1958 :cONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Lithuanian Independence Day ania by military force. Once again the free­ Estonia, nonetheless, remained an outpost dom, independence and democracy cherished of Western culture, preserving its own spirit by the Lithuanian people became both a of independence and catching the fervor of EXTENSION OF REMARKS memory of the past and a dream for the 19th-century European nationalism to press OF future. The tragedy of world events during its politically more backward rulers for re­ the past two decades brings remorse and sad­ forms. With reforms painfully gained, the · HON. JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER ness to the hearts of all of us. The merciless Estonian people were able to progress eco­ OF MARYLAND depravity of the Communist dictators, their nomically and culturally. The emancipation IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES never-ending cruelties and relentless pres­ of peasants and the growth of an intellectual sure to stamp out every trace of Lithuania's element were the firm basis for a national Tuesday, February 25, 1958 great national heritage continue without awakening. By the time of World War I pausP. As in the past, however, these efforts Estonian nationalist movements in full force Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I ask have been totally unsuccessful. Lithuania were seeking autonomy. unanimous consent to have printed in is neither broken nor discouraged by the When the czar fell, Estonians gained from the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement stark realities of the present. The will to the Russian provisional government the per­ prepared by me commemorating the resist grows stronger with every outrage com­ mission to form an ethnic Estonian province 40th anniversary of Lithuanian inde­ mitted against them. While the future re­ under the authority of a popularly elected pendence. mains to be told, one factor has been estab­ Estonian National Council which was to seek There being no objection, the state­ lished for all time-the undying will of the the status of an autonomous state in the ment was ordered to be printed in the Lithuanian people to be free. Russian Republic. With the aid of the con­ We in America, as well as her countless fusion in Russia itself, Estonia proceeded RECORD, as follows: friends throughout the Free World, will also rapidly toward realizing their centuries-old STATEMENT BY SENATOR JOHN MARSHALL BUT• remain true in our struggle to free Lithu­ dream of complete independence. LER COMMEMORATING THE 40TH .ANNIVER• ania and the other freedom-loving nations of World War I broke upon the heads and SARY OF LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE Europe which are now under the Communist hopes of Estonia and faced them with a new When we speak of Litlniania, we refer to yoke. We shall take courage from the valor occupation by German troops who invaded more than a country-we have in mind a of the Lithuanian people of today and of Estonia in the wake of the retreating Bol­ brave and gallant people whose fine qualities the past. We shall be sustained by their sheviks. One day before Germany completed contribute to the traditions of many other devotion to our common cause. We shall its operation, on February 24,. 1918, the exec­ nations in which they may live. It has been continue to struggle with every resource at utive committee of Estonia proclaimed that said that one of the most important factors our command to overcome the Communist "as of today Estonia within its historical and of America's success has been its ability to conspiracy which would enslave the entire ethnic boundaries, is an independent, demo­ accept and preserve the rich heritage and world and which now has gallant Lithuania cratic republic, neutral in the present war." culture that the forefathers brought with within its grasp. We will be steadfast in Estonia's neutrality was respected as little them from their homelands across the seas. the principle that all . peoples can live in .by Germany as by Russia. The small Baltic America at its greatest reflects the tradi­ peace, at liberty and with honor. state was faced with the difficult task of tions of other lands just as our history re­ I salute the people of Lithuania and join fighting both nations at once. cords the many brave and gallant deeds and with free people throughout the world in Success finally came to the valiant nation the manifold contributions of peoples of praying that liberty and independence will in 1920 when the U. S. S. R. signed a peace many national origins. soon be restored to them. treaty renouncing all rights to Estonian ter­ The people of Lithuania have made a no­ ritory. In 1932 a .further guaranty was table contribution to America. Although .agreed upon, a nonaggression pact. Estonia Lithuania is not a large nation, its peoples' .was building its foundations of sovereignty deep religious· faith, reverence for freedom Estonia Is Still on the Map upon the treacherous sands of Soviet paper and independence, tenacity and gallantry, promises. ·and resistance to oppression have kept this EXTENSION OF REMARKS World War II began for the successfully nation among the most important in Europe OF independent Estonia publicly with a declara­ for countless centuries. We in .Ainerica, as tion of neutrality, privately by its secret con­ well as the people of the other nations of HON. JA1\1ES ROOSEVELT signment to Russia as a result of the infa· the world, are greatly ind~bted to Lithuania. mous Ribbentrop-Molotov agreement. It is, therefore, most appropriate that free­ OF CALIFORNIA Russi·a began immediately to push all its dom-loving people throughout the world IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES efforts toward the seizure of Estonia. Es­ pause to do homage to Lithuania upon its Tuesday, February 25,1958 tonia was forced to sign a mutual assistance 40th anniversary of independence. pact on the grounds that it could not guar­ During the early days of governmental Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, under antee Baltic security. Russia then pre­ development in Europe, Lithuania set the leave to extend my remarks in the sented an ultimatum on June 16, 1940; ac­ pattern of noble principles which hence­ RECOR-D, I include the following state­ ceptance would mean military occupation. forth would be the mark of the Lithuanian ment on commemorating the 40th anni­ The people of Estonia, faced with overwhelm­ nation. Indeed, this early period from 1200 versary of the proclamation of independ­ ing odds, grimly resigned themselves to their to 1450 is often referred to as the golden fate, their only hope that an international age of Lithuanian history. Unfortunately, ence of the Republic of Estohia: · crime of such proportions would ·not go un­ ·the glories, the prosperity and the freedom ESTONIA Is STILL ON THE MAP punished. of these days were not to last. Union with Maps are very .important, but they never The Western World was quick to recognize Poland, the rise of Prussia and Austria com­ tell the human story behind the lines and the illegality and immorality of the Soviet promised Lithuanian independence in the colors. When one looks at a map of Europe behavior. Sumner Welles, American Unde:~; centuries to come. Finally, in 1795, Lithu­ tOday, he sees that the Baltic States are all Secretary of State, said on July 28, 1940, that ania, along with Poland, suffered th,e tragic the same color, usually red. They are red the independence and territorial integrity of fate . of being partitioned among the then because they have been incorporated into the Baltic States were deliberately annihi­ powerful nations of Europe and it was the U. S. S. R. One of freedom's brightest lated by devious processes. The United Lithuania's unhappy lot to be annexed to the beacons, Estonia, has been swallowed up by States has consistently refused to recognize Russian Empire. the Russian octopus. the forcible annexation of Estonia. We real­ Imperial Russia throughout the 19th and Before 1940 a map of Europe would have ize that the Estonian people are a strong bul­ 20th centuries was no less oppressive than shown a small, proud Estonia crowning the wark of anticommunism. We acknowledge the dominance of Soviet Russia today. The eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Its people the sufferings of these people who are stead­ harshest policies were invoked to crush and were an ethnically distinct group, proud of f·astly refusing to surrender their integrity, destroy the Lithuanian people. Patriots their history, dating from 3300 B. C., with their patriotism, their religion, and their cul­ were deported, heroes executed, and schools an individual culture, a growing economy, ture, even at the cost of their lives. and universities closed. The national lan­ and a love of independence that had sur­ Some people have escaped from the horror guage was outlawed and the name of Lithu­ vived a long succession of foreign rulers. that is Estonia today. They stand in the ania was even removed from all maps. How­ Probably the single most important fact is midst of the free world community and ask ever, with steadfast devotion to their high that Estonia is a buffer state, a state caught for our aid and sympathy. They know better principles, the Lithuanian people carried on between two larger powers. than we the terrible price of freedom; they under adversity and on the 16th of February Estonia had· been independent from its stand as burning examples of man's un­ 1918 asserted their independence. early beginning until the 13th century. Then quenchable desire for independence. They Ranking among the great tragedies of his­ it found itself a pawn in the power politics stand as reminders that there is still a part tory "tre those dark days in 1939 when, with­ of larger, aggressive neighbors, culminating of the world living in darkness in this pro­ out provocation, Soviet Russia seized Lithu· in Russian rule in 1710. gressive 20th century. 2802 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 25 Emergency Public Works Grants CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSmiLrrY three paragraphs from the President's The responsibility for the authorization of address, as reported in the New York Federal projects, and of controlling the EXTENSION OF REMARKS Times. funds appropriated for their construction, · There being no objection, the excerpt OF rests with Congress. The Bureau of the Budget ts Infringing from the address was ordered to be HON. ALBERT GORE upon and thwarting the authority of Con­ printed in the RECORD, as follows: OF TENNESSEE gress by selecting projects for construction But I beg of you, let's don't be trapped IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES and allocating funds appropriated by Con­ into expenditures that have no useful pur­ gress for such specific projects. pose except to hand out something-that Tuesday, February 25, 1958 We are opposed to these practices of the have no useful purpose except that of help­ Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I ask Bureau of the Budget and recommend that ing a man exist for the moment. Congress now reassert its constitutional au­ Let's do it by the means of doing things unanimous consent to have printed in thor! ty and responsi billty and direct that the that need to be done in our country. the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a resolution funds appropriated by Congress be expended Naturally, we have to provide for our own adopted by the Tennessee Municipal for the specific purposes for which the ap­ security, but we have today on the shelves League, which urges a public works pro­ propriations are made, and that Congress of Government all sorts of worthy projects, gram to provide employment opportuni­ prevent attempts by the Bureau of the some of which have been already approved ties for those who are now unemployed. Budget to exercise control over the mandates by the Congress-or indeed where annual or There being no objection, the resolu­ of Congress. partial appropriations have been made. If tion was ordered be printed in the BENEFttS those things are useful-and we know that to they are because they have been approved RECORD, as follows: We urge Congress to establish a formula which will assign an economic value to all both by the Congress and by the executive RESOLUTION ON EMERGENCY PUBLIC WORKS benefits, direct and indirect, resulting from studies-then let's use this time of slack GRANTS BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ADOPTED water resource projects, including domestic employment to push these projects. When BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS, TENNESSEE MUNICI• and industrial water supply, irrigation, pol­ we have full employment, that is no time, PAL LEAGUE, FEBRUARY 10, 1958 lution abatement, enhanced land values, as I see it, to be pushing Federal projects to Resolved, That Mayor Ben West of Nash­ recreational advantages and economic bene­ compete with private industry. It would be ville be requested to confer with members of fits associated therewith, as well as those far better to push these projects when there the Tennessee Congressional delegation con­ benefits presently recognized, and that such is the time of slack employment. I think cerning a PWA-type Federal program of values be used in computing the benefits­ it's just ordinary horse sense. I think all emergency grants for State and local public to-cost ratio of all such projects. of us agree. So let's do that. works projects; Resolved further, That any such program Public-works improvements available for im- should incorporate the principle of direct mediate construction-Clearing, channel city-Federal relationships in grants for proj­ improvement, or levee projects for flood ects under municipal jurisdiction, and control Estonian Independence Day similar direct contacts for projects under TENNESSEE Oneida, Tenn. (Pine Creek)-----­ $200,000 State or county jurisdiction; EXTENSION OF REMARKS Resolved further, That any such program Collins River, Tenn. (agricultural· enacted by Congress should include grants area)------100,000 OF for the following types of public works Woodbury, Tenn. (Stones River) __ 25,000 facilities: public buildings, fire halls, etc.; Franklin, Tenn. (Harpeth River)_ 100,000 HON. JOHN W. McCORMACK streets, sidewalks, curbs, and bridges; drain­ Spring City, Tenn. (Piney River) __ 50,000 OF MASSACHUSETTS age; parks and playgrounds; schools; docks, Soddy, Tenn. (Soddy Creek)-----­ 150,000 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and harbor facilities; hospitals; sewerage, Big Brush Creek, Tenn. (agricul- and water systems; incinerators; refuse dis­ tural area)------400,000 Tuesday, Februa.ry 25, 1958 posal equipment; airports; and similar proj­ Fayetteville, Tenn. (Elk River) __ _ 50,000 Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, the ects. Chambers Creek, Miss.