4870 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE April 20

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Address by the Chief Justice of the United . made contributions to it, and individuals of England; the other lived almost his entire have either evolved or formulated or syn­ life within a few miles of his beloved Vir­ States at the Marshall-Wythe-Black .. thesized principles of justice in a way that ginia. stone Commemoration Ceremonies has challenged the admiration and emula­ While Blackstone was writing his com­ tion of people in many lands-people who are mentaries on the law of England, Marshall interested· in that kind of government which was studying the great events of history EXTENSION OF REMARKS is premised upon freedom and the dignity of upon which the rights of Englishmen were OF the individual. We honor those nations for predicated in order to establish here a com­ their accomplishments and revere the mem­ parable system of justice. At that time, he HON. JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER ories of such individuals for their contribu­ and his compatriots were concerned not so OF MARYLAND tions. much with a better system of justice than As Americans, we are proud of our system the English system as they were with having IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of government and our standards of justice, the same rights as Englishmen. A few years Wednesday, April 20, 1955 although we claim neither originality nor later he fought with Washington at Mon­ perfection for them. We, too, have had our mouth, Brandywine, and Valley Forge to es­ Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, Sep .. great men who have made contributions to tablish here a Nation for that purpose. tember of this year has been designated the sum total of human knowledge in the Blackstone expounded the law of England as as John Marshall Bicentennial Month by field of justice. We do not deify them. Like it had developed by tradition, charter, stat­ the action of the 82d Congress, and ex­ the sages of other countries, they were peo­ utes, and judicial interpretation for a thou­ tensive ceremonies will commemorate ple, subject to all the limitations of human sand years. Marshall expounded our Consti­ beings. As a nation, we make no pretense tution, a document of 5,000 words, only a the 200th anniversary of the birth of the except to a passion for justice based upon the dozen years old, but which had been designed great Chief Justice, John Marshall. dignity and rights of the individual. We to establish for au times a more perfect Union Chief Justice ·Marshall firmly im­ stake everything we have on our belief that of States that had but recently achieved their planted the precepts of judicial review only through this kind of justice can there independence. That Constitution was an in our constitutional system. History be order and contentment within nations experiment in the science of government. records this commentary of 1833 which and peace between countries of the world. Many people believed it to be a dangerous has become a lasting tribute·and memo­ We believe this kind of justice is the rightful experiment. Many feared it and believed heritage of every human being and that it is it would become another instrument of op­ rial to his great wis.dom and genius: his right and duty to achieve it. pression. It was approved by the States Your expositions of constitutional law en­ For three and a half centuries Americans, only by the narrowest of margins. No one joy a rare.and extraordinary authority. They using the experience and wisdom of older was certain if or how it would stand the constitute a monument of fame far beyond countries from which we or our forebears test of time. One of the signers of the the ordinary memorials of political and mill-: came, have endeavored to develop in this sec­ Constitution said, "Constitutions are not tary glory. They are destined to enlighten, tion of the world a system of government the same on paper as in real life." It fell instruct, and convince future generations and a body of law that will accord justice to to the lot of John Marshall to translate our and can scarcely perish but with the memory everyone. We have made mistakes-many Constitution from paper into real life, to of the Constitution itself. of them. People have at times succeeded in enable it to meet the problems of a new, using our system for selfish and even op­ poor, war-tired, and divided country. To In this setting, and as a member of pressive ends. We have often been required say that it took wisdom, foresight, patience, the John Marshall Bicentennial Com­ to wipe some things from the slate and start and courage to do this task is trite. But it mission, I ask unanimous consent to have again. At times we have been close to f~ilure is nonetheless true, and he did it for 34 printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD but we have never failed in our climb toward years during the most formative and politi­ an address by the Chief Justice of the the pinnacle of true justice. And we are cally turbulent period of our national his­ climbing today to meet the test of Thomas tory, leaving at his death a greater imprint United States, Earl Warren, delivered at on our legal ~nstitutions than any Ameri­ the College of William and Mary, at Jefferson that "The most sacred of the duties of a government is to do equal and impartial can to this day has ever made. We honor Williamsburg, Va., on September 25, justice to all its citizens." him today at the beginning of the 200tli 1954. We do not assume that justice is indige­ year since his birth in testimony of the last­ There being no objection, the address ing and universal veneration in which his nous only to our soil or in our own people. work is held. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Waves of passion, prejudice and even hatreds as follows: have on occasions swept over us and almost It is appropriate that this recognition engulfed us, as they have .the people of should be given him in his beloved Virginia ADDRESS BY EARL WARREN, CHIEF JUSTICE OF where he lived all his life and in whose THE UNITED STATES, AT MARSHALL-WYTHE• other lands. In our efforts to guard against these things, we have called upon the wis­ service he offered his life for the new Nation BLACKSTONE COMMEMORATION CEREMONIES, he envisioned, in whose legislature he la­ COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY, WILLIAMS­ dom of the ages. We have accepted un­ blushingly the contribution of tho$e intel­ bQred for the Constitutional Convention, BURG, VA., SEPTEMBER 25, 1954 lects of other nations and ages who, in ac­ where he worked for ratification of the Con­ It is our pleasure today to honor great men cordance with the circumstances under stitution, and which State he represented of another day, men who have contributed which they lived, have placed foundation in the Congress. It is also fitting that this much to our national life and to the civiliza­ stones in the temple of justice. ceremony should be held at beautiful and tion of which it is a part. We speak of them, Our own symbol of justice, the home of historic College of William and Mary where of course, in gratitude, but we have another the Supreme Court of the ·united States, he received his only formal education under reason, even more personal to present-day honors great nations of lawgivers. It is of the benign tutelage of George Wythe, then Americans and in keeping with the necessi- Grecian architecture of the Corinthian order occupying the first chair of law in this . ties of our time. We meet here to strengthen so loved by the Romans and used by them country. John Marshall was not an orthodox our own convictions concerning government in a countless number of their public build­ student. Born in the wilderness, he learned and law; to fortify 01¥" belief in a govern­ ings. In the courtroom itself, we give pub­ fr.om his parents and from an occasional ment of laws and not of .men. We seek re­ lic recognition to the lawgivers of all ages . tutor, but largely from the life of his time dedication to the cause of justice, between On the frieze of one wall are the figures of . and from the great men of Virginia in the individuals, between citizens and their sov­ ancients who made their contribution be­ causes for which men struggled in those ereign, and between the nations of the world. fore the birth of Christ: Menes, Hammu­ days. What men he encountered in his na­ We. reach for perfect justice, but we do not rabi, Moses, Solomon, Lycurgus, Solon, Draco, tive State-Washington, Jefferson, Madison, expect to grasp it, because history, both pro­ Confucius, and Octavian; and on the oppo­ Patrick Henry, Mason, Monroe, and a host fane and divine, teaches us that as long as site wall the figures of those who came after of others immortal in United States history. time and human nature exist there will be Him·: Justinian, Mohammed, Charlemagne, Whether these men agreed in politics or not, issues to decide, causes to adjust. We learn King John, St. Louis, Grotius, Blackstone, they all had great minds, were passionately from Holy Writ that even the angels quarreled Marshall, and Napoleon. The most signif­ devoted to their own political philosophy and that Satan and his angels were banished icant to us, of course, are the figures . of and each sharpened the minds of the others to darkness for their wrongs. We know that those who expounded the . two systems that either through friendly intercourse or politi­ the path of justice in every time and place are the most alike of any because premised cal contention. Marshall was the beneficiary has been rough, tortuous, and uphill . . No on the affinity of lineage, language, concept, of th_ese associations as m;uch as. any Ameri:. nation has yet reached the su~it. Exact and emulation, the British and American. can of those days, whether it stemmed from justice has not been achieved. No mortal They stand side by side, William Blackstone the adoration he had for his beloved chief, has embodied all its principles. We recog­ and John Marshall. These men were con­ George Washington, or from his almost life .. nize, however, that civilizations of the past temporaries although not known personally long political 'strife with his kinsman, have advanced ·it; · nations in all ages have to each other. The one had not been out Thomas Jefferson. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD - HOUSE 4871 We are most fortunate that we can have to build, patiently, logically, courageously. subjected to unspeakable tortures designed with us on this occasion Pr. Goodhart, His sense of duty is epitomized at the time of to crush his will and destroy his soul. He master of University College, Oxford, where the trial of Aaron Burr, which he conducted was one of the few survivors of the death English law was first taught and where Sir fearlessly in spite of the intense feeling of march to the Cherven Forest, where thou­ William Blackstone taught and wrote his the public and the national administration sands were shot down because they were commentaries. · And how greatly we are against the defendant. In the conduct of deemed dangerous to the plans of the dic­ honored by having with us on this occasion · that case, as a circuit justice, he said: tatorship because they preferred death to the Lord Chief Justice of England whose "That this court dares not usurp power is the loss of liberty. historic position makes him the guardian most true. That this court dares not shrink I pay my tribute tonight to this noble of the rights of all Englishmen as those from its duty is not "less true. No man is de­ priest, and to all others of the Baltic peo­ rights have come down to them from Magna sirous of becoming the peculiar subject of ples who were the first vic.tims of the vast Carta, the Petition of Right, the Bill of calumny. No man, might he let the bitter plan of Soviet Russia to conquer the world. Rights, and the Acts of Parliament. It gives cup pass from him without self-reproach, These men and women, who had the spir­ us a sense of comradeship in a very troubled would drain it to the bottom." itual capacity to resist inhuman torture world. And he did his duty in that case, unpopu­ rather than surrender the freedom with John Marshall has rightly been called the lar though it was. which they were endowed by their Creator, "expounder of the Constitution." It was He lived with this conviction, throughout have given us and all the people of the new to the point of being without precedent his long career. When his work was done world the example that must be followed when he became Chief Justice January 6, and he passed away in Philadelphia on July before liberty can triumph over force. They 1801. The Nation was poor as a result of 6, 1835, in the 80th year of his life and the are not forgotten by the exiles who have es­ years of warfare. Means of communication 35th of his Chief Justiceship, he was ac­ caped from Central Europe and who have between the States were sadly lacking; there claimed by friend and foe alike as a man of gathered here to keep alive the basic con­ was no national economy; our standing virtue and great accomplishment. cept of individual freedom which all Chris­ among the nations of the world was deplora­ His long-time friend and illustrious asso­ tendom has cherished for 20 centuries. ble; the States were divided in interests and ciate, Joseph Story, said of him: With humility and a deep sense of my politics; men held passionate views concern­ "Chief Justice Marshall was the growth of own inability to pronounce a :fitting epitaph ing the relationships between the three a century. Providence grants such men to for those who have already made or are branches of Gove;:nment arid between the the human family only on great occasions still to make the sacrifice of their lives in Federal P.nd State governments. The leaders to accomplish its own great end. Such men this struggle, I have accepted the invitation were men of powerful intellect and passion­ are found only when our need is the greatest. to speak here tonight and shall try to out­ ate convictions. There were those who would His proudest epitaph may be written in a line some of the facts which it seems to me center most power in the Federal Govern­ line-'Here lies the expounder of the Con­ we must never forget if civilization is to ment. There were those who would leave stitution.'" survive this, its most terrible crisis. Note I practically all power in the States. It was The people of Philadelphia accorded him a do not say if religion is to survive, because Marshall's m~ssion in life to pursue a course hero's farewell, and as his body was borne of that I have no doubt. The soul of man somewhere between those two extreme posi­ along the streets to the dock for transmittal cannot be liquidated by the tortures of the tions through the construction of the new to his beloved Virginia, the Liberty Bell tolled tyrant because it is the breath of God. Constitution in a myriad of cases that arose from the belfry of Independence Hall. Then Men were made free by their Creator. This during his 34 years as Chief Justice. He had a strange thing happened. A great cleft ap­ knowledge has sustained the people of Eu­ spent a horrible winter at Valley Forge with peared in the side of the bell, and like rope and the people of all countries to Washington, and the weakness of the Gov­ Marshall's voice, it too became still forever. which the message of Christendom has gone. ernment under the Articles of Confederation It was taken down and plaeed in the Hall. It It will sustain them now but we must all had seared his soul. He believed in a strong, remains there today for all to see-the sym­ know that the triumph of the spiritual over central government-Federal supremacy in bol of our liberty-while the memory of John the evils of materialism can be permanent­ all matters within the domain of the Federal Marshall abides with all of us as that of "the ly won only by those who are willing to sac­ Government. He believed the Constitution great Chief Justice," and "the expounder of rifice the temporary material values of life should be construed liberally to accomplish our Constitution." in order to preserve the eternal values be­ that end, and he confirmed the power of stowed by God Himself upon every human Congress to do so in these historic words: soul. "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within The struggle in which we are involved is the scope of the Constitution, and all means the conflict between the spiritual and the which are appropriate, which are plainly Tribute to the Exiles of Freedom materialistic. The human