33.800 34.100 RIGID 725 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F F F 34.100 34.200 Bitumineous 655 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 34.200 34.400 Bitumineous 645 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 34.400 34.600 Bitumineous 615 Earthen F F 3 0 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 34.600 34.800 Bitumineous 620 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 34.800 35.000 Bitumineous 660 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 35.000 35.200 Bitumineous 650 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 35.200 35.460 Bitumineous 630 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 35.460 35.600 RIGID 715 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F F F 35.600 35.800 Bitumineous 660 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 35.800 36.000 Bitumineous 630 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 36.000 36.200 Bitumineous 660 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 36.200 36.400 Bitumineous 650 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% F F p p 36.400 36.600 Bitumineous 660 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 36.600 36.800 Bitumineous 620 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 36.800 37.000 Bitumineous 660 Earthen F F 2 0 2% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 37.000 37.200 Bitumineous 650 Earthen F F 3 0 3% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p 37.200 37.290 Bitumineous 630 Earthen F F 3 1 4% 0 - 0 0% 0 F F p p

APPENDIX 3.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air Time-Weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Area and other (Notified by rural area Central Government) Annual* 50 20 3 SO2 ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 40 30 3 NOx ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 60 60 3 PM10 ug/m 24 hours** 100 100 Annual* 40 40 3 PM2.5 ug/m 24 hours** 60 60

Annual* 0.50 0.50

Lead ug/m3

24 hours** 1.0 1.0

8 Hours** 2000 2000 3 CO ug/m 1 Hour** 4000 4000 8 Hours** 100 100 3 O3 ug/m 1 Hour** 180 180 Annual* 100 100 3 NH3 ug/m 24 hours** 400 400 Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section-3-Subsection (i)

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24- hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-horly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98% of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

APPENDIX 3.2 : Ambient Noise Level Limits (In Leq dB(A)), India

Day Time Night Time Area/Class (6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) (9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40 Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

APPENDIX 3.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible 1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable. 2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable. 3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable. 4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination. Affects taste, corrodes supply 5 pH 6.5 8.5 system. Causes scaling, excessive soap HARDNESS, as CaCO3, 6 300 600 consumption, calcification of mg/l arteries. Causes staining of laundry and 7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition. May be injurious to heart or kidney patients. Taste, indigestion, 8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000 corrosion and palatability are affected. RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only Excessive chlorination causes 9 when 0.20 - asthma, colitis and eczema Water is chlorinated May cause gastro-intestinal TOTAL DISSOLVED 10 500 2000 irritation, corrosion and laxative SOLIDS, mg/l effect to new users. Excessive Cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, 11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200 essential for nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood. Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; deficiency causes 12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100 structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems. Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts may result in liver damage, 13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50 causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems. Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a 14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400 cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect. Causes infant methaemoglobinaemia, at very 15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100 high concentration causes gastric cancer and effects central nervous and cardiovascular system. Reduces dental carries, very high 16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis.

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, 17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation itai-itai (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. 18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Chronic toxicity produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anaemia etc. Essential and beneficial in human 19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water. Cr6+ produces lung tumours, 20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis. Causes skin damage, circulatory 21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problems, and increased risk of skin cancer. Raises blood cholesterol, lowers 22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation blood sugar. 23 ALUMINIUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders. 24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure. 25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic Causes nerve damage, thyroid 26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problem. Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes 27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism. Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite and reduction 28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30 in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry. Leads to hair, finger loss, and 29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems. Affects central nervous system, 30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 salts may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc. Imparts unpleasant taste, ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, 31 200 600 deleterious to humans in presence mg/l of high pH, hardness and TDS. Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and 32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001 affects immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic. High concentration causes 33 PHOSPHATE, as PO4, mg/l No guideline vomiting and diarrhoea stimulates secondary hyperthyroidism and

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible bone loss.

Harmful to persons suffering from 34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Essential nutrition element but 35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline excessive amounts are cathartic. Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react 36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals. PATHOGENS Causes water borne diseases like a)TOTAL COLIFORM coliform jaundice; Typhoid, 37 No/dl 1 10 Cholera etc. produces infections

b)FAECAL COLIFORM involving skin mucous membrane No/dl of eyes, ears and throat. RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES 0-4 milligram/year 38 Increases risk of cancer. -ALPHA PARTICLES 0-15 picocuries/year -RADIUM 0-05 picocuries/year

Appendix 4.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. (1) The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. (2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. (3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. (4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. (5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available.

2. CONTRACTOR‟S RESPONSIBILTY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the sub-grade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the sub- grade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind the following: (1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and un-acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the un-acceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

C. Borrow Areas near River side

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer; the following precautions are recommended: (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage. (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m. (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m. 4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as follows: Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface. Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

Appendix 6.1 : Environmental Management Plan

 Constricted Avoidance to settlement areas, Design Improvement of During the Project Design PIU,BSRDC/S Sections along sensitive locations requirement already existing bypass design stage preparation Consultant C the proposed Compliance with highway alignments at Warsaliganj (km cost alignment standards for curvature and grading 9.50 – km 12.50 and Inadequate land width/ROW. realignment at sharp curves 2. Natural Hazards/Water logging

 Water Provision of adequate cross drainage Design Near water crossings Design Project Design PIU,BSRDC/S logging structures and side drains requirement and congested Stage and preparation Consultant C Embankment height: 1m free board settlements especially Construction Cost from HFL near milky and Stage Improve drainage to restrict the flooding lilabigha village due to poor drainage. Included in Engineering cost  Earthquake All civil structures to be to be designed BIS codes and Throughout the project Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDC/S to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of design corridor Construction Engineering Consultant C MSK IV as per BIS codes requirement Stage Cost and Contractor 3. Climate and Air Quality

 Local Climatic Geometric adjustment to reduce tree Environmental Throughout project Design and Part of Design PIU/BSRDC/S conditions cutting. Protection Act, corridor, haulage Construction regulatory Consultant C Compensatory Plantation (1:2) 1986; The Air roads, earthwork, stage clearances6 and Contractor

6 Project envisages plantatation of 4300 trees against 2122 trees likely to be felled. Detailed estimate for compensatory plantation is worked out by forest department. Indicative cost per tree is estimated to be Rs. 700. Watch and ward for its survival is approximately Rs. 500 /tree. Therefores, the total estimated amount for compensatory plantation is 1250 X 4300 = 537500 say 60 Lakhs (6 m).