-Tenn. ( ag­ year 1918 saw the end of the bloodiest It is believed that in lieu of establishing ricultural area)------­ 400,000 a new public works agency to achieve the Owl Creek, Tenn. (agricultural and costliest war the world had known fastest economic relief to distressed areas, area)------50,000 until that time. Belligerents and neu­ the authorization of• funds to the Army Lake County (Harris ditch)------300,000 trals alike were glad to see the human Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclama­ Wolf River ______2,900,000 carnage stop and they all welcomed the tion for water resource development will Loosahatchie River------2,000,000 return of peace. To some peoples 1918 give the best results. Dyersburg flood protection ______290,000 ushered in a new era; it brought them a Such a program could be carried out as Obion and Forked Deer Rivers ___ _ 8,000,000 prize for which they had been :fighting follows: ALABAMA for generations and even for centuries. 1. Institute widespread program of local flood prevention and drainage projects to Bear Creek, Ala. (agricultural In that year they regained their na­ provide maximum employment by use of area) ------3,000,000 tional independence and freedom. The hand labor for channel clearing, brush re­ Huntsville, Ala. (Pinhook Creek)_ 150,000 Estonians were one of these peoples. moval, snagging, etc. Much of this could be Flint River, Ala. (agricultural The Estonians had settled in their his­ put under way in a short time because of area) ------. 800,000 toric land long before our present era. small amount of engineering needed. This Mud Creek, Ala. (agricultural 150,000 There in the northernmost outpost of is best for rural areas. (See following list area) ------Europe they led a quiet and contented, for representative examples.) Paint Rock River, Ala. (agricul- 2. Replace funds deleted by Bureau of the tural area)------:------700,000 but strenuous and hardy life. They constituted one of the smallest and ho­ Budget from Corps of Engineers and Bureau KENTUCKY of Reclamation fiscal year 1959 construction mogenous ethnic groups in Europe, sel­ Cumberland, Ky. (Poor Fork)---- 50, 000 dom numbering more than 1 million program and add to this any additional Harlan, Ky. (Clover Fork)------50,000 funds which can be efficiently utilized for Corbin, Ky. (Lynn Camp Creek)-- 1, 000, 000 people. But they succeeded in main­ continuing projects or new starts in original taining their national identity and free­ fiscal year 1959 program. Laurel River, Ky. (agricultural area)------400,000 dom. In 1710, however, their country 3. Urge passage of omnibus rivers and Hopkinsville, Ky. (Little River) __ 1, 000,000 was overrun by the Russians and they harbors bill by House resolution to provide Clarks River, Ky. (agricultural authorization for new, well-justified proj­ were forced to accept the Russian regime ects. area)------800,000 imposed upon them. For more than 200 4. Provide funds for any worthwhile proj­ Channel Lake No. 9-Reelfoot____ 122,000 years they lived under Russian oppres­ ects already authorized but in deferred Obion and Mayfield Creeks, Bayou sive rule and they never liked it. Their status or in the new omnibus b111. I>uchein------4,500,000 chief desire during all that time was to 5. Urge passage of bills authorizing mu­ Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I wish to be free, but they were unable to attain nicipal and industrial water supply, recrea­ point out in connection with this mat­ their freedom without help from others. tion, etc., to be credited as monetary bene­ ter that on yesterday President Eisen­ But some events in the course of the fits. hower delivered an address, as reported First World War worked in their favor. 6. Urge passage of a bill which would re­ vise criteria for establishing benefit-cost in the New York Times of February 25, With the Russian revolution of 1917 ratio to permit crediting of economic bene­ 1958, before the National Food Confer.;, czarist autocracy was overthrown and fits to regions caused by impact of the ence. that government's authority over other project on both construction employment I ask unanimous consent that there be nationalities was shattered. Thus Es­ and future industrial development potential. printed at this point in my remarks tonians felt free, and on February 24, 1958 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE 2803

1918, they proclaimed their independ­ tory, until we.are now a nation of 172 million litical affiliations .and . .a~tivity. It is iron­ ence. people. ical that this latter consideration, which That was exactly 40 years ago, and Great care and detail was used in fram­ often appears to control judicial appoint­ ing the provisions of this charter, but two ments, actually eliminates many good men unfortunately the new and independent latent defects have become apparent in re­ who are eminently qualified as to character Estonia born on that memorable day is cent years. At the time of the Constitu­ and particularly as to experience. no more. It became one of the first vic­ tion's adoption, these omissions were con­ When the idea of political reward dom­ tims in the course of World War II. sidered points of strength contributing to inates the selection process. it automatically Since then the unhappy Estonians are the independence of the Federal judiciary. eliminates many sitting Federal judges and suffering under totalitarian tyranny, These points are: many extremely capable State jurists of many But their hope for freedom and their 1. The Constitution does not undertake to years of experience who have forgone polit­ restrict in great detail the jurisdiction of the ical activity because of their devotion to desire for independence is not dead. It Federal judiciary. duty on the bench. Thus political expe­ is living in the hearts and minds of Es­ 2. It does not prescribe qualifications for rience is often inconsistent with judicial ex­ tonians still struggling for their liberty. holders of judicial offices. perience, yet all too often the former pre­ Their sincere friends in the Free World The prevalent belief at the time of the vails as the criterion upon which the selec­ join them in the celebration of the 40th Constitutional Convention was that the judi­ tion is made. anniversary of Estonia's Independence ciary was the least dangerous branch of gov­ After considering the recommendations of Day and hope that soon they will attain ernment, having neither the power of the the Depa;rtment of Justice, the President per­ their cherished geal of freedom with purse available to Congress nor the Armed sonally makes the nomination, but the actual Forces controlled by the executive branch. screening or narrowing the field o{ selection justice. The emphasis was on making the judi­ of eligibles has already been performed ciary independent. Some thought the bench through the resources of the Department of would go begging. Justice. Except in rare cases, the President Address by Hon. John Stennis, of Missis­ Further, debates on the Constitution at does not have and cannot have personal that time clearly show that it was thought knowledge of the individual, much less his sippi, Before the Southern Regional only a limited few highly trained lawyers judicial capacity. Meeting of the American Bar Asso­ would ever be considered for service on the The Department's other duties frequently Supreme Court; it was thought that only call for it to be the agency of Government ciation those most experienced and learned in the which hails American citizens into our Fed­ law would ever be appointed. eral courts. In the majority of Federal cases WARNINGS BY GEORGE MASON the citizen is the defendant. When he is EXTENSION OF REMARKS involved in a suit against the United States OF In the constitutional debates Elbridge he is forced to appear in a United States Gerry and George Mason and others warned court; against United States !lttorneys se­ that there was no limit of judiciary power lected and employed by the Department pf HON. HERMAN E. TALMADGE and that it could absorb and destroy the OF GEORGIA Justice; before a United States judge who judiciaries of the several States. Alexander owes his appointment to selection by the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Hamilton rejected such arguments and as­ Department of Justice. This judge is some· serted, "The supposed danger of judiciary Tuesday, February 25, 1958 times a candidate for promotion, dependent encroachments • • • is, in reality, a phan­ on recommendations of the Department of Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, on tom." He said that the members selected Justice. Many defendants are bound to feel would be chosen with a view to those quali­ that the cards are pretty well stacked against Friday, February 21, the able and distin­ fications which fit men for the stations of guished junior Senator from Mississippi them. judges. His arguments prevailed. Independence of the judiciary and public [Mr. STENNIS] addressed the southern In 1958 it is apparent that the Federal confidence in the independence of the judi· regional meeting of the American Bar judiciary is neither weak nor helpless; the ciary are not always the same but they are Association, held in Atlanta, Ga. His judicial self-restraint so relied on by Hamil­ equally important. Public confidence in the subject was Federal Judiciary Selection: ton and others is greatly open to question. impartiality of Federal judges is absolutely The Letter-But the Spirit? I am not here to condemn nor to criticize. necessary. The people must not feel that I believe a new system of selecting members the Department of Justice may influence the The address-eloquent, erudite, and of the Federal judiciary is a constructive step grounded in the Senator's outstanding outcome of decisions by methods other than and an essential step in strengthening this those based on legal merit. In order to bol­ record as a trial judge himself-is of branch of our Government. ster public confidence in impartiality, the great interest to all who value the Na­ TWO RESTRICTIONS process of selection of Justices should be re­ tion's judiciary and wish to see it fulfill This great document, which established moved from the Department of Justice. its appointed constitutional role. the separation of powers in Government, is The process could be changed by law, but I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi­ replete with regard to checks and balances, such a course is not absolutely necessary. It dent, to have the text of the address of has only two restrictions relating to the Su­ could be accomplished by unilateral action the junior Senator from Mississippi as preme Court. of the Executive. In either event, it will be delivered on that occasion printed in the The first is that justices were to be nom­ changed only when the sustained force of inated by the President and, by and with public opinion against continuation of this CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. the advice and consent of the Senate, ap­ practice is manifested throughout the coun­ There being no objection, the address pointed to the Court. try. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, The second is that Congress was desig­ ADVISORY COMMISSION as follows: nated to regulate the appellate jurisdiction The Congress could by statute prohibit FEDERAL JUDfCIARY SELECTION: THE LETTER­ of the Supreme Court. the Department of Justice from filling this BUT THE SPIRIT? The only reference to judges of inferior role and establish an advisory commission courts to be established by Congress relates to perform this service for the President. (Remarks of United States Senator JoHN to protection of their salary and tenure while The commission could and should be COD;l• STENNIS, ot Mississippi, southern regional serving in office. posed on a nonpartisan basis of outstanding meeting, American Bar Association, bar In the process of selection of the Federal individuals, both lawyers and laymen, who activity section, selection of Federal judi­ judiciary, the letter of the Constitution is would make selections on a nonpolitical ciary, Dinkier Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Ga., followed now except for one interesting de­ basis. I believe that any step in this di­ February 21, 1958) parture, which will be discussed later. But rection would be an improvement in the First, let me heartily commend, as well as the question I pose here today is whether present process of nomination. I believe thank, the American Bar Association for your the spirit of the Constitution is followed that some such step is absolutely essential long, patient, and painstaking effort to im­ in the present process of selecting Federal in modern government. This is not intended prove the system of selecting members of judges. And further, has not his problem as any criticism whatsoever of the present the Federal judiciary. You have been con­ grown beyond the personal grasp of any Attorney General. cerned. You have worked hard. Your labors Chief Executive, and therefore does it not SENATE SHALL "ADVISE AND CONSENT" have borne some fruit. You must continue require the combined effort of many minds your good work. of those isolated at least in part from other Let us now turn to the other side of the public affairs? coin, the process of confirmation. The CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND , Constitution provides in article II, section When the Constitution of .the United . PRESENT +IIETHOD OF NOMINATION 2, that (the President) shall nominate, and States was drawn, approved, and ratified, it First, let us examine the process of nom­ by and with the advice and consent of the represented the best thinking of great men ination now employed. The role of confi­ Senate shall appoint ••• Judges of the Su· of stature. It has endured;. its fundamental dential adviser to the President is filled by preme Court. • • ••• Careful reflection on principles have withstood the test of th:Ile. the Department of Justice. Among the fac­ the words of this constitutional mandate It has served us· well throUgh the unparal- tors considered are: ( 1) The experience of leads to the logical -conclusion that two . leled growth of our country during its his· the individual; (2) his character; and (3) po- separate duties are imposed on the Senate 2804 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 25 by its terms: to give "advice" and to "con­ trying to get the fittest man. I have never The foreign-aid issue was put before sent." appointed, incidentally, a member of my the House in a message from President The phrase "advice and consent" has an own party." Eisenhower. The arguments he used ancient and honorable English and American SENATE STANDARDS could well have been lifted word for word constitutional history. It comes down 2. Establishment by United States Senate from messages on the same subject sent through Magna Carta. It was used in the action of very high standards for confirma­ Second Charter of the Massachusetts Bay tion of Supreme Court nominations. I have to Congress by former President Truman Colony in 1691. In 1787, those who cham­ already enlarged on this in connection with 10 years ago. Essentially, they are the pioned a strong Executive and those who my remarks on the Senate resolution that I same scare words, threats of defections championed a strong Legislature chose these have introduced. Personally, I would apply by our friends if we do not continue aid historical words when they agreed certain the test of judicial experience to one of every on a massive scale and of a larger draft. powers should rest with the President with two of the appointees and a minimum of 10 It is obvious, from talking with other "the advice and consent" of the Senate. years of actual courtroom practice to one of Members of the Congress, that some­ At the present time-and it has been ·~he every two of the appointees. practice since Washington's second term­ In the same manner, the United States thing more than rehashed arguments the Senate as an instrument of Government Senate could set up standards for approval of were expected. We have heard a great merely gives consent to the nomination. nominations to the Circuit Court of Appeals, deal of talk from administration sources Confirmation is consent. There is no advice in which case I think the requirements for about a new look in the aid program. officially given although the duty and re­ trial practice should be at least 10 years ex­ The truth is we are asked to approve the sponsibility are plain. perience or at least 5 years of judicial ex­ same old program. This advice which the Senate has been so perience. And by the same method, stand­ reluctant to give could be, ·and probably It is safe to say that the House is go­ ards could be established for the approval of ing to take a long, hard look at the Presi­ should be, given by Senate resolution or nominations to the district courts, which Senate rule establishing minimum qualifica­ should include 10 years of actual courtroom dent's request. The administration's re­ tions for appointments to the Supreme practice and trial experience. luctance to take positive action to alle­ Court. All these recommendations follow the let­ viate conditions of chronic unemploy­ This I have sought to do by resolution in­ ter and spirit of the Constitution and would ment in a growing number of sections or troduced in the 84th and 85th Congresses, give greater independence to the Federal to act in a bold manner to reverse the as follows: judiciary as well as restore public confidence "Resolved, That from and after the date current downward drift in the economy that future appointments are made from only serve to emphasize the size of the of adoption of this resolution, at least one those best qualified. of each two successive nominees confirmed request for assistance overseas. by the Senate for the office of Associate Jus­ ULTIMATE POWER STILL THE PRESIDENT'S Many Congressmen are asking this tice of the Supreme Court shall, at the time In conclusion, I want to emphasize above question: ''If it is wise and desirable to of the confirmation, have had at least ten all other things the absolute necessity of a help other countries build sound econo­ years of judicial service. For the purpose of new outlook, a new sentiment, and a new mies, why is it not just as important to this paragraph, 'judicial service' means serv­ method for making the selections of all Fed­ ice as a justice of the United States (as eral judges and Justices of the United States enable all sections to participate in pros­ defined in sec. 451 of title 28, United States Supreme Court. This can be done without perity at home?" These Members are Code), a judge of a court of appeals or dis­ changing the ultimate power and responsi­ not necessarily opposed to foreign aid. trict court, or a justice or judge of the bility of the President of the United States, They are, however, determined that in highest court of a State or of any other the highest elective official in our form of times of mounting unemployment and State court having general jurisdiction." government. We thus insure protection economic recession more attention be The proposal has gathered islands of sup­ against any new menace arising from a new paid to domestic problems. port. But its chances for early passage are system. The ultimate responsibility of ac­ doubtful so long as the bar and public gen­ tual final nomination should remain with This is not an unreasonable request. erally do not bring the sustained support of the President. It is the method that must I am sure this point will be brought informed public opinion behind this pro­ be changed to meet practical conditions. home to the administration in a most posal. The only objection which has been In all events, an informed and a sustained forceful manner before the debate on offered is that it interferes with the Presi­ public opinion is essential in order to have foreign aid is over. dential prerogative and power of nomination. a change for the better. Among other haz­ It was only 2 years ago that President I personally view it only as an exercise of ards, unless we improve the system, life Eisenhower and Secretary Dulles as­ a long neglected Senate responsibility. I tenure and other independence for members sured Congress that the time had ar­ believe that the language and meaning of the of the judiciary are seriously threatened. constitutional provision are clear and that a rived to cut back on foreign aid and to knowledge of history and the facts will sus­ work toward its gradual elimination. tain this point of view without additional Now they are saying just the opposite. legalistic arguments. Foreign Aid and Reciprocal Trade They want Congress to increase the ap­ Thus, in Congress I believe that two steps propriation and to spread our commit- should be taken to improve the selection of EXTENSION OF REMARKS ments even wider. · the Federal judiciary: OF The President's economic-aid message REMOVE DEPARTMENT OF JJJSTICE poses many serious and grave questions. 1. Removal of the Department of Justice HON. ELIZABETH KEE Before I try to answer them, I want to from its role as chief advisor on judicial ap­ OF WEST VIRGINIA hear what Mr. Dulles and other admin­ pointments. Substitute instead an advisory IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES judicial commission, bipartisan and objec­ istration witnesses have to say to the tive, who might solicit qualitative recom­ Tuesday, February 25, 1958 House Foreign Affairs Committee and to mendations from local individuals, members study all other testimony before reach­ of the legal profession and associations and Mrs. KEE. Mr. Speaker, two of the ing any definite decision. other groups, on a confidential basis. most controversial issues which Congress The appointment of Federal judges is will face this session are now before the another instance of a highly important House. They are: First, a proposed $4 Presidential function that is now entirely be­ billion foreign-aid program; and second, Herbert Hoover at Valley Forge yond the possibility of personal attention of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. the President due to the overwhelming de­ The debate on these two issues will be EXTENSION OF REMARKS mands of his office created by our new role long and at times bitter. There is re­ in world affairs and the increased burdens of OF the Federal Government in domestic affairs. newed determination on the part of an A new method is absolutely essential. increasing number of House Members to HON. PAUL B. DAGUE Frankly, I think the selective processes force changes in the tariff-cutting recip­ OF PENNSYLVANIA must be placed largely in the hands of per­ rocal trade-agreements program to in­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sons who are not directly connected with the sure adequate protection for domestic Federal Government. We cannot imagine a industries. west Virginia people know Tuesday, February 25, 1958 condition any time soon where any Federal from bitter experience what unfair com­ Mr. DAGUE. Mr. Speaker, my home official could equal the statement made in petition from imports means. Other county is a proud county of a prdud America in 1947 by the lord chancellor of England, Viscount Gowitt, whose prerogative sections of the country are now expe­ State, Chester County, Pa. It is the it was to name men to the English bench riencing the same economic hardship as oldest rural county in Pennsylvania and when he said, "I am able to tell you • • • a result of the program and Represen­ all of its land titles date back to William that I have never let political considera­ tatives from these areas can be expected Penn. It has many places of historic tions weigh with me to the slightest degree in to join the fight. greatness and because it originally em.;. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2805 braced an area now occupied by 23 other As a free people we must always be on industrial or business workers be denied the counties it continues to lay rightful claim guard against the concentration of excessive same freedom of choice? Compulsory mem­ power in government, industry, or in labor. bership, in effect, passes- the taxing or dis­ to many historic spots outside its pres­ After much suffering and sacrifice, our ciplining power of a sovereign government on ent confines. One of these hallowed basic American freedoms were achieved. We to a private organization. shrines is Valley Forge. were able to establish and maintain, up to Those who do not contribute to the United Each year on Washington's Birthday now. the concept of a government by consent Crusade, Red Cross, cancer, or tuberculosis in commemoration not only of the birth of the governed. Power without responsi­ societies or belong to one of our two great of the Father of Our Country but also as bility is detrimental to the individual and political parties, benefit nevertheless. To to the preservation of the· free way of life. that ext ent they are free riders. But would reminder of the great heritage we have The Constitution of the United States, with we want to substitute compulsion for volun­ in the ordeal endured by the r.agged Con­ its guaranties of religious, economic, and tary giving and participation? tinentals in the winter of 1777-78, a great political freedom, was instituted by men who The disclosures before the special Senate and increasingly influential organization knew that the power of government had to Labor and Industry Investigating Committee known as Freedom's Foundation-which be diffused by men who knew that checks were shocking to the previously uninformed has its headquarters at Valley Forge­ and balances were necessary if freedom for public and to the membership of many labor holds its Awards Day when recognition the individual was to be preseryed. organizations. It was shown that there are is made of those who have contributed in At the turn of the century, as a matter both labor and business leaders who will not of n ational policy, it became necessary to of their own free will or morality, abide by some manner toward keeping alive and limit the expansive power of big industry. rules of fair play. on the ascendency those principles and The passage of the Sherman and Clayton I believe the rank and file of the members that fortitude which are synonymous Antitrust Acts established traffic signals of labor organizations need additional pro­ with Valley Forge. - along our economic highway to protect the tection, and toward that end I am having This year the foundation's highest American people. Congressional legislation prepared. Such award-its George Washington Medal­ There has been much misrepresentation of legislation, which I call labor's bill of rights, was bestowed upon America's most dis­ my views regarding labor-management rela­ will include the following points: tions by those who seek to confuse rather 1. The membership should be able to elect tinguished living American, Herbert than to inform. I believe that the right of its officers by secret ballot and to have votes Hoover, who came to Valley Forge to an individual to join a labor organization so cast be the only ones that are counted. receive the decoration and took the oc­ - should be protected by State and Federal 2. When their officers have become incom­ casion to deliver a timely address, at the law. I have supported such legislation both petent, have shown lack of integrity in the conclusion of which he pointed that he as a member of the California State Legisla­ handling of union funds, or for other rea­ had delivered identically the same ture and in the Congress of the United States. sons the union members