race, through all adapted to that end, which are not prohibited written history, has made frequent compro­ but consist with the letter and spirit of the EXTENSION OF REMARKS mise with the evil of materialism, and has Constitution, are constitutional." OF endured wars in the hope that they would He believ~d that if we were to remain a speedily pass away, that peace would be re­ nation we must have a national economy, HON. JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY stored, and that mankind would once again and that any strong economy must be based OF WYOMING return to the pursuit of spiritual and cul­ upon the scrupulous performance of con­ tural objectives. But compromise has failed. tracts, and the orderly regulation by the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The Napoleonic Wars ended at Waterloo in central government of commerce among the Wednesday, April 20, 1955 1815. Not until 55 years later did the States and with other nations. He realized Franco-Prussian War begin. Only · 44 years that if we were to command the respect of Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, on of peace intervened before World War I the world, we must meticulously fulfill our Sunday evening last I was privileged to broke out and, after 4 years of the most ter­ international· obligations and honor the deliver a talk to the Christian Demo­ rible military slaughter in all the previous treaties we make. All of these desired re­ cratic Union of Central Europe, at the history of mankind, all the peoples of the sults he achieved through decision after de­ Carnegie Endowment Hall, New York world cherished the hope that with the foun­ cision until they became embedded in our dation of the League of Nations peace among law. City. The talk was entitled "Tribute to men had at last been attained, but only 21 But perhaps the greatest contribution he the Exiles of Freedom." I ask unani­ years elapsed before the Second World War made to our system of jurispruden'ce was the mous consent that it may be printed in was launched in 1939. With vastly improved establishment of an independent judiciary the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. engines of destruction, with mounting cas­ through the principle of judicial review. In There being no objection, the address ualties, with war raging on land, on sea, in a case instituted the first year of his in­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, the air above, and in the deep oceans under­ cumbency, he rooted this fundamental prin­ as follows: neath, the capacity of man to destroy him­ ciple in American constitutional law as our self reached its zenith. When the shooting original contribution to the science of law. TRmUTE TO THE EXILES OF FREEDOM stopped, once again men cried peace, but This and many other of his decisions (Remarks of Hon. JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, be­ there is no peace. The few treaties which aroused a storm of protest as being beyond fore the Second International Congress have been written and· the termination of the words and intent Of the Constitution, of · the Christian Democratic Union of the shooting have not yet revealed how but for 34 years in accordance with his be­ Central Europe, at the Carnegie Endow­ war may be abolished and justice among lief, stone by stone, he built the foundation ment Building for International Peace, men and nations attained. In the 140 years of our constitutional structure, and he con­ New York City, April 17, 1955) which have elapsed since the capture of Na­ structed it sufficiently strong to support Scarcely 2 weeks ago announcement was poleon, the intervals of peace between wars everything we have since built upon it. In made by a Lithuanian newspaper in Chi­ have been growing steadily shorter, and no those 34 years of his incumbency, he wrote cago of the death of Canon Antanas Pet­ answer has yet appeared to the question 519 of the 1,106 opinions handed down by raitis, a Christian martyr to the communis­ every man asks in his heart: How can per­ his Court. tic terror. It was 14 years ago, serving as manent peace be attained? He did not go with the tide of public opin­ pastor in· the Lithuanian community of There was a time when wars were fought ion or the course of politics. Often his opin­ Erzvilkas, that he was arrested by the robot by only a portion of the population and ions were contrary to both, but he continued agents of the dictator at the Kremlin and under rules that save the open city from 4872 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~ HOUSE April 20 destruction, ·when women and children ·were Robert E. Lee when the great trial of the people want war, but ·wars come. Perhaps spared. ·These were days when poets would Civil War came to an end in this country. it is because leadership has been inadequate have us believe that knighthood was _in But I shall be content to give you the facts to the ·task of creating the organization th•.t . flower. There .was chivalry, there was toler­ which show that force defeats itself. is capable of preserving peace, or individuals, ance during the small wars fought during Even the dictators eventually kill one an­ faltering in their faith, have been willing for the Christian era, but we live in a time when other off. Of Lenin's inner circle, only he selfish and temporary gain to make a little such rules of warfare have utterly disap­ and Stalin survived to die natural deaths. genuflection to the Golden· Calf. peared. This century has seen the develop­ The others were liquidated. A dozen min­ You and your associates possess the moral ment ·of planned total war in which not only isters were purged. High officials in the fiber which every individual of every nation the men in uniform are involved in conflict Communist Party central organization, more desiring to be free should possess. Moral but when the unarmed civilian population than half of the Communists who wrote the fiber can be disseminated throughout the has no protection from ruthless attack. In Soviet Constitution, military leader after world by the example every believer in the the war against Japan, this Nation dropped military leader, all of them experts in tor­ spiritual motivation of mankind can give to the atom bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ture, ruthless and faithless, were themselves those with whom he comes in contact. It was the ultimate in force. It stopped the victims of the dictatorial system they The individual who, in this crisis of civili­ the :fighting but it did not bring peace. were trying to enforce upon the world. It zation, falls below the standards of faith in It should be plain to us, therefore, why is a system which cannot last because it is the spiritual concepts of Christendom weak­ even the greatest of military leaders tell us a system without faith. It believes in ens by that failure the moral fiber of every that war is outmoded. It was Napoleon, neither God nor man, and because of this nation which really loves and wants freedom. when his days of battle and conquest were lack of spiritual faith it consumes its own Every such individual impairs the capacity over, who confessed as he looked back upon adherents. of h is nation to participate in the struggle his life that he was amazed at "the im­ What then is the alternative to which of the free world against the evil forces of potence of force to organize anything." MacArthur said man must turn? What is _totalitarian dictatorship that have been re­ Even the most successful of modern military the method by which in this century the leased against it, but he who adheres to the leaders see the futility of force as Napoleon . spirit will conquer the sword, as Napoleon spiritual concept of Christian civilization did. "There are only two powers in the predicted? Perhaps it is too simple to be adds to the strength of freemen everywhere. world," he said, "the spirit and the sword. understood. Surely no one knows better The character and morality which are In the long run the sword will always be than the descendants of the people of West­ cherished in our daily lives, in home life, in conquered by the spirit." Napoleon died, ern Europe the great spiritual triumphs business and professional life, the faith we an impersonation of the failure of force, which marked the civilization of Christen­ cherish in the bond between man and God, but wars continued. dom. All the terror and slavery of pagan­ these and these only are the means by which In our generation another great military ism were unable to crush the spirit and the the . spirit shall eventually triumph over leader who in World War II led the forces of will of the people who had the faith to be­ force. , the Allies in Asia, Gen. Douglas Mac­ lieve in and the courage to live by the Organized as you have organized them, Arthur, came to the-same conclusion. I was principle of the Christian religion that God men and women living by the faith that is in the House of Representatives on the 19th lives and calls to those who will to b'e free. in them can build a barrier of spirit that of April 1951, when he spoke to the Con­ Society, any society, is an organism which Communist force can never overcome. gress of the United States about war. He reflects the spirit of the individuals who was the commander of all the forces of the constitute it. The relationship between God Allies in Asia when, on September 2, 1945, and man is the relationship between God on the battleship Missouri he accepted the and every man. When into any society there Remarks of S.enator Goldwater at Com­ surrender of Japan. All the memories of his enters the materialism of paganism, that experience in two World Wars were fresh society inevitably falls to lower standards missioning of U. S. S. ~'Has.sayampa" in his mind when he spoke to the Congress. of character and morality. We have lived I give you his testimony: · in a time in which too many individuals "I know war as few other men now living have set aside the concepts of religious faith EXTENSION OF REM~RKS know it," he told us, "and nothing today is and have worshiped before the image of the OF more revolting. I have long advocated its Golden Calf. That is the symbol of ma­ complete abolition as its very destructiveness terialism. But it is not the symbol of the HON. EDWARD MARTIN on both friend and foe has rendered it useless millions of the people who have received OF PENNSYLVANIA as a means of settling international dis­ and accepted the heritage of Christendom. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES putes." The men and women who founded this "Useless," he said it was, having in mind country, the United States of America, were Wednesday, April 20, 1955 the capture of the Philippines by Japan men and women of deep religious faith. ·while he was the commander, having in mind That was why they wrote into the Declara­ Mr. MARTIN of Pennsylvania. Mr. his return and his recapture of the Philip­ tion of Independence the plain and specific President, yesterday the distinguished pines, having in mind the dropping of the recognition of the fact that man has certain junior Senator from Arizoria [Mr. GOLD­ bombs and the surrender of Japan. He then unalienable rights which were given to him WATER] honored the· Commonwealth of quoted from his utterance made on the deck by the Creator. Pennsylvania by his presence at the com- of the battleship Missouri when Japan sur­ The men and women of the Baltic States . missioning of the U. S. S. Hassayampa, rendered. and of Europe also have cherished the same "Military alliances," he said, "balances of which is named for a river in the State faith. It was this deep conviction that of Arizona. · He delivered a very inter­ power, leagues of nations, all in turn failed, enabled them to stand unyielding before the leaving the only path to be ·by way of the faithless and cowardly minions of the Com­ esting and able address, which I ask crucible of war." He was explaining why munist dictators and endure the most in­ unanimous consent to have printed in World War I had failed to bring peace to the human torture rather than sacrifice that the CONGRESSIONAL RECO~D. world and why, when the Second World War share of divinity which they had received · There being no objection, the address occurred, we felt compelled to enter it and from the Creator. was ordered to be printed.in the RECORD, use all the inventions and weapons that The conflict between the spiritual ideology as follows: science had achieved. He had seen at first and the ideology of materialism which now hand what total war means and so he quoted threatens the world with a third global con­ ADDRESS BY SENATOR BARRY GOLDWATER AT THE from that speech on the battleship Missouri, flict is essentially a moral struggle for the COMMISSIONING OF THE U. S. S. "HASSA­ giving us a message which we can forget only independence of the souls of men. It is YAMPA," PHILADELPHIA, PA., APRIL 19, 1955 at the peril of losing the great western civili­ not at all a struggle for wealth and power. As we gather here this afternoon in sight zation which is the world's heritage from It is a struggle to preserve the basic concepts of one of the landmarks of American history Christianity. of tolerance among men, mut'\lal recognitim:.1 to commission this new ship, you might well "The utter destructiveness of war now of the dignity of the human individual faith, wonder about the name that has been chosen. blots out this alternative," he said, meaning, hope, and charity, the virtues recognized by Surely to most of you here as to most people of course, the use of the most destructive all Christians and the Fatherhood of God. east of the Rockies the name Hassayampa weapons the human mind can conceive. This, if I understand the motives and pur­ brings nothing quickly to mind except that Some other alternative than force, he was poses of the exiles of freedom, is the faith it is unusual and somewhat hard to spell. telling the world, has to be found, saying: you hold. It is the faith for which you There is even serious question in my mind "We have had our last chance. If we will have sacrificed and your relatives and friends if many of you have ever heard it used be­ not devise some greater and more equitable have suffered and died. It is the faith which fore in conversation or have seen it printed system, Armageddon will be at our door." binds you together in this organization, an in a story or on a map. Consequently, I ap­ It is not necessary to ·depend solely upon organization which makes a link between the proach my pleasant assignment this after­ the opinions of the great generals of the people of America and the people who l.ive noon with mixed feeli_ngs-one, t~at my re­ world. I could recite here how Alexander of behind the Iron c:urtain and along 1.ts marks might be educational to most of you, Greece, ·when he had no more worlds to fringes as well. . It provides a means by but, even more dominant, the feeling of conquer, tried to turn to thoughts of peace. which as individuals we can all ca.rty the humility, in that this name, Hassayampa, is I could tell the story of the Christian con­ message of Christendom to all other individ­ one that every Arizonian ·knows and of whose cepts of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. uals with whom we come in contact. No history is deeply .and rightfully proud. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL REG."':>RD - HOUSE 4873 Hassayampa is the name carried by one of this stream, which is empty, can fill quickly. That is the river whose name you will Arizona'S' few but famous rivers. We are a As the great thunderheads of summer fill carry, but the tale cannot end there for dry State when measured by the standards their black bellies with the moisture stolen the name itself has special significance in of rainfall and moisture; ours is not a State from a thousand lakes and vast oceans and the minds of Arizonians. Many tales have of vast water resources, ours is primarily a meager. streams, and finally disgorge them­ come down through the years about the desert area. Even our forests, and they are selves over the homeland of the Hassayampa potent characteristics of the waters of the vast and among the largest in the world, are and its smaller tributaries, this usually do­ Hassayampa. We aren't quite agreed as to classed as desert forests because there are cile stream fills to the banks with raging and which fable is correct and history has not not many bubbling streams marking their often damaging water, roaring and tearing given us much help, either, in her constant soft carpets nor does one find moss and fern, its way down its mountainous course, carry­ tests. One version of it has it that he who usually associated with such growths of ing tree and rock before it, out onto the vast drinks above the trail is ever truthful, while trees. Natural lakes are few but those we desert and past Wickenburg to lose itself he who drinks below is lost to truth. In have sparkle with the exuberance of dia­ finally in the dryness of its lower bed as the fact, some of my fellow Arizonians say that monds among the dark green of the pines. sky gives no more. to call a man a Hassayamp is to call him It is easy, then, for one to imagine the en­ Wickenburg. This is the one settlement a liar, but as I said, history has not been thusiasm we Arizonians have for our lakes of any size on the banks of this lonely faithful to that and I have seen many truth­ and for our rivers and, recognizing that, you stream, but it is one of the West's most fabu­ ful men whose life's liquid came from that can imagine how proud we out there were lous places. Its history goes back to the stream and I have seen many of the other made when it was announced that this fine beginning of the West and to the swaddling category who never quaffed its waters. Then new ship was to carry the name of Hassa­ days of our Territory. Just a few months there is ihe little poem of Orick Jackson's yampa. after Arizona became a Territory of the that denies a man the right to drink down­ I said that this was a river. Yes, but not United States, Henry Wickenburg, in 1863, stream or upstream as his choice for future just another river. It is a special one, for discovered a vast cache of gold tl1at the veracity. earth was tenaciously holding in her grasp. within its banks fiows the. water that we "You've heard about the wondrous stream need so greatly for our lands, and along its The resulting mine became known as the Vulture, and from it man took millions of they call the Hassayamp. banks has occurred much of the history of They say it turns a truthful guy into a this great State. dollars worth of gold. The mine needed a lying scamp. It is a lonesone river. Its birthplace is in mill, and the waters of the Hassayampa pro­ a small canyon high up on the northern vided the water to run it. It also furnished "And if you quaff its waters once, it's sure slopes of Mount Union, a peak rising over the growing town of Wickenburg, named to prove your bane, 7,000 feet into Arizona's glorious blue sky. after the obscure miner, with water for its You'll never forsake the blasted stream, or It is fed by springs and by the melting snows population. The town grew fast, and by tell the truth again." of winter and by the sometimes gentle and 1866 was large enough to have been consid­ This afternoon, as we face this most pleas­ sometimes violent rains of the summer ered as a site for the Territorial capital. ant task, I have related to you a bit of the months. Up high in those mountains, as Nearby, other mines were established, the history and charm of this river, Hassayampa. it fiows over rocks and soft sands, it tells a Congress, the Constellation, and the Mack I told you that the Indians called it hidden murmuring tale that has lulled me to sleep Morris, and all of them added to the new water, but they also construe its ageless many a night as I have camped by its side. stature of the town of Wickenburg. It was name to mean beautiful water and that is It tells of the men who first came to its a robust town, peopled by men and women of the name I want to recall as we dedicate headwaters to mine gold. It tells of the now the hearty nature of our early pioneers. this ship to the useful purposes it will pur­ ghost town of Senator where men gathered They were happy in this new town, and as sue. This bottle of water has been sent as they sought the yellow richness which the the gold started to be exhausted, they did here by the people of Wickenburg. I hope not wish to leave the banks of their friend­ it retains a prominent and perpetual spot Hassayampa carried from ancient rocks. It ly river, but sought, instead, new ways to breathes the wonderful story of nearby in the wardroom so that those who sail this perpetuate their community's prosperity and ship might be ever mindful of the pride we Prescott which was the first capital of our growth. The railroad came, and with it State, where otir laws were written, where Wickenburg became a cattle-shipping point. Arizonians have in that name, and be mind­ ful too of the new pride which we will carry our early government was hewn out of ar­ The ranches grew, and so did the town, but gument and debate by solid American men then came modern man and his way of life, in our hearts as this ship cleaves the oceans who saw in this new country a place where of the world. Thus, the waters of the Has­ and the oldness of our western towns began sayampa will go around the globe, seeking their families could be reared in the Ameri-· to disappear before the chrome and gilt of can tradition. It whispers the stories of newness, but not this place where the West everywhere an answer to the question that men made rich and men made poor and men had so long been a part of the daily lives has always been asked about the veracity who were strong and ruthless and men who of its people. Here the West stayed, and of those who partook, for you see that an­ were strong and peaceful. It is a wonderful today it is the guest-ranch capital of the swer has never come forth, since only honest story to hear and many and many a time my world, a city seen daily by thousands, a city men and women, dedicated to the perpetua­ memory carries me back to the days of youth where one finds all the newness of this age, tion of our American way of life have lived and to the upper Hassayampa and its bed but sees and senses always the true and real along its course. What happened to those lined with the pines whose tips touch the spirit of the West. Here, the high-heeled who partook and wandered on we do not sky and go into the heavens to seek God. know, but we do know that through truth­ boot is not just part of a uniform, but i~ But this is not all of this river; it is a joins the large hat and the open shirt in fulness, honesty, and devotion to our fine lonesome river I have said, but it is also an their adornment of people whose "hello" is cause our State has grown to great stature ambitious one, for it would not die in those meaningful and whose "good day" comes and her people to great respect. It is my peaks, but sought the arid lands below from the heart long before it gets out of the wish, and I but reflect the wishes of the where its waters could do more for men mouth. Here it is warm in the winter and people of Arizona, that the course of this than just provide the carrier for gold. So warm in the summer, but over all this ship be ever honest, ever true, and that the it left those peaks for the greenness of the warmth of nature is felt the warmth of close association with this great name will lower mountain valleys where the cattle people who, above all else, want to remain bring true at least a line of that poem I would come to drink of its waters, down past just people. Theirs is no desire for tall read. "You'll never forsake the blasted the settlement of Waggoner it went, and smokestacks, or the rat-tat-tat of the rivet stream," and I . assure you that neither it, then, leaving the cool and vast valleys it gun, or the hustle that goes with the change nor the State I represent, will ever forsake ventured out onto the desert fioor of south­ they would rather not have. They know that you. ern Arizona where it soon wore its own road­ as long as man lives he will have a desire way of sand and rock. Here developed a for peace and quiet and the calm reassurance battle with the sun as to whether or not this of real friends. They know that this place Proposed Revision of United Nations stream would carry its load above the earth on the banks of the river whose name this or whether it would have to go to the cool­ ship proudly carries can be that Shangri-la, Charter ness and the sureness of traveling beneath can be a port where men can always come its sandy bed. The sun often wins out and who come in the spirit of the West, seeking EXTENSION OF REMARKS for many miles of its travels across the desert happy relations with neighbors who want the one cannot see water but one knows, as gen­ same. Wickenburg is the old with just OF erations of desert dwellers have known, that enough of the new thrown in to make life HON. JOHN J. SPARKMAN a scooping out of the sand will bring into comfortable according to our modern stand­ that bowl cool and abundant water for ards. It is the new, with an abundance of OF ALABAMA drinking. In fact, one of the meanings of the old thrown in so that we can remember IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES this famecl word has been ascribed to the the faith and the hope and the spirit which Indian meaning "water that is hidden." As made our West great. And the lonesome Wednesday, April 20., 1955 one crosses this stream at Wickenburg on Hassayampa fiows past it, sometimes under Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, on Highway 60, if one is a stranger, one might the sand and sometimes over the sand, as wonder why a bridge here at all for here the it goes on to its eventual union with the Gila Monday of this week former President water is hidden. It is hiding from the ever­ River many mlles below where the desert has Harry S. Truman made a. statement be.. present suction of the sun who seeks its cool given way to man's conquering march of fore a subcommittee of the Committee waters for its own empty daylight skies, but reclamation. on Foreign Relations studying possible 4874 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 20 revision of the United Nations Charter. San Francisco Conference was not felt uni­ to the closing session of the United Nations It was a clear, forceful, and very versally. Representatives of the Soviet Union Conference in San Francisco I said: · thought-provoking statement. I ask had participated in the preliminary meetings "That we now have this charter at all is unanimous consent that it be printed in at Dumbarton Oaks, and Stalin had pledged a great wonder." the support of his country to the United I also said: the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, . together Nations at Yalta. "This charter, like our · own Constitution, with an editorial appearing in this But the victory in Europe now seemed cer­ will be expanded and improved as time goes morning's Washington Post and Times tain, and the Soviet leaders seemed to feel on. No one claims that it is now a final or Herald, entitled "Truman on the U. N." that they could turn their backs on their a perfect instrument. It has not been There being no objection, the state­ promises. They implied that the United Na­ poured into any fixed mold. Changing world ment and editorial were ordered to be tions was not so important after all, and that conditions will require readjustments, but printed in the RECORD, as follows: Foreign Minister Molotov would not attend they will be the readjustments of peace and the San Francisco meeting. This looked to not of war." STATEMENT BY HON. HARRY S. TRUMAN me like a double-barreled challenge: First, And at that time we clearly left the door Senator GEORGE, members of the commit­ would we accept without protest the break­ open for improvement. tee, Senators, it is a pleasure and a privilege ing of an understanding that the Foreign I am sure the charter is susceptible of for me to testify before you today. I am Ministers of the principal powers would at­ improvement. That is true of all documents grateful to Senator GEORGE for his invitation. tend, and more important, could we permit written by human hands. But we ought not I understand that the subject you have the Soviets to torpedo the Conference by to underestimate the difficulties and dan­ under consideration is the amending of the openly showing a lack of interest? gers involved in trying to get impro:vements Charter of the United Nations. Just because the end of the war in Europe at this time. And we ought to be extremely The United Nations is now almost 10 years was in sight I had no intention of ignoring careful not to lose what we already have in old. This has been a rough and stormy dec­ agreements that had been made during the the United Nations, because what we have ade for an organization dedicated to the heat of combat. The United Nations idea now is very essential to world peace. cause of world peace. Since the Charter was was too important for the future of mankind We should consider that the circumstances signed in San Francisco, an international to be treated in an on-and-off fashion. I were more favorable to getting agreement situation has developed which in many ways informed Premier Stalin that it was impera­ out of 50 different nations in 1945 than they is far more serious, far more dangerous, than tive for Foreign Minister Molotov to attend. are now. Difficult as it was then, and im­ the international rivalries which produced The Soviet leaders reconsidered, and a few perfect as the result may have been, it was World War I and World War II. The present days later I had a rather frank meeting with far easier to set up the United Nations in international situation is worse than the one Mr. Molotov in my office on his way to join 1945 than it would be to set it up today. which wrecked the League of Nations and the San Francisco Conference. This was the world situation in June 1945: rendered it ineffective. Nevertheless, one of I explained to him at that time the · un­ We were still fighting a world war. We had the most significant things about the world shakeable desire of our people for an organi­ finished the war in Europe, but a long, bloody situation today is that the United Nations zation that could effectively solve political struggle appeared to be ahead in the Pacific still exists. It is still a functioning body problems before they broke into confiict, and and in Asia. We did not know how long it with a powerful infiuence. In spite of dis­ that could assist governments to improve the would take or how many casualties it would satisfactions and dissensions, none of the well-being of peoples throughout the world. cost. We were just finishing the battle for great powers has withdrawn. Whatever its I expressed these same thoughts in equally Okinawa. The great army which the Japa­ weakness and difficulties, the United Nations vigorous terms to Premier Stalin at Potsdam nese had on the Continent of Asia was still is a power to be reckoned with, and no ag­ a few weeks later. Stalin was, I believe, ex­ untouched. The Japanese Air Force, Navy, gressor can afford to ignore it. tremely impressed with the overwhelming and land forces were being concentrated for This, in and of itself, is a great achieve­ vote of 89 to 2 by which the United States the defense of the Japanese islands. Weak- mi;mt. The mere existence of the United Senate approved the charter on July 28. He, . ened though they were by our successes in Nations after a period of such terrible inter­ and many others, apparently had felt that the Pacific, they were still capable of a national tension, is an important and hope­ the United States would lose interest in the fanatical defense of their homeland. Sec­ ful fact. It demonstrates the tremendous rest of the world as soon as the fighting was retary Stimson informed me that it could underlying desire of all peoples for inter­ over and would repeat the mistakes made cost 1 million American casualties to take national peace. after the First World War. Japan. I will go even further than this. I be­ Speaking as a private citizen, I am very All around the world nations were pros­ lieve that if we had not had the United proud that the support for the United Na­ trate and exhausted from 4 years of confiict. Nations, the events of these last 10 years tions, declared so vigorously by the Senate In this atmosphere of suffering, uncertainty, would again have plunged the world into that day in 1945, has been stanchly main­ and continued fighting, the people yearned unlimited international warfare. The fact tained by both Houses of the Congress ever for peace. Statesmen were under pressure that we have not had such a war is attrib­ since then. from their peoples to make concessions that utable in considerable measure to the We knew at the time the United Nations would bring peace to the world. Peace and existence of the United Nations. was created that we were having difficulties an end to suffering were the universal cry, In my judgment, the United Nations is an with the Soviet leaders and that our difficul­ even on the part of the Russians, whose indispensable force for peace