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Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

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English – (last updated July 5th, 2008)

by Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 1 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

Quettaparma Quenyanna

† = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word (e.g. russë "corruscation, †swordblade"), * = unattested form, ** = wrong form, # = word that is only attested in a compound or in an inflected form (e.g. # apa , # Apanóna ; see AFTER below), TLT = Tolkien's lifetime (by some called "Real Time", as opposed to:) MET = Middle-Earth Time (or rather Arda Time, since Quenya originated in the Blessed Realm), LotR = (HarperCollins Publishers , one-volume edition of 1991), Silm = (HarperCollins Publishers 1994), MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays , MR = 's Ring , LR = The Lost Road , Etym = The (in LR:347-400), FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR:72), RGEO = (Second Edition), WJ = , PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth , Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, LT1 = 1 , LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2 , Nam = Namárië (in LotR:398), Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters ), GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon [PE] #11 - references are selective), QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12 - references are again selective), VT = Vinyar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F. Hostetter, A.R. Smith, W. Welden and P. Wynne; please refer to the individual journals here referenced to determine which editors are involved in any given case), vb = , adj = , interj = interjection, pa.t. = past tense, fut = future tense, perf = perfect tense, freq = frequentative form, inf = infinitive, gen = genitive, pl = form, sg = singular form. The spelling used in this wordlist is regularized (c for k except in a few names, x for ks , long marked with accents rather than macrons or ; the is used as in LotR). When s in a word represents earlier Þ (th as in "thing") and it should be spelt with the letter súlë instead of silmë in Tengwar writing (though Tolkien himself sometimes ignored or forgot this), this is indicated by ( Þ) immediately following the word in question (e.g. sanda , sanya -; see ABIDE, ABIDING below).

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 2 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008

A

A, AN (indefinite ) – no Quenya ACCOUNT () quentalë (history), equivalent. Elen "star" may thus also be lúmequenta (chronological account, history); translated "a star" (LotR:94) , Elda “” is also HISTORICAL ACCOUNT quentasta (any the equivalent of “an Elf” (Letters:281) . The word particular arrangement, by some author, of a laurë Tolkien translated as “(a) golden light”, series of reconds or evidences into a given indicating that “a” has no equivalent in Quenya historical account – not History as such, which is (VT49:47) . The absence of the definite article i quentalë ) –KWET, LU, VT39:16 "the" usually indicates that the noun is indefinite ACCURSED húna (cursed). –PE17:149 (though there are exceptions – see THE ). ACRE resta (sown field) –VT46:11 cf. ABANDON hehta - (pa.t. hehtanë is given) RED (put aside, leave out, exclude, forsake) –WJ:365 ACROSS arta (athwart) (Note: arta also ABHOR feuya-, yelta - (loathe); THE means "fort, fortress") –LT2:335 ABHORRED ( Þ) –PHEW/VT46:9, ACT OF WILL nirmë –VT39:30 Silm:418, VT45:11 ACTOR tyaro (agent, doer) –KYAR ABIDE mar - (be settled of fixed) (fut. ACTUAL anwa (real, true), nanwa #maruva is attested: maruvan "I will abide") ; (existing, true) –ANA, VT49:30 ABIDE BY himya - (cleave to, stick to, adhere); ACUTE tereva (fine, piercing); ACUTE, ABIDING sanda (Þ) (firm, true); LAW-ABIDING ACUTENESS laicë (In the printed Etymologies, sanya (Þ) (regular, normal) (variant vorosanya a similar word is also the adjective "keen, sharp, with a prefixed element meaning "ever"). – acute", but according to VT45:25, this is a UT:317/LotR:1003, KHIM/VT45:22, misreading; the final of the adjective STAN/VT46:16 should be -a, not -ë. However, the conceptual ABLE, BE; see BE ABLE validity of the adjective laica , and therefore also ABOVE: According to VT44:26, Tolkien in the corresponding noun laicë , is questionable; one text glosses apa as "above but touching", see PIERCING.) –TER, LAIK but apa is normally taken as the preposition ADAPT camta - (sic; the cluster mt seems "after" instead. For "above", the preposition or unusual for Quenya; while the source does not "over" may be used. explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is ABUNDANCE úvë ; ABUNDANT úvëa (in difficult to understand what other language could a very great number), úmëa (swarming, teaming be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, accomodate) – – but elsewhere a similar word is defined as VT44:14 "evil", so úvëa may be preferred), alya (rich, ADD napan -, yantya - (augment) – blessed, prosperous) –UB, VT48:32, GALA PE17:146, 15:68 % ABUSE (vb, evidently meaning to abuse ADHERE himya - (abide by, cleave to, verbally) naitya - (put to shame) –QL:65 stick to) –VT45:22, cf. KHIM ABYSS undumë –MC:222 cf. 215 ADHERING himba (sticking) –KHIM ACCOMODATE camta - (sic; the cluster ADMIRAL ciryatur (only attested as the mt seems unusual for Quenya, and while the personal name Ciryatur of an admiral, but the source does not explicitly say that this word is word means *"ship-ruler") –UT:239 Quenya, it is difficult to understand what other ADORN netya - (trim). (Note: netya is also language could be intended) (to [make] fit, suit, an adj. "pretty, dainty" .) SMALL THING OF adapt) –VT44:14 PERSONAL ADORNMENT netil –VT47:33

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 3 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

ADULT (adj) vëa (manly, vigorous); AGONY qualmë (death), unqualë (death; ADULT vëaner ; ADULT MALE nér (ner -, according to VT45:24, Tolkien changed this word as in. pl neri ) (man) –WEG, DER to anqualë ) –KWAL, VT45:5, 24, 36 ADÛNAKHOR Herunúmen –UT:222, AH (interj.) ai (alas) Ai! laurië lantar lassi Silm:322 Ah! golden fall the leaves (Nam) AEGNOR Aicanáro (so in Silm:435 and AIR vista (= air as substance); vilya older PM:345; MR:323 has Aicanár ) (Sharp Flame, [MET] wilya (sky); vilma (lower air) (perhaps Fell Fire) changed to vista , but vilma was not struck out in AFFECT # ap - (given as stem apë ) Etym); lindë (tune, song, singing); PUFF OF AIR (to concern, to touch one) –VT44:26 hwesta (breeze, breath); UPPER AIRS AND AFFECTIONATE méla (loving) –VT39:10 CLOUDS fanyarë (skies), AIRY vilin (breezy) – AFFLICTED – be afflicted: moia - (labour). WIS, WIL/LT1:273, LIN, SWES/LotR:1157, The participle * moiala may then be used to MC:223, LT1:273 translate "afflicted" as an adjective, describing ALAS (interj.) ai (ah) (Etym also gives a one who is "labouring" or toiling as a thrall. – word nai , but this clashes with nai "be it that" in VT43:31 Namárië.) ; also orro or horro as an AFTER apa (also attested in compounds "exclamation of horror, pain, disgust: ugh, alas! like Apanónar , see below) , # ep - (used in ow!" –Nam/RGEO:66, NAY, VT45:17 compounds when the second part of the ALIKE véla –VT49:10 compound begins with a vowel, only attested in ALIVE cuina ; BEING ALIVE (noun not adj) epessë "after-name" – see NICKNAME .) This cuilë (life) (LT1:257 gives coina , coirëa ; see ep - is a shorter form of epë , which means LIVING) –KUY “before” of spatial relationships but “after” of time ALL illi (as independent noun) , also ilya (since the Eldar imagined time coming after their (all of a particular group of things, the whole, present as being before them, VT49:12); apa each, every) (Note: ilya normally appears as ilyë and epë may be seen as variants of the same before a plural noun: ilyë tier "abll paths") ; word. Other variant forms of apa "after" include ALLNESS, THE ALL ilúvë (the whole). opo and pó /po (VT44:36, VT49:12). According According to early material, ALL THE... (followed to VT44:26, the preposition apa may also appear by some noun) is rendered by i quanda , e.g. * i as pa , pá (cf. yéni pa yéni "years after years" in quanda cemen "all the earth; the whole earth". VT44:35), but pa /pá is in other manuscripts ALL THAT IS WANTED fárë , farmë (plenitude, defined as "touching, as regards, concerning". sufficiency) –VT47:30, VT39:20, VT44:9, IL, THE AFTER-BORN Apanónar (sg # Apanóna ) Nam cf. RGEO:67, Silm:433/WJ:402, QL:70, (i.e., an Elvish name of Men, according to PHAR/VT46:9 WJ:387 "a word of lore, not used in daily ALLOW lav- (yield, grant); NOT ALLOW speech") –Silm:122/WJ:387, UT:266 TO CONTINUE nuhta- (stunt, prevent from AGAIN ata ; AGAIN (prefix) en-, (prefix) at- coming to completion, stop short) –DAB, WJ:413 , ata- (back-, re-) ( AT[AT]) ALONE (see also LONELY, SOLE) er AGAINST: According to VT44:26, Tolkien (one, alone, only, but, still), eressë (singly, only, in some documents glosses apa or pá as also as noun: solitude) –ERE, LT1:269 "touching, against", but apa is normally the ALPHABET tengwanda –TEK preposition "after" instead (see AFTER). The ALSO yando –QL:104 in -nna is normally sufficient to ALTHOUGH (or "nothwithstanding") – express motion towards or against something. Christopher Gilson argues that the word ómu Possibly this ending can also take on the occurring in an untranslated "Qenya" text could meaning of “against” with connotations of enmity have this meaning (PE15:32, 37). If this and confrontation, as when the pl. allative interpretation is regarded as too uncertain, the valannar is used in the phrase *“made war idea expressed by phrases involving "(al)though" on/against the Valar” (LR:47) .% may be rephrased using ananta "and yet" (e.g. AGE randa (cycle) (as in “the Third Age”; "although the house is small, we love it" > * i coa not the age of a person) ; AGES OF AGES pitya ná, ananta melilmes = "the house is yénion yéni –RAD, VT44:36 small, and yet we love it"). % AGENT tyaro (actor, doer) –KAR ALWAYS illumë (earlier variants of the AGILE tyelca (swift) –KYELEK relevant text also have vora and vorë , forms AGO yá ; LONG AGO andanéya , anda né Tolkien may or may not have abandoned) – (once upon a time) –YA, VT49:31 VT44:9

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 4 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