have determined speech .on the same spot 27. years pre­ I believe in collective bargaining. It is, and that the officers should no longer represent will remain, protected by law. The right of them, the membership should have the power viously at a time when America was collective bargaining calls for responsible to recall the officers by secret ballot. faced with a grave economic crisis. Mr. conduct on the part of management and la­ 3. The rank and file of the membership of Hoover pointed out that that was ape­ bor. It calls for negotiation in good faith. a labor organization should not be taken out riod of anxiety and discouragement. Collective bargaining should not, and must on strike except by a majority secret ballot "But,'' he said, "we rallied to a period not, degenerate into coercive bludgeoning. of the membership. Certainly, the economic of greatness as we will again today." No group in industry or in labor should consequences to the worker, his wife and Anyone who heard Mr. Hoover at have the power to strangle the economic life family, to the community, the State, and the of 170 million Americans. This is too much Republic can be of such serious consequences Valley Forge last Saturday and then power for responsible leaders in industry or that the members should have the power to later in the day heard the tirade of vili­ labor to want, and far too much power for make that determination by secret ballot. fication that came from another former irresponsible men to be allowed to have. 4. The administration of the welfare funds President of the United States here in Just as monopolistic power in government of the union members should be protected Washington could not help but make a cannot be countenanced by a free people, so in the same way that bank deposits and ln­ comparison and conclude that training it is true that monopolistic industrial or . surance funds are protected. and associations leave their marks. labor-union power cannot be allowed un­ 5. The initiation fees, dues, and assess­ checked control over a vital segment of our ments of members should be fully protected national life. Neither industrial nor labor and handled with the most strict accounta- organizations should be above the law or be bility and integrity. · given powers which no nongovernmental All union financial transactions should be Labor Should Be Free in Our Republic agency should have. audited, and a full accounting should be The unions of the Scandinavian countries made to the membership. are based on voluntary and not compulsory 6. Union members should have the power EXTENSION OF REMARKS membership. The late American labor lead­ to correct arbitrary and unlawful acts of OF er, Samuel Gompers, supported voluntary and union officials without fear of retaliation. not compulsory unionism. Minority members should have the same kind We are all concerned, or should be, regard­ of safeguards secured as for minority stock­ HON. WILLIAM F. -KNOWLAND holders in similar situations. OF CALIFORNIA ing the rights of American citizens under our Constitution. Our right of employment is a 7. National officers should not have the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES basic civil right_ of the first magnitude. power to take over local unions without membership approval, except for limited pe­ Tuesday, February 25,1958 Compulsory unionism denies the worker a freedom of choice. riods and under adequate safeguards to the Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I _1. It denies to millions of men and women local membership. Nor should they, by crea­ the opportunity to earn a living except by tion of paper locals or extensive setting up ask unanimous consent to have printed of trusteeships over local unions, be able to in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an article agreeing to pay dues, initiation fees and as­ sessments, and to submit to the discipline of perpetuate themselves in power. entitled "Labor Should Be Free in Our a private organization. These are issues of concern to the public at Republic," which I prepared for the 2. It makes captive those of the member­ large as well as to the individual worker. American Mercury for March 1958. ship who may oppose the economic or polit­ They need to be raised and met. There being no objection, the article ical policies of the union or may violently Because I have raised these issues of volun­ object to the coercive methods or the cor­ tary union membership and a bill of rights was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ruption of the leadership, yet cannot resign for labor I have been marked by some for as follows: without losing their ability to work for a political liquidation. If I never hold public LABOR SHOULD BE FREE IN OUR REPUBLIC decent livelihood. office another day of my life I shall not cease to bring this issue before the people of my (By -WILLI AM F. KNOWLAND) What American · would want to live in a community without churches? Yet who Republic and my State. Long ago I learned that one of the penal­ In the meeting of the problems of our gen­ ties of public life is that abuse and deliberate would want to join a church except by free cons~nt? To contribute except by voluntary eration, we must show the same courage and misrepresentation of one's views and actions action? To remain a member if his convic- common sense as the men who gave us our too often take place. It is one reason many tions dictated otherwise? · Republic and, in the past, have helped to able men and women will not offer them­ So it is wit h civic, veteran, farm and :fra- maintain it. As Republicans, Democrats, or selves for public elective office. I have, how­ ternal groups. The type of leadership, the independents we can all join in subscribing ever, great faith that the people can see benefits spiritual or material, the social or to the oath of Thomas Jefferson when he tp rough the politi_carsmog created by design- , recreational assets of the organization are · said: ing partisans and will separate fact from the criteria upon which free men and women "I have sworn upon the altar of God eter­ flctton. I want to outline some basic prin- . should make their voluntary determination nal hostility to every !orm o! tyranny over Cii?les in. W.hic~ I believe. to join, to remain, or to le1_1.ve. Why should the mind of man."· .OIV--177 2806 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 25 Recommendations for Legislative Action Sixth. Construction schedules on pub- make appropriate recommendations to to Alleviate the Perila of Unemploy• lie works in distressed areas for which Congress and the President to assure contracts have already been let should that the fruits of technological advance ment be telescoped to provide maximum em­ are fairly ·shared and full employment ployment opportunities immediately. achieved and maintained. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Other projects planned for such areas Eleventh. Federal aid to education to OF should be gotten under way with a mini­ provide scholarships, increased salaries mum of delay. for teachers, and adequate funds for re­ HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. In presenting its recommendations for search. OF NEW JERSEY the long-range stability program, the Twelfth. Immediate restoration of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES State CIO council stated that "it is not farm-price supports to 90 percent of sufficient to concern ourselves only with parity, more extensive use of farm sur­ Tuesday, February 25,1958 the immediate crisis. There are numer- pluses to relieve hunger both at home Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, the New ous measures which should be under­ and abroad and development of a new Jersey State Congress of Industrial Or- taken with a view to strengthening the and sound farm program. ganizations, through its president, Paul economy and helping to prevent repeti­ Thirteenth. Liberalization of Govern­ Krebs, addressing the New Jersey Con- tion of similar unemployment crises in ment lending policies to help small busi­ gressional delegation at a conference the future, as well as policies designed to ness a,nd stricter control over the exer­ called today for the purpose of consid- insure swifter and more effective action cise of monopoly power by mammoth ering methods of alleviating the perils of if unemployment should threaten." corporations. unemployment and to inspire full em-, The long-range stability program in- Fourteenth. Vigorous prosecution of ployment in the Nation and State, of- eluded the following: the Kefauver subcommittee's investiga­ fered a two-pronged campaign to meet First. Federal financial aid to munici- tion of wage-price-profit relationships the situation. palities to clear property of obsolete to expose the · reasons for existing high Significant recommendations covering plants and to replace them with new, prices and to deter further inflation. _a short-term program and a long-range modern, and diversified facilities to pro­ Fifteenth. Legislation to impose pub­ stability program were presented to the vide new employment opportunities. lic responsibility on the exercise of vast New Jersey Members of Congress. Second. Increase the purchasing pow- power of the Federal Reserve Board to The State CIO said the short-term er of millions of low-wage workers by throttle business activity and employ­ program is designed to assure immedi- amending the Fair Labor Standards Act ment by cutting off the supply of money ate help to those currently suffering to provide a minimum wage of $1.25 an and credit. hardship as a result of unemployment hour, with extended coverage. I believe, Mr. Speaker, that recogniz­ and to create new jobs as quickly as Third. Raise Social Security Act pen­ ing the sense of urgency tha,t exists to possible. Such measures will not merely sions to levels adequate to provide an meet this grave problem which faces help relieve immediate problems, but American standard of living to retired America, all Members of Congress should can be used to meet similar situations in workers and their dependents, extend seriously consider the above proposals. the future, and in addition, some of coverage to groups not presently covered them will provide a substantial cushion and provide pensions for disabled work- to protect the economy against spiraling ers regardless of age. recessions, which tend to grow from the Fourth. Present policies in the a.Ilo­ Lithuania's Desperate Ordeal losses of purchasing power suffered by cation of defense contracts should be laid-off workers. liberalized to permit effective use in EXTENSION OF REMARKS The specific short-term recommenda- counteracting unemployment. The OF tions include the following: remnants of the policy of industrial dis- First. Immediate action by Congress persian, completely senseless in the era HON. KATHRYN E. GRANAHAN to enact minimum Federal standards of of the H-bomb, must be ended so that OF PENNSYLVANIA unemployment compensation to assure work can be made available to areas IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that all States will .provide adequate un- where there are idle workers already Tuesday, February 25,1958 employment compensation benefits and housed and already provided with es­ duration, and other reasonable eligibil- sential community facilities. Mrs. GRANAHAN. It had been my ity requirements, including a provision Fifth. Speed implementation of Fed­ purpose to join on Thursday, February to limit disqualifications because of eral programs for highway construction. 13, in the tributes in the House to the strikes to 4 weeks. Sixth. Federal aid for the construe- people of Lithuania and their determina­ Second. Provision for Federal supple- tion of schools to wipe out the current tion again to be free. Unfortunately, mentation of State benefits until the deficit of 300,000 classrooms and to illness prevented my being here at that States have had time to bring their laws build the additional 265,000 classrooms time. into conformity with the minimum Fed- which will be needed by 1960. Had I been in attendance, I would eral standards. Seventh. Federal aid for the con- have made the following statement: Third. Legislation to protect laid-off struction of hospitals to wipe out the LITHUANIA's DEsPERATE ORDEAL workers unable to make payments on current deficit of 838,000 beds and to Mr. Speaker, the city in which my Congres- home mortgages by a Federal morato- provide additional beds required by our sional District is located, the city of Phila­ rium for the period of their involuntary expanding population. delphia, is much like our Capital City of unemployment. Eighth. Federal aid to assure con- aroundWashington, the conceptD. c., in of that freedom. it is a cityOn everybuilt Fourth. Consumer ·purchasing power struction of 2 million housing units per side, we in Philadelphia have reminder::; in should be stimulated by increasing the year, including middle-income, as well brick and stone of the events which led to personal income-tax exemptions from as low-income housing, to provide good America's own freedom and of great men who the current $600 to a minimum of $800. homes in healthy neighborhoods for all helped to bring about our freedom. It is This will be immediately reflected in Americans. almost possible, while walking near · Inde­ higher take-home pay checks due tore- Ninth. Grants and long-term low in- pendenceRevolution, Hall to andsee thoseour other events shrines of so ofmany the duced withholding taxes and will enable terest loans to States, counties, and mu- years ago. low- and middle-income families to in- nicipalities for the construction of pub- consequently, we in Philadelphia are very crease their spending, thus providing lie buildings, airports, and other public much aware of the yearnings of all peoples in employment. It will also provide large facilities. an countries where freedom is denied to families with the most dependents with Tenth. Establishment of a permanent enjoy the blessings of liberty as we enjoy the most help. · Commission on Technological Change them. Fifth. Telescope production schedules composed of representatives of labor Each day, our hearts go out to those held . • captive by the yoke of