in the world ties might increase. We were determined, losses. had been among the worst suffered by today. nevertheless, to go ahead with the creation any nation. It is true, of course, that the present status of the United Nations and to get the Soviet These were the circumstances in which the of the United Nations does not correspond Union into it, committed to the principles of charter was drawn up and signed. I do not to the high hopes which were held for it international peace which are expressed in have to point out that it would be much when it was first created. Nevertheless, the charter. Without such a commitment on harder to get similar agreements from na­ those of us who helped to set up the United their part we believed that the United Na­ tional leaders in 1955 than it was in 1945. Nations knew that it would have a long and tions would not be successful. Looking back And I respectfully suggest that this is some­ difficult task. We did not go overboard on now, I think this was the correct course. We thing you should always have in mind when the assumption that once the charter was were striving to prevent the East-West split you consider amending the charter today. signed, world peace was assured forever. which has now become known as the "cold We signed the charter at San Francisco I remember very well the circumstances war." We were striving to set up an organi­ with a clear realization that the charter itself under which the United Nations was created. zation which would bridge the split. Of was not enough to guarantee world peace. The first question that was asked me after course, no charter, no constitution can wipe As I said in addressing the closing session of I took the oath of office as President at 7:09 the United Nations Conference, we had cre­ out a power confiict. We must not blame ated a great instrument for peace and secu­ p. m. on April 12, 1945, was whether I wanted the United Nations for all the bad things that the San Francisco Conference to open as rity, but we must now use it. have happened outside the United Nations During the intervening years, we have used planned on April 25. I answered at once and in violation of its principles. Soviet that nothing should interfere with that con­ the charter, and we have found in it not only membership in the United Nations has been defects and inadequacies, but unsuspected ference. It was my firm conviction on that an advantage to the cause of peace, because night just 10 years ago that the establish­ resources. We have discovered some virtues ment of the United Nations was absolutely the peoples of the world have been able to which we did not know it possessed. essential to the maintenance o! world peace, compare the Soviet's conduct to the stand­ In spite of the obstruction of the Soviet and I knew that the great majority of the ards of international peace laid down in the Union and its satellites, we have had the American people felt the same way. I recall charter and to see that the Soviets have vio­ united will and the firm determination of a my surprise that there should be doubt in lated the basic ideals of mankind. great number of nations to make the charter anyone's mind about holding the San Fran­ When the charter was oreated at San work. And their will for peace has been so cisco meeting to draft the United Nations Francisco, we did not believe that it was strong that they have used the charter in Charter on schedule. perfect. We were surprised that a charter ways not foreseen at San Francisco. For ex­ I soon found out that the eagerness we felt could be agreed upon at all by so many dif­ ample, let us take the history of the Security in the United States for the success of the ferent nations· and peoples. In my address Council. On this organ of the United Na- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4875 tions most of the job of keeping the peace 'for progress or· improvement this side of the In conclusion, gentlemen, I urge you to was intended to rest. However, the frequent grave. In the last hundred · years two tre­ continue to give your strong support to the use of the Soviet veto rendered the Security mendous things have happened to them. United Nations. It is helping to build up Council virtually powerless to meet any Contact with the highly developed nations international understanding and friendship serious international difficulty. Consequent­ has shown them that other peoples can over­ among people by the nations working to­ ly, in 1950, a good deal of the burden of keep­ come poverty and misery-that progress and gether on economic and social problems. It ing the peace was shifted from the Security improvement are human possibilit ies. The serves as a conscience for mankind. More Council to the General Assembly. This was growth of population, however, has tended than once it has kept the peace where a done without an amendment of the charter to make them even worse off than they have serious· outbreak threatened-as it did in but by the so-called "Uniting for Peace" reso­ been. Added to these factors, the spread of Iran and in Indonesia. And in the fateful lution. Under that resolution, the General Western political ideas has given them an summer of 1950, when the aggressor broke Assembly undertook to make recommenda­ irresistible desire to be free and self-govern­ the peace of the world in Korea, the United tions for maintaining the peace where the ing. The upheaval ·resulting from these Nations met the challenge. For the first time Security Council was paralyzed by the veto. changes has remade the face of Asia in our in history, an international organization or­ This was an important change. lifetime, and it is now changing the face of ganized effective collective resistance to The fact that the General Assembly under Africa. armed aggression. This is the great lesson of the charter cannot require action by the We want to see these peoples advance and Korea. member states but can only recommend ac­ prosper. For many decades now, through I'm sure the United Nations can be im­ tion, is not so important as it seems. In our humanitarian institutions, we have ex­ proved upon. If we continue to give it our any critical situation where a nation may be tended a helping hand to the peoples of the firm support, I'm sure it will be improved called on to use its armed forces or to apply less developed countries. upon. But let us be everlastingly careful not sanctions, there must be assent. Few na­ Today, we should realize that no force on .to throw away the good and great instru­ tions are going to go into that sort of a earth can restore the old pattern in Asia and ment we already have in a search for some­ situation unless they feel they ought to do it. Africa. We cannot put the rising flood of thing better. And a recommendation of the 60 nations, human aspirations back into the ancient constituting the General Assembly, may be channels. [From the Washington Post and Times more effective as an expression of world We can, however, help it to achieve its Herald] goi::.ls. And that will be to the advantage conscience than the command of 11 nations TRUMAN ON THE U. N. on the Security Council. of the United States as well as to mankind I am not saying that the charter would not as a whole. Former President Truman talked with re­ work better if it were possible for the Se­ This was what I had in mind when I pro­ straint and good sense about the role of the posed a program of assisting underdeveloped United Nations in the present world situa­ curity Council to perform the functions that areas as the fourth point in my inaugural were envisioned for it, but I am saying that tion and about the problem of revising the address in 1949. And this same concept of U. N. Charter. He took note of the many the veto power has not made the United assistance on the path of progress underlies Nations powerless to keep the peace. weaknesses and imperfections in the charter the economic and social activities of the and expressed the wish that the United I do not wish, at this time, to get into the United Nations. technical problems of amending the charter. Nations could be a much stronger instru­ In the years since 1945, nothing has hap­ ment than it is for putting down aggression I believe that we should think about them. pened to make economic development and .and maintaining peace. But this did not I believe that we should study them. If the technical assistance less important. Indeed, blur his appreciation of what the U. N., with majorit y of the nations desire a review con­ I think they are more important to world its limited powers, has been able to accom­ ference, I do not think we should oppose it. peace now than they were then. We should plish. I only believe that we should approach it with be doing more in the economic and social caution and with full realization that it may The complaint most often heard against area than we are doing. We should stand, the United Nations is that it has been ren­ be impossible to get any worthwhile changes in the minds of other peoples, for the con­ under present circumstances. If we go into dered powerless by the Soviet veto in the cept of orderly and rapid social and economic Security Council. Consequently, there is such a conference with inflexible demands progress. for particular changes, we can be sure that we much demand for abolition of the big-power In this field, we have the answer to com­ veto. Mr. Truman was realistic in saying will encounter strong Communist opposition, munism. In know-how, in the raising of and there may be strong differences of opin­ that the U. N. would never have come into living standards, in economic development, being without the veto. Neither Russia nor 'ion among the free nations, and the net re­ we can beat the Communists from the start. l>ult of such a clash may be concentration by the United States would have accepted a There ls no atomic stalemate, no military charter without the reserve power the veto the peoples of the world on the defects rath­ standoff in this part of the struggle against ·er than on the virtues of the charter and a provision gives. It follows that talk of communism. We ought to sustain a really abolishing the veto is so much wasted breath. weakening of the United Nations just when significant program of aid in the economic strength is most needed. This could do very Mr. Truman pointed out that it would be development of Asia and Africa and Latin more difficult to secure agreement on the great damage so far as the effectiveness of the America. While we must, of course, continue United Nations is concerned. charter today than it was in 1945. We do our military programs for our defense and not think there is a chance that the Senate I do, however, think we should practice the defense of the free world, a vigorous ·vigorously the idea expressed at the signing would agree to an amendment that would program of economic development may, in permit the Security Council to order military of the charter in 1945-the idea that we must the long run, prove to be more decisive. use the United Nations to make it work. action against an aggressor without specific In this effort the United Nations, with its acquiescence of this Government. Wherever we can, we should use it. And we economic and social organs and the special­ should uEe it now by bringing before the ized agencies, can be a great help. Providing However, the veto ought to be eliminated General Assembly the current threats to technical and economic aid through inter­ in regard to the admission of new members, world peace. national agencies offers difficulties in admin­ and that should not be impossible of attain­ Aside from questions of aggression and istration and often presents irritating prob­ ment. Also, numerous improvements in the armed conflict, there is another wide area in lems. But an international agency some­ U. N. can be made by strengthening the ca­ which we should use the United Nations to ·times can do things that direct United States pacity of the General Assembly to act against the utmost-that is the area of social and aid cannot. The Soviets, in their propaganda, threats of aggression when the Security economic betterment and progress. are trying to discredit our aid programs as an Council is moribund, as at present. The An outstanding feature of the charter is imperialist plot. But that kind of propa­ fact that the Assembly has to act through the emphasis it puts upon international co­ ganda cannot be raised against the United recommendations and consent of a majority operation to promote higher living standards, Nations. Very often the governments of the of its members is not an insurmountable full employment, and economic and social underdeveloped areas are highly sensitive, handicap, as the experience in Korea proved. progress. One of the most important parts and will accept U. N. help when they would If there is a will among the law-abiding na­ of the United Nations is the Economic and reject United States aid. The question of tions to act against aggression, they can do Social Council. This council has the respon­ who gets the credit is much less important so through the Assembly under the uniting sibility for promoting international coopera­ than the need of the underdeveloped nations for peace resolution. This line of develop­ tion in the economic and social field, and for to get ahead, and to relieve the terrible soci::.l ment within the U. N. ought to have every coordinating the work of the other interna­ pressures that are pushing them toward encom·agement. · tional agencies specializing in particular revolution or communism. While moving toward improvements of this fields of work, such as health, agriculture, We should, therefore, encourage the United sort, Mr. Truman cautions us "not to throw and communications. Nations and the specialized agencies, in their away the good and great instrument we have One of the reasons for the world crisis economic and social activities, and support in search for something better." This is ve are living through is the tremendous ·them fully. Wherever they can reach the .sound advice. And the best means of up­ upheaval-in social and economic terins­ poor and the su1fering better than the United holding and strengthening the United Na­ among the peoples of the poorer or less States Government can, we should encourage tions is to make it a positive force for peace developed parts of the world. Most of these them to do so. I hope we will not cut the and to invoke its powers as effectively as peoples have lived for centuries very close United Nations technical assistance program possible whenever there is .a threat of coer­ to the margin of existence, with little hope this year. cion by armed force. 4876 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 20 The Postmaster General's Disregard enough, neither the officials in the Post gress retains sufficient control over the Office Department nor in Civil Service administration of the Post Office De­ for the Law would tell why the second long delay, al­ partment to prevent further disregard though frequent reguests were made by for its mandate as expressed in tne _law. EXTENSION OF REMARKS my office for an explanation. The an­ The rights which we have provided for OF swer came, however, in the form of a veterans, particularly the - disabled, telegram from the man who had should be fully safeguarded. It is man­ HON. JOHN J. DEMPSEY :flunked the first reopened test, request­ ifestly our duty to see that they are. OF NEW MEXICO ing a second reopening, so the register of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES eligibles was sent back to Civil Service Wednesday, April 20, 1955 on January 26, 1955. The man who :flunked the first re­ Prof. Norman Neal: Fighting Badger Mr. DEMPSEY. Mr. Speaker, because opened test again failed to make the re­ the Members of this honorable body are quired grade in the second reopened ex­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS today considering H. R. 4644, a measure amination with the result that the origi­ OF which gives the Postmaster General un­ nal list of eligibles, carrying the names usually broad authority to reclassify of the same three disabled veterans, has HON. GLENN R. DAVIS Post Office Department employees, I feel been returned again to the Post Office OF WIS.CONSIN it incumbent upon me to bring to the Department by . the Civil Service Com­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES attention of the House certain circum­ mission. Yet no action has been taken Wednesday, April 20, 1955 stances that cause me a considerable because, as was explained to me by the amount of misgiving in supporting such Post Office officials, "we are waiting for Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, legislation. Despite -the recent vehe­ recommendation from the Republican today I would like to call attention to a ment protests by the Postmaster General 1'-!ational Committeeman in New Mexico." situation that existed in our Foreign Op­ before congressional committees that po­ They have been waiting for 1% years. erations Administration and its prede­ litical considerations do not enter into The Portales post office has had no duly cessor for some time, which resulted in a his administration of personnel matters appointed postmaster for 2 years. The waste of American taxpayers' money and and his assertion that there is less poli­ people of Portales have been denied the unfair dealing 'with some of our friends tics in the postal service today than at service that can be rendered only by an abroad. At the same time, I would like any other time in history, I find it most administrative authority which has to pay public tribute to an intrepid pro­ difficult to reconcile his statements with permanency of tenure. Officials 'Of vet­ fessor of agronomy at the University of the facts I am presenting to you. They erans' organizations in New Mexico have . Wisconsin who battled bureaucracy, re­ convince me the Postmaster General has protested strongly about this discrimi­ fosed to be strangled by Government utterly disregarded the law. nation against three disabled veterans redtape, and almost single-handedly · If ever political consideration and con­ who are entitled to preference under our brought about a correction of the unsat­ nivance have entered into the appoint­ law. isfactory situation previously existing. ·ment of -a postmaster-or rather the Not only has the Postmaster General That man is Prof. Norman P. Neal, of failure to appoint one-the record with given his sanction to this gross violation Madison, Wis. It has been my pleasure regard to Portales, N. Mex., stands out as of the Veterans' Preference Act but he to work with him and help him in a small a shameful example. has ignored the mandate of Congress as way in this task. Others who have as­ The postmaster at Portales retired on contained in the law concerning ap­ sisted have included Dean Rudolph K. Froker, of Wisconsin's CoUege of Agricul­ April 301- • 1953. An acting postmaster pointment of postmasters, which states was named and an open competitive ex­ that they shall be appointed without ture, as a member of the Commodity amination was called, with the closing undue delay. Credit Corporation advisory committee, date set for August 11. On December The Postmaster General cannot plead and Raymond H. Lang, head of the na­ 18, 1953, a register of three eligibles, all ignorance of this willful disregard for tionally known seed company in Madi­ with 10 percent disabled veterans' pref­ the law and the rights of these disabled son, Wis. But the rest of us have sort erence, was sent by the Civil Service veterans because I discussed the Portales of run interference for Professor Neal; Commission to the Post Office Depart­ situation with him 3 months ago. At he carried the ball over the goal line. ment. After a .delay of 6 months, dur­ that time he said he would conduct an in­ For some years Wisconsin has pio­ ing which the Postmaster General made quiry into the matter and advise me. neered in the development of hybrid seed no appointment, the examination was To date I have not heard further from corn and its varieties have won interna­ reopened on June 16, 1954, at the re­ him. I can only assume that by his si­ tional recognition. Wisconsin experi­ quest, according to civil-service records, lence he is seeking to cover up his willful ment stations have cooperated with a of six applicants who claimed to be dis­ maladministration. If it is to be his con­ number of our friendly European nations abled veterans. Three cf them took the tinued policy to play politics at the ex­ since 1947 in efforts to help them estab­ reopened test. Three others failed to pense of disabled veterans and of proper lish satisfactory corn stocks. prove eligibility as disabled veterans. administration of post offices under his In the past few years, the University Two of the three who took the test were direction why does he not come out of_Wisconsin exported to Italy parental held ineligible for lack of required ex­ openly and say so? . foundation inbred and single cross seed perience. The other, who had not Not only should we safeguard the pro­ valued in excess of $25,000 to facilitate taken the first examination, :flunked the visions of H. R. 4644 with regard to clas­ production of hybrid seed of Wisconsin reopened test. sification of employees by a proper varieties in that country. Notable On October 5, 1954, the identical reg­ amendment to require the Postmaster progress has been registered. ister of eligibles that had been sent to General to give the Congress detailed re­ In addition to Italy, Wisconsin has the Post Office Department on Decem­ ports of the actions he takes, but I be­ furnished a very substantial volume of ber 18, 1953, was sent again by the Civil lieve we i?hould go further and authorize both breeding stocks ·and parental Service Commission. Again no appoint­ a thorough investigation by the House foundation seed stocks to The Nether­ ment was made by the Postmaster Gen­ Post Office and Civil Service Committee lands, France, Switzerlanq, Spain, Por­ eral, although all of the eligibles were of such apparent law violations as are tugal and Greece. disabled veterans, with passing marks of indicated in the situation at Portales. In 1954, I received complaints that 87.5 up to 97.25 percent; and, further, It is evident that the Postmaster Gen­ through American funds supplied by notwithstanding the requirement of law eral feels that he is above the law, that FOA, another European country was im­ that there be no delay in postmaster he has dictatorial authority over his porting Wisconsin hybrid seed corn un­ appointment. Department. He has indicated .that by der very questionable circumstances. On January 24, 1955, nearly 4 months his take it or leave it attitude in appear­ The corn was not raised in Wisconsin, after the second register was in the Post­ ing before congressional committees was not certified as being Wisconsin master General's hands and more than with regard to this legislation, particu­ hybird seed corn, and was being pur­ 13 months after he had received the larly in respect to the pay increase of chased for a little over $2 ·a bushel, identical first register, no appointive ac­ postal employees. Therefore I feel that whereas true Wisconsin hybrid seed corn tion had been taken by him. Strangely it behooves us to see to it that the-Con- was selling for $9 to $12 per bushel. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- . HOUSE 4877 Agriculture officials in our State notified friends abroad will have a better opinion Yet Pete left behind more than the me that in their opinion there was not of Uncle .Sam's agriculture as a result memory of his warm friendship and ded­ sufficient true Wisconsin hybrid seed thanks to Professor Norman Neal of th~ icated service to his country. Pete left corn raised outside Wisconsin to supply University of Wisconsin. behind a person who was always at his a 64,000 bushel order. They pointed out side in spirit and faith and inspiration. that one bidder offered to supply 600 The umon of Pete and Miss Beryl bushels of a certain Wisconsin variety Bricke.n, lovely daughter of the late Hon­ whereas only 26 acres of that variety The Late Pete Jarman orable Charles Bricken, presiding judge had been raised in all of Wisconsin. of the ~labama Court of Appeals, was :·n was reported that one of the sup­ ~s f orm1dable as their equally shared pllers from outside Wisconsin who fur­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ideal~ and aspirations. Pete and Beryl nished seed for export actually sold a OF c?nst1tuted a partnership that never de­ mixture of all of his reject seed from all HON. GEORGE M. GRANT viated from their individually elected varieties," Professor Neal wrote me. "I roles as public servants and ministers am firm in the conviction that if the 'OF ALABAMA of the American way of life. United States Government is financing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Soldier, statesman, and diplomat Pete the purchase of hybrid seed corn for ex­ Wednesday, April 20, 1955 Jarl?an was laid to rest in the Arli~gton port, it should do so only on the basis Mr. GRANT. Mr. Speaker, in the early Nat10nal Cemetery with military honors. for seed that complies in respect to morning hours of February 17, 1955, this As the last reverberations of the volleys varietal purity. If such seed is not worth Nation lost a distinguished and intrepid ~red at his graveside spent themselves planting in this country, it is not worth soldier, statesman, and diplomat. I lost m the far-reaches of that hallowed planting elsewhere. It not only is an a dear and valued friend with whom I ground, I am sure that those in attend­ injustice to the farmers of the importing had the honor of serving in Congress ance felt that Pete had come to rest country, but also is a shameful squa;n­ from 1938 to 1949. among friends. He is now with the dering of American taxpayers' money, as other soldiers and great Americans who well as a travesty of the American sense Pete Jarman left behind a record of have given their very best for their of fair play and America's equity in accomplishment which time and age country. world affairs." shal! never dull, which shall always re­ From my investigations in Washing­ main prominently in the memory of ton, I learned that seed corn FOA was those who knew and loved him. Japanese Rice Negotiations Eending to Europe in 1953 and 1954 was · Pete served as a lieutenant in the First inspected only to determine if it would World War in France with distinction germinate, if it had been treated for dis­ and honor. He fought courageously for EXTENSION OF REMARKS ease, and was free of weeds. The only the honor and ideals of his country, and OF assurance FOA had that the European until his death he sustained a deep a:rid HON.E.C.GATHINGS country was receiving its requested Wis­ active interest in military affairs, ever consin hybrid seed corn was the sup­ mindful of the continuing need of a OF ARKANSAS plier's statement that it corresponded strong United States in the face of alien IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to Wisconsin types. threats to its security. From 1924 to Wednesday, April 20, 1955 1940, he served as division inspector of The amazing thing about all this to Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, I wish me was the attitude generally expressed the 31st Infantry Division, and in 1927 was elected commander of the Alabama to commend our Secretary of Agricul­ by FOA officials: "What is the difference, ture, the Honorable Ezra Taft Benson as long as no one is kicking about it?" Department of the American Legion. This great American came to Wash­ for st~nding firm against the dictate~ One Washington official sought to dis­ 9f our State Department in the matter miss the matter with the statement that ington in 1937 as a Member of the 75th ?f the Japanese rice negotiations. I am "the supplier is happy, the buyer is not Congress. Immediately he distinguished mformed that at a meeting of the Coun­ eomplaining, and the only people mak­ himself as a statesman of peerless cour­ cil on Foreign and Economic Policy yes­ ing any complaint are you folks in age and sagacious foresight, as a faith­ terday the views of Mr. Benson prevailed Wisconsin." ful representative of the interests of his and under these negotiations some Eventually, however, complaints be­ people in the Sixth Alabama Congres­ 2,250,000 hundredweight of rice will be g·an to be heard, reports from FOA in­ sional District. As his colleague I had released to the Government of Japan spections in Europe were not so favor­ the privilege on numerous occasions of observing and admiring his tireless and under the provisibns of Public Law 480. able, and the European buyers began to These objections in the past on the demand that they ge~ what they re­ conscientious endeavor in the interests of his district, State, and country. part of the Department of State have quested, even though the . money was created grave apprehension in the ranks coming from Uncle Sam. In 1949 Pete was named United States of agriculture. There have been rumors "Because of the significant role that Ambassador to Australia. As a friend that the Department of State has con­ Wisconsin hybrids have played .in the · and former colleague who was personally _cluded agreements with certain Asian past, and now play in European corn cul­ acquainted with his ability and convic­ tions, I regarded this appointment as one nations pledging that we would not seek ture, we feel keenly the existence of _markets in south~ast Asia and that we practices that, in our judgment, preju­ of significant wisdom. and foresight. will subyert the intent of the Congress dice not only the reputation of Wisconsin And most assuredly my confidence and of the United States when we enacted corn hybrids, but even more importantly expectations were never blunted. . I the Agricultural Trade Development and doubt that the United States has ever the prime objectives that are basic to th~ Assistance Act of 1954, known as Publi~ very existence and purposes of the before enjoyed the position and prestige Law 480. Foreign Operations Administration" in Australia as that manifested during The specific action of the State De­ Professor Neal wrote me last year. ' Pete's ambassadorship. partment in opposing sales of rice under This year, there is a different story to From various and sundry sources, the Public Law 48-0 in the southeast Asia tell. European nations in their specifi­ appraisal of Peter's attainments as Am­ ·markets gives credence to these rumors cations have been requiring official cer­ bassador to Australia was the same-­ The views of the Department of Stat~ tification, tagging and sealing of the outstanding. In this connection, I was in this instance would deprive our Amer­ seeds. In consequence, a substantial told by Dr. Bob Jones, founder of th.e ican rice industry of a market that con­ Bob Jones University in Greenville, S. C., portion of the seed order has been filled tains one-half of the world's population in Wisconsin, and the buyers may be that on one of his evangelistic trips to Australia he was profoundly impressed and constitutes the greatest rice market certain that they are getting Wisconsin of all time. hybrid seed, and not feed corn corre­ everywhere he went in that country by sponding to Wisconsin types. Wisconsin the reception of Government officials and If the Sta.te Department can make growers assure me. they are sending only people in all walks of life to Pete's such agreements and· the Congress does first class seeds to their farmer -friends .representation of the United States. Dr. not protest and ·take action to curb the in Europe. There seems no question Jones was very high in his praise of Pe.t.e's D~par.t.m_e1;_lt' _s powe:r:. we may see other that better crops will follow, and our achievements in this foreign land. · agreements made depriving us of tha 4878 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE, April.20 opportunities and privileges of selling I wish to commend again the firmness In compliance with these directives, our goods in world markets. of our Secretary of Agriculture. He has and based upon the criteria set forth Mr. Speaker, even with the release to done a valiant work to save markets for therein, the laundry services at the Puget the Japanese Government of this 2,250,- our agricultural commodities. I trust Sound Naval Shipyard have been discon­ 000 hundredweight of rice, there will still that he will continue to stand firm, and tinued, box and crate manufacture has be a total supply of 15 million hundred­ I do hope that next week when the Dodge been curtailed, and the office machine weight available for export. We cannot committee meets again that they will repair shop will be closed, effective June deny this rice to world markets-espe­ heed the intent of the Congress and 15, 1955. In addition, studies are pre­ cially the great southeastern Asian mar­ refuse to permit the Secretary of State sently being undertaken to determine the ket, where rice has been the staple for to give away our export markets and dis­ desirability of continuing the acetylene, centuries. We cannot limit our trading rupt our domestic agriculture. oxygen and nitrogen plants, the auto­ activities at the will and demand of the motive repair shop, the tree and garden Secretary of state. For such an action nurseries, and the photographic equip­ would destroy our American rice in­ ment and chronometer repair facilities. dustry. H. R. 5115 The Navy assured me that implemen­ Such an action in one commodity can tation of the above-mentioned policy is lead only to similar actions on other EXTENSION OF REMARKS being carried out with due regard to the commodities-and we would rnon see the importance of maintaining our naval destruction of our agricultural econ­ OF shipyards in a condition of readiness to omy-and with it, the collapse of our · HON. THOMAS M. PELLY accomplish their appointed tasks both Nation's strength. · OF WASHINGTON now and in the event of a·future national If the Department of State succeeds emergency. in keeping our rice out of far-eastern IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The Navy further assured me that markets,. it may just as well put on a Wednesday, April 20; 1955 when services or the manufacturing of campaign against export of cotton, to­ Mr. PELLY. Mr. ·speaker, our col­ items required at Puget Sound are cur­ bacco, and wheat in various parts of the league, the distinguished gentleman from tailed in the shipyard, these items and globe. Florida [Mr. SIKES] recently introduced services will be contracted for with local A few days· ago a great outcry was H. R. 5115, to prohibit the disposal by private firms when practicable. raised because the Secretary of State contract or Executive order of work tra­ Mr. Speaker, I want to point out one fired one man. This action on the part ditionally performed by civilian com­ glaring omission in the criteria which I of the State D,epartment has the effect ponents of the Department of Defense just recited as having been given me by of depriving untold thousands of fam­ unless it can be proven that the disposal the Navy, which is covered by H. R. 5115; ilies in the United States of their jobs­ is economically sound and that it will not namely, the transfer of work to a private because just as surely as this policy of endanger our national sec.urity. contractor would have to be economi­ the State Department is permitted to This measure interested me, Mr. cally sound. Efficiency and economy re­ prevail then we will see the end of the Speaker, because I have received protests quire the integration of many operations. American rice industry as we see it to­ in connection with the curtailment of Some of these may be such that indi­ day. We have already suffered drastic certain types of activities performed by vidually they could be performed by cutbacks in rice acreage across the Na­ the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in the private contractors outside of Govern• tion-and this action on the part of Mr. legislative district I have the privilege of ment property, but it seems to me, if you Dulles and his nonagricultural experts representing. I am sure other Members are going to follow the Navy's criteria, in the Department of State would make the net result could greatly increase cost it necessary to further reduce rice acre­ of Congress have had similar protests. On receiving these protests I made ap­ and reduce efficiency. Take automobile ages by a large percentage in 1956. repair as a case in point. In a Govern­ Mr. Speaker, I have opposed appe.ase­ propriate inquiries and was advised it was the policy of the Department of De­ ment garage work can be performed ment throughout the time that I have fense to foster free competitive enter­ when cars are not in use. This cuts been privileged to serve in the Hcmse of prise and to avoid the use of Govern­ down on·the total number of automobiles Representatives. I do not believe in ap..; ment-owned and operated commercial required; also, by upkeep and preventive peasement. Nor do I favor this policy and industrial type facilities. I was fur­ attention, the overall repair cost is of the Department of State, which is, in ther advised that pursuant to this policy, greatly reduced. my humble opinion, nothing more than the Navy had issued directives providing I do not want to appear in the posi­ economic appeasement. for study of such activities in our naval tion of opposing competitive free enter­ Reciprocal trade, a bulwark of our shipyards. prise. After all, I ·have supported elimi­ American foreign policy, cannot be a The criteria to be used in eliminating nation of costly barge lines and other fact if our Department of State, in the any Government operation I was in­ Government operations directly com­ secrecy of negotiations, gives away our petitive with private enterprise and export markets and exerts veto powers formed would be on the following basis: costing the taxpayers vast sums of over actions of other branches of our The necessity for meeting the military demand at all times without delay, particu­ money. But ·I think Congress should Federal Government seeking to imple­ larly where abnormal or fluctuating military watch our purse strings and be sure the ment Public Law 480. demand makes private sources or operation Department of Defense is not going off Back in September the President is­ impractical to the extent that the current on an ideological spree. I hope the sued an Executive order stating it to be or mobilization need cannot be met. Armed Services Committee will take a the policy of the United States to dispose The absence of private facilities of suffi­ careful look at this whole matter. of our surplus agricultural comm.odities cient capacity located within a reasonable on a competitive world market. Yet, for distance from the point of demand. some reason, the Depai:tment of State, The need for maintaining facillties for the training of personnel (for operation in while recognizing this order, seeks to re~ a zone of action or advance base or overseas Pan-Amer~can Day strain agreements under Public Law 480 operations where commercial facilities will and speaks belittingly of "subsidized not be available) where an organized train­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS sales." ing program for the type of skills involved, OF Mr. Speaker, there has been introduced specifically requires the use of the facility in in the House H. R. 5568 which would question. HON. THURMOND .OIATHAM pin down the intent of the Congress in The danger of compromising information OF NORTH CAROLINA which would aid potential or known enemies, reference to Public_Law 480 . and would IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES prevent the Secretary of State from or which would otherwise be prejudicial to the interests of the United States, where We~nesday, April 20~ 1955 exerting such veto powers. I favor this adequate provision can be made only through bill and I urge the Congress to take Government operation. Mr. CHATHAM. Mr. Speaker, on the speedy action in adopting this bill to Any other criterion demonstrating a par­ occasion of·another Pan-American Day protect our agricultural families and to ticular Government operation to be in the I again want to assure our friends south keep open the channels of world trade. public interest. of· us in this hemisphere that we are 1955 CONGRESSIONAL '.RECORD - HOUSE 4879 bound by ties more solid; more· sincere, upon Philippine trade, a trade based a week, 52 weeks a year-and for his and more understanding than ever be­ upon the export of Philippine sugar, heavy investment in cattle, machinery, fore. We form a great bloc of free na.:. hemp, hardwood, and other products to and buildings. tions under God, and with God's help we the United States on a preferential These facts point up problems which will go forward together for better lives tariff basis: I, for one, have raised on the Senate floor and all those things that mean peace The United States did not leave the time and time again, and which I have and prosperity under a Christian sys­ Philippines to cope alone with these reviewed in detail with the Depart­ tem. ·economic problems. Since independ­ ment of Agriculture and other Federal Mr. Speaker, I want to pay my per­ ence it has offered its economic assist­ authorities. sonal tribute to Rev. Joseph F. Thorning ance. Among other measures taken, it I congratulate the farmers of the for his unceasing work to further cement has been considered in the best interest Sharon area for taking steps to secure our relations with our southern neigh­ of the two countries that a tariff not be justice for the great dairy segment of bors. He is always in the forefront of imposed on imports from the Philippines. our economy, and I pledge my own con­ every movement that tends toward closer We have recognized that both countries tinued efforts toward that objective. cooperation, and how fortunate we are benefit directly from this trade and, in I send to the desk the text of an edi­ to have such a man giving of his time the larger view, that the building of a torial which was carried in the April 14 and talents to this most worthy cause. strong Philippines is in the interest of issue of the Sharon Reporter which de­ the United States and the free world. scribed this grassroots meeting. I ask In addition to its economic develop­ unanimous consent that it be printed in The Anniversary of Bataan Day ment, t!le Philippine Republic since in­ the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. dependence has made great gains in the There being no objection, the editorial development of its political institutions was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, EXTENSION OF REMARKS and in further enhancing the public OF as follows: welfare. A Communist-inspired rebel­ THE FARMER Is UNHAPPY ABOUT HIS HON. JOHN LESINSKI, JR. lion has been dissipated by the combined PRICE FOR MILK OF MICHIGAN use of force and such constructive meas­ ures as homestead grants and land re­ The price being paid the farmer in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Chicago milkshed for his milk is the most forms. The firm alinement of the Phil­ important matter in his mind at this time. Wednesday, April 20, 1955 ippines with the countries of the free One must admit as much, after witnessing Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Speaker, at this world is reflected in the initiative taken the assembly at Grange Hall last Tuesday night. time of the year in 1942 a battle was in the development of the Manila Pact raging in the Philippines. In both for the collective defense of Southeast To bring 420 farmers out to· an 8 p. m. Asia and in the Pacific Charter. meeting, after they had worked in the fields American and Philippine history the de­ all the day, is a Hercule.an feat. But the fense of Bataan will long be remembered, The people of the Philippine Islands "protesting farmers" announcement of a not only as a chapter in the story of are building a democracy in the Pacific. meeting to discuss the matter on a real grass­ man's struggle against tyranny but as a They are facing their present difficulties roots level did just that. crowning testimonial to the historic with vigor ancl courage-the same quali­ It took county sheriff's· deputies to handle friendship between Americans and 'Fili­ ties they manifested in such a conspic­ the traffic; there were cars parked almost a pinos. Today the government and citi­ uous manner 13 years ago in the defense mile on either side of the hall. One farmer of Bataan. · told us, "I parked my car a mile away, zens of the Philippines are meeting the walked to the hall, then couldn't get in." challenges which confront their inde­ The writer had trouble edging his way pendent republic with that same cour­ through the packed hall to a position where age demonstrated on the battlefield at Price Support and the Wisconsin he could get within camera range. Bataan. "Keep farm organizations out of this," We in the United States are prone to Dairyman Mike Dorocke, who did much of the speak­ look upon the Philippines somewhat as a ing said. "We aren't here for the purpose of father looks upon a son who has grown EXTENSION OF REMARKS battling them. We want, instead, to do what into manhood. · While recognizing the OF we can as producers to get a more equitable share of what the consumer pays for fresh maturity and independence of the Philip­ milk in the Chicago market area." pines, we retain those bonds of amity HON. ALEXANDER WILEY OF WISCONSIN There was ample opportunity for all to be which have their foundation in a tradi­ heard. At times it was hard to hear, and a tion of close association of our peoples. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES tap of the gavel from the chairman was We take pride in the fear less energy with Wednesday, April 20, 1955 necessary to maintain order. But this was which President Ramon Magsaysay and the real "grassroots"-these were not his government act in the welfare of the Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, each week polished organizers who had called this new republic. there arrives in my office, as in the offices meeting to order. In our relations since Philippine inde­ of other legislators, a great variety of . W. T. Carlson of Walworth presented a pendence was proclaimed in 1946 there daily and weekly newspapers from my letter from Colorado's Department of Agri­ has been evident a spirit of cooperation State. culture to prove -that dairymen in the Love­ One such newspaper is the Sharon Re­ land-Greeley-Longmont area get only $1.42 both in achieving the domestic aims of for grade-A milk-and their farms are worth the Philippine Government and in jointly porter, published weekly in Walworth $200 to $400 per acre. "Things could even supporting the aims of the free world in County, Wis. get that bad," he said. Asia. On the front page of its most recent There was a definite majority of those In the forefront of the problems with issue, it carried the grim story of an present who believe the lawmakers in Wash­ which the new Republic has been con­ aroused meeting of grassroots dairy ington can help to improve the local milk fronted have been those relating to the farmers who had, in my judgment, very price situation. Of course some spoke openly rightly assembled to protest the inade­ in opposition of "going to Washington for Philippine economy. There has been help." but the assembly returned to the ma­ the need for rehabilitation and recon­ quate return which our farmers are get­ jority desire to do just that. struction in the wake of the damage in­ ting for milk. Some 400 to 500 farmers So they distributed mimeographed letters. flicted by the -war. There have been a crowded the local grange hall to talk These are to be signed by producers and myriad of economic and financial prob­ over their problems and to try to get members of their family and mailed to their lems which are closely related to inde­ some action upon them. Senators and Congressmen. "We want no pendence itself and to the withdrawal The farmers pointed out that in the handouts, but demand a de'cent livelihood,'' of the ·united States. There have Q.een last 3 years their milk returns have they say in part. "We will fight through the problems related to the general eco­ dropped $1.50 per hundredweight, and ballot box for our rights and justice." If nothing more were to come of the meet­ nomic development of the Philippines in­ that right now Wisconsin dairymen are ing, the very fact that 420 turned out should cluding the expansion of light industry. receiving only approximately $3.25 per stir all those concerned with dairying to the Perhaps at the very heart of these com­ hundredweight, which is less than 7 point of doing whatever is humanly possible plexities has been the haunting question cents a quart. That is certainly a mea­ to gE:t the milk producer his fair share of of the ultimate effect of independence ger return for the farmer's labor-7 days the retail price. 4880 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE April 20 But more m.ay come soon from ·this meet­ In 1948, the Union of American Re­ penses) is hereby amended by adding- at the ing. There was a committee of producers publics was reorganized at the Bogota end thereof the following: "For purposes formed-farmers from Sharon. Elkhorn, of paragraph ( 3) , in the case of a lease of Clinton, Delavan, Harvard, Capron, and Al­ Conference int<> the Organization of property- (A) which is owned by an organi­ den. This committee will determine· to kee~ American States. The Pan American zation described in section 501 (c) (4) (re• 'the ball rolling-to carry- the fight foi: a Union was designated as the central, lating to civic leagues or organizations for fairer share of the consumer's milk dollar permanent organ of the new organiza­ promotion of social welfare) which is exempt along, until they feel the results of their tion. In this capacity it serves as the .from taxation under section 501 (a) , and fight in the milk checks. .general secretariat for the Organiza­ (B) which is subject to a mortgage or other tion, and is thus of crucial significance Jien securing indebtedness incuued in the to the efficient functioning of the Organ­ .acquisition or improvement of such prop­ ization as a whole. Inasmuch as the erty, such rentals or other payments may, Pan-American Day and Hemispheric during the term of such mortgage or other United States bases its policy in this similar lien (if such term is not less than 5 Cooperation hemisphere on cooperation through the years and ends on or prior to the date of Organization of American States, the termination of the lease as fixed therein), EXTENSION OF REMARKS Pan American Union is of great signifi­ be i' acts. The McCarran­ their own. In the case of a Congressman and sentative WALTER of Pennsylvania had ac­ the young. businessman, both must shift cused him of having associated with some Walter law has been called discrimina:­ for themselves. The Congressman learns on Communist-front organizations 20-odd years tory and un-American. The refugee re­ arriving in Washington and thereafter that ago. Mr. WALTER is co-author of the McCar- lief measure has been called a fraud and while his colleagues are sympathetic, they . ran-Walter Immigration Act. a phony by Congressman WALTER. would never volunteer help but only answer 1955 CONGRESSIONAL ~CORD~ HOUSE 4883 questions, because' theY' know, as I even now · In thi.s something-for-nothing pliifCiJSOphY" himself · The-·g:reat: aceomttlishmehts in the know,, that, part of the jo'f> of being a Con­ is found the belief the Federal Governme:nt, procfuction of .American industry is testi­ gressman is learning to make the adjust­ can manufacture, :finance, mercha:ndlse, monful to 11he many free men and women ments and' being left alone to make the ad­ market, and compete in every way with pri­ wha dedicated their efiorts to business within justments·, since each Congressman is an vate il1dustry:, that it can do so without pay­ the !:ree-enterprise system ~ These are our indiv.idual coming from a particular district ing tax on its ope:ration which is passed on tn traditions-our heritage. We must, carry and the strength of our system is built upon private businessmen to pay, who must also· them on. the differences which each Congressman rep­ pay their own taxes. Simultaneously, the In the United States there is still no limit vesen ts. Through the adjustment and the Government often blames free enterprise, to your goa:l. Eaeh of us can become what-· struggle, there comes of course a correspond­ business. which staggers under the Govern­ we ave capable of achieving. Surel~, we have ing satisfaction when challenging and new ment-imposed regulation a:nd heavy tax, say­ proven too that wha:t a mind ls capable of tasks are met and overcome. I appreciate ing that free enterprise is faulty. It is of thinking, a man can do; witness the new the system in Washi,ngton as I have come to interest to note that at this moment the duct-fan he-J:icopter, the modern flying- car-­ learn it. Government is still the Nation's biggest elec­ pet. Silil.ce 1900 the w0rld has produced In much the same way a newcomer to tric power producer, the biggest power con­ ai.rplanes, radio, television, and countless business enters his new endeavor, some­ sumer, the biggest banker, the biggest em­ other scientific discoveries. We all know we what alone, where bis character and ability ployer, the biggest insurance company, big­ have just scratched the surface in new in­ are developed through the challeng,es which gest landlord, biggest tenant, and biggest ventions and ideas, thait untold worlds may are presented. He is a free agent-. This is publisfier. In fact;., Uncle Sam owns more open up ahead of us. New ideas and oppor­ possible because we have free enterprise. wheat than the wheat farmers, more grass tunities need only to be thought of and We helieve in this country in this growth land than the cattle men', and' more trucks recognized. of human personality and character within than General Motors. Our national debt is The United States has a magnificent fu­ the framework of a master plan which only $278 billion and we have a. hidden debt of ·ture. The Southwest area of the United the Almighty knows. $250 b.Ulion, an overall tax rate of 30 cents States may very well have an even more My own personal convictions have been on the dollar. brilliant future than the national average. tested, as have those of others here present, In the something-for-nothing philosophy, Its population and industries are growing. through those first business endeavors which there is the belief that· wealth can be re­ And you have freedom of choice. You ll was privileged to participate in before the distributed to the point of confiscation by a can look around and decide-stay put or Great War. Then in the war these convic­ heavy progressive income tax. This money move along as new horizons open, and let tions were further tested, and others came can be placed in :the hands of the low-bracket me assure you from my personal experience to light that had been lying dormant and purchaser who then can stimulate business that there will be countless vistas unrolling were what I now recognize as innate spirit-· by buying. This is called the percolate up before you, challenging you to new effort­ ual and religious beliefs. Now, in Congress, theory by some. It overlooks the :!:'act that if you stay alert. my convictions are still tested almost daily, production is necessary or there'll be no In your business ventures you are not as at this moment in: speaking to you, be­ goods to buy-and production. needs money likely to forget the part that government cause I am in a position, as a Congressman, for plant and equipment to produce, to ex­ plays in our lives, and I hope you will not where the fundamental ethical, moral and pand, and to create more jobs. neglect your duties as a citiz.en. Using my­ spiritua~ beliefs, as a yardstick, must con­ The advocates of the something-for-noth­ self as an example in the establishment of tinually be applied in making decisions con­ ing philosophy are intentionally or unin­ my; corporation and two small individually cerning the big issues that face us today. tentionally disloyal Americans. Some are owned companies in real estate, I often Through all of the trials and stn1ggles, I avowed Socialists. These are the most dan­ worked 7 days and some nights. My par­ have found no reason to change my basic gerous because as Americans considering ticipation in government suffered. Actually, belief in the principles· which I was taught themselves patriotic devoted citizens they I deprived myself of the right of participat­ going through school. I believe in human are undermining the country's economic ing-a right and privilege all Americans :freedom, and that means economic free­ strength as a friend-not an avowed enemy should treasure and enjoy. One day I re­ dom. I have come ta understand why our such as the Communist we have come to alized with a shock that many of the bu­ forefathers and my forebears believed as recognize as anti.thetical to all we believe­ reaucratic policies of our Federal Govern­ they did in free enterprise, competition, the and who is dedicated to the overthrow of ment and our loss of many States rights open market place, to . establish demand­ ou11 country. We recognize communism as, were contrary to my beliefs. So here I am. an enem·y, yet communism is economically a Many other business people are guilty of supply and pric.e, as contrasted with the socialistic form of government, and there is leaving the charting of their country's course foreign plan:ned economi.es and isms they the great danger. Too many of our well­ to others. They are so enmeshed in their left behind' when they left the old country. meaning socialistic friends of the last 2 dec­ personal worries they will not take time to­ S'o it was that when thinking of talking to ades are playing right into communistic vote, much less in political work. Because you today, the titles that sprung to mind hands. The godless materialism of this of this the very men who could inform our were: "Free Enterprise, the American Way,." philosophy must not be for this great coun­ people most of the value of our free-enter­ ...Government and Free Enterprise," "Let's try of ours. As idealists we Americans ac­ prise system do not speak out and the result Put Business Principles Into Government, quiesce to the goals that social measures pro­ has been the lack of emphasis on the great­ and Take Government Out of Business," "The pose. It is easy to succumb to the belief ness of traditional American enterprise. It Government in Your Business Future"-but first, that government can do it, and second, is my hope, therefore, that you will always no matter what the. title they all started that we can pay the cost, not only for our keep an active interest and participation in and ended with free enterprise, because own people, but the world. Too often lost in your government at the local level. Other­ within the framework of the definition of the shufile is the free-enterprise system that wise, you are leaving the decisions to others tree enterprise, as we Americans. have tra­ must pay the cost of our grandiose schemes. whose views may not embody your own. ditiona:lly defined it, is found the individual The present administration is struggling The weakness of our system, as Plato worth and dignity of the man or woman, our valiantly to satisfy the increased citizens' pointed out centuries ago, is the lack of an spiritual belie.Ls, the best system for eco­ demands of its government and at the same informed electorate, or apathy on the part momic growth, the "merit system," individ­ time build our economic strength by freeing of the people. Businessmen in our country ual incentive and initiative ~ In short, the' our business to operate with minimum gov­ by their neglect of citizen participation in sum total of American beliefs. To me free ernment intervention or control--of this I goverrimental affairs have failed to protect enterprise and Americanism are one. approve-but I would counsel this or any free enterprise by influencing legislation. My title finally became "Free Enterprise administration to always remember an ear­ Businessmen realize through hard-earned versus the Something-for-nothing Philoso­ lier American adage "that government is experience that private enterprise and Gov­ phy." The something-for-nothing philoso­ best that governs least." Our forefathers ernment cannot compete in business. Busi­ phy is based on the erroneous belief that l;>elieved this and they built the free-enter­ nessmen opera.ting on a profit system know government can do f'or us what we cannot prise system into the world's greatest pro­ that deficit financing is an impossibility, and do for ourselves. Forgotten is the fact that ductive system. any system based on it is unsound and ours is a Government of, by and for the This system was based on freedom-to should be corrected. Businessmen, having people. Through the declared emergencies think, act, and do as an individual-in. learned these lessons, permit their Govern­ of a depression and two wars has arisen a business as well as government. They rec­ ment in many instances to make mistakes Federal bmeaucracy of such scope that few, ognized that our. freedoms. were so interr.e­ which their experience and judgment could if any, know all the present servi.ces offered lated that the loss of one meant the loss a! have prevented if they had been taking a by Government-many unnecessary to the e.11. Therefore economic freedom was fos­ part in the direction of their Government. people. This philosophy spawned on. reg­ tered in the free-enterprise system. Every­ My final thought then would be some con­ ulations and controls of our economy, one had a stake in it. They knew and we clusions I reach in forecasting the trend through"planned deficit financing which re­ shourd remember that "eternal vigilance fa our Government would take if more business. sulted in spiraling inflation and cast of liv­ the price of liberty." Further, there was people puticipated in it. I believe the pro­ ing. States rights have been usurped by no caste system. Unlike many foreign coun­ gram. would!. be accelerated 1n getting th& Federal domination, until the State-Federal tries, an .American was not forced to stay Government out of business. I belie-ve that. proportion o:C: operation and tax. income haS' in the same level that he was born into. A businessmen in our Government would changed from 75-25 percent to 25-75 percent. man was recognized for whatever he made of throw their weight behind balancing the CI--307 4884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - - HOUSE April 20 budget, reducing the national debt, reducing peaceful coexistence with international gang­ American life. Clever and insidious attacks taxes, thereby stimulating incentive, further sterism. are constantly made upon .basic religious, investment, and creating more jobs. They "I am greatly concerned about growing social, economic and political institutions. would reduce the gigantic intended redis· Communist strength and every American "A constant flow of propaganda is directed tribution of wealth the Socialists and Com­ must be so concerned," PHILBIN told the against the American people at every level, munists are so pleased to see. us engage in. Standard-Times. "World communism will embracing everything from straight Marxism There would be further incentive for those adopt the tactics it deems necessary to se­ to eccentric notions about the universe. talented individuals whose property in the cure world conquest and world control. That "All this," said PHILBIN, "is designed to form of earnings is almost entirely confis­ is its aim. It will go as far as it can. It promote hysteria and uncertainty and to cated in the upper bracket, and whose re­ will do what it thinks it can get away with. undermine the confidence of the people in sponsible positions create more jobs by this "When the time is ripe,'' he added, "and representative government, in our economic the military timetable permits and its stimulated effort. The so-called little man ~ystem, in our religious beliefs, our moral who bears taxation's heaviest burden nu­ chances for victory seem bright, it will not ideals, family loyalties, and business struc­ merically would be given, greater relief in hesitate to strike along a broad front." ture. The objective is to break America's his taxes, made possible by reducing the cost · One of the real obstacles to halting the faith in itself, its principles, its life and its of Government. This reduction would be Gommunist world menace, PHILBIN asserted destiny." is the "indifference and unconcern of many made possible through decentralization and He denounced as outrageous the shoot­ return to the States of many of the Federal Americans about the affairs of representative government at every level." Not only should ing down of American planes on peaceful activities. The businessman might insist, I missions in the Far East, adding: "These believe, that the Government operate within Americans be shaken out of their lethargy, but also, he said, the United Nations must incidents of Communist insult and provoca­ its income. In fact, the businessman might tion are absolutely intolerable and as com­ insist upon a constitutional amendment con­ inaugurate "cooperative measures" to thwart Communist aggression and check dangerous pletely unconscionable-as well as illegal and trolling the Government's ability to tax, bar­ inhumane-as the continued imprisonment row, and spend, thereby assuring a sound subversive activities in many parts of the world. ~f American flyers in Red China on trumped­ economy by whoever the elected officials up spy charges.'• were. Businessmen in Government would "We have a right to expect the United continue to remove the Federal Government Nations, if its membership still subscribes to S~ONG ACTION ESSENTIAL from areas of operation which do not per­ the purposes of the Charter of maintaining The unanimity of the House vote on the tain to government. the peace and defending human freedom, to Formosa defense resolution (there. were only It is my heartfelt belief that the future move decisively and speedily against Com­ 3 dissenting votes) was pointed to by PHIL• greatness of our country is interwoven with munist malefactors. BIN as the "first real declaration of deter­ the perpetuation, strengthening, and success "Many people see in recent events the be­ mination to face up courageously" to the of our free-enterprise system. It must be ginning of a move designed to bring Red Communist menace since the end of the kept free. I believe that people with busi­ China into the United Nations. Nothing Korean war. ness experience must join together to con­ would be better calculated to shatter confi­ This kind of strong, decisive policy and tinue to remind the American people of the dence of the American people in that body. affirmative action is essential, he said, not advantages that we enjoy, the high level of The idea of permitting a bandit nation only to protect Americans but also to main­ production and prosperity, the great eco­ which has secured power and dominion ove; tain our prestige in the Orient. nomic, moral, and spiritual strength result· a great • • • ancient, but helpless people The Congressman frequently referred to ing from our beliefs. These are the things, through conspiracy, subterfuge and, force "apathy, indifference, and unconcern" on the I believe, which business people should re­ • • • to be rewarded for its iniquities by part of many Americans over governmental member and practice. I hope that all of admission into the United Nations would be affairs and called it "one of the most dis­ you will take your part in the good faith to a monstrous travesty upon justice," said turbing developments of our time." He in­ preserve the free-enterprise system. PHILBIN, who is starting his seventh •term in sisted the Nation must revive the "spirit I have enjoyed this opportunity of being the House from the Third Massachusetts of patriotism and loyalty and revita,lize the with you and sharing a few thoughts. I District. commonsense, industry, and enthusiasm of wish you all the very best of everything in The Congressman, a member of the Armed the individual.'' whatever you undertake. May you be suc­ Services Committee, warned the Communist PHILBIN has warned about the Communist cessful and happy, and in return for the movement has made steady advances in re­ menace in the past. Records show he was blessing of living and working in this great mote areas of Asia, in Africa and South one of the first Members of Congress to point Nation take an active part in its guidance. America and in Europe. He said communism up the spread of world communism during Thank you. will pursue the tactics of infiltration and World War II. In his first major speech in penetration, playing everywhere on discon­ Congress early in 1943, PHILBIN predicted the tent aroused by antiquated colonial systems possible realinement of alliances in the PQSt• or capitalizing on social injustices. war period. · Red China and the U. N. Citing Korea as an example of Communist While he sees "unfavorable, disturbing aggressive action, he mentioned Indochina, spots everywhere," PHILBIN also points to Burma and the Malayan states as good ex­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS signs that people are becoming more aroused amples of subversion. to the dangers, and more aware of the "sham, OF "But the thing for us to remember is that falsehood, deceit and iniquity of commu­ the Communists have their own answer for nism." HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN every situation. They act boldly and do not "The United States,'' he said, "must not OF MASSACHUSETl'S hesitate to set up a conspiracy anywhere that suits their purpose. This kind of treachery fail to let it be known that she will use her IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and deceit requires continuous vigilance and strength if necessary, to protect her way of Wednesday, April 20, 1955 a tough-minded attitude on our part. It life. Once that idea penetrates the Com­ cannot be dealt with by bleeding hearts or munist mind," he added, "there will be no Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, in early patience-loving, dilatory Fabians urging further aggression and then, perhaps, we can February I was interviewed by Mr. Don delay. take the lead in world councils to estab­ Larrabee, the Washington correspondent "The Fabian approach of trying to wait lish universal disarmament and control of the situation out is fraught with real peril nuclear substances. This will be no prim• for the New Bedford Standard-Times. rose path," said PHn.BIN. Under unanimous consent I present his because every day the Soviet is building article, which appeared in the February greater military strength," PHILBIN asserted. Turning to the question of Communist 4 issue of the Standard-Times, to be activity in this country, the Clinton Con­ printed in the RECORD. gressman made this unequivocal statement: Natural Gas The material follows: "There is hardly a scientific secret which has PHILBIN WARNS AGAINST SEATING RED CHINA not been filched from us through espionage EXTENSION OF REMARKS IN U. N., URGES ALL To BE ALERT TO BANDITRY agents and traitors in the innermost, top­ OF WASHINGTON, February 4.-To reward Red secret archives of this Government." China with admission into the United Na­ He compared communism 1n this country HON. BRUCE ALGER tions would be a "monstrous travesty upon to an iceberg-"four-fifths of it is under OF TEXAS justice.'' Representative PHILIP J. PHn.BIN, water." The number of card-carrying Com­ Democrat, of Massachusetts, declared today munists is relatively not great, but the "poi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in an interview. son of Communist ideas has been spread widely throughout the land.,. Wednesday, April 20, 1955 The Clint.on, Mass., Congressman, express­ ing grave concern over Communist tactics CLEVER ATTACK MADB Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, under both here and a.broad, also blasted the notion "'Pro-Communist and Socialistic-minded leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ that the free :'fw'.Orld can live in so-called people can be found in most segments of ORD, I wish to include the statement 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE 4885 which I had the privilege of makirig If the tremenclous demand is not matched in order, a condi.tion. ideal for competitive before the House Committee on Inter­ by a similar rise in supply, the price of nat­ behavior. Seekers of monopoly can look state and Foreign Commerce on H. R. ural gas naturally will tend to rise. But this elsewhere. 4560 and related bills to amend the Nat­ increase will be even larger if the producers' The ease of entry into proauction of nat­ prices are regulated. Supply is the great ural gas ls a sure sign of the absence of ural Gas Act which would remove Fed­ consideration, and price-fixing regulations mon-opoly. Natural gas companies even seek eral Power Com.mission jurisdiction over will have a tendency to reduce, rather than additional competitors, frequently looking independent producers and gatherers of increase, the search for new supplies. They' for partners because of limitation of funds natural gas, as follows: also will tend to divert more of the supply when they spend so much on exploration, My name is BRUCE ALGER. I represent the from the intei"state market into the intra­ title clearance, and leasing. Fifth Congressional District of Texas, Dallas state, which even now represents half of the Competition definitely is present when the County. I was elected last year, running total marketed production. Intrastate sales producer or gatherer meets the interstate on a platform advocating free competition· were not made S1:lbject to Federal control pipeline or transmission company a.t the bar­ in the marketplace and less Federal con­ by the Phillips decision. gaining table. The pipeline companies are trol of our economy-a platform quite simi­ With the tremendous expansion of the not so numerous as the producers, but be­ lar to that of our great President, Dwight D. market made possible- by the many large in­ tween them they have an interconnecting Eisenhower. terstate lines built since World War IF, th& network of lines covering the large produc­ This action o! the electorate made me the Patio of new supply to net production has ing areas of the Southwest. With one ex-· first Republican elected to Congress from diminished rapidly. In the first 5 years after ception, the various large lines all are con­ Texas in a regular election in many years. the war new gas supply was proved up at an nected either directly or indirectly with most. It also indicated to me that the people of average of almost 3 trillion cubic feet for of the producing areas of the Southwest. my district likewise realize the vital im­ each trillion produced. Then the ratio Thus they have widely scattered supply portance of a return to the free-enterprise dropped to 2 million for each trillion pro­ sources to which they can turn if one source principles that made our country great. duced. During the past year, new supply prices itself out of the market. Neither the. My interest in the legislative efforts to barely exceeded actual production. seller nor the buyer has the other "over the correct the Supreme Court's decision in the Which represents the greater need-to fix barrel." Phillips case is more than a desire to correct prices wi.th a hope of keeping costs to con­ These active competitive conditions which an injustice to one of the large industries· sumers down, as long as the present supply prevail are pointed up by the price behavior of my State. It is a determination to over­ lasts; or to rely on time-tested free competi­ of natural gas. Prices have shown great come a new and dangerous philosophy an­ tion to encourage wider search for greater flexibility and continually have lagged be­ nounced in the Supreme Court's decision. reserves to supply the present consuming hind the rising cost of living. Why should natural gas, the product of public and the millions who hope to join Indicating their responsiveness to competi­ an intensely competitive and high-risk in­ today's fortunate consumers? tive conditions, prices paid under contracts dustry, be singled out as the only commod­ Developments of recent years clearly show executed in 1952-53 ranged from 21 to 29 ity so produced to be brought under Fed­ that all reserves possible are essential to meet cent1:1 per thousand cubic feet in the Appa­ eral prlce-fixing while in the hands of the future needs. Roughly speaking, we have lachian region; from 7 to 18 cents in Pan­ produce:c? 21 years of supply at the current rate of with­ handle-Hugoton; from 4 to 13 cents in East If a bureau in Washington can fix the drawal, but that rate of withdrawal may Texas-North Louisiana; and from 3 to 16 price of gas, can it not just as easily fix the continue to grow. cents in Louisiana-Texas Gulf Coast. price of other products? Certainly an adequate price is essential to The increased rates paid by consumers If natural gas is singled out for Federal prevent waste of casinghead gas, which is today are not due primarily to higher field price-fixing today, might it -not be oil or produced with oil. Prices for natural gas prices, but to generally higher prices of cattle or cotton or dairy products-or all of must be at least enough to pay for the ex­ everything that enters into the distribution, them-tomorrow? · · · pense of conservation measures. Adequate transmission, and production of gas. These If there is any doubt that natural gas ls price also is essential to promote production include sharp rises in the cost of steel, labor, a commodity produced by a highly competi­ from wells whose primary product is gas. taxes and many other expenses. Only about tive industry-far removed from the utility Leading geologists are convinced that we a tenth of the total cost to the residential status-let US take a look at some Of the have not reached the limit in our discoveries consumer is represented by the price received facts about the demand-supply-price picture. of oil and gas. However, the incentive pro­ by the producer for natural gas at the well­ They will show not only that the industry is vided will determine to what extent we are head. competitive, but also that the consumer of able to make additional discoveries. Under free competition, the natural gas natural gas inevitably receives his greatest Because of joint costs and the infinite producing industry has met every test of protection from competitive activity. number of variables, it ls impossible to de­ service to the consumer. What sound First, there is a.great and growing demand. termine a regulated pr1ce based on a cost reason is there for fixing the wellhead price Natural-gas customers have tripled and nat­ formula, such as would be necessary if gas that a producer may get for his gas? ural gas delivered to residential consumers producing is considered a utility. Gas must Regulating only the "larger producers" is has quadrupled since 1938. Consumption of be allowed to seek its true price level through no answer to the problem. Who is the natural gas has just about tripled since free competition with competitive fuels, or "larger producer"? What if royalty owners, World War I!. Today .almost 25 million gas it wHl be found necessary to regulate the owners of divided interests, small producers customers are residential users. The Amer­ prices of these fuels, also, and thus establish feeding into a single gatherer or natural ican Gas Association estimates that an addi­ a Federal bureau control over all of our gasoline plant, and others demand payment tional 1.2 million users will be added each energy resources. in kind and insist on separate sales? year in 1955 and 1956 if supplies are availa­ If reserves are to keep pace with demand, Price-fixing ls not in the long range in­ ble. Countless other potential customers every producer-no'!; just a few big com­ terest of the consumer. Putting gas produc­ are anxious to see their communities served panies-must have price incentive to search tion on a utility status would bring stagger­ by natural gas. for and produce more gas. The minor or ing problems and costs, with no benefits and independent producer is the typical wild­ very probably some definite losses. Obvi-ously, the efficiency and cleanliness catter. He finds the big majority of new of this fuel contributed to its popularity. Consider the staff necessary and the ex­ fields, and we cannot meet our needs with­ penses involved if the Federal Power Com­ Obviously, also, its reasonable prices have out him. He needs incentive. been considered among its advantages to the mision must review 30,000 separate sales There are thousands of these independents transactions, with thousands more each year. constantly growing gas consuming public. in action today. All told, about 8,100 pro­ Competition between producers of gas­ Consider the insurmountable difficulties in ducers of natural gas operate in the country, trying to determine prices on. a cost basis. as well as between them and other fuels­ counting only those who report to the var­ has been evidenced by the refusal of prices What about loss of incentive to producers? ious State agencies. The picture some would Futility compounded.. of natural gas to react to inflationary condi­ paint of a monopoly industry controlled by a tions as sharply as have the prices of other few large companies ls far from true. Of No five men can solve all of the problems iuels. Natural gas is one of the few items all the extractive industries, bituminous coal that have been solved by millions of indi­ in the family budget for which price has re­ is the only- one in which leading companies vidual decisions from day to day. The vast mained comparatively stableL produce as small a portion of the total as in machinery for regulating prices would be Based on 1935-39 averages for 50 repre­ the natural gas industry. Compared with only one of many costs, both tangible and sentative cities compiled by the Bureau of manufacturers of all kinds, natural gas is intangible. The consumer will pay the price, Labor Statistics, natural gas in 1953 had an less concentrated in the hands of a few com­ both in taxes and in increased charges for index of 99.6, or just under average prices for panies than 382 out of the total of 452 the gas itself. the 1935-39 period. Contrast this with 233.4 studied. Regulation in the form of price-fixing is for anthracite coal, 212.9 for bituminous The picture of gas production ls: First 4 not the answer. The consumer's greatest coal, and 205.5 for No. 2 fuel oil. Contrast companies, 17 percent; first 8, 28; first 20, 46; protection is competitive activity. His true thiS' also with the 191.3 overall cost-o:li ... living first 50, 66; and first 100, 78. There also is a interest lies with a continuing supply. He index for 1953. gradual gradation from one size to the next deserves tlie benefits of competition.