ALTOGETHER aqua (fully, completely, or in deleted material Angavanda ). –MR:350, wholly) –WJ:392 Silm:428, MBAD, VT45:6 *AMANIAN (only translated "of Aman" by ANGELIC POWER (pl. Valar or Vali , Tolkien) amanya (which can also mean gen. pl. Valion is attested in Fíriel's Song) ; “blessed”, VT49:41). Cf. also Úmanyar , ANGELIC SPIRIT Ainu , f. Aini (holy one, god) – Úamanyar , Alamanyar "those not of Aman" (the LotR:1157/BAL/FS, AYAN, LT1:248 Elves who started on the march from Cuiviénen ANGELN (island in the Danish peninsula) but did not reach Aman; contrast the Eriollo –LT1:252 Avamanyar , another name of the Avari.) – ANGER, ANGRY, see WRATH, WJ:411, 373, 370, MR:163 WRATHFUL AMBIDEXTROUS ataformaitë (pl. ANGROD Angaráto –Silm:428 ataformaiti is attested) –VT49:10 ANIMAL # celva (only pl. celvar is AMEN (Hebrew: "truly, certainly, may it be attested , translated "animals, living things that so") násië (another form, násan , was apparently move" in Silm appendix and WJ:341) ; laman (pl. abandoned by Tolkien) –VT43:24, 35 lamni or lamani ) ("usually only applied to four- AMLOTH * Ambalotsë (Tolkien asterisked footed beasts, and never to reptiles and birds") ; the word because it was not "attested", only a MALE ANIMAL hanu (male) – possible Quenya form of Amloth . See Silm:52/53,/405:3AN, WJ:416 "UPRISING-FLOWER".) –WJ:318 ANNOUNCEMENT canwa (order) – AMONG imíca , mici ; see also BETWEEN. PM:362 –VT43:30 ANOTHER enta (one more). (Note: a AMRAS Telufinwë (meaning "Last Finwë", homophone means "that yonder") . See also not the equivalent in sense to his name. OTHER. –VT47:15 The short form of his name was Telvo *"Last ANYBODY – if anybody: aiquen One". His mother-name [q.v.] was Ambarussa , (whoever); ANYONE mo (but this is also used as but this name was not used in narrative.) – an impersonal “one”) –WJ.372, VT49:32 PM:353 APPLE orva –PE13:116 AMROD Pityafinwë (meaning "Little APPROPRIATE (to a special purpose or Finwë", not the equivalent in sense to his owner) # sat - (set aside). The verb # sat - is cited Sindarin name. The short form of his name was in the form " sati -", evidently including the Pityo *"Little One". His mother-name [q.v.] was connecting vowel of the aorist, as in * satin "I Ambarto , or Umbarto , but these names were appropriate". –VT42:20 not used in narrative.) –PM:353 APRIL Víressë –LotR:1144/1146 AN see A AR-ADÛNAKHOR Tar-Herunúmen – ANCIENT yára (old, belonging to or UT:222, Silm:322 descending from former times) –YA AR-BELZAGAR Tar-Calmacil –UT:222 AND ar . In the phrase eldain a fírimoin AR-GIMILZÔR Tar-Telemnar –UT:223 “to Elves and Men” ( FS ), ar is seemingly AR-INZILADÛN Tar-Palantir –UT:223, reduced to a before f, but contrast ar formenna Silm:324 *“and northwards” in VT49:26. (In Sauron AR-PHARAZÔN Tar-Calion (and, as an Defeated p. ii, the word o is translated "and", experimental form, Tar-culu ?) –UT:224, but LotR, Silm and Etym all agree that the Silm:324, VT45:24 Quenya word for "and" is ar . A longer variant arë AR-SAKALTHÔR Tar-Falassion –UT:223 is mentioned in VT43:31.) A meaning AR-ZIMRAPHEL Tar-Míriel –UT:224, "and", -yë , occurs in the phrase Menel Silm:324 Cemenyë "heaven and earth" (VT47:11) ; this AR-ZIMRATHÔN Tar-Hostamir –UT:222 suffix is "normally used of pairs usually ARCTURUS (a star) Morwinyon (said to associated as Sun, Moon [* Anar Isilyë ]; mean "the glint at dusk" or "glint in the dark") – Heaven, Earth [ Menel Cemenyë ], Land, Sea LT1:260 [* Nór Eäryë ], fire, water [* úr nenyë ]" (VT47:31) . ARE see BE AND YET a-nanta/ananta (but yet) – ARGON Aracáno –PM:345 AR/Nam/FS, VT43:31, NDAN; the of ARM ranco (stem * rancu -, pl. ranqui ) ar is discussed in VT47:31 (LT2:335 gives rá [there spelt râ ], but this is ANGBAND Angamando (Iron-gaol) (so in apparently rendered obsolete by a later word in MR:350 and Silm:428; Etym has Angamanda , Tolkien’s conception: In Etym, rá is glossed

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"lion".) TRUNCATED ARM, see STUB, STUMP. * ASK # maquet - (only pa.t. maquentë is –RAK attested. The word is not translated, but ARMY hossë (band, troop) –LT2:340 undoubtedly means "asked": 'Mana i·coimas ARNOR Arnanor , Arnanórë ("royal land") in·Eldaron?' maquentë [PM:403]. The –Letters:428 question itself is translated "What is the coimas ARRANGEMENT pano (plan). Note: the of the Eldar?", so the rest must be "Elendil word also means “piece of shaped wood”. – asked". Furthermore, maquentë is transparently QL.72 quentë "said" with the interrogative element ma ARRIVE: The verb ten - is used for this [PM:357] prefixed.) ASK FOR – see DEMAND. meaning in one source (present tense téna “is ASLEEP lorna –LOS on point of arrival, is just coming to the end”). ASSEMBLE hosta- (gather, collect) – Other attested forms are tenë (aorist; 1st person MC:223 tenin ), pa.t. tennë “arrived, reached” (“usually ASSOCIATE otorno (sworn brother) used with locative not allative”: tennen sís “I osellë (Þ) (sworn sister) –TOR, THEL arrive[d] here”), perfect eténië , future tenuva ASTRONOMER meneldil –Letters:386 “will arrive”. Tolkien subsequently changed ten - AT sé , se (the form with a long vowel may to men -, but the latter is elsewhere ascribed the be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd meaning “go”. –VT49:23-24 person pronoun) (in). The may also ARROW pilin (pilind -, as in the pl. pilindi ) express “at”, e.g. lúmissen “at the times”. – –PÍLIM VT43:30, 34, VT49:47 ART Carmë (making, production); BLACK ATHELAS (a healing plant) asëa ; see ARTS núlë (sorcery). (The word is spelt “ñúle” in KINGSFOIL. –PE148 the source, reflecting the older pronunciation; in ATHWART arta (across) (Note: arta also Tengwar spelling the initial nasal should means "fort, fortress") ; GO ATHWART tara- therefore be represented by the letter Noldo) . – (cross) –LT2:335, 347 UT:396, PE17:125 AUGER teret (gimlet) –LT1:255

ARTIFICIAL CAVE hróta (dwelling AUGMENT (vb.) yantya - (add) –PE15:68 % underground, rockhewn hall) –PM:365 AUGUST Urimë (so in LotR; UT has AS (prep) ve (like). The longer variant sívë Úrimë ) –LotR:1144, UT:302/470 appears to introduce a comparison with AUTHORITY Máhan (pl Máhani is given, something that is near to the point or thought of but seems perfectly regular). Tolkien once stated the speaker, whereas tambë introduces a that Valar should strictly be translated "the comparison with something remote , as in Authorities" (MR:350), but Vala obviously cannot Tolkien's translation of one line from the Lord's be used to translate "authority" in general; it was Prayer: cemendë tambë Erumandë "on earth used only of the Valar themselves (WJ:404). Cf. as in heaven" ("heaven" being remote – we may also adj. valya "having (divine) authority or theorize that "in heaven as [here] on earth" power". Máhani was adopted from Valarin and would translate as * Erumandë sívë cemendë , originally probably referred to the Valar since "earth" would represent the position of the themselves. We are not told whether Máhan speaker). NOTE : a homophone sívë means could or should be applied to a non-divine "peace". The word yan , related to the relative ya authority (at least it should not be capitalized if “which”, is also defined “as” in one text so used). Note: Máhan means *"Supreme One" (VT49:18) . AS REGARDS pa , pá (concerning, rather than "authority" as an abstract. –MR:350, touching). AS USUAL ve senwa (also ve senya , BAL, WJ:399/402 but see USUAL). –Nam/RGEO:66, 67, VT43:12, AUTUMN yávië (harvest – in the Calendar 38, VT44:26, VT49:22 of Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period ASCENT rosta , ASCENSION orosta – of 54 days, but the word was also used without LT1:267, 256 any exact definition), lasselanta ("leaf-fall", used ASGARD , Valinórë (Tolkien of the beginning of winter or as a synonym of actually uses this gloss of Valinor , as Asgard is quellë ; see FADING. Also spelt lasse-lanta with the City of the Gods in Norse mythology) – a hyphen) , narquelion ("fire-fading" – this word LT1:272 from Fíriel's Song and Etym seems to ASIDE – stand aside! heca! – also with correspond to narquelië in LotR, but the latter is pronominal affixes: sg hecat , pl hecal "you stay the name of the month corresponding to our aside!" (be gone!) LEAVING ASIDE hequa (not October.) LT1:273 has yávan "autumn, harvest", counting, excluding, except) –WJ:364, 365 but this word may be obsoleted by yávië . –

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LotR:1142, 1144, 1145/Silm:439/LT1:254, DAT, AWKWARD hranga (hard; stiff, difficult). FS, NAR/KWAL, Letters:382 Note: hranga - is also a verb “thwart”. – AVENGE ahtar - or accar- (do back, react; PE17:154, 185 requite) –PE17:166 AWAY oa , oar (viewed from the point of AVENUE OF TREES aldëon –LT1:249 view of the thing, person, or place left). Oar is AWAKE coiva- (so in LT1:257; read used of movement only, as in "I went away". See *cuiva - in Tolkien's later Quenya? Cf. the also GO AWAY. –WJ:366 cf. 361, VT39:6 . following:) AWAKENING ( noun) cuivië AWNING teltassë –GL:70 (obsoleting coivië in LT1:257) , cuivë ; AXE pelecco –LT2:346 AWAKENING (adj) cuivëa –KUY/Silm:429