Additionally, Net present value has to be deposited for Forest Diversion which varies between 5.4 to 9.2 Lakhs/ha. This will be assessed by forest department.

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on Avenue Plantation on either side of road (Prevention and Construction sites, During the Control of Loading areas, storage Construction  Poor air quality Road design and Pavement roughness Pollution) Act, areas, Transport route, stage Project Design PIU/BSRDC/S due to as per IRC specifications. 1981 preparation Consultant C compromise in congestion free movement of traffic with + cost and Contractor design. provision of junctions at major IRC and intersections MORTH Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees. Specifications for  Dust Generation Transport, loading and unloading of Road and Bridge Included in Design PIU,BSRDC/S due to loose and fine materials through works project cost consultant C construction covered vehicles. Air activities and Paved approach roads. (P and CP) Act 1974 and transport, storage Storage areas to be located downwind Central Motor and handling of of the habitation area. and Vehicle construction Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved Act 1988 materials roads and other dust prone areas. Provision of PPEs to workers.  Emission from Regular maintenance of machinery and Asphalt mixing plants, During the Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S vehicle, equipment. crushers, DG sets Construction project cost C equipment and Batching, asphalt mixing plants and locations stage machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement. Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used DG sets with stacks of adequate height Included in and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel. monitoring cost ambient air quality monitoring 4. Noise  Noise from All equipment to be timely serviced and Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S construction properly maintained. requirement section especially at Construction Plantation C vehicle, Bottlenecks to be removed. Noise Pollution construction sites, stage already equipment and Construction equipment and machinery (Regulation and residential areas and indicated machinery. to be fitted with silencers and Control) Rules, identified sensitive above. maintained properly. 2000 and locations Timing of noisy construction activities amendments shall be regulated near sensitive thereof Monitoring receptor, and habitation concurrent + Cost as noisy operations may be separated to Clause No indicated In

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on reduce the total noise generated, and if 501.8.6. EMoP. possible re-route traffic during MoSRTH construction Else provision of temporary Specifications for noise barrier at sensitive locations or Road and Bridge near sources. works Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase Honking restrictions near sensitive areas PPEs to workers Noise monitoring as per EMoP. 5. Land and Soil  Land use To the extent non-agricultural areas to Project Throughout the project During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S Change and Loss be used as borrow areas. requirement section and borrow design and engineering C of productive/top Top soil to be preserved and used at areas construction cost soil embankment slope for vegetation or Stage return to landowners of borrow areas  Slope protection Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDC/S and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended especially at all construction preparation consultant and C due to Slope protection by, planting of grass practice for bridges stage cost and Contractor, construction and trees. treatment of construction activities, The side slopes of all cut and fill areas embankment cost earthwork, and will be graded and covered with grass slopes for cut and fill etc. and shrub as per design specifications. erosion control Clause No. 306 and 305.2.2  Soil erosion at The earth stockpiles to be provided with MoSRTH At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S earth stockpiles gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. Specifications for construction preparation C Road and Bridge stage and works construction Guidelines IX for cost Soil erosion  Borrow areas Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S shall be used for borrowing earth with on borrow areas quarries (if required) Design and cost C the necessary permissions/consents. and for quarries location. construction Depths of borrow pits to be regulated. (Environmental Stage Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected Protection Act for use at the rehabilitation stage. and Rules, 1986;