communism in those on d.e f en~e cc;m t rae t s current1 y 1n p~o- farmers, management, and ~overnment, · nations behind the Iron curtain, and we duct10n m distressed areas to provide to keep under constant review develop- symphathize in their desperate ordeal and maximum employment with a minimum ments in automation, atomic and solar dedicate ourselves to do everything we can of delay. energy, and other innovations and to to speed the day when they will again be 1958 ,CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE ,· 2807 free. On this d&y. we feel particularly aor­ buying in all phases o1 everyday life. Our America. So liberty-loving and fun-seeking rowful for the people of Lithuania. as they proposal 1s that Americans be galvanized Am.ericans panic all over agam-more schools, . recall other- times in other eras o1 theil: his­ into an affirmative attitude and that during more universities, more colleges-make every­ tory when they enjoyed :freedom. this week. of Believe in America.. the trend body a scientist. The enslavem.ent. of Lithua.nia is one o! the will be £hanged as. a result of which there How mixed up can we get?' Are we rock­ worst crimes of the Soviet Union~ God grant can very speedily be restored great :facets and-roll crazy? What about American re­ that deliverance comes soon. of :reemployment in industries which are sourcefulness, ingenuity, determination, now so sorely beset.. knowledgeability? Immediately upon receipt of this letter Have we lost it all? would you please be kind enough to ac­ Do we have to have a depression because knowledge to me what you hope to be able the propagandists say conditions are bad? The Threat of a Depression in the United to do in the United States Senate; in the Of course conditions aren't the best. You States Department of Commerce, Labor and other can't tell a man who's out of a job that he's agencies which. might be affected by a move­ making good pay. Just as you can't con­ ment of this kind? vince the fellow who has a headache that he's EXTENSION OF REMARKS Emphatic public pronouncement by your­ in tiptop shape. OF self and by other s.ta tesmen and leaders WE CAN TALK OURSELVES INTO IT whose interest you may be able to stimulate HON. CLIFFORD P. CASE will serve to bring this matter into proper But by the same token. we can talk our­ OF NEW JERSEY national focus and I am supremely confident selves into being sick. A fellow will walk down the street feeling tops, all's wen with lN THE SENATE OF THE UNI.TED STATES that thus, in a dramatic stroke, we will be able to turn the present-day tide of doubt the world. Another will come along and tell Tuesday, February 25,1958 and fear into one of courage and optimism. him he doesn't look well. By golly. within As one deeply concerned about our great 30 seconds, the douds are in the &Jties, tlle Mr. CASE of New Jersey. Mr. Presi­ country, I appeal to you for your energetic poor victim is beginning to feel sick. to his dent, New Jersey's senior Senator [Mr. enlistment in what I think you will agree stomach and in 5 minutes. all's wrong with SMITH] and I each received yesterday is a paramount cause before the country. the world. similar letters from Mr. Harry B. Haines, With every good wish. believe me to be Doctors call this condition psychosomatic. publisher of one of New Jersey's fine Sincerely yours, The illness is more mental than physical. newspapers. the Paterson Evening News. HARRY B. HAINES, A person with nothing w:.:ong can overnight In Mr. P'ublisher. become a real patient wli.th an illness. as bad his letters to us. Haines spelled as if it weren't fancied. You're as sick as you out his real concern that, in e:ffect, Amer­ believe you are. [From the Paterson (N. J .) Evening News ica is worrying itself into a worse eco­ America is now in the throes of psycho­ of February 25, 1958) a nomic situation than is actually the case. somatic slump. With the same letter, Mr. Haines for­ A PLAN To END DEPRESSION TALK IN THE The more we talk about depressions and warded to us an editorial from the Pater­ UNITED STATES about how bad business is, the worse we shall son Evening News which appeared on No cause, no purpose, nothing is of avail become. February 25 urging the proclamation by unless there is a deep and abiding belief in The disease is contagious. People who are it. doing well,. perhaps better than ever, begin the governor in every State of a Believe A country is only so strong as its people to worry. They reason: Maybe conditions are in America. Week from March 23 to are willing to be strong-and its progress and bad. March29. growth and strength are measured. by the Better retrench. Won't buy that. new car The motivation of the Paterson Eve­ dedication of its citizens. we had planned; make last year's suit do; ning News is surely to be commended, American was born of a principle--the cancel out the new clothes, forget about a and I know that our colleagues in the right to the pursuit of life, liberty. and. hap­ new refrigerator, or gas or electric stove, was Senate will be very much interested in piness. The Pilgrims crossed what were gonna buy a new heating system for the then still uncharted, foreboding seas, to house, or pick up an air conditioner in antici­ this proposal wbich, after all, afi'ects all come to a land of wilderness, to found a land pation of a hot summer. e>ur States. of freedom. Cancel all these things out. Better warn I ask unanimous consent to have So this is America, greatest country in the Sister Josie, Cousin Emil. have a chat with printed in the RECORD' Mr. Haines• let­ world, principal bastion of freedom. around those nice neighbors next door. ter, the editorial, and the public state­ which radiates the hope of millions upon Depression: The cry begins to echo through ment which I made when I was asked to millions of people against the slavery of the land. The politicians, those hearty fel­ comment on this proposal. despotism and dictatorship. lows who love to spout and maybe thus hurt Men and women have died by the millions the fellow in the other party, ma:ke the halls There being no objection, the matters to preserve Ainerica. to keep it thriving, resound with their mournful wailing. Their were ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, pulsating. bellies are full, they're continuing to reap as follows; Must we die-s-hould our only willingness their own harvests. THE PATERSON EvENING NEWS, to fight for these United States be in the But their pitiful cries about the plight of Paterson, N. J., February 22, 19-58. blood oi our young pouring out in bat tle? the Nation add to the heart-rending scene. Hon. CLIFFORD P. CASE, Should we not fight just as: courageously to So people stop buying. Business slows United states Senate, maintain a happy life? down in the stores. Clerks are laid off. Washington, D. C. These are days different than when Wash­ MANUFACTURING A DEPRESSlON DEAR CLIFF~ There is no more important ington lived. Now we have two kinds of problem before the Hatton today than our war-the war on the battlefield, in the air, The stores stop buying, cancel their orders economy which is threatened more by a psy­ of the atom, and the rocket and the cold in the factories. So factories shut down. chosomatic illness than by an actual malady. war. Each iS' devastating in its finality. Auto dealers are loaded with cars because Americans are talking themselves into what the people who could buy aren't. They've eould easily become a maJor depression. THE CHALLLENGE TO 'l:HE UNlTED STATES heard about a depression. So the auto fac­ l have been giving serious thought to the A country like the United States, steeped tories shut down. matter and have come up with a program in democracy and willing to free deadly Com­ No autos? No refrigerators? No gas stoves? that I ~hink can put an end to the defeatist munist spies just to preserve our own price­ So the steel mills shut down. attitude which is permeating the national less free-speech heritage, must be on the alert Thus is a depression born. scene, and, restore once again inherent 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, against the Well, Mr. and Mrs. America, we've got American sanity, eourage and progressive­ deadly preachments and onslaught of con­ enough built-in safeguards against depres­ ness. niving communism. sion in this country to m ake it unlikely to I enclose a reprint of an article which will The Machia.vellian Soviet lead.ers, aware happen. appear on the first. page of the Paterson of our penchant for freedom and protection It there iS' a depression, it will be man­ Evening News on Tuesday, February 25, and of it in all its connotations, don't want a made, made by an of us. I. urge you to read it thoroughly. 1 espe­ killing war. So we propose that something be done cially direct your attention to the summa­ But they do want to keep the cold war about it. tion in which it is proposed "that every aboiling, to mix a metaphor. They send up Let's start: believing in America. Governor in every State of the United States a. sputnik, and in 24 hours, a nation that If all over this land of ours, those of us proclaim Believe in America Week from was economy-bent suddenly goes panicky who need things and have postponed buying March 23 to March 29. and is ready to spend billions to eounteract them, were to start buying what we need, You will note that the essence of this page it. The Commies proclaim the newly dis­ stores would hum, mills would start boom­ one editorial discussion is the grave impact covered virtues of their wonderful school ing, and the unemployed would in short on our econoDly by the negative att,itude system in which eyery boy and girl is a bud­ order be back on the j'ob. Americans have taken wbicb has lead to a ding scientist ready to discover some new America can be as healthy as its people · &hain reaction of a suspension:· of necessary and .frightf'ully superior wonder to envelop want it to be. 2808 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 25

BELI:Il;VE-IN•AMERICA WEEK is akin to hate and ultimately builds up to tain that there is no person 1n our country We propose that every Governor 1n every · hate. It has no place in the teachings of who has greater interest than you do in the State in the United States proclaim Believe­ God. welfare of all employees of the Federal Gov­ in-America Week, say from March 23 to Today godless communism threatens the ernment and private industry; therefore, March 29. liberty of free men and their right to worship your message will be of intense interest and Believing in America will only be translat­ God as they see fit. It acknowledges no dif­ enlightenment to us. ference between the faith of the Christian ing into tangible action the inherent, abid­ So that all Members of Congress and ing faith of. our Founding Fathers and of and the faith of the Jews. In fact all faith our people since the United States came into in a Supreme Being is outlawed in the Com­ others interested in this vital subject being-that this is the greatest country on munist philosophy. We all know the answer many have the benefits of Secretary earth. to such godless dogma. We know that all of Mitchell's remarks, I ask that his speech The Communists would love a depression us who believe-Christians and Jews alike­ be inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL REC­ in the United States. must unite in brotherhood. So strong can ORD. So what's not to the liking of the Com­ such a brotherhood become that we can de­ The address follows: mies is what's good for us in this country. feat the evils of communism, preserve our To every governor in these United States, religion and our belief in the dignity of man. REMARKS BY SECRETARY OF LABOR JAMES P. we are sending this message of Believe-in­ Such a brotherhood composed of God-fear­ MITCHELL AT THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY BAN• America Week, in the solemn and deep feel­ ing people throughout the world is our refuge· QUET OF THE CIVIL SERVICE, INDIANAPOLIS, ing that the best answer to a threatened against Communist domination. We must in IND., JANUARY 18, 1958 depression is to prevent it. these hours of trial turn as one to God. For It is a real pleasure to meet with you, who And the best way to prevent it is to adopt then we shall :find salvation. are friends of the civil service here tonight. the antidote. The best antidote is to do Brotherhood Week is a sincere effort to Prior to the passage of the Civil Service something about it instead of waiting for bring good people of all faiths together in a Act 75 years ago today, the famed spoils sys­ the ailment to creep up on us. spirit of understanding and in the tradition tem was the usual method of operation in Believe in America? of good neighbors. I am indeed proud that the United States Government. As you know Well, say so-and make your word count in my own small way I am permitted to make this system held that Government was the with action. a contribution to this noble purpose. prize of the winning political party, to be It is my prayer that the seeds that we have cut up and distributed to the party favor­ sown will blossom into full flower. That in ite. STATEMENT BY SENATOR CLIFFORD P. CASE, our time we will come to witness the elimina-· This philosophy, that left administrative NEW JERSEY, ON BELIEVE-IN-AMERICA WEEK, tion of war and hate through the brother­ chaos, abuse and inefficiency in its wake, was MARCH 23-29, PROPOSED BY PATERSON (N.J.) hood of man. This is as God intended it. finally done away with by the merit system. EVENING NEWS When we achieve brotherhood we can truly The Civil Service Act has been responsible The Paterson Evening News one of New beat our swords into plowshares and peace for attracting a core of dedicated career em­ Jersey's fine newspapers, has highlighted an and good will will cast a permanent ray of ployees who guarantee to this country ef­ extremely important aspect of America's eco­ sunshine on the earth. And then God in ficient and capable Government administra­ nomic strength-our confidence in America His heaven will smile on us and we shall feel tion, responsive to the needs and wishes of and in ourselves. His nearness as never before. the people, and unprejudiced by considera­ surely, this