B BABE lapsë ; BABY winë (stem * wini -; while LT1:250 gives Malcaraucë ) – Exilic Quenya * vinë , * vini -), in another source Silm:35/425/439, RUK defined as "child not yet fully grown". Also BAND nossë (army, troop) –LT2:340 winimo (Exilic * vinimo ) or winicë , wincë (Exilic BANK (esp. of river) ráva –RAMBÁ *vinicë , * vincë ). These terms were also used in BARK (noun) – Tolkien originally thought children's play for "little finger" or "little toe". – that parma "book" really meant "skin, bark; LAP, VT47:10, 26, VT48:7 parchment", with "book, writings" as the BACK (noun) pontë ( ponti -) (rear) (QL:75) secondary meaning. But in Etym parma is LT2:338 mentions a Gnomish word alm , said to derived from a stem meaning "compose, put mean "the broad of the back from shoulder to together", obsoleting the old etymology. – shoulder, back, shoulders". It is stated that the LT2:346, contrast PAR "Qenya" cognate of this Gnomish word occurs in BARN FOWL porocë (hen) –PE16:132 the name Aikaldamor – i.e., # aldamo or BASE sundo ( Þ) (root, root-word) (pl. #aldamor ? ( Aldama appears as a word for #sundar , isolated from Tarmasundar in "shoulder" in PE13:109, cf. 137.) But this is UT:166) , talan (talam-) (floor, ground), talma hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. (foundation, root); BASE-STRUCTURE BACK- (prefix) at-, ata- (re-, again-), also sundocarmë (Þ) –SUD (but VT46:16 indicates see BACKWARDS. Cf. also DO BACK ahtar - or that Tolkien changed the root to STUD, hence accar- (react, requite, avenge); these forms implying that sundo was originally Þundo ), represent older at-kar-. THOSE WHO GO BACK WJ:319, TALAM, TAL, LT:343 Nandor (Elves that left the March from BATHING (noun) sovallë (washing, Cuiviénen) AT BACK OF PLACE, see BEHIND. purification) –QL:86 –AT(AT), PE17:166, WJ:384 BATTER palpa- (beat) –PALAP BACKWARDS nan- (prefix) , as in BAY (small and landlocked) hópa (haven, *nanquerna “turned back” –NDAN, VT49:20 harbour) –KHOP BAD olca (wicked) (VT43:24) . Compare BE: Quenya uses forms of ná as the ulca "evil". The Gnomish fêg is glossed "bad" in used to join , or GL:34, and this is equated with Q faica , glossed “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or "contemptible, mean" under SPAY in the desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be Etymologies. the same as another” (VT49:28) . It may also BAKE masta- –MBAS denote a position , as in tanomë nauvan “I will BALE OUT calpa- (draw water, scoop out) be there” (VT49:19) . PE17:68 mentions návë –KALPA “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss BALL coron (stem # corn -, as in dat.sg. would suggest that návë may also be regarded cornen ) (globe) –KOR as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam) , pl. nar Valarauco (pl. Valaraucar , or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30) , dual nát possibly reflecting an alternative form (VT49:30 ). Also attested with various pronominal *Valarauca ) (so in the Silmarillion – in Etym the endings: nányë /nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë Quenya form of Sindarin balrog is malarauco , “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively),

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nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” not” are cited in a document dating from about (VT49:27, 30) . Some forms listed in VT49:27 are 1968, though some of this was struck out. The perhaps intended as aorist forms ( nain “I am”, monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists The negation lá can be inflected for time “when aorist forms with no intruding i ( nanyë *“I am”, verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né are cited without pronominal : present “was”, pl. náner /nér and dual nét “were” laia , past lánë , perfect alaië , future lauva ,

(VT49:6, 10, 27, 30) . According to VT49:31, né imperative ala , alá . MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. % “was” cannot receive pronominal endings –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 to the form ane -, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you BE ABLE (and the English present tense were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28) . Future can ) is expressed by various : pol - (to be tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; physically able), lerta - (be free to do, there being alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect no restraint, physical or other), ista - (know how anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as to; pa.t. sintë ), hence e.g. polin quetë “I can anáyë ). The form na may be used as imperative speak” (because mouth and tongue are free), (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun lertan quetë "I can/may speak” (because I am "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it secrecy, or duty), istan quetë “I can/know how that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). to speak” (I have learnt language). Where the This nai can be combined with a verb to express absence of a physical restraint is considered, the a hope that something will happen ( Nam: nai verb lerta - can be used in much the same sense hiruvalyë Valimar , “may you find Valimar”) or if as pol - (VT41:6) . Another way of expressing the verb is in the present rather than the future “can” involves the verb ec -, and what would be tense, that it is already happening ( VT49:39: nai the subject in English appears in the Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God instead: Ecë nin carë sa , “I can do it” (it is be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, possible for me to do it), ecuva nin carë sa “I imperative na is short for á na with the may do that” (in the future). –VT49:20, 34 imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears BE GONE! heca! – also with pronominal with a short vowel ( na ) in some sources, but affixes: sg hecat , pl hecal "you be gone!" (stand writers should probably maintain the long vowel aside!) –WJ:364 to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and BEACH falas (falass-), falassë (shore, with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The line of surf), falas , hresta (ablative hrestallo is short form na - may however be usual before attested) , fára (shore). –LT1:253, Silm:431, pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na PHAL/LT2:339, MC:221/222/223, VT46:15 with a short vowel represents the aorist BEAR (vb) #col - (verb stem isolated from (VT49:27) . – The word ëa is variously translated #colindo "bearer". Cf. mel - "to love", melindo "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more "lover"). #Col- can also be translated *"wear" [of absolute meaning than ná , with reference to clothes], cf. the past participle colla "borne, existence rather than being a mere copula. It worn". BEAR FRUIT yavin (which must mean *"I may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to bear fruit", stem # yav-. Tolkien often employs denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who the 1st person aorist when mentioning a verb in is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14) , i his wordlists.) –LotR:989, cf. Letters:308 and Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is MEL, MR:385, LT1:273 above all thrones” (UT:305) . The pa.t. of this BEAR (noun) morco –MORÓK verb is engë , VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely BEARD fanga (obsoleting vanga in éyë , future euva , VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song GL:21; GL:34 has fangë "long beard", whereas contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but GL:63 gives poa . Neo-Quenya writers should its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – use fanga .) –SPÁNAG NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative BEARER # colindo (only attested in the pl copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. compound cormacolindor "Ring-bearers") – aorist), pa.t. úmë . According to VT49:29, forms LotR:989, cf. Letters:308 like ui “it is not”, uin (yë ) “I am not”, uil (yë ) *“you BEAST (wild beast) hravan –PE17:78 are not”, * uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are BEAT palpa- (batter) –PALAP

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BEAUTIFUL vanya (Note: a homophone BEGOTTEN – see FIRST-BEGOTTEN. verb means "disappear") , linda (beautiful/fair of BEHALF – on behalf of: rá , followed by sound , VT45:27), calwa , vanima (fair, proper, dative, as in the example rá men "on behalf of right) (nominal pl vanimar "beautiful ones" and us, for us". Dative pronouns may be directly partitive plural genitive vanimálion are attested) . suffixed to rá : "for us" or "on behalf of us" is also According to MR:49, Maiar means "the attested in the one-word form rámen . (Note: rá Beautiful", but in Quenya this is the name of an is also a noun "lion".) –VT43:27, 28, 33 order of spirits and cannot be used as a general BEHIND ca , cata , cana (also glossed "at adjective. BEAUTY vanessë , WITHOUT back of place") –VT43:20 BEAUTY úvanë , adj. úvanëa –BAN, SLIN, BEHOLD cen- (see) (future tense cenuva LT1:254, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308, LT1:272, is attested ) –MC:222 MR:49, VT39:14 BEING ëala (spirit). Pl. ëalar is attested. BECAUSE, see SINCE Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist BED caima ; BEDCHAMBER caimasan without a physical body, e.g. . –MR:165 (Þ) (# caimasamb -, as in pl. caimasambi ); BEING ALIVE (noun) cuilë –KUY BEDRIDDEN caila (lying in bed, ?sickness), BELEGOST Túrosto (Mickleburg) – caimassëa (sick); LYING IN BED (noun) caila WJ:389 (bedridden, ?sickness) –KAY/VT45:19, STAB Hecelmar , Heceldamar (lit. BEE nier (honey-bee), nion –GL:60 *"home of the Eglath", q.v.) This is said to be the BEECH feren , fernë (pl. ferni in both name for Beleriand used "in the language of the cases) (LT2:343 gives neldor "beech", but this loremasters of Aman". The cognate of Sindarin early word may be obsolete in LotR-style "Beleriand" is # Valariandë ; only the form Quenya.) –PHER Valarianden is attested (a genitive formation BEECHEN ferinya –PHÉREN from an earlier "Qenya" variant; in LotR-style BEFORE (prep.) epë (VT44:38, VT49:12) , Quenya it would be a dative). The latter may be used of spatial relationships. Of time the word the name used in Exilic Quenya. Beleriand was means “after” (cf. the gloss in VT42:32), since also called Ingolondë "Land of the Gnomes the Eldar imagined future time (time that comes []". –WJ:365, LR:202, ÑGOLOD after the present) as being “before” them (see BELIEVE sav -. This verb is used = AFTER). BEFORE of time may instead be “believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. expressed by nó (VT49:32) , e.g. * cennelmet nó are) true, accept as fact” (VT49:27; the first té cenner mé “we saw them before they saw person aorist savin is given) . Not used with a us”. For “before” as an independent adverb (= person as (in the sense of believing that “formerly”), it may be best to use yá “formerly” or this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or derive an adverb * noavë from the adj. noa (see pronoun as object, sav - implies “I believe that FORMER). BEFORE, IN FRONT OF (of spatial he/she/it really exists/existed”. To “believe in” relationships) opo , pó (VT49:12) someone meaning “believe that (s)he tells the BEGET nosta - (glossed "give birth" in truth” can be paraphrased as (for instance) earlier sources) , onta- (pa.t. ónë or ontanë ) savin Elesarno quetië “I believe in Elessar’s (create); BEGETTER # nostar (see note below), words” (lit. speaking). –VT49:27-28 also ontar with gender-specific forms ontaro BELL nyellë –NYEL (m.) , ontarë or ontari (f.) (parent). (In LotR, the BELLIED # cumba (isolated from form nostari "begetters, parents" occurs; sg sauricumba "foulbellied"). This adjective may #nostar . Nostari was changed from ontari in point to *cumbo or something similar as the Tolkien's first draft [see SD:73], so he may have likely word for "belly". –SD:68, 72 scrapped ontaro , ontarë in favour of # nostar [or BELOVED melda (dear, sweet). Cf. m. * nostaro , f. *nostarë ???] Did he also reject nessamelda , *"beloved of Nessa", a fragrant the verb onta- in favour of nosta -?) –SD:73, evergreen tree brought to Númenor by the Eldar. VT44:7, ONO, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308 –MEL, UT:456 BEGINNING yesta (In the Etymologies BELT quilta (girdle) –QL:78 there also appeared the word esse , derived from BELZAGAR Calmacil –UT:222 a stem ESE, ESET that was marked with a query BEND # cúna- (derived from the adj. cúna by Tolkien because esse also means “name”. "bent"; see MC:223. In menel acúna "the The later word yesta would suggest that he heavens bending" the word is used changed the stem in question to *YES, *YESET.) intransitively.) –MC:222/223 cf. 215 –PE17:120, ESE/ESET BENEATH undu (down, under) –UNU