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on Transportation of earth materials Water Act, Air through covered vehicles. Act) IRC recommended practice for borrow + pits (IRC 10: 1961). Clause No. To the extent, borrow areas shall be 305.2.2 MoSRTH sited away from habitated areas. Specifications for Borrow areas shall be levelled with Road and Bridge salvaged material or other filling works materials which do not pose Guidelines V for contamination of soil. Else, it shall be Borrow Areas converted into fishpond in consultation Management with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas. If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.  Quarry Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. 111.3 Operations existing licensed quarries. MoSRTH Copies of consent/ approval / Specifications for rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or Road and Bridge use of existing source will be submitted works to EO, BSRDC. Guidelines VI for The contractor will develop a Quarry Quarry Areas Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Management Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA. The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.  Compaction of Construction vehicles, machinery, and Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S soil and impact on equipment to be stationed in the requirement Haulage roads and commencem Engineering C quarry haul roads designated ROW to avoid compaction. construction yards. ent of cost due to movement Haulage roads shall be designed along construction of vehicles and the barren area. equipments Transportation of quarry material shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on tear to the village/minor roads. Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.  Contamination Construction vehicles and equipment Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDC/S of soil due to will be maintained and refueled in such requirement construction sites, and commencem Cost Included C leakage/spillage a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does construction camps ent of in EMoP of oil, bituminous not contaminate the soil. and disp osal location. construction and non Fuel storage and refueling sites to be bituminous debris kept away from drainage channels. generated from Unusable debris shall be dumped in demolition and ditches and low lying areas. road construction Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled „Waste Oil‟ and „Hazardous‟ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit. Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board Soil quality monitoring 6. Water Resources  Construction Contractor will arrange adequate supply Clause No. 1010 Throughout the Project During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDC/S water and storage of water for the whole EP section Construction engineering Groundwater C construction period at his own costs and Act 1986 stage cost authority and submit a list of source/s to EA. MoSRTH irrigation The contractor will source the Specifications for department requirement of water preferentially from Road and Bridge ground water but with prior permission works from the concerned authority. The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation. Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on (April, May June)  Alteration in Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels and canal Construction engineering C hydrology due to Bridge construction during lean flow Clause No crossings stage cost embankment and Residual spoils from excavated 501.8.6. bridge nala/canals bed material to be disposed MoSRTH construction off suitably to prevent downstream Specifications for siltation. Road and Bridge  Siltation in water Bridge construction over nala and Design Near water crossings During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S bodies due to canals to be limited to the dry season requirement , Construction Engineering C construction and non-irrigation period respectivelty. Clause No stage Cost activities/ Embankment slopes to be modified 501.8.6. earthwork suitably to restrict the soil debris MoSRTH entering water bodies. Specifications for Silt/sediment should be collected and Road and Bridge stockpiled for possible reuse as works surfacing of slopes where they have to (CP and CP) be re-vegetated. and worldwide Earthworks and stone works to be best practices prevented from impeding natural flow of streams and water canals or existing drainage system.  Deterioration in No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, refueling During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDC/S Surface water parked or refuelled near water-bodies, (Prevention and stations, construction Construction cost C quality due to so as to avoid contamination from fuel Control of camps. Stage leakage from and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring cost vehicles and Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and as indicated in equipments. platforms to be provided at re-fuelling amendments EMoP locations. thereof. All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies. Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only. Water quality shall be monitored periodically. 7. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation loss Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDC PIU,BSRDC/S due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation Act corridor design and above through DFO C preparation and Roadside trees to be removed with prior 1980 Construction construction approval of DFO/ forest clearance + stage activities and Compensatory plantation at 1:2 basis IRC SP: 21 and Plantation Strategy Provision of LPG in construction camp IRC SP:66 as fuel source to avoid tree cutting. Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly clearing when the carriage way is expanded from 2L to 4L and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA. Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring. Controlled use of pesticides/manure 8. Construction Camps

 Impact associated All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction camps During Included in Contractor and PIU,BSRDC/S with location distance from following: Requirement Construction Engineering EO C # 500 m from habitation stage Cost

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route  worker‟s Health in The location, layout and basic facility The Building and All construction camps During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDC/S construction provision of each labor camp will be Other construction Engineering C camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. Construction stage Cost The construction shall commence only workers after approval of PIU. (Regulation of The contractor will maintain necessary Employment and living accommodation and ancillary Conditions of facilities in functional and hygienic Service) Act manner as approved by the EA. 1996 and Preventive medical care to be provided The Water to workers. (Prevention and Disposal of solid waste on regular basis Control of at identified locations. Pollution) Act, The Contractor will take all precautions 1974 and to protect the workers from insect and amendments pest to reduce the risk to health. This thereof includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community. Provision of day crèche for children Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers. Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases.  Use of solar Promote the use of solar energy to All construction camps Construction Part of Contractors CSC energy for lighting supply the construction camp‟s lighting construction needs cost 8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris  Selection of Unproductive/wastelands shall be Design At all Dumping Sites Construction Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDC/S Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Requirement contract C Away from residential areas and water and MoSRTH bodies guidelines Dumping sites have adequate capacity

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location.  Reuse and The existing bitumen surface shall be disposal of utilized for paving of cross roads, construction and access roads, and paving works in dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.

8. Accessibility, Traffic Management, Accident and Safety Risks  Design Provision of junctions at all major Throughout the project During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDC/S requirement and intersections. Design corridor especially at construction preparation C Traffic Planning Temporary traffic diversion shall be requirement and intersections. stage and During planned by the contractor and approved IRC SP:55 construction Construction by the „Engineer‟. cost Stage The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction;

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC‟s SP 55 document‟. The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”. Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.  Pedestrians, All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDC/S animal and during construction viz. signs, markings, requirement and both sides level Engineering/ consultation C Vehicular flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in IRC: SP: 27 crossings, schools and Construction with Forest movement, the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall -1984 hospitals, graveyards, cost. department be taken. Report construction sites, and BSRDC Temporary access and diversion, with Containing haulage roads, proper drainage facilities. Recommend diversion sites. Access facility to the schools located ations of IRC adjacent to the highway. Regional Provision of underpasses near built-up Workshops areas. on Highway Fencing and speed limitation wherever Safety cattle movement is expected. IRC:SP: 32 -  Accident risk from Contractors to adopt and maintain safe 1988 Road Construction sites Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDC/S construction working practices. Safety for period project cost Contractor C activities Usage of fluorescent signage, in local Children (5- language at the construction sites 12 Years Training to workers on safety Old)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on procedures and precautions. IRC:SP: 44 - Mandatory appoint of safety officer. 1994 All regulations regarding safe Highway scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, Safety Code gangway, stairwells, excavations, IRC: SP: 55 trenches and safe means of entry and -2001 egress shall be complied with. Guidelines Provision of PPEs to workers. for Safety in Provision of a readily available first aid Construction unit including an adequate supply of Zones dressing materials, ambulance, nursing The Building staff, and doctor to be provided. and other The contractor will not employ any Construction person below the age of 14 years for workers Act any work and no woman will be 1996 and employed on the work of painting with Cess Act of products containing lead in any form. 1996 Factories Act 1948  Electrical Hazard No material will be so stacked or placed The Building and Construction Site and Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDC/S as to cause danger or inconvenience to Other Storage Areas period project cost Contractor C any person or the public. Construction All necessary fencing and lights will be workers provided to protect the public in (Regulation of construction zones. Employment and All machines to be used in the Conditions of construction will conform to the relevant Service) Act Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free 1996 and Cess from patent defect, will be kept in good Act of 1996 working order, will be regularly Factories Act inspected and properly maintained as 1948 per IS provision and to the satisfaction of the „ Engineer‟. 9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities  Avoidance of Realignment near CPRs wherever it is Project Sensitive Locations. Design Preparation Design BSRDC CPRs technically feasible. requirement Phase cost Consultant

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on  Shifting of Geometric adjustment in alignment to Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss of BSRDC, NGO PIU,BSRDC/S community minimize the loss to any such facilities. requirement corridor Construction structures as and RandR C properties Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at per R and R Unit suitable locations. Cost.  Utilities All telephone and electrical poles/wires Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDC, NGO PIU,BSRDC/S and underground cables/water or oil requirement corridor Construction engineering / and R and R C pipe lines should be shifted to avoid Rand R cost. Unit any such hazard 10. Enhancement Measures  Environmental Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow Environmental As Identified in IEE Design and Borrow areas Contractor BSRDC/ enhancement areas etc. Enhancement as Construction enhancement Forest dept along the corridor Additional plantation on Tirhut Model part of project Stage is part of at 1:7 basis requirement engineering Cost for additional plantation (11.6. million) 11. Contractor Demobilization  Clean-up Contractor will prepare site restoration Project Throughout the Immediately ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDC Operations, plans, which will be approved by the requirement Corridor after Restoration and „Engineer‟. The clean-up and Construction Rehabilitation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. All construction zones including, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and „Engineer‟ will certify in this regard. B. Operation Stage 1. Climate and Air quality

 Air pollution due Roadside tree plantations shall be Environmental Throughout the Throughout Indicated In BSRDC to due to maintained. Protection Act, Corridor operation EMoP

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on vehicular Bottlenecks should be avoided for 1986; The Air period movement smooth flow of traffic. Provision of (Prevention and ROB at level crossings Control of Regular maintenance of the road will be Pollution) Act, done to ensure good surface condition 1981 .Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Technological and behavioral changes Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. 2. Noise Environment  Noise due to Effective traffic management and good Noise Pollution Noise sensitive areas Throughout ----. BSRDC movement of riding conditions shall be maintained to (Regulation and operation traffic reduce the noise level throughout the Control) Rules, period stretch and speed limitation and 2000 and honking restrictions may be enforced amendments near sensitive locations. thereof The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

3. Land and Soil

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on  Enroachment of Roadside Market places shall be Throughout the stretch Operation ---- BSRDC in coordination with local prime agricultural developed at non-agricultural land in especially near Phase planning/development authority land planned manner to restrict settlement encroachment of ROW. areas/market areas Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of the ROW.  Soil erosion at Visual monitoring and inspection of soil Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDC borrow areas erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ closed and rehabilitated), and other probable soil period Maintenance embankments and other places erosion areas. cost expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. 4. Water Resources  Contamination of Collection tray to be installed under the Near surface Water surface water canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies Indicated in quality due to bodies water contamination. EMoP leakage of oil Monitoring of surface water bodies  Siltation Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion. .  Water logging Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams. Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies 5. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to Forest Throughout project During Included in BSRDC be properly maintained. Conservation Act section whole compensatory The tree survivalist audit to be 1980 operation afforestation conducted at least once in a year to period assess the effectiveness 6. Right-of-Way Maintenance  Accident Risk due The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDC to uncontrolled completely clear of vegetation. requirement route whole operation/

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on growth of Regular maintenance of plantation operation Maintenance vegetation Invasive plant not to be planted near period. cost the road. Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment. 7. Accidents and Safety  Accident risks Traffic control measures, including IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDC associated with speed limits, will be enforced strictly. route whole operation/ traffic movement. Further encroachment and squatting operation Maintenance within the ROW will be prevented. period. cost No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the highway without permission from the planning authorities. Monitor/ensure that all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. Coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.  Transport of Preparation of spill prevention and Throughout the project Included in BSRDC Dangerous control and emergency preparedness stretch operation/ Goods and responsive plans based on an Maintenance analysis of hazards, implementation of cost. presentation and control measures. 8. Monitoring Operation Performance  Monitoring The BSRDC will monitor the operational Throughout the Included in BSRDC Operation performance of the various mitigation/ corridor EMoP Performance enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementati Supervision on The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc. Note: It is assumed that Items related to good engineering practices like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp, and provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms, temporary noise barriers etc. are part of engineering cost and deemed to be included in contractor quotes. Cost towards regulatory clearances has not been included here. BSRDC is advised to consider this cost for administrative approvals from GOB.

Environmental Mitigation/enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 11.6 Million Total EMoP Cost: INR 0.6 million Estimated cost for Institutional Capacity Building/Training: 4.0 Million ( Combined cost for AFBSHP II) Cost for Equipment : 0.5 Million (Combined cost for AFBSHP II) Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard for the Subproject: 1.5+0.6 Million = INR 2.1 Million EA: Executing Agency, BSRDC: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress

Appendix 6.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators

Env. Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Air Quality Construction PM 10,PM High volume sampler Hot mix plants, and 24 hr Air quality 3x7000x3x3 Contractor PIU /SC stage 2.5, SO2, to be located 50 m construction/ earthwork sites continuous, standard =Rs189,000.00 through approved NOX, CO, from the plant in the and as suggested by SC 3/year for 3 by CPCB monitoring HC downwind direction. (Total 3 Locations) years agency Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume sampler Selected Major Road 24 hr Air quality 3X7000x3X1= PIU through PIU, BSRDC stage to be located 50 m Intersections and Residential continuous, standard Rs 63,000.00 approved from the selected area 3/year for 1 by CPCB monitoring locations in the (3 Locations) year agency downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Construction Ground Grab sample collected Groundwater at Construction 3 year for 3 Water 3x 5000x3X3 Contractor PIU /SC Quality stage water: (IS: from source and Camps/site and as suggested years quality =Rs 135, 000 through approved standard monitoring 10500:1991 analyse as per by SC ) and by CPCB agency Standard Methods for Surface (3 Samples) Examination of Water Operation water for Groundwater at 3 locations 3/year for 1 Water 3X3x5000 PIU through PIU, BSRDC stage Class D and and Wastewater year quality =Rs 45, 000 approved Class E standard monitoring (Propagatio by CPCB agency n of Fishes) as Prescribed by CPCB and for vector borne diseases Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All drainage channels and Once during Guidelines Routine work Contractor PIU /SC Water construction debris/waste and canals rainy seasons from water of Engineering Bodies of the resources Team blockade of drainage channels construction department period.

Env. Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Operation Once during Guidelines Routine work PIU, with support PIU, BSRDC operation of from water of Engineering of Water 1st year resources Team Resource department Department Noise Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m from 1 each at residential, 24 hr As per 5x2000x3x3 Contractor PIU/SC levels stage Noise levels the equipment whose commercial and sensitive continuous, National =Rs.90000 through approved on dB (A) noise levels are being locations along the alignment 3*/year for 3 Noise monitoring scale for determined. and major intersections years Standard agency day and (5 Locations) specified in Operation night Equivalent Noise Near residential, commercial 3 / year for 1 Environme 3x2000x3X1 PIU through PIU, BSRDC stage levels using an and silence zone. year ntal =Rs 18, 000 approved integrated noise level (3 Locations) Protection monitoring meter kept at a Act, 1986 agency distance of 15 m from amended edge of Pavement 2002 Soil Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by the One agricultural land and at Once during CPCB Rs. 30,000 Contractor PIU/SC Quality Stage standard ) site engineer BSRDC each dredging locations if whole standard through approved and heavy / supervision dredging is involved and HMP construction and NPK monitoring metals for consultant sites stage as per agency dredging ICAR sites standard Operation Oil and At oil spillage locations and Once for the CPCB Rs. 15,000 PIU through PIU, BSRDC stage grease other probable soil first year of standard approved agency contamination location operation Soil Construction Visual Through the Project Corridor After first rain Visual Part of routine Contractor BSRDC Erosion Stage check for especially Checks action of Soil erosion engineering and siltation team Operation Once during Visual Part of routine Engineering Team of BSRDC Stage operation of Checks action of 1st year engineering team Drainage Construction Visual Checks Through the Project Corridor Once in a None Part of routine Contractor‟s PIU/SC Congestio stage especially Probable drainage year before Specific. action of Engineering Team n congestion areas as rainy season No engineering described in IEE blocking of team drainage.

Env. Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Operation Once in a None Part of routine BSRDC Engineering Team Stage year before Specific. action of rainy season No engineering for 3 yrs blocking of team drainage. Borrow Construction Visual Identification of Borrow areas to be operated Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks borrow areas as per month guidelines Contract approval from PIU, IEE and Best BSRDC Practices Operation Visual Rehabilitation as Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 Borrow BSRDC Stage Checks recommended in IEE year Area rehabilitatio n Plan Constructi Construction Storage Rapid audit as per Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC on stage Area, reporting format during IRC regular approval from PIU, Sites and Constructio construction guidelines monitoring BSRDC Labour n Sites for period and to the Camp Hygiene, satisfaction drainage of EO, Medical BSRDC Facilities Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees Throughout the Project During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage felling Section clearance in overall As Plantation construction plantation Cost suggested phase by Forest Operation Audit for survival rate of trees Throughout the Project Once in a Contractor upto Defect Liability Dept. stage plantation Section year for years Period After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring Monitoring Costs: 585000 say 6.0 lakhs (0.6 million)

Note : Location of monitoring locations can be changed as per site conditions by Supervision Consultant after approval from PIU BSRDC – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; PM - Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide;

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Appendix 6.3 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form

Below is a sample compliance inspection form to be prepared monthly by the contractor and validated by the supervision consultant.

Project : Implementing Agency :

Subproject : Monitoring Agency :

Location : Enforcement Agency :

Date : Contractor(s) :

Reporting Period : Implementation Phase: Preconstruction / Construction / Operation

1. Contractor(s)

Contractor(s) Environmental Awareness Yes / No Actions Required Contractor Response / Comment

Contractor(s) aware of mitigation requirements?

Contractor(s) have a copy of EMP?

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2. Mitigation Compliance Inspection Impact / Mitigation Mitigations Endorsed by: Mitigations Action Required Measure Effective? Impact Observed / Implemented Contractor Response Location (From EMP) (Yes, No) (1 to 5)* / Comment Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency

* Mitigation Effectiveness Rating Criteria (Indicative examples) 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good ( the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few mitigations implemented)

3. Emission Discharge Monitoring (if relevant)

Parameter Endorsed by: Date / Monitoring Contractor Measured % Location Equipment Result Standard Action Required Responses / by Exceedence Implementing Monitoring Comments Agency Agency

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4. Ambient Monitoring (if relevant) Parameter Date / Monitoring Contractor Endorsed by: Measured % Location Equipment Result Standard Action Required Responses / by Exceedence Implementing Monitoring Comments Agency Agency

5. Environmental Incidents During Reporting Period (if relevant) Endorsed by: Environmental Incidents Date / Reported Description / Action Taken Further Action Required (accidents, spills, complaint) Location by Location Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency

6. Summary of Actions Required and Follow-up (if relevant) Action Required Timeframe Follow-up Responsible Parties (e.g. within one week) (to be completed if inspection/monitoring indicates actions are required) Required Action Taken:

Effectiveness:

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Further Action Required?:

Prepared by:

Date:

Inspection Completed by:______Date:______

Signature:

Notes:

Attachments: (e.g. laboratory reports, photographs)

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Appendix 6.4 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report

1. As required by ADB for Category B projects, BSRDC will prepare annual monitoring reports describing the progress of EMP implementation and corrective actions taken. Ths format is linked with the inspection and monitoring reporting system provided in Annex ___.

1. Introduction 1.1. Report Purpose 1.2. Project Implementation Progress

2. Incorporation of Environmental Requirements into Project Contractual Arrangements Manner by which EMP requirements are incorporated into contractual arrangements, such as with contractors or other parties.

3. Summary of Environmental Mitigations and Compensation Measures Implemented Based on EMP; may include measures related to air quality, water quality, noise quality, pollution prevention, biodiversity and natural resources, health and safety, physical cultural resources, capacity building, and others.

4. Summary of Environmental Monitoring 4.1. Compliance Inspections (if relevant) 4.1.1. Summary of Inspection Activities 4.1.2. Mitigation Compliance7 4.1.3. Mitigation Effectiveness8

4.2. Emission Discharge (Source) Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.2.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.2.2. Results 4.2.3. Assessment9

7 Overall compliance with mitigation implementation requirements could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good (the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few or no mitigations implemented) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

8 Effectiveness of mitigation implementation could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (mitigations are fully effective) 2. Good (mitigations are generally effective) 3. Fair (mitigations are partially effective) 4. Poor (mitigations are generally ineffective) 5. Very Poor (mitigations are completely ineffective) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

9 Discharge levels should be compared to the relevant discharge standards and/or performance indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, discharge levels could be compared to baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded)

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4.3. Ambient Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.3.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.3.2. Results 4.3.3. Assessment10

5. Key Environmental Issues 5.1.1. Key Issues Identified 5.1.2. Action Taken 5.1.3. Additional Action Required

6. Conclusion 6.1. Overall Progress of Implementation of Environmental Management Measures11 6.2. Problems Identified and Actions Recommended

Appendices 1. Site Inspection / Monitoring Reports 2. Ambient Monitoring Results 3. Photographs 4. Others

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

10 Ambient environmental conditions should be compared to the relevant ambient standards and/or performance indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, ambient environmental conditions could be compared to the baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded) Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

11 Overall sector environmental management progress could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Poor 5. Very Poor Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

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Appendix 6.5 GUIDELINES FOR SERVICES OF A CONTRACTOR/NGO FOR TREE PLANTATING - TERMS OF REFERENCE

1. Project Background:

The Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. (BSRDC) of Bihar has been entrusted to implement the development of various State Highways for augmenting their capacity adequately for safe and efficient movement of traffic. During upgradation/widening of these state highways some trees standing in proposed right of way have been removed. Now the BSRDC requires Contractors/NGOs services for carrying out plantation along the road, on community land, barren private land, bank of river/canal/stream or on any other land provided/suggested by BSRDC. BSRDC now invites the services of eligible Contractors/NGOs under quality based unit rate contracts. BSRDC is the Employer and the executing agency of the project.

2. Objective: 1. Community participation in plantation and upkeep with emphasis on involving Project Affected Persons (PAPs), Below Poverty Line (BPL) families and vulnerable section of society like SC/ST, widows, handicapped, old age persons etc. living in the project corridor. 2. To combat Climate Change by planting large number of trees this will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. 3. To increase Forest/Green Cover by additional Plantation (apart from Compensatory Afforestation under Forest Conservation, Act 1980) as the Bihar State has less percentage of Forest cover than the National Standard of 33%. 4. For Water / Soil Conservation. 5. To rehabilitate the degraded Forest Land( subject to availability from Forest department) 6. As part of commitment of Bihar State Road Development Corporation towards Environment protection/ enhancement 7. 3. Tasks of the Contractor/NGO:

The assignment shall be carried out under the following task heads Identification of the plantation stretches along with BSRDC Preparation of nurseries Planting of sapling and Plantation & maintenance scheme is for five years

8. 4. Guidelines for Plantation:

a) The plantation area should avoid the stretches within the settlement area and the Ecological Sensitive area b) Adequate consultation with the village Panchayet / Local Forest Department should be made in identifying the stretches for plantation and species. The Contractor/NGO would require producing sufficient evidence of consultation to BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC. c) The stretches identified should be free from encumbrances and should not lead to litigation. No fresh land acquisition shall be made under the project for the purpose of plantation. d) Identification of existing nursery or preparation of nurseries should be carried out within 2 months of award of the contract/mobilization to the site. Local Forest Department may be consulted for supply of saplings.

e) Indigenous species should be used as far as practicable, strictly avoiding any exotic species like Eucalyptus that can have for-reaching adverse effect on the ecology and water regime of the area. f) Preparation of Plantation site including the pits should follow the specification laid down in IRC: SP:21-2009 for road side plantation and for other areas should follow the specification laid down by the horticulture / forest department/. Existing trees shall not be cleared for plantation. g) Plantation scheme has to be formulated for five years. h) The contractor/NGO shall arrange at his own expense all tools, required for maintenance of complete horticulture feature. No work should be suffered without tool etc. i) Contractor /NGO will have to make his own arrangements for protecting the plants. j) Maintenance of the planted saplings up to three years is also to be carried out by the Contractor/NGO. Maintenance works would include watering, wedding, replacing tree protection etc.

5. Location/ Site for Plantation

The location/site for plantation shall be identified by Contractor/ NGOs, before the execution of project, in consultation with village Panchayet / Local Forest Department /BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC. Locations identified shall include but not limited to following 1. Large vacant areas of Block Level Offices/ Government residential premises can be used for plantation. 2. On barren land of small or marginal farmers 3. Almost all the sub-project road is passing near to the establishments of Irrigation Department, their vacant colonies/Offices land can be used for Plantation. 4. Along River/ Canal/ Stream which are near to the project road. 5. Along state highways or rural road adjacent to project road. After approval of site by BSRDC, contractor/NGO shall prepare and submit to BSRDC the detailed proposal for identified land which will include area of land, ownership, khata/Khasra no., Panchayat /block/ district name, plantation scheme, number/ species of trees proposed for plantation etc. including information about the community/PAPs involved in plantation and maintenance.

6. Time frame for services

The Contractor/NGO will be contracted for a period of Five years form the date of commencement. The plantation along the road shall follow the construction schedule.

9. Maintenance The saplings of trees planted shall be watered and maintained by the Contractor/NGO till issue of final taking over certificate. Maintenance shall also include watering, weeding out of undesirable plants and replacement of dead plant, manuring and trimming of the hedges.

10. Measurement for Payment Planting of trees including maintenance shall be measured in numbers. 9 Rates The contract unit rate for planting of trees shall include the cost of all labour and material involved in all the operations described above including cost of saplings and maintenance as mentioned above, the cost of supplying and stacking the requisite quantity of manure and other incidentals.

10. Payment Schedule

Sl. Percentage of the Contract Payment Schedule No. Value 12. Mobilization advance along with signing of 11. 1. 5 % contract After preparation of nurseries and approval of 13. 2. 10 % plantation stretches 3. After Plantation 20 % 4. At the end of first year maintenance 20 % 5. At the end of second year maintenance 15 % 6. At the end of third year maintenance 10 % 7. At the end of fourth year maintenance 10% 8. At the end of fifth year maintenance 10% After plantation percentage payment shall be made on the basis of actual trees survived. For example suppose “A” no. of trees survived after first year and rate of one tree plantation is “B” rupees then payable amount at the end of first year shall be “20% of A xB 11. Team for the assignment The Contractor/NGO is free to recommend a team commensurate with the requirement of the project.

12. Reporting Format for Plantation to be made by Contractor /NGO a) Name of the village / stretch: Date of Consultation with local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC; Suggestions made-by the local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC; Objections made by the local communities; Stretches identified for plantation; Species to be planted.

14. b) Declaration

I hereby declare that the identified stretches for plantation will not affect any private or community asset resulting to litigation.

Representative of Contractor/NGO.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF WORK 1.0 General PLANT MATERIAL & PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 WORK INCLUDES: 15. i) The contractor/NGO shall provide all labor, materials, tools and equipment‟s necessary to complete and maintain the work as specified herein. ii) The contractor/NGO shall be liable for any damages to property caused by planting and transplanting operations and all areas and disturbed construction shall be restored to their original condition to the satisfaction of the client. iii) Work shall be performed and supervised at all times by qualified personnel.

1.2 PLANT MATERIAL INSPECTION

i) Furnish plant materials inspected by Horticulturist/Engineer in charge at the nursery and tagged after approval for delivery ii) Inspection at growing site does not preclude right of rejection at the site of plantation. TOP SOIL INSPECTION: i) After contract award, furnish source of top soil to BSRDC for purpose of soil inspection. ii) Take representative soil samples from area under consideration. iii) Test soil samples for pH, alkalinity, total soluble salts, porosity, sodium content and organic matter. 1.3 DELIVERY STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PLANT MATERIAL

A. DELIVERY : 16. i) Do not deliver more plant materials than can be planted in one day ii) Deliver plants with legible identification labels. iii) Protect during delivery to prevent damage to root ball or desiccation of leaves. iv) Notify Horticulturist/Engineer in charge of delivery schedule in advance, so that plant material may be inspected upon for approval at job site. v) Remove unacceptable plant material immediately from job site.

B. STORAGE i) Store plants in shade and protect from weather. ii) Maintain and protect surplus plant material suitably.

C. HANDLING: i) All earth balls shall be firm and intact and contained in Hessian. Do not drop balled and bur lapped stock at any time. ii) All balled and Hessian covered plants and container grown plants shall at all times be handled by the ball or by the container and not by the plant stem.

1.4 PLANT MATERIALS:

i) All plants to be sized as shown on schedules or as specified herein. ii) All plants shall be healthy, free from pests and diseases and be representative of their normal species or variety. All plants shall be well shaped, have vigorous root system and free from disease, wind burn, injuries, abrasion or disfigurement. iii) All plants shall be true to name and one plant of each bundle or lot shall be tagged with the name and size of the plants. In all cases, botanical names shall take precedence over common names, iv) All plants shall be nursery grown unless otherwise stated; they shall have been grown under the same climatic conditions as the location of this project.

1.5 TOP SOIL (GOOD EARTH) : Top soil or good earth shall be friable soil of loamy texture, typical of cultivated top soils of the locality containing at least 3% of organic decayed matter. It shall be taken from a well-drained arable site. It shall be free from subsoil, kankar, mooram, shingle, stones, brick or other objectionable matter. It shall have pH value ranging between 6 to 7.5.If the soil tests indicate pH value not as per the above specification namely between „6.5 to 7.5‟, following measures need to be taken. 17. If pH exceeds 7.5, aluminium sulphate or equivalent fertilizer should be added at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to lower the pH by one full point.

18. If pH is below 6.5, add ground limestone or equivalent fertilizer at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to raise pH by one full point.

1.6 FERTILIZER : Chemical type : Commercial fertilizer uniform in composition, dry and free flowing shall be delivered in original unopened containers and shall be mixed as specified by the manufacturer. Organic type :- Composts from cow dung, municipal solid wastes and distillery waste may be used. It shall be free from extraneous matter, harmful bacteria, insects or chemicals.

1.7 PLANTING SOIL MIX : Planting soil mix (Mixing of good Earth and Manure). The stacked earth shall, before mixing, be broken down to particles of sizes not exceeding 6 mm in any direction, good earth shall be thoroughly mixed with manure in the 2:1 proportions.

1.8 INSPECTION Prior to all planting work, carefully inspect the installed work and verify that all earth work is complete to the point where planting may properly commence.

1.9 PREPARATION : i. Stake out locations for plants and outlines of planting beds on ground. ii. Do not begin excavation until stake out of plant location and plant locations and plant beds are acceptable to Horticulturist/ Engineer-In-charge.

1.10 EXCAVATION FOR PLANTING : Digging of Pits i. The bottom of the pit shall be forked to loosen the soil. In case the soil is clay, a layer of broken bricks and stones shall be sprayed on the bottom of the hole and this layer shall be covered with dried leaves or straw. ii. In case the site is infested whit white ants, the sides of the pits shall be brushed with a mixture of B.H.C. (10% concentration) or Chlorpyriphose 20 EC.

1.11 PLANTING : i. Planting shall be performed in accordance with recognized best horticulture practice. ii Tree sapling shall be positioned in the location and numbers shown on plan and placed to achieve even spacing and proper matching of shapes related in a random fashion at approximately equal centers to obtain a natural dense cover. The pits for trees shall be 60 cm in diameter and 60 cm deep at exact positions as marked on the drawing. iii. Plants shall be set plumb and at such a level or elevation that after settlement they will bear same relation to level of surrounding ground as they bore to ground from which they were dug. All plants shall be planted on and in soil mix. All ropes, stones etc. shall be removed from the pit before back filling. Soil for back filling shall be loose and friable. iv. Earth balled and hessian covered plants or container plants shall be handled so that the ball will not be loosened. All plastic and other imperishable containers should be removed before planting. v. Plants with exposed roots shall be placed in the proper position in the center of pit after the soil in the bottom of the pit has been firmed. Roots shall be arranged in their natural position and loose friable, topsoil worked in among them, firms at intervals and thoroughly settled with water. Care shall be taken to avoid bruising or breaking the roots when tamping the soil; all large and fleshy roots which are bruised or broken shall be pruned with a clean cut before planting.

1.12 FINISHING SURFACE AFTER BACK FILLING :- i. The contractor/NGO shall cultivate and rake over finished plant areas and shall leave them in an orderly condition. A shallow basin, larger than the diameter of a planting pit as directed by the

horticulturist should be prepared. On steep slopes the soil on the lower side of the plant shall be graded in such a manner that it will catch and hold water, as directed by the horticulturist. ii. No deduction shall be made for the value of topsoil displaced by balls. This displaced top soil shall be used in its entirety to build the above described watering basins on level ground or slight slopes and shall be used for grading around trees on steep slopes. iii. All work done in preparing shallow basin, or grading of tree pits on steep slopes, and re- grading and re-seeding of the tree saucers shall be deemed and included in the unit price per tree. iv. STAKING : All staking shall be done immediately after planting. Plant shall stand plumb after staking. Drive stake perpendicularly, 60 cm- 90 cm as require to resist forces of the wind in to ground at edge of root ball. Single stake shall be located on the windward side of the tree. For balled root should be used to probe through the root system, to make a pilot hole, in to which the stake can be driven with minimum disturbance. iv PRUNING : Broken or badly bruised branches shall be removed with a clean cut. Each plant shall be pruned to preserve its natural character and in a manner appropriate to its particular requirements. The amount of pruning shall be limited to the minimum necessary. All pruning shall be done with sharp tools. Pruning cuts shall be painted with recommended paints. v WATERING : During and after planting, the plants shall be watered in to eliminate air voids around the roots and watered regularly as required for planting to become established.

1.13 PLANTATION PATTERN:

1. Where only one row can be planted preference will be given to fruit bearing trees. The between two plants/trees shall be kept 6 meter. 2. Where two rows can be planted there first row will be of small to medium sized ornamental trees and second row will be of fruit bearing trees.

3. If land is available for three rows planation than first row will be of evergreen ornamental trees, second row of fruit bearing trees and last row will be of timber trees having long life. 19. 4. In urban and semi urban areas, if land is not available for multiple rows and only one row is possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade/fruit bearing species.

Distance Between Plant and Rows: i) Ornamental plants except last row

Distance from embankment toe= 1 m

Spacing between plants=3m

Spacing between rows=3m

Size of the pits=60x60x60 cms

In waterlogged areas mounds should be prepared. Height of mound will very depending on water level

Height of the plant may vary from 1.5m to 2m

ii) Fruit bearing plants( 2nd row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=6m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

iii) Shade/Timber plants( Last row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=12m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

1.14 TIMING FOR PLANTATION Generally Monsoon season is the best season for plantation throughout the state therefore plantation shall be carried out from 1st July to 15th August. However, this period may vary depending on arrival of monsoon. In North Bihar or other places where there is waterlogging due to excessive rains or flooding plantation work shall be done in spring season ( Basant season).

1.15 PENALTY FOR NONCOMPLIANCE

If the agency fails to arrange the sufficient quantities of material/ manure /pesticides/manpower/equipment (in good working condition) required to maintain the work in good condition within 4 days of its notification, then Owner / Employer reserve the right to get it arranged at their risk and cost and will charge extra 20% on the actual expenditure incurred in house or outsource (material, manpower, machinery In exceptional cases, BSRDC may consider to extend the time limit mentioned above. The decision of BSRDC shall be final and binding on the contractor/NGO in respect of extension of time for rectification of defects.

1.14 DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS IN BOQ

20. S 21. DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS 22. Unit 24. R 25. A .No. Qty. ate mount 23. (Num (Rs.) bers) 26. 27. Supplying and Planting of saplings of specified 28. 29. 30. species including cost of saplings, preparation of surface, digging of pits. 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep, refilling the excavated earth mixed with farmyard manure, casualty replacement including maintenance for five years.