most commendable effort tions of political favor. should be supported to the hilt. At the I am extremely pleased to have this op­ same time, all those in private life and at portunity today to say that in the years I the State and local as well as the national have been in Government, and they are level of government--must give our unre­ Remarks by Secretary of Labor James P. mounting up now, I have observed and mitting attention to discover and carry out Mitchell at the 75th Anniversary Ban­ worked with civil servants on every level specific measures to spur an upturn in eco­ and I have taken the greatest pleasure in nomic activity and in employment, with quet of the Civil Service going back to the critics of Government serv­ particular attention to the distressed areas ice in other parts of the country and tell­ which exist in New Jersey and other parts ing them point blank that nowhere in the of the country. EXTENSION ·oF REMARKS world is any organization so fortunate to OF have so many thousands of capable, dedi­ cated, enthusiastic, intelligent, and topflight HON. CHARLES B. BROWNSON people as Government. Brotherhood Week What really astonishes me 1s the degree OF INDIANA of ignorance that exists in regard to the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Government's work. Ask people what Gov­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ernment is and does in some places and OF Tuesday, February 25, 1958 they reply it is a big, expensive organization Mr. BROWNSON. Mr. Speaker, since with headquarters in Washington that eats HON. JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER the advent of democratic government, up the taxpayer's dollars by sending memos OF MARYLAND one of the most significant and impor­ back and forth iike a colossal ping-pong IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES game. tant reforms to take place has been the Seventy-four years ago there were 14,000 Tuesday, February 25,1958 replacing of the so-called spoils sys­ men and women in Government. Today Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I ask tem with a comprehensive program of there are better than 2 million. The Govern­ gathering to the Nation's rolls dedicated ment has grown precisely in proportion to unanimous consent to have printed in the and capable career employees. One of the needs of the expanding population and CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement I our country's proudest moments had its growing country. What does the Govern• made recently in connection with 75th anniversary January 18 of this mentdo? Brotherhood Week. year. It was on this date in 1883 that Over half of all Government civilian em­ There being no objection, the state­ ployees work for the Defense Department, ment was ordered to be printed in the our first Civil Service Act became law. manning the complex defense establishment RECORD, as follows: The Honorable James P. Mitchell, that is the shield of the Free World. They Secretary of Labor, as the principal design and fire our missiles. They help in STATEMENT BY SENATOR JOHN MARSHALL speaker at the Indianapolis banquet in the operations of the Army, Navy, and Air BUTLER, REPUBLICAN, OF MARYLAND commemoration of the act's 75th anni­ Force-freeing our 2 million servicemen for Brotherhood Week is dedicated to the pur­ versary, not only traced the progress of active training. Another 25 percent of all pose of bringing together Christians and the program's development, but also Government employees work for the Post Jews in a bond of brotherhood and good Office. The rest are engaged in many dif­ fellowship. It serves to remind all of us that presented the challenge which the fu­ ferent kinds of· work. They print our money we are children of God seeking to carry out ture holds in store for all who are friends and then collect it back in taxes. They risk His will in our journey through life. It re­ of the civil service. their lives in the underworld to maintain our minds us that we are all brothers and as such Secretary Mitchell's remarks show laws, control the trade in narcotics, and we must learn to live and work together in him to be well deserving of the praise guard our borders against undesirable aliens. the interest of all people regardless of reli· lauded up(>n him in the following quote They represent us to other nations. They gious or political faiths. It reminds us that from the Federal agencies banquet operate dams. They bring the benefits of prejudice and hate can destroy us and each electricity to millions of farm fam111es. They thing we hold dear. The emotion of hate is committee's general chairman, John T. maintain extensive repositories of knowledge an emotion we cannot entertain and enjoy Sempa's invitation: and conduct practical experiments with farm . mental and physical health. It festers with It would do us great honor if you w111 animals and farm soils as you here in Indiana us and grows like a cancerous tumor to bring accept this invitation to attend as the prln· certainly know. They administer laws like eventual destruction of our soul. Prejudice cipal speaker at our banquet. We are cer· the Fair Labor Standards Act. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD -HOUSE 2809 In short, the number of Federal employees eluded an engineer who had develo})€d the Their searching eyes, asking and looking that sit at desks and write memorandums 'is Sidewinder guided missile, a soil . scientist for answers in my face to their problems a fraction of the total, and an important whose studies into the nature of matter bad when they told me for the first time since fraction. Government is the biggest and open.ed entire new chemical :fields, a career they had lived on the farm the past 25 to 30 busiest business in the country. It's big be­ ambassador who had represented the country years· it was necessary for them to seek em­ cause the United States is b ig. It's busy be­ during a tense international situation, a Bu­ ployment outside the farm home. This was cause our responsibilities are many and our reau chief with a. remarkable record of main­ not easy since in my District there are very needs constantly growing. taining the Constitution and enforcing our few opportunities for jobs. Like all good things, the Federal service laws, and a. departinent offi.cial who had However, in this particular area was a lefse gets better with improvement, and constant made impressive contributions to the devel­ factory. Lefse is a fiat, Norwegian potato attention to improvement is the price of good opment of legislation. cake~ good way to use leftover cold government. These awards typify and bring into focus mashed potatoes at home-which is becoming In recent years there has been tremendous the manpower situation of Federal service. a favorite commercial product. improvement, generated from the President's From one end of the occupational ladder to The women were employed for $5 a day conviction that the people in Federal service the other, Government is represented. This but it" took them out of the home all day represent the Nation's best. A new appoint­ places Government in competition with pri­ and the children, after school, came home to ment system was established that opened the vate industry for tbe skilled manpower it an .empty house. This appalling disease of way to full, permanent careers under the needs. It is hoped the Presid.ent's pay and home absenteeism has: invaded even the rural merit system for qualified persons. A low­ other proposals gain for Government its fair people of our land. It will be difficult to cost group life insurance plan was estab­ share of the manpower pool. measure until sometime in the future, what lished. Unemployment-compensation bene­ A vital and important element in attract­ effect this kind of exodus will have on our fits have ben extended. to Government work­ ing. retaining. and developing to their high­ farm families. ers for the first time. The ban on permanent est capabilities men and. women of excep­ Farm women know more about parity promotions was removed and the ceiling on tional ability is the 7&-year-old merit system. than we realize. They have learned about the total number of permanent appoint­ For by offering to applicants a guaranty that it the hard way-by doing without electric­ ments allowed has been lifted. A pay raise their careers will be advanced on the basis of ity, by doing without running wa.ter in the was granted. These are just a few of t.be im­ merit. without any other consideration, the home, by raising families without central provements that have been made in recent Government can demonstrate its character heating. They learned about parity by do­ years. But the need for improvement is con­ as a fair and honest employer. By offering ing without modern kitchen and laundry stantly growing along with the need for more to those already in Federal servi.ce a guar­ equipment for many years after they were and different Government services. anty that Government can more than match common in the urban home. One need is that of bringing the Govern­ all the advantages offered by other employ­ Millions of farm women now breathe a ment pay scale into a reasonable balance with ment,. the civil service and proposed im­ prayer of thanks for REA every washday or that of private industry. provements will continue to maintain a oftener as they use electricity to lighten .Just 4, days ago the President ()Utlined his wlid. sound. and progressive core of workers their household tasks. As recently as 23 recommendations for Federal pay raises. to carry the Nation's work forward. Cer­ years ago Qnly 11 percent•of the farm fam­ There is a wistening gap between Federal tainly. no more stimulating challenge could ilies enjoyed central station electric service. confront you and could be more worthy of and non-Federal salaries, and these recom­ Hundreds of. thousands of housewives are mendations are designed to close that gap as your complete and continued dedication on now drawing running water at a kit£hen well as improve :Federal service generally. this 75th anniversary. sink as a, result,. of the improved parity posi­ I want to present these recommendations tion of agriculture in the 1930's, 1940's, :a.nd for your consideration now: 1950-52. Bu-t there are still too many farm First, Classffication Act adjustments will What. Is Parity for the Farm Housewife? wives · who. cannot enjoy that labor-saving be proposed to provide an increase of at luxury. least 6 percent to all grades o! employees. EXTENSION OF REMARKS When farm income falls below pal'ity. farm The emphasis in this adjustment is on the women and children su:ffer even more than middle ana top brackets which include the OF the men who operate the farms. scientific, engineering, and managerial posi­ F'a:rm-production expenses and farm in­ tions upon which the security of our country HON. HAROLD D. COOLEY vestments come. first. The farm housewife in a large measure rests. The present saJ­ Olil NORTH CAllOLlNA and her :family get along with the income arles of such professional men are not com­ IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES left, after ~ying the farm bills. Today her mensurate witb the responsibility they carry husband obtains a. retmn for bis labor which with Tuesday, February 25 .. 19'58 compared non-F'ederal professional men approximates only 4() percent o:f the hourly with equivalent responsibility. On the other Mr. COO·LEY. Mr. Speaker, the fann wages o:f her urban cousins. hand. the raise has been extended across all Ii you men in the audience will pard.on me F'ederal grades, as a matter of simple need families of America have no greater champion than our distinguished col­ thls morning, I want to talk particularly to and justice. · the women. I know farm women are much league, Mrs. COYA. KNUTSON, of Minne .. Secondly, the entrance leve·l for college re­ more interested in dollars. than in. percent­ cruitment and intermediate salary rates for sota. Mrs. KNuTSON is a devoted and age ratios, so I am going to talk about farm scientific, professional, and ma:na:geri_al dedicated American servant and is at parlty in terms of family income. grades will be adjusted upward. all times interested in the well-being of May· I give- you some plain figures. In Thirdly, pay incentives are provided for those who till the soils of her State and 1956 f.amilies on the 2.2 million cmnm.ercial those who demonstrate marked proficiency Nation. She is the only woman ever to farms received ~S..415 as family income. in doing their work. serve on the House Committee on Agri­ Over half the farms, the 2.7 million low· And finally. numerical Iim.itations on the culture. As chairman of that great income farms were eliminated to obtain this three highest grades have been removed alto­ :figure. And how does this compare with gether. The elim.ination of this ceiling per­ committee I have daily observed her in income of nonfarm families? is mits more reasonable salaries for key scien­ the performance of her duties. She a In 1~56. an nonfarm. families, including tists and executives. tireless and effective worker and is at those on "skid row, .. public relief. and social These four steps--increasing the general all times especially interested in the wel­ security averaged $6.900 or 27 percent bigher pay level. offering higher entrance pay to fare of the farm housewives of the Na­ than those on commercial farms. college g.ra:dua tes, elim.inating the ceiling on tion. Le:t me name a few more income com­ the top grades, and providing incentive pay­ Last week Mrs. KNUTSON addressed parisons which bear on the parity position ments. for high proficiency-are steps toward the 20th annual National Farm Insti­ o:f the housewife~ Roughly one-fourth of the the challenging future. They are not yet law tute at Des Moines, Iowa, on the subject farm family income on commercial farms and their eventual form will depend upon came !rom nonfarm sources in 1956. Since the deliberations of Congress. Nonetheless, What Is Parity for the Farm Housewife? 1947-49 family incomes from farming on they display in positive form_ the President's I think that many people who have the commercial farms ha.ve dr()pped 119 percent interest in making the Government equal to interest of agriculture at heart will want while the incomes of nonfarm families, again the cha.Ilenge that confronts us. to read this speech. I,. therefore, have including those on skid row, have increased That challenge can be s.tated in a. single asked unanimous consent that the text 41 percent. word.: ma.nPowe:r. The tasks that the Gov­ be printed in. the CONGRESSI01JAL RECORD: And before we leave- these income co~­ ernment is called upon to perform are grow­ parisons let me point out· that the average ing more and inore. complex, while the in­ WHAT Is PARITY FOR THE FARM HOUSEWIFE? commercial farm family had a large invest­ centive& for .entering and remaining in Gov­ (Speech presented by Congresswoman. CoYA er.nment service grow less impelling as in­ KNutsoN. 9th District. Minnesota. before ment in farmland, livestock, and ma­ dU$try service becaxnes more attractive. the 20th annual National Farm Insti.tute, chinery which a nonfarm family does not Let m.e give you an exrunpie. Just. last Des Moines. Iowa,. Femuacy 14-15. 1958) hav.e. If one deducts interest on. his. farm­ week, in Washington, the first Presi<;ient's Last fall I talked. to women in my District ing investment, families.. on commercial A ward for Distinguished Federal Civilian who told me about some very surprising farms. received incomes. in 1956 of $3,615 or Service were announced. The recipients in- changes taking place among farm women. only 52 percent as high as the average of all 2810 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE nonfarm families-again including those on for farm price support reductions. They When talking about market expansion, he social security and public relief. expected food prices and expenditures for should have told you that the farm value of Friends, I come from a district where farm programs to drop. the food consumed by United States civilians most of the farms produce for commercial They have been bitterly disappointed in in 1956 and 1957 was only $18.8 and $19.5 bil­ markets and my farm families are not at both respects-retail food prices reached an lion as compared with $20.1 and $19.0 billion all happy with the disparity between their all-time high in August 1957 in spite of a 16 in 1952 and 1953. In 1956-57 as compared incomes and those of their urban relatives. percent drop in farm prices since 1952. Ex­ with 4 years earlier, farmers incurred sharply They are disturbed by the reports in the penditures for farm programs in the year higher costs and delivered 14 percent more press that farm groups and Members of just closed also reached an all-time high and products to consumers who had substantially Congress representing rural districts are promises to continue at about the same level higher incomes, yet received fewer total dol­ badly split on what should be done about in the immediate future. lars for them. Frankly, I think these official our low farm income while nonfarm income Now that unemployment is increasing in USDA :figures make the prospects for farm is booming. most of our urban areas more and more non­ family income very poor indeed if plans for They are very much disturbed by the con­ farm Congressmen are saying we must hold its improvement depend on lower price sup­ tinued attacks on existing farm programs the line on farm income supports and not ports and market expansion. and the "sweep sirup" about increased farm allow a further reduction in farm income to But we cannot continue existing programs income just around the corner if only the create even more unemployment. indefinitely. Under indifferent and confused Secretary of Agriculture is given authority Remember that farmers are laboring administration they are merely reshuffling to lower price support levels. people's best customers, buying steel, rubber, our surpluses. Feed grains are now at record Farm families in my District think this appliances, automobiles, machinery, and levels and still increasing. Existing programs is economic nonsense. They believe it will great amounts of gasoline, oil, and electric­ also are costing too much. They are not take stronger medicine than this to restore ity. By the same token, laboring people are adapted to meeting the problems of agricul­ farm income to a parity position. I am told the farmers best customers. They have ture today. that polls taken in your State indicate a common interests and common goals. It has been suggested, but not by me, that similar lack of confidence in the effective­ The premise on which every bargaining one method of reducing costs is merely to ness of simply lowering price supports. takes place between labor and management give the Secretary of Agriculture authority to Contrary to popular belief, farm-minded is that laboring people should have parity lower price supports. It is costing about $2 Members of Congress are not widely split. income. That is the basis of the cost-of­ to $3 billion a year to maintain supports at Commodity groups are not at war with one living automatic pay increases in some col­ current levels. These costs can be eliminated another. If there ever was a day when one lective bargaining agreements. Farmers as by reducing price supports to free market commodity group tried to solve its problems well as other workers deserve this insurance levels. But farm income would drop even by dumping them on other farm groups, and full employment, or at least a steady more than the price support costs. This can that day is past. A united approach of income with which to buy labor's products. best be illustrated right now where Mr. Sec­ agricultural commodity groups appears In this way, labor is not thrown out of work retary of Agriculture wants to lower dairy strong enough to pass comprehensive farm because of farmers' inability to buy and the supports by April 1. The lowering of sup­ legislation this year. Thirty-five commodity whole exchange continues on an even keel. ports from 83 to 75 percent will cost the dairy groups have set 'up six different committees farmers a $200 million to $250 million for study. Some Republicans are talking of You are all familiar with the theme song that past farm price support programs have loss of income to save the Commodity Credit having enough votes to override a veto of Corporation about $100 million. This is the the farm bill, providing compensatory pay­ wrecked our markets and are a millstone around the necks of farmers. Using the point that is passed over in painting the rosy ments are included to get 1ndustria1 Demo­ picture of lower price supports, greater :flexi­ crats' votes. They all agree on the parity­ misleading figures supplied by our own Sec­ retary of AgricuJture every city newspaper bility and more freedom in agriculture. income concept to replace price parity in But this is not the only road open to their approach to farm legislation. This has carried stories on the high cost of farm price support programs. But neither the United States farmers and their wives. concept is actually in the Agricultural Ad­ Commodity groups are developing plans and justment Act of 1938, section 301 (a) (2). city nor the farm papers have carried com­ parable stories citing the benefits of these proposals which will lower government costs, However, present bills are designed to clarify increase producer flexibility, yet bettering and make specific this section. programs either to farmers or to other groups farm income. There are more differences within com­ such as our school children. These groups know that they are faced modity groups than between groups as to Why hasn't our Secretary of Agriculture with still lower incomes in the immediate the type of Government assistance desired. prepared a summary of the benefits of farm­ future if the Secretary of Agriculture is Those of you who are dairymen know how price support programs comparable to his given more authority to lower price sup­ difficult it has been for you to agree on summary of costs? When he does I am con­ ports. They know they are faced with lower specific programs. Feed-grain and livestock fident he will have to tell us that on a year­ incomes if they do not devise new programs producers find it especially difficult to agree to-year basis farm price support programs to replace the old ones which are proving on a program. I am told that even the pea­ have increased farm income $2 to $3 for each to be ineffective and too costly. Sliding-scale nut growers are having some difficulty in $1 of Government expenditure-in addition parity worked fine when the farmer raised agreeing on a new approach to their price to accelerating technological advances. his own horsefeed 20 years ago. It does not and income problems. Why hasn't our Secretary of Agriculture work when he feeds expensive gasoline. But the pressure of economic events is told you that each year for the past 4 years These commodity groups realize that they forctng these commodity groups to reach farm price support programs have removed have common interests even though each agreements. Some of the largest commodity from $1.8 billion to $3.2 billion of farm must take a different road to reach its goal groups such as producers of sugar beets, products from commercial markets and of orderly production and marketing with sugar cane, wool, cotton, wheat, rice, and either distributed these products outside improved bargaining power for its members. dairy products are largely agreed on desir­ regular trade channels or kept them in I did not come to this great National Farm able programs for their commodities. storage? Institute to bring a message of gloom and There are wide areas of agreement between Why hasn't he told you that except for doom. In this connection I am reminded the leaders of these commodity groups. All this removal of products from commercial of the conversation I had with a farm woman agree that each commodity has unique mar­ markets farm income would have dropped in a poor agricultural area a few years ago. keting problems-that each commodity even further since 1952? She said, "Mrs. KNUTSoN, do you know what should be treated on the basis of its needs. With net farm income already down to the parity means to the farm women in this The common purpose of each proposed pro­ $12 billion level isn't it reasonable to sup­ community? It means moving the little gram is to promote orderly production and pose that in the absence of these price sup­ house out back up next to the bedrooms." marketing and to improve the bargaining port programs it would have dropped at For the farm women in this great Midwest, power of the producers when they take their least another 25 percent? Many think the parity means even more than this. Perhaps product to market. drop would have been even greater. it means family progress such as was re­ It is evident from recent meetings of the We have heard again and again that the ported by Johnnie after visiting his urban House Committee on Agriculture that there way to achieve parity for the farmer and his cousins who had moved from the rural com­ is no split in the farm bloc providing we wife is to lower price supports and expand munity two years earlier. Returning home consider all commodities at the same time markets. from his visit, Johnnie's mother asked the and give equal attention to the producers Surely we must expand our markets as normal question, "How are Aunt Jane and from the different regions. rapidly as possible. But why hasn't our Uncle George getting along?" Johnnie's re­ The experience of both the sugar and wool Secretary of Agriculture told us that in ply was, "Oh, just fine, but they have moved producers indicate that a commodity group spite of all the promotional efforts of pro­ their bathroom inside and are eating out can agree on a program-and if it is a ·rea­ ducer groups, food processors, retail food of doors now." sonable program, farm-minded Members of distributors and the Government, United I take pride in the progress made in mod­ Congress w111 get together and pass the States farmers received fewer dollars for the ernizing the farm homes in the 1940's and desired legislation. larger quantities of food delivered to con­ early 1960's. I am joining efforts with farm Nonfarm people have shifted in their sumers in this country in each of the last leaders and with those Members of Congress thinking about the desirab111ty of reducing 2 years than they received for the smaller who are trying to develop a farm program farm price supports. At :first they were all quantities they delivered 6 years earlier?_ which will maintain farm family incomes at 1958 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- HOUSE 2811 level& which wlll ·permit the repair and re­ regimentation has been established by a the 12th. but from then on, education is placement of these modern conveniences as rule of terror. The Rumanian people quite preieren~ the preference being they wear out. live in constant dread of the tramp of ability to pay. We also would Iike to see farm famfly in­ comes reach a parity where they can enjoy booted feet, the sharp knock on the door, Colleges. and universities. are financed as many leisure hours each week as urban the sudden trip to the grim walls of the mainly through taxation, giftS', and stu­ families. We are greatly encouraged by the concentration camp. Thousands have dent fees. If our university is a fair developments in recent weeks. In view of been torn from the arMS of their loved example, then the student fees amount all the factors in the situation I can assure ones for no more than an uncautious to about 10 percent of the total cost. you there is basis ror optimism that a good word; torn away to become human fuel The 90 percent financed from other farm program can be developed in this ses­ ior the Communist industrial machine. sources can only have its reward by good sion of Congress. By a good farm program Mr. Speaker, we live today in a time of I mean one which will make it possible for use of the knowledge gained by the stu­ farm families to make· economic progress strange contrasts. Our knowledge of dents in their many and varied fields of comparable to that of nonfarm families. ourselves and our physical world is grow· technical training. Because of higher I know that it is coming. I know the ing by leaps and bounds. We have be­ education, the reward to everyone has gra-ssroots sentiment. I know this senti­ gun to tap tbe unknown of space. Soon been of great value. It is true, as in all ment is seeping up through commodity the human race will soar from this groups, every so often there is that some­ groups and through the Congressional repre­ planet, no longer earth bound. Yet at one who uses the advantage of his sentatives·. Therefore, there is no split in the very time that the human body is higher education solely for his own the farm bloc. If it isn't recognized by farm being unleashed there are vast areas of z:epresenta.tives, we will see a terrific revolu­ selfish aims. He forgets that his ad- · tion this fall in farm areas. the world where the human spirit is be­ vantage was made possible only because ing systematically crushed, brought to· of men dedicated to education. He for­ the level of the basest animals. The very gets that he learned by simply reading knowledge that has been employed to of the discoveries that required perhaps Rumanian Independence-Russian free man has been perverted to debase years and years of thinking research by him. others. He forgets that the taxpayer he Destruction Despite the inroads made through this is exploiting, paid the major cost of his diabolic use of modern knowledge, the advantage of higher learning. EXTENSION OF REMARKS people of Rumania remain dedicated to But we can be thankful that the great OF democracy. Enslaved as they are, their large majority of those with higher edu­ minds still hold the bright hope of free­ cation not only better their own stand­ HON. KENNETH B. KEA TlNG dom. Many, in the face of death, have ard, but also the standard of all, if facts OF NEW YORK retaliated. Through sabotage and es­ bear this out as being true, then it seems IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pionage they have kept alive the glimmer reasonable to suppose that higher edu­ Tuesday, February 25, 1958 of resistance that perpetuates their faith cation should be made available to more in life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap­ Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, we students. piness. It seems quite apparent that the de­ commem.orate today another in the We must be ever mindful of the trag­ tragically long list of Soviet power­ terring factor of so many students not edy of these fine people and of others like entering college, or taking specialized grabs. Thirteen years. ago today the them around the world. So long as they Kremlin reached out the c~utcbing claw training, is financial. This is evidenced remain entombed in the marble maus.­ by the fact of scholarships provided. cer­ of Communist despotism and enslaved eleum of atheistic communism our own the people of Rumania. tain limited loans made available, spe­ freedom is in jeopardy. So long as tyr­ cial training provided by private indus· Few acts of history can be more truly anny remains extant anywhere in the described as a stab in the back. Al­ world, the cause of freedom is threat­ try, and so forth. though forced in the earlier stages of ened. The virulent disease of despotism The potential of creative thinking is World War II to fight at the side of must be ruthlessly stamped out, wherever certainly not centered solely in the the Nazis, from September 1944. until it is found, before the liberty we all prize minds of those blessed with sufficient fi­ the end of the war the Rumanian armed so highly will be secure. nancial needs. But creative thinking, forces turned on their oppressors and I join with all freedom-loving peoples like a seed, develops in relation to the fought gallantly with the Allies. No everywhere in the fervent hope that the richness of the soil in which it is planted. more fitting tribute to their ability can day may not be far off when the torch of Educational training is merely a special be found than the statement by the Lon­ liberty will burn away the ropes that soil to. develop that potential thinking don Times that, despite the small size of bind the Rumanian people, and all peo­ that might otherwise lie dormant. their forces, they were the fourth most ples now caught in the net of tyranny. But the potential of a young mind is important force in the allied camp. not a recognized security for a. bank Despite this, despite the fact that Ru­ loan. mania was spending its blood and treas· To make higher education totally free ure to destroy the forces that had be­ Assemblyman Vic Wallin Talks Sense would not be advisable. Being practical, seiged Moscow and Leningrad and we know that all minds cannot absorb Stalingrad, the Soviets took advantage of About Awarding Scholarships higher learning. With students paying this very fact to crush the newly won part of the cost, it serves as a screening. independence of the Rumanian nation. EXTENSION OF REMARKS But that cost should not be beyond the Stripped of their defenses by reason of OF reach of a worthy student with sufficient the army's absence at the front the initiative to be willing to obligate him- people were overwhelmed by the masses HON. ALVIN E. O'KONSKI self. · of the Red army. By any standard OF WISCONSIN Many students with good minds have this was pure, unadulterateu treachery. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES been desirous of furthering their educa­ Even for a regime with a history so Tuesday, February 25,1958 tion, but with no funds to back them, replete with deceit, deception, and hy. they must seek work, some with inten­ pocrisy as the Kremlin's this was unbe­ Mr. O'KONSKI. Mr. Speaker, much tion of saving money to get that higher lievably callous. Only 2 weeks before at has been said about helping to finance learning. But time slips by, and like­ the Yalta Conference Stalin had made the education of qualified students. I wise the desire for schooling. And if pious pledges of support for democracy believe a sensible approach has been out­ romance enters the picture, the financial and free elections in all of liberated Eu­ lined in a conversation with me by impact further removes the possibility rope. In cynical disregard of these Assemblyman Vic Wallin, of Grand of schooling. How much has been lost? pledges the hoards of the Red army View, Wis. Who knows? If a young person can get moved in to create their own ·special Vic Wallin approaches the subject a 20-year loan to build a home, doesn't brand of terror. with thought that the welfare of all peo­ it seem reasonable that an educational The years of occupation have more ple is bettered by equality of educational loan to a worthy student could be of than lived up to the portent of this rape opportunities. Equality is extended in equal value, or perhaps many, many of Rumanian sovereignty. Systematic our schools from the 1st grade through times more? 2812 r CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD- HOUSE Feb.ruary 25,1958 The question is, Should and can loans Repayment of loan based on 1'0 percent the loan could be repaid in a relatively be made to worthy students without sac- of earnings. A fiat sum requirement few short years. A million dollar fund rificing incentive, nor placing them in might lead to default through no fault would not take care of a great multitude the class of charity? The writer believes of the student. No one can tell the eco­ of students, but it would be well sufficient such loans can be made-loans which nomic level of the future, nor the earn­ to measure results. And once proven, are just as basic and just as American ing level of any profession. But just more funds would be forthcoming. as any bank or other type loan. about anyone can live on 10 percent less Certainly no student that is really de­ That thought has been brought out than their earnings. This system would sirous of higher education would object by the personal experience of the writer, actually make the loan self-paying. If to borrowing money for that education, who had the opportunity to help three the education gained cannot increase the when he knows full well that his in­ deserving students to help themselves. student's earning power by 10 percent, creased earnings alone would repay that Two of ~he loans were small, though then the education gained has been loan in a reasonable time. And as he highly important to the student. The ·wasted. A long-term educational re­ starts paying, that same money can be writer merely served as endorser to a · quirement will require a larger loan, but used for another deserving student. bank loan. This was done for two rea- the potential of earning power and re­ We are generous in our loans forma­ sons. First, it made the student recog- payment is also increased. terial things. Perhaps it is time we con­ nize he had an obligation to pay, one True, students that are minors, there sider some loans to tap and develop the that could jeopardize his reputation if may be a question of loan recovery by true source of our wealth. The Creator he failed, except for good and suffici~nt law in case of default. However, it seems did not distribute the thinking minds on reason. Second, he knew he was paymg doubtful that anyone gaining a higher the basis of dollar possession. for the use 0f that m~ney. I_t took ~way · position by reason of education, would But the lack of dollars at the time th~ thought of chanty. W~th a .bit of risk same by exposure of default in pay­ when of greatest worth, has· kept far too fnendly help, he was financmg his own ing a debt that actually gave him that many good-thinking minds from being needs. . . position. developed to fuller use. A potential of The third student required a larger Under this plan the funds supposedly knowledge lost to the world because loan. It was also a ba~k lo~n, secured would be perpetua'ted The whole ques- by endorsement. But m this case the . · thinking development lacks a loan value. student was asked to take out an insur- twn wou~d resolve on the ho?esty of the As of today, the far larger share of ance policy as a loan protection, as well youth given the o?portumty. to. help higher education is paid by others than as being an aid to peace of mind. . themselves. The wnter has faith .m the the student. That cost is not based pri­ All three students repaid their loans honesty of those earnestly seekmg to marily on quality of minds trained, but as agreed. All three today have posi- better themselves. . . rather on the student's ability to pay his tions of responsibility. They have not Now comes the Important question. lesser share. But even on that basis, only bettered themselves, but the people Where would the loan funds come from.? higher education is paying huge divi­ they serve. All because they had an The Governme~t? It could, but first It dends to all. opportunity to help themselves. would seem advisab.le that a plan should Therefore, why should we continue to Based on that experience, the follow- have first P!oven Its worth under our hold solely to a dollar system that denies ing plan is suggested: free-enterpnse system. many qualified minds from developing First. The student must have a re- There is a source of funds available its true potential, when we know the quired scholastic standing. that could well be used for such testing. thinking'minds have not been distributed Second. The student must be of good Whether its ability, luck, a mixture of on the dollar basis. moral character. both, or something else, the fact remains Research in the field of higher educa­ Third. The student could borrow the that everyone doesn't make a million . tion to find ·a system of more equality funds needed, in periods as needed. dollars. But many that do, give large · of opportunity, seems to be both due arid Fourth. The student would take out a sums for scholarships, for research, for ·worthy. term-insurance policy as a loan protec- charity, and so forth. They establish Since the above was written, the tion. ' funds to promote and aid certain causes, papers carried a front-page he~. dline Fifth. The loan would bear interest in the form of foundations. These are that it had been proposed that the Gov­ after completion of the schooling. all worthy. ernment grant a yearly scholarship of Sixth. The loan would be repaid by 10 But what greater research can there $750, up to four years; to students with percent of the earnings of the student. be, than finding .a system to release the special mind ability. There is no desire Now, let us evaluate the plan. The potential creative thinking now per­ to detract from the value of scholar­ first requirement would better assure mitted to lie dormant because of the lack ships, but this seems much lik~ reward­ training to a qualified mind. of funds, funds that would keep on work­ ing a student for being born with a The second requirement would tend to ing through repayment. special talent. This brings to mind the reduce the moral risk of the loan. It would require more of course, but Biblical story of the talents, where the Advancing the funds as needed would supposing a fund of only· $1 million dol­ reward was not based on the talent or serve as guidance to the student, and lars were set up. The program would . talents possessed, but on the use of same. better assure that the funds were only have to be limited? Perhaps limited to Therefore, if such scholarship consti­ used for purpose advanced. a given area, but primarily limited to its tuted a certificate of recognition, and Term insurance can be had at nominal true purpose of loans only to those carried a repayable loan value of same cost. Covering such things as death, worthy. students whose schooling would amount, the end ·result would be the permanent injury, and such other risks otherwise end. ·same as far as educational opportunity as may be determined by those in best Some might require a loan for only . is concerned, and this same fund could position to know. Coverage. extending 1 year, or 2 years. Others· may be full be used again and again for the same only on the unpaid portion of loan. term of 4 years, or even longer if such purpose of developing other gifted minds Interest rate low, to cover operation course required. With the increased to fuller extent. It could well be a gain cost only. earning power, on the 10 percent basis, to all.