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BENEFICIAL asëa ( Þ) (helpful, kindly) (so BIER tulma –LT1:270 according to a late note where the word is BIG hoa (large) (PE17:115) . See GREAT, derived from * ATHAYA ). Also (as noun) used as HUGE. Other combinations: BIG BOY see BOY; the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin BIG TOE see TOE; BIG DIPPER see SICKLE athelas . OF THE VALAR BENT cúna (curved; cúna is also used as BIND (see TIE ); in more abstract sense: a verbal stem, see BEND ), raica (crooked, avalerya - (make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty) wrong), cauca (crooked, humped), sara (Þ) (stiff –VT41:5, 6 dry grass) –MC:223, RAYAK, LT1:257, STAR BIPED # attalya (Only pl Attalyar is BERRY piucca –GL:64 (glossed attested. The word was used of the Petty- "blackberry" in LT2:347) dwarves, q.v.) –WJ:389 BERYL, possibly elessar , * elessarn - (see BIRD aiwë , filit (pl filici ) (Note: both aiwë

ELF-STONE) % and filit are stated to mean "small bird", not BESIDE ara , also ar- as prefix. With "bird" in general) , ambalë , ammalë (= yellow different prononimal suffixes in VT49:25: ( anni bird) , lindo (= "singer", singing bird). LT1:273 >) arni *”beside me”, astyë *”beside you” also has wilin ; this may or may not be a valid (intimate sg.), allë *“beside you” (intimate sg.), word in LotR-style Quenya. –AIW Ē, PHILIK, arsë *”beside him/her”, ( anwë >) armë *“beside SMAL, LIN us” (exclusive), arwë *“beside us” (inclusive), BIRTH, BIRTHDAY nosta ; GIVE BIRTH (astë ) > ardë *””beside you” (pl.), ( astë >) artë nosta- (but in later sources, nosta- is glossed *”beside them”, ( anwet >) armet * “beside us” "beget", q.v.) –LT1:272 (dual exclusive). –AR, VT49:25 BITE (vb) nac- (but in late material, the BETWEEN 1) imbi (dual imbë ). This is same verb is said to mean “hew, cut”), BITE "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or (noun) nahta (note: a homophone means anything intervening between two other things, "eighteen", though it is not the regular word in like or unlike one another. The pluralized form decimal counting: neither word must be confused imbi implies "among" of several things with the verb nahta - “slay”.) –NAK, VT49:24 (ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"); BITTER sára –SAG "in the sense 'among' before [ imbë ] is BLACK morë (stem mori -, as in usually pluralized > imbi even when a plural compounds like Moriquendi ), morna , morqua ; noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, BLACKNESS mórë (darkness, night); imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" BLACKHANDED morimaitë , BLACKBERRY before two singular nouns connected by "and" piucca (only glossed "berry" in GL:64); BLACK (as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë FOE Moringotto (the oldest [MET] form was "between heaven and earth"), whereas imbë is Moriñgotho ) (Morgoth). BLACK ARTS núlë used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë (sorcery). (The word is spelt “ñúle” in the source, siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between reflecting the older pronunciation; in Tengwar us". Elided imb' is attested in the phrase imb' illi spelling the initial nasal should therefore be "among all". The form imbit is said to be a represented by the letter Noldo) . –MOR, "dualized form" expressing "between two things" LT1:260, LotR:1015/SD:68, 72, LT2:347, when "these are not named" (VT47:30) , MR:194, PE17:125 apparently implying that imbit by itself means BLADE hyanda (share), (sword blade:) *"between the two", with no noun following. 2) †russë (corruscation) –LT2:342, RUS enel (used for "between" = "at the central BLAZE urya- (The stem this word is position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied derived from was struck out in Etym. However, to the case of three persons" [VT47:11] . This several words that must be derived from the preposition refers to the position of a thing same stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien between others of the same kind). 3) mitta - restored it.) BLAZING HOT úrin (Úrin also being (does the final hyphen suggest that the latter a name of the Sun) –UR, LT1:271 form is used as prefix, somewhat like *"inter-"?) BLEND (noun) ostimë (pl. ostimi is –Nam/RGEO:67, VT47:11, 30; VT43:30 attested). This term refers to a kind of BEYOND pella (a postposition in Quenya: "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella single sound has been expanded into two "from beyond the stars") . Genuine prepositions different elements while maintaining a unitary meaning “beyond” are han , ava (outside) –Nam, effect and significance; souch as s- being turned MC:222, VT43:14, VT45:6 ito st -, or m being strengthened to mb . However,

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this may be the meaning of the word in linguistic Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this terminology only; it may be permissible to use it word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30). for "blend" in more general senses as well. – Aistana is apparently not an independent VT39:9 adjective (like alya , mána etc.), but rather the BLESS manya - (“sc. either to afford grace passive participle of a verb # aista - "bless"; see or help or to wish it”, VT49:41), laita- (praise) above concerning its precise application. (Imperative a laita and future # laituva are BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg. attested, the latter with pronominal endings: must be either * val or * valdë ) (happiness; but laituvalmet , "we shall praise [or bless] them".) since this word comes from early material where The continuative form mánata (*”is blessing”) it was intended to be related to Valar does according to Carl F. Hostetter imply an "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity aorist stem * manta (VT49:52) . The passive may be doubted because Tolkien later participle aistana "blessed" (see below) argues reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped the existence of a verbal stem # aista - "to bless", the earlier etymology). BLESSING (a boon, a but this verb seems etymologically connected to good or fortunate thing), see BOON . airë "holy" and should probably only be used "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië , with reference to more or less "divine" persons almarë ; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom, (aistana refers to the Virgin Mary in the source), final end, fate, fortune) –LotR:989 cf Letters:308; who are "blessed" in the sense of having their GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272, holiness recognized and respected. MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30 BLESSED alya , almárëa (prosperous, BLIGHT yaru (gloom) –GL:37 rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, BLINK tihta- (peer) –MC:223 rich), manaquenta or manquenta , also aman BLOCK # tap - (stop). (Cited in the form ("blessed, free from evil" – Aman was "chiefly tapë , 3 pers sg aorist; misreading "tápe" with a used as the name of the land where the Valar long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR: dwelt" [WJ:399] , and as an adjective “blessed” see VT46:17). The pa.t. tampë is given. – the word may add an adjectival ending: amanya , TAP/VT46:17 VT49:41). Aman is the apparent Quenya BLOOD sercë (so according to Silm equivalent of “the Blessed Realm” (allative appendix; Etym has yár [yar-]) –Silm:437, YAR Amanna is attested, VT49:26). The word BLOSSOM (white) lossë , ("of flowers in calambar , apparently literally *“light-fated”, also bunches or clusters":) *lohtë (emended from the seems to mean “blessed” (VT49:41) . Cf. also actual reading loktë because Tolkien later BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of decided that kt became ht in Quenya.) –LOT, the Valar) . Alya , almárëa , and herenya are LT1:258 adjectives that may also have worldly BLOT motto –MBOTH connontations, apparently often used with BLUE luinë (pl. luini in Nam; for "blue" reference to one who is "blessed" with material Etym and LT1:262 have lúnë ; both luinë and possessions or simply has good luck; on the lúnë would be expected to have stem-forms in – other hand, the forms derived from the root man - i- given the primitive form luini , lugni ), ninwa , primarily describe something free from evil : Cf. ulban (adopted from Valarin; only used in mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Vanyarin Quenya) , PALE BLUE helwa , BLUISH Valar) and the alternative form manna in *luinincë (given in archaic form luininki , so the VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Quenya word would have the stem-form Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for luininci -) –VT48:24, Nam/LT2:340, LT1:262, clarity, since manna is apparently also the LUG, WJ:399, 3EL, VT48:18, 23 question-word "whither?", "where to?") The BOAT luntë ; SMALL BOAT venë (vessel, forms manaquenta or manquenta also include dish) –LUT, LT1:254 the man - root, but it is combined with a BODY hroa (pl. hroar is attested. In derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem MR:330, Tolkien notes that hroa is "roughly but quet - "say, speak", these forms seemingly not exactly equivalent to 'body'" [as opposed to referring to someone who is "blessed" in the "soul"]. Hroa is also used = "physical matter") , sense that people speak well of this person (a DEAD BODY loico (corpse); BODILY sarcuva third form from the same source, manque , is (corporeal – this is "Qenya" ); BODY-IMPULSE possibly incomplete: read manquenta ?) hroafelmë (impulses provided by the body, e.g. (VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual desire) – possibly the word aistana , used for "blessed" in

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MR:216, 219; VT39:30/VT47:35, MC:223, *quingatelca for "bow-legged"? Cf. one of the LT2:347, VT41:19 cf. 13 other words from the same source, sincahonda , BOLD verya , canya ; BOLDNESS verië – changed from sincahondo in an earlier draft – BER, KAN but at that time Tolkien had already omitted BOLSTER nirwa (cushion) –NID quingatelco and hence did not change its BOND nútë (knot), vérë (troth, compact, ending: See SD:72.) –VT47:35, LT1:257, SD 68, oath) . –NUT, WED 72, KWIG, KU3, LT1:256, LotR:1154, LT1:271 BONE axo (pl axor is attested) –MC:222, BOWELS, see ENTRAILS 223 BOWL tolpo , salpa , # salpë (isolated from BOOK parma (writings), also attested with tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire"), fion (goblet – but suffixes: parmastanna “upon [-nna ] your [-sta , this word reappears with the unrelated meaning dual] book”. BOOK LANGUAGE (=Quenya) “hawk” in later material) –PE16:142, LT1:292, parmalambë ; *BOOK-FAIR # parma-resta 253 (attested with suffixes: parma-restalyanna BOX colca –QL:37 *”upon your book-fair”; see FAIR #2 for further BOY: the word seldo , though not clearly discussion). –PAR/UT:219, 460, LT2:346, glossed by Tolkien, appears to be the masculine VT49:39, 47 form of a word for "child". BIG BOY yonyo (son; BOON: The wod mána is said to mean this term is also used for "middle finger" or “any good or fortunate thing, a boon or ‘blessing’, "middle toe" in children's play). –SEL-D-, a grace , being esp. used of some VT46:13, VT47:10, 15 thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil BRANCH * olva (PM:340 actually gives or difficulty”). Hence the exclamation yé mána olba , a form that can only occur in the variant of (ma ) = “what a blessing, what a good thing!” Quenya that uses lb for lv ). Etym has olwa , but (VT49:41) probably this should also be * olva according to BORDER réna (edge, margin); ríma the Tolkien used later (notice that the (edge, hem) –REG, R Ī w of the Etym form is to be derived from older b, BORN # nóna (isolated from Apanónar , since the root is GÓLOB ; later Tolkien the "Afterborn") –Silm:122/381 apparently presupposed that older lb becomes BORNE colla (pa.p. of col- "bear") (worn). either lv or is preserved as lb in Quenya). Also used as a noun = "vestment, cloak". – TRUNCATED BRANCH, see STUB, STUMP. – MR:385 PM:340, GÓLOB BOSOM palúrë (surface, bosom of earth), BRAND yulma (Note: a homophone súma (hollow cavity) –PAL, MC:223 means "cup".) –YUL cf. Nam BOSS OF SHIELD tolmen (isolated round BREAD massa ( masta ; LIFE-BREAD (= hill) –LT1:269 lembas) coimas (either * coimass - or coimast -, BOTH yúyo (also prefix yú - "twi-"). Yúyo cf. massa , masta "bread") , BREAD-GIVER is followed by a “singular” or uninflected noun, as (fem.) massánië (title of the "Lady" or the in yúyo má “both hand(s)” –YŪ, VT46:23, highest among the elven-women of any people, VT49:10 she having the right to keep or give away lembas BOUND nauta (obliged) –NUT bread). –VT43:18, MBAS, Silm:406/429, PM:404 BOTTLE olpë –QL:69 BREAK (vb) rac- (past participle rácina BOW (vb) luhta- (Note: a homophone "broken" is attested) ; BREAK APART terhat- means "enchant") , # caw - (cited in source as (pa.t. terhantë ); BREAK ASUNDER hat- (pa.t. cawin "I bow", 1st pers. aorist; in Tolkien's later hantë ) – but in earlier material, hat - meant conception it would be difficult to account for w in “fling”, and Tolkien may have restored that this position, and we should perhaps read * cav - meaning (see FLING). Since the status of hat - with pa.t. * canwë ); BOW (noun) quinga , cú “break asunder” is uncertain, the alternative form (also = crescent Moon) , lúva , cúnë (crescent); #ascat - (pa.t. ascantë ) apparently from the RAINBOW helyanwë ("sky-bridge"), Ilweran , same root may be preferred. –MC:223, SKAT,

Ilweranta (LT2:348 has iluquinga "sky-bow", SD:310 % but this word was obsoleted when Tolkien BREAST (chest) ambos ( ambost -). – changed the meaning of ilu from "sky" to PE16:82 "universe".) BOWLEGGED quingatelco (So it is BREASTPLATE ambassë (hauberk) – translated, but this must really be a noun: "bow- QL:30 leg" [ quinga + telco ]. No Quenya adjectives end BREATH (noun) hwesta (breeze, puff of in –o, unless this is the only one. Read air), foa (puff of breath), súlë (Þ) (spirit) (earlier

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[MET] form thúlë = Þúlë ). BREATHE (vb) súya- "red". The passive participle # carna * "built, (Þ); BREATHER Súlimo (Þ) (a title of Manwë; made" is attested in Vincarna *"newly-made" in this is the literal meaning according to Silm:420) ; MR:305.) BUILDING car (card-) (house), BREATH FORTH see EXPIRE. –SWES, ampano (= especially building of wood, wooden VT47:35, 36, TH Ū/LotR:1157 hall; umpano in VT45:36 sems to be a variant BREEZE hwesta (breath, puff of air), form), ataquë (construction). BUILDER samno GENTLE BREEZE vílë ; BREEZY vilin (airy) – (Þ) (carpenter, wright) –KAR, PAN, VT45:36, SWES, LotR:1157, LT1:273 TAK, STAB BRICK telar –PM13:153 BULL tarucco , tarunco (see OX) – BRIDE indis (wife) (This word may LT2:347 obsolete akairis in LT1:252.) The stem-form of BUNCH loxë (cluster). Note: a indis "bride" is somewhat obscure; according to homophone means "hair". (QL:55). % BUNCHES VT45:37 the stem could be indiss - (pl. indissi (of flowers), see BLOSSOM. given), but the alternative form pl. form inderi BURDEN cólo (VT39:10) shows a curious shift from i to e as well as the BURDENSOME lumna (lying heavy, more regular change from s (via z) to r between oppressive, ominous). Combined with the vowels. Indiss- may be preferred by writers. – superlative prefix an -, this word should appear NDIS/UT:8, VT45:37 as * andumna because d was the initial sound of BRIDEGROOM ender –NDER (cf. the original root. –DUB VT45:11 for etymology) BURLY polda (strong) –POL BRIDGE yanwë (joining, isthmus), yanta BURN usta- (transitive, e.g. * Fëanáro (yoke) –YAT, LotR:1157 usta i ciryar "Fëanor burns the ships") , urya- BRILLIANCE alcar , alcarë (splendour, (intransitive, e.g. *i ciryar uryar "the ships radiance), calassë (clarity), ? rillë (reading of burn/are burning") . The form usta - reflects the manuscript uncertain, see VT46:11) , BRILLIANT stem USU occurring in early material (QL:98), alcarinqua (glorious) –AKLA-R- but since Tolkien changed the relevant stem to /RGEO:73/UT:317/WJ:369/Silm:427, GL:39 UR later, we should perhaps read * urta - for BROAD – LT2:338 gives a word aica usta -. –LT1:271, QL:98, cf. the original entry UR "broad, vast", but this is probably obsoleted by "be hot" in Etym aica "sharp, fell, terrible, dire" in later writings. BUSH tussa –TUS BROAD SWORD lango (also = prow of BUT: A sting of different words for the ship), BROAD-BLADED SWORD ecet (short conjunction "but" are attested. In the stabbing sword) –LAG, UT:284/432 Etymologies , the word for "but" is ná or nán . In BROKEN rácina –MC:223 Fíriel's Song , the short variant nan appears. One BROOCH tancil (pin) –TAK text (VT49:15) uses apa for “but”, but elsewhere, BROOD luvu- (lower) –LT1:259 this is a preposition “after”. In Tolkien's drafts for BROOK nellë (GL:46 has wentë ) –NEN a Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer, he was BROTHER háno , colloquial hanno (in experimenting with many words for "but": anat , children's play, hanno is also used = middle onë , ono (VT43:23; ono occurs also in another finger). A different word for "brother" occurs in text in VT44:5/9, and shorter nó is attested in the Etymologies: toron (pl. torni ) (= natural VT41:13), but in the final version of the Lord's brother) ; cf. otorno " sworn brother, associate". Prayer, he used mal . We cannot know how BROTHERHOOD onóro (of bloodkinship) , many of these alternatives Tolkien would have otornassë (the latter is evidently the considered conceptually valid and which were "brotherhood" of otornor, sworn brothers) – just experimental. For the purpose of writing in VT47:12, 14, TOR, NŌ Quenya, the variant ná is probably best avoided BROWN varnë (stem varni -) (swart, dark since it can be confused with the copula "is"; brown) –BARÁN likewise, nán (and nan ?) may also mean *"I am" BUD tuima (sprout); BUDDING see (ná , na - + the pronominal ending -n "I"). The SPRING-TIME. –TUY, LT1:269 Lord's Prayer variants are less ambiguous, and BUFFET taran , tarambo –LT2:337 mal (the word used in the final version) is BUILD # car - (cited as carin "I make, perhaps the best alternative so far published. build", 1st pers. aorist – according to FS and BUT meaning "only" (as in "I am but a boy") may SD:246 the past tense is cárë , but Etym has be rendered by er (only, one, alone, still). BUT carnë ; writers should probably use the latter YET a-nanta , ananta (and yet) –NDAN, form, not to be confused with the adjective carnë LT1:269, FS, VT41:13, VT43:23

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BUTTERFLY wilwarin (wilwarind-) – “by doom mastered”, UT:138). BY meaning WIL/MC:222, 223/LT1:273 “near; next to” may be rendered by ara “beside” BUTTOCKS hacca (hams) –GL:47 (* coa ara ëar , “a house by the sea”). BY THIS BY as a prep. introducing the agent in a MEANS, see SO. passive construction may be rendered by ló –BY -mas (final element in place-names, (nahtana ló Turin *“slain by Túrin”, VT42:24) or see –TON) –LT1:250 by the ( turún’ ambartanen

C CALACIRIAN Calaciryan (prob. word for "sun", which would require an initial *Calaciryand-), full form Calaciryandë (i.e., "the vowel-carrier in the Tengwar mode used for region of Eldamar... in and near the entrance to Quenya) –VT45:6 the ravine [of Calacirya], where the Light was CARRY – GL:38 has yulu -, but in WJ:416 brighter and the land more beautiful") –RGEO:70 the same stem (there spelt JULU ) is said to cf. LotR:252 mean "drink", indicating that yulu - "carry" had CALL (noun) yello (shouth, cry of triumph) probably been abandoned in Tolkien's later –GYEL, VT45:16 Quenya. Use rather # col -; see BEAR. CAMEL ulumpë –QL:97 CART norollë –GL:31 CAN (vb.) , see BE ABLE ? CASSIOPEIA Wilwarin (the identification CANDLE lícuma (taper) –MC:223 of this constellation is not certain. Wilwarin CANOPY (vb) telta- (overshadow, means "butterfly".) –Silm:426 screen), CANOPY (noun) telimbo (sky) –TEL, CASTLE OF CUSTODY – this is LT1:268 mentioned as the approximate meaning of CANNIBAL-OGRES Sarquindi (sg Mandos (stem Mandost -) –MR:350 #Sarquindë ?) –LT2:347 CAT yaulë ; an earlier source also lists the CAPE mundo (nose, snout), stem word mëoi , but this word looks strange within the *mundu - given the primitive form mbundu . context of LotR-style Quenya (it would be sole (Note: mundo also means "ox", and as such the singular form in –oi ) –PE16:132, LT2:348 word may not have a distinct stem-form.) CAPE CATCH (noun) atsa (hook, claw) –GAT (OF LAND) nortil (stem * nortill -), said to be CAUSE (vb) tyar-; CAUSE (noun "only used of the ends of promontories or other "reason") casta –KYAR, QL:43 seaward projections that were relatively sharp CAVE felya , rondo , rotelë , rotto (small and spike-like". –MBUD, VT47:28 grot, tunnel), ARTIFICIAL CAVE hróta (dwelling CAPTAIN hesto –VT45:22 underground, rockhewn hall) –PHÉLEG, ROD, CARANTHIR Morifinwë , short form LT2:347, PM:365, VT46:12 Moryo (not equivalent in sense to his Sindarin CAVITY (hollow) súma (bosom) –MC:223 name, which is the cognate of his "mother-name" CEASE hauta- (take a rest, stop), pusta- [q.v.] Carnistir .) –PM:353 (stop, put a stop to), tyel- (end) –KHAW, PUS, CARCANET firinga (necklace) – KYEL LT2:346/GL:36 CELEBORN Telporno (Letters:425) or CAROUSAL yulmë (drinking) (Note: a Teleporno (UT:266). (The latter is stated to be homophone means "smouldering heat") – the Telerin form, while Telporno must be the WJ:416 form used in Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Altáriel vs. CARPENTER samno (Þ) (wright, builder) Alatáriel ; see .) –STAB (= "Silver-fist") ?CARPET farma (reading of gloss Telperinquar (possibly *Telperinquár-. Cf. uncertain; another, even more difficult gloss quárë "fist"). –Silm:429 begins in "st-" and may possibly read "string" or CELEBRINDAL ("Silver-foot", Idril's "stray") –VT46:15 epithet) Taltyelemna ("Taltelemna" in the printed CARRIER (the sign used to "carry" short Etymologies is a misreading, see VT45:25) vowel-symbols in the Tengwar system) anar (the

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Tolkien apparently abandoned the form CHILD hína , also vocative hina with a Taltelepsa . –KYELEP short vowel, used when addressing a (young) CELEGORM Turcafinwë , short form child. Pl. híni rather than ? hínar ; see Turco (not equivalent in sense to his Sindarin CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR below. CHILD NOT name, which is a cognate of his mother-name YET FULLY GROWN, see BABY. "Child" as the [q.v.] Tyelcormo "hasty-riser"; the latter name last element in compounds: -hin (-hín -, pl. -híni ), was "never used in narrative".) –PM:352, 353 e.g. CHILDREN OF ERU Eruhíni from sg. CELOS Celussë (see UT:426) #Eruhin ; CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR Híni CENTRE endë (core, middle). (The form Ilúvataro ; MY CHILD hinya (short for hinanya , endë is probably to be preferred to entë in one used as a vocative only) . (For "child", Etym also late source.) Early material also has tólë . –NÉD, has seldë ; Tolkien changed the meaning from ÉNED, VT41:16, LT1:269 "daughter". Possibly, seldë is meant to have the CENTURY haranyë (or perhaps it means meaning "female child", hence "girl". Selda was the last day of a century – Tolkien's wording is apparently introduced as a gender-neutral word not clear. The latter interpretation may be more for "child".) The word onna , elsewhere defined likely.) –LotR:1142 as “creature” and etymologically meaning CHAIN Angainor (= "The Great Chain" *”something” begotten, is used for “child” in one with which Morgoth was twice bound; LT1:249 late text ( onnalya /onnalda “your [sg. and pl.] has the form Angaino ) –Silm:59 child”, VT49:41). –WJ:403, Silm:387/432, CHAIR hamma –VT45:20 VT44:35, SEL-D-/VT46:13, VT49:41 CHAMBER sambë (Þ) (-san , –samb - in CHILDISH winima (read * vinima in Exilic compounds; cf. BEDCHAMBER) (room) –STAB Quenya) –VT47:26 CHAMPION aráto (eminent man) – CHILL ninquë (stem * ninqui -) (pallid, Silm:428 white); BE CHILL (of weather) nicu- (be cold) – CHANCE (vb.) marta - (more or less = "to WJ:417 cf. NIK-W- happen"; see HAPPEN) –QL:63 CHILLY ringa (damp, cold) –LT1:265 CHANGE (vb) (transitive:) vista -, CHIN venta –QL:101 (intransitive:) #ahya - (only pa.t. ahyanë is CHOKE quoro- (suffocate), CHOKED attested) –PE17:191, PM:395 quorin (drowned). Verbs in –o seem not to CHANNEL celma –KEL occur in later Quenya; read * quor -? It has also CHANT # lir - (cited in source as lirin "I been questioned whether the combination quo - 1 chant", 1st pers. aorist) (sing) –LIR is still possible in Tolkien's later Quenya. – CHARACTER (settled character) indómë LT1:264 ("also used of the 'will' of Eru [God]", VT43:16). CHOOSING #cilmë (isolated from For "character" = letter , see LETTER. Essecilmë "name-choosing", q.v.) –MR:214 CHASTISEMENT paimesta –QL:72 CHRIST Hristo (variant Hrísto with a long CHEESE tyur ( tyurd -) (QL:50; tyuru - in vowel, though long vowels in front of consonant GL:28 is actually a verb "to 'turn' milk"; cf. clusters do not normally occur in Quenya). QL:50.) Another form, apparently an attempt at CHERRY pio (this word was also applied translating this title rather than merely adapting to plums) . CHERRY TREE aipio (also used = to Quenya phonology the word "Christ", was "plum tree"???) –LT2:347, GL:18 Elpino of uncertain etymology. However, Tolkien CHIEF (adj) héra (principal); CHIEF may have abandoned this form. –VT44:15-16, 18 (noun) # turco (isolated from Turcomund "chief CHRONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT of bulls, *chief bull"; this may not be pure lúmequenta (history). The unglossed term Quenya, but Turco appears as a the short name lumenyárë appears to mean *"chronological of Turcafinwë , Celegorm's Quenya name – story". –LU, NAR 2 though that is translated "strong, powerful (in CIRCLE rindë ; CIRCULAR rinda ; body)" rather than referring to more "political" CIRCULAR ENCLOSURE ("especially on a hill- power) –KHER, Letters:423, PM:352 top") corin –RIN, KOR/LT1:257 CHIEFTAIN (or CHIEF, VT45:17) haran CITY osto (town with wall round) –OS (stem harn -, as in pl harni ) (in Etym also = king, CLAD vaina –LT1:272 but in LotR and other texts the Quenya word for CLAMOUR yalmë –ÑGYAL (see ÑGAL) "king" is aran pl. arani – see KING) , cáno , cánu CLAN nossë (family, "house") –NŌ (see COMMANDER) (ruler, governor, CLARITY calassë (brilliance) –GL:39 commander) –3AR, UT:400 CLASP tangwa (hasp) –TAK

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CLAW atsa (hook, catch), nappa , namma CLUSTER loxë (bunch). Note: a

(talon), # racca (isolated from raccalepta , see homophone means "hair". (QL:55) .% CLUSTERS below); CLAW-FINGERED raccalepta –GAT, (of flowers) see BLOSSOM. VT47:20, SD:68, 72 COAT vacco (jacket) –GL:21 CLEAN poica –POY COBWEB línë –SLIG CLEARED (of land) , latina (free, COCK tocot –PE14:132 open) –LAT CODE OF SIGNS tengwesta (system of CLEAVE # hyar - (cited in source as hyarin signs, grammar); GESTURE-CODE hwermë – "I cleave", 1st pers. aorist) , pa.t. probably WJ:394 cf. TEK, WJ:395 *hyandë given the form of the root. CLEAVER COITUS puhta (specified to be "one act"; #hyando in Sangahyando (Þ) "Throng-cleaver, a more general word for "sex" could perhaps be Cleaver of throngs" –SYAD, LT2:342, LotR:1085 derived by adding an abstract or generalizing cf. Letters:425 ending like -lë ) –PE13:163 CLEAVE TO himya- (abide by, stick to, COLD (adj) ringa (so in MC:222 and adhere) –KHIM, VT45:22 LT1:265; Etym has ringë , stem * ringi -), (damp, CLEFT yáwë (ravine, gulf/gully); sanca chilly), yelwa (but this is glossed "loathsome" (Þ) (split), hyatsë (gash), ciris (probably ciriss -) elsewhere). IT IS COLD Ringa ná (VT49:23) . (crack), falqua (mountain pass, ravine), cilya COLD (noun?) niquë , also vb niquë- "it is cold, (gorge, pass between hills) (so in Etym, but it freezes" ; COLD POOL OR LAKE (in cirya in the name Calacirya "Pass of Light" mountains) ringwë (in the Etymologies as [gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] – though this printed in LR, this word is cited as "ringe", but clashes with cirya "ship". An early version of according to VT46:11, ringwë is the proper Namárië actually had Calacilyo , not Calaciryo ; reading) , BE COLD, CHILL (of weather) nicu- – see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5.) – MC:222, RINGI/VT46:11, LT1:260, WJ:417 YAG/VT46:22, STAK, SYAD, RGEO:70/WJ:403, COLLAPSE (vb) talta - (slip, slide down), LT2:337, 341, KIL COLLAPSE (noun) atalantë (downfall) –MC:223 CLIFF ollo (seaward precipice) (The COLLECT hosta- (gather, assemble); alternative form oldó may be archaic Quenya.) – COLLECTION OF LEAVES olassië (foliage). LT1:252 GREAT COLLECTION OR CROWD OF CLOAK colla (vestment, actually a past THINGS OF THE SAME SORT úmë (not to be participle "borne, worn" used as a noun ). GREY- confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb "not CLOAK Sindacollo , Singollo (so in Silm:421; be, not do"). –KHOTH/MC:223, Letters:282, MR:217 has Sindicollo . Note that colla has VT48:32 become # collo because –o is a masculine COLOUR quilë (hue) –QL:77 % ending.) (). Verb "to cloak": fanta - (to veil, COME # tul - (cited in source as tulin "I mantle) –MR:385, VT43:22 come", 1st pers. aorist) ; perfect #utúlië and CLOSE holta - (shut); CLOSED pahta future # tuluva are attested (the latter with the (NOT CLOSED – see OPEN) –PE17:98, prefix entuluva "shall come again". Tulin may VT39:23 obsolete tulu- in LT1:270). COME AWAY hótuli- CLOTH lannë (tissue) –LAN ("so as to leave a place or group and join CLOUD fanya (white cloud; pl. fanyar is another in the thought or place of the speaker") – attested), lumbo (pl lumbor is attested. In TUL, LotR:1003, Silm:229, WJ:368 LT1:259, it is stated that this word applies to a COMFORT (verb) tiuta - (console), "dark lowering cloud"), ungo (dark shadow) . (In COMFORT (noun) tiutalë (comfort, consolation, ancient times the Elves probably also used the easement) –QL:93 word fana [in Etym fána ] for "cloud" or "veil", but COMMAND (verb) * can - (so when used of in Quenya it came to denote the visible bodies in persons; when used with things as object, this which the Valar manifested themselves to verb means demand ) –PM:361-362 (where the incarnates. When fana no longer meant "cloud", stem KAN is mentioned; the Quenya verb is not this meaning was evidently transferred to the directly cited as such, but seems implied by derivative fanya , originally probably meaning Tolkien's discussion of how this stem was used "white" or as noun "white thing".) UPPER AIRS in Quenya.) For “command” as a noun, see AND CLOUDS fanyarë (skies) –SPAN/VT46:15, ORDER. MC:222, UÑG, Nam, RGEO:67, SYAD, COMMANDER cáno ("usually as the title RGEO:74, MC:223 of a lesser chief, especially one acting as the

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deputy of one higher in rank", PM:345) term for "consonant" was # tapta tengwë (governor, chieftain) –PM:345, VT45:19 "impeded element". (Only pl. tapta tengwi is COMMANDMENT axan (law, rule, as attested; we would rather expect * taptë tengwi primarily proceeding from Eru). Pl. axani is with the pl. form of the adjective. The nominal pl. attested. –WJ:399, VT39:30, 23 of the adjective, taptar , was used in the same COMMERSE mancalë –MBAKH sense as tapta tengwi .) Tolkien also notes: COMMUNICATION centa (as in Ósanwë- "Since...in the mode of spelling commonly used centa , Communication of Thought. In other the full signs were consonantal, in ordinary non- contexts, centa must be translated "enquiry" or technical use tengwar [sg tengwa , see LETTER] *"essay") –MR:415, VT39:23 became equivalent to 'consonants'." Cf. also COMPACT (noun) vérë (troth, oath, bond) surya "spirant consonant" and punta "stopped –WED consonant", i.e. a consonant sign with an COMPARE sesta - (liken) –QL:82 underposed dot to indiate that it is not followed COMPEL mauya-; BE COMPELLED TO by a vowel. –VT39:8, VT39:16, 17, WJ:396, DO SOMETHING horya - (have an impulse, set SUS, PUT (see PUS), VT46:10, 33 vigorously out to do); COMPULSION mausta – CONSPICOUS minda (prominent) –MIN MBAW, VT45:22 CONSTRUCTION tanwë (craft, thing COMPLAINT nur (growl) –LT1:263 made, construction, devise), ataquë (building) – COMPLETELY aqua (fully, altogether, TAN, TAK wholly) –WJ:392 CONTEMPTIBLE faica (mean) –SPAY CONCEAL halya- (veil, screen from light). CONTINUAL vórima (changed from In early "Qenya" there is also the word fur - (read vorima ) (enduring, repeated); CONTINUALLY perhaps * hur -), also translated "to lie". –SKAL, voro (also voro- in compounds) –BOR LT2:340 CONTINUOUS vórëa (enduring, CONCEALED furin or hurin (hidden). repeated), also vórima ; CONTINUOUS According to Tolkien’s post-LotR ideas, the form REPETITION vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in in hu - would be preferred in late Quenya. – the published Etymologies is a misreading; see LT2:340 VT45:7) (harping on one tune) –VT45:7, LIN 1 CONCEPTION (= idea, cf. VT46:6) noa CONTINUANT – the term # mussë (pl. nówi ), nó (nów-). Not to be confused with tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: noa = “former” or “yesterday”. –NOWO mussë tengwi ) covers vowels, semi-vowels ( y, CONCERN # ap - (given as aorist stem w) and continuants ( l, r, m, n). –VT39:17 apë ) (to affect, to touch one). CONCERNING pa , CONTRARY, ON THE úsië (VT49:8, 17) , pá (as regards, touching) –VT44:26 variant úsir , possibly abandoned by Tolkien CONCH hyalma (shell, horn of Ulmo) – (VT49:18) ; see also NO SYAL CONTROL (verb) # tur - (cited in source as CONCLUDE telya- (transitive) (wind up, turin , "I...control", 1st pers. aorist) (pa.t. turnë ) finish); CONCLUSION telma (further defined as (wield, govern); IN CONTROL OF (possessing) "anything used to finish off a work or an affair") – arwa (followed by gen, e.g. * i heru arwa i WJ:411 nerion "the lord in control of the men") –TUR, CONFUSED rúcina (shattered, 3AR disordered) –MC:223 COOKED FOOD apsa (meat) –AP CONSEQUENTLY epetai –VT49:11, 12 COPING-STONE see FINISH. CONSIDERING A MATTER (with a view to COPPER urus ( urust -), cf. POLISHED decision) úvië –VT48:32 COPPER calarus ( calarust -). In the CONSOLATION (noun) tiutalë (comfort, Etymologies , the word rauta was originally easement) –QL:93 defined "copper", but Tolkien changed the CONSOLE tiuta - (comfort) –QL:93 definition to "metal" in general. The earliers CONSONANT # pataca (only pl. patacar is material has COPPER = tambë ; OF COPPER attested), # lambetengwë (literally "tongue-sign"; tambina . Etym has COPPER-COLOURED aira only pl. lambetengwi is attested; this refers to (ruddy, red) –VT41:10, RAUT Ā, LT1:250, 256, consonants as tengwi or phonemes), also náva- 268, GAY tengwë ("ñava-") (literally "mouth-sign"; only pl. CORE endë (centre, middle) . –NÉD, náva-tengwi is attested; the shorter form ÉNED #návëa pl. návëar was also used, but Fëanor CORNER winca (nook) (QL:104, there replaced these terms with # pataca ). Yet another written ‘winka ). Read * vinca if this early “Qenya”

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form is to be adapted to LotR-style Third Age (monster); VERY TERRIBLE CREATURE rauco

Quenya. % –ONO, ÚLUG, VT39:10 CORNFLOWER menelluin (lit. *"sky- CRESCENT cúnë (bow) –LT1:271 blue") –Pictures of J. R. R. Tolkien CREST (of wave) wingë (wingi-) (foam, CORPOREAL sarcuva (bodily) –LT2:347; spindrift). LT1:256 gives ormë "crest, summit", this is "Qenya" but in Tolkien's later Quenya ormë means CORPSE quelet (pl. queletsi ), loico "wrath, haste, violence, rushing". CRESTED (dead body); CORPSE-CANDLE loicolícuma – WAVE, WAVE-CREST falma –WIG/LT1:273, KWEL, MC:223 PHAL, VT42:15 CORRUSCATION russë (†swordblade) – CROOKED hwarin ; raica (bent, wrong), RUS rempa (hooked), cauca (bent, humped) – COTTAGE – LT2:336 has os(t) "house SKWAR, RÁYAK/VT39:7, REP, LT1:260 and cottage", but this word is probably obsolete CROSS (noun) tarwë (crucifix); CROSS – osto means "city" or "fortress" in Tolkien's later (vb.) lahta - (pass over, surpass, excel) –QL:89, Quenya. PE17:92 COUNT – the stem not- can be isolated CROSSBAR hwarma –SKWAR from the word for "countable", see below. It CROSSING tarna (passage, #ford) – actually occurs in Etym, but is glossed "reckon" LT2:347 instead . COUNT UP onot- (cf. not- "reckon" – CROW quáco (so in WJ:395; Etym has the perfect of both these verbs would corco ) –WJ:395/VT47:36, KORKA (see KARKA) presumably be * onótië ), COUNTABLE # nótima CROWD sanga (throng, press); rimbë (isolated from únótimë "countless, not- (host). GREAT COLLECTION OR CROWD OF countable, numberless", sg. únótima ). NOT THINGS OF THE SAME SORT úmë (not to be COUNTING hequa (leaving aside, excluding, confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb "not except) –NOT, Nam, RGEO:67, VT39:14, be, not do"). –STAG/Silm:438, RIM, VT48:32 WJ:364, 365 CROWN ríë ; CROWNED rína ; STAR- COUNTLESS únótima (pl. únótimë is CROWNED, CROWNED WITH STARS (a name attested) (numberless, not-countable, of Taniquetil) Elerrína (so in Silm; Etym has uncountable) –VT39:14, Nam, RGEO:67 Elerína ) –RIG/VT46:11 (VT confirming that the COUNTRY nórë (land, race, nation, native proper reading is ríë with a long vowel, not "rie" land, family), #nórië (only attested in a as in the Etymologies as printed in LR), EL, compound, in the : sindanóriello , Silm:42 "grey-country-from", "out of a grey country". – CRUEL nwalca (Though spelt this way NŌ, Nam/RGEO:67 also in Etym, nwalca must be from older COURAGE huorë (only attested as a *ngwalca , for the stem is ÑGWAL . In Tengwar proper name: Huorë , lit. "heart-vigour") –KH Ō-N spelling, the letter nwalmë (< older ngwalmë ) COURSE tië (line, direction, way, path, should be used to transcribe the initial nw of road) –TE3, RGEO:67 nwalca .) –ÑGWAL COURT paca (paved floor) –GL:63 CRUCIFIX tarwë (cross); CRUCIFY COVER top - (cited as aorist sg. topë ) tarwesta - –QL:89 (pa.t. tompë ), also untúpa- (lit. "down-roof") – CRUMB mië –PE13:150 TOP, Nam/RGEO:67 CRUMBLE # ruxa - (only part. ruxala is COVERING telmë (hood) –TEL attested) –MC:222 cf 215 COW (milch cow) yaxë . (An alternative CRY OF TRIUMPH (noun) yello (call, form yaxi , simply glossed "cow", looks like a shout) –GYEL, VT45:16 plural in LotR-style Quenya, unless it is a CRYSTAL maril (glass – perhaps with feminine form like tári "queen" and heri "lady") – stem marill -), CRYSTAL SUBSTANCE silima (a GL:36 substance Fëanor alone knew how to make; the CRACK ciris (probably ciriss -) (cleft) – were made of it. Etymologically, the LT2:335 word apparently means simply *"white-shining CRAFT tanwë (thing made, device, thing", or perhaps *"[substance] apt to shine construction); curwë . CRAFTSMAN tano (smith) white".) –VT46:13, RGEO:73, Silm:437 –KUR CUNNING – LT1:253 has findë , finië , but CREATE onta (pa.t. ónë , ontanë ) –ONO these words may not be valid in Tolkien's later CREATURE onna ; Quenya (in Etym, findë means "tress, lock of DEFORMED/HIDEOUS CREATURE ulundo hair").

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CUP yulma (pl. yulmar is attested, CURVED cúna (bent; cúna is also used VT21:6, 10; VT48:11). –Nam, RGEO:67 as a verbal stem, see BEND ) –MC:223 CUPOLA coromindo (dome), telluma CUSHION nirwa –NID (altered from earlier telumë under influence of a CUSTODY mando (safe keeping); Valarin word; pl. tellumar is attested) (dome), CASTLE OF CUSTODY Mandos (Mandost-) – coromindo (dome) –Nam/WJ:399/411, KOR, MR:350 KOP CUT (vb) rista-; venië (infinitive? stem CURSE (vb.) húta -, pa.t. huntë or #ven-?) (shape), CUT (noun) rista , venwë huntanë . CURSED húna (accursed). – (shape). The verb nac - is defined as “hew, cut” PE17:149 in late material (nacin , VT49:24) , though in CURUFIN Curufinwë , short form Curvo . Etym, it was assigned the meaning “bite” instead (His "mother-name", never used in narrative, (NAK ). CUT OFF (and get rid of or lose a was Atarincë .) –PM:352, 353 portion:) auciri-, (so as to have or or use a CURUNÍR Curumo () –UT:393, required portion:) hóciri- –RIS, LT1:254, 401 WJ:365-366, 368 CYCLE randa (age) –RAD

D DAERON see DAIRON night); DARK, DARKNESS mornië , mórë DADDY (affectionate form of "father") : (blackness, night) mor , lúmë (Note: lúmë also atto , atya (these words are also used in means "hour, time") , lómë (stem lómi -) (night, children's play for "thumb" or "big toe"). The form twilight, gloom), huinë (shadow, gloom). (See tatanya in UT:191 seems to mean *"my daddy". SLAYER for DARKNESS-SLAYER.) DARK –ATA, VT47:10, 26, VT48:4; atya is a reduced ELVES Moriquendi , Morimor (Lómëarni in form of atanya "my father". LT1:259 is hardly a valid word in LotR-style DAGGER sicil (knife), naica –SIK, GL:37 Quenya) ; DARK ONE (=Morgoth) morion ; DAILY ilaurëa (another form, ilyarëa [read DARK WEATHER lúrë ; DARK LOWERING *ilyárëa ?] and its archaic variant ilyázëa , was CLOUD lumbo (pl. lumbor is attested) ; DARK apparently abandoned by Tolkien) –VT43:18 VALE tumbo (stem * tumbu -) (deep valley) – DAINTY netya (pretty). (Note: netya - is Letters:382, NDUL, DO3, LT1:259, LT1:271, also a verb "trim, adorn" .) –VT47:33 LT1:253, MOR, LotR:488 cf. Letters:308, DAIRON Sairon –GL:29 (called Daeron in Silm:431, MC:222 cf. 215, WJ:361/Silm:388, the published Silmarillion ) Nam/RGEO:67, FS, LT1:259, 269 DALE nal , nallë (dell); DALE-SPRITES DAUGHTER selyë ; also yendë , yen , –iel tavar (pl. tavarni ). In Tolkien's later Quenya, (suffix, e.g. Uinéniel "daughter of Uinen" tavar means "wood" (as material). See, [UT:182]; this suffix may obsolete the earlier however, DRYAD. –LT1:261, LT1:267 [TLT] ending -wen , mentioned in LT1:271). The DAMP ringa (chilly, cold) –LT1:265 stem YEL, from which –iel must be derived, was DANCE (verb) lilta- –LILT removed from Etym. However, the UT example DANGER # raxë (pl. ablative raxellor just mentioned is from a later text, indicating that attested). In another version of the text in Tolkien restored –iel . Perhaps yeldë was question, Tolkien used # raxalë (pl. abl. restored as the independent word for "daughter" raxalellor ) instead. –VT44:9 at the same time and is to be preferred to yendë , DANGLE linga- (hang) –LING yen . Distinguish -riel in Altáriel (Galadriel), DARE verya- (cf. BOLD) (see MARRY which does not mean "daughter" and becomes - regarding a homophone) –BER riell - before an ending. –VT47:10, Y Ō, YEL, DARK (adj.) morna (gloomy, sombre, 182/469 black), nulla (dusky, obscure), lóna (Note: a DAWN ára (obsoleting órë in LT1:264; this homophone means "island") , lúrëa (overcast), word means "rising" or "heart" in LotR-style DARK OR HIDDEN tumna (low-lying, low, Quenya) , † amaurëa (early day). See also profound, deep). DARK (noun) hui (fog, murk, TWILIGHT. –AR 1, MC:223

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DAY aurë (sunlight; Etym gives arë , ari - #lucië , # luhta (all are attested with the ending - instead) . The word aurë is defined as “a day (of mmar to express "our debts/trespasses"). – light), a day of special meaning or festival”; VT43:19 allative aurenna “upon the day” (VT49:45) . Cf. DEBTOR # rocindo , # rucindo (isolated also: arya (= 12 hours) , ré (= 24 hours, counted from rocindollomman , rucindollomman "from from sunset to sunset, allative rénna in our debtors"). Used in one of the draft versions VT49:45) , sana (= also 24 hours, but this is of Tolkien's Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer, "Qenya") , DAYTIME arië , EARLY DAY the "debtors" denoted by this word may be †amaurëa (dawn), DAYLIGHT – LT1:254 gives sinners rather than simply people owing others calma , but this word is defined "lamp" in LotR. money. Another version of the Prayer has LAST DAY OF YEAR quantien , FIRST DAY #lucando or # lucindo as the word for "debtor" (meaning obscure, possibly first day of year) or "one who trespasses" (attested in the plural: minyen . (In the entry YEN of the Etymologies as lucandor , lucindor ). –VT43:20 printed in LR, minyen is seemingly glossed both DECISION, see CONSIDERING A "first day" and "first year", but according to MATTER (with a view to decision) VT46:23, only "first day" is correct.) DECIMAL SYSTEM (in counting) DAYSPRING tuilë –AR 1/VT45:6, maquanotië . Another source gives a word for Silm:229/234/439, LotR:1141, LT1:250, MC:223, "decimal system" as caistanótië , incorporating YEN caista "10th", but since Tolkien later decided DEAD firin (= dead by natural cause) , that the initial sound of words having to do with qualin (related to qualmë "agony, death" and "10" should be qu - rather than c-, we must probably has darker connotations than firin ), apparently read * quaistanótië . But maquanótië vanwa (departed, lost, past, gone, vanished, no (a form requiring no changes) may be preferred. longer to be had), hessa (withered). DEAD –VT47:10, VT48:11 BODY loico (corpse) –KWAL, PHIR, MC:223, DEED carda –PE17:51 LT1:255, WJ:366 DECLIVITY pendë (downslape, slope) – DEAL WITH mahta- (fight, handle, PEN manage, wield, wield a weapon); pa.t. mahtanë DEEP núra , tumna (low-lying, low, is attested. –MAK/VT39:11, VT47:6, 18, 19, profound, dark or hidden). DEEP POOL lón , VT49:10 lónë (pl. lóni given) (river-[?feeding] well), DEEP DEAR melda (beloved), melin , moina VALLEY tumbo (dark vale); DEEP VALE imbë (familiar), # melya (isolated from Melyanna "dear (dell) (Note: imbë is also one form of the gift", 's Quenya name) , valda (worth, preposition "between") ; DEEP SHADOW huinë worthy). Cf. also the "suffix of endearment" -ya (gloom). –NŪ, TUB, VT48:28, VT45:18, VT41:8 mentioned in UT:418: Anardilya *"dear Anardil" DEFORMED CREATURE ulundo (UT:174). DEAR KINSMAN (form of address) (hideous creature, monster) –ÚLUG tyenya (literally “my thou”, with tye as an DELIVER (= *save) etelehta - (the intimate 2nd person pronoun reserved for alternative verb etrúna -, eterúna - was possibly relatives and close friends). –MEL, MOY, abandoned by Tolkien; see FREE [verb] ). – Silm:434, GL:23, VT49:51 VT43:23, VT44:9 DEATH qualmë , unqualë (agony; DELL imbë (deep vale) (Note: imbë is according to VT45:24, Tolkien changed this word also the preposition "between") , nal , nallë (dale) to anqualë ), # fírië , # effírië (basically –VT45:18, LT1:261 "expiration", attested with the ending -mmo in DEMAND can - (so when used with things fíriemmo , effíriemmo "of our death"), nuru , as object, in effect = ask for ; otherwise older ñuru (personalized Nuru = Mandos), fairë command , order ) –PM:361-362 (where only a (natural death [as act]) (Note: fairë also means stem KAN is mentioned) "radiance" and "phantom", and even [in LT1:250] DEMON rauco (pl. # raucar , isolated from "free"), urdu –KWAL/LT1:264, VT43:34, Valaraukar ( Valaraucar ) "Balrogs". LT1:250 ÑGUR/VT46:4, PHIR, LT2:342 gives araukë ; WJ:415 has rauco and arauco , DEBT # rohta (attested in pl. form rohtar ). defined as "a powerful, hostile, and terrible Used in draft version of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's creature".) See also . –RUK, Silm:436, prayer, this word may refer to moral rather than WJ:415 financial "debt"; it may also cover "trespass". DENTAL SERIES tincotéma (t-series) – This is probably also true of variant words for LotR:1154 "debt" occurring in other versions: # lucassë ,

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DENY lala - –LA (Note: a homophone DESTITUTE úna (deprived of, forlorn); means "laugh", but the past tense forms may DESTITUTE OF ú (usually followed by genitive: differ. See LAUGH.) ú calo *"destitute of light [ cala ]") (without). – DEPART # av - (cited in the form avin "he VT39:14 departs", read "I depart" in LotR-style Quenya), DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma (lit. pa.t. ambë . Also vanya- (pa.t. vannë ). (The *"base-vowel, root-vowel". latter verb Tolkien may have been abandoned in notes: "Very briefly indeed, the Quendian favour of auta -; see PASS.) Lendë pa.t. of consonantal base or sundo was characterized by lelya /lenna "go" is also glossed as "departed". a 'determinant vowel' or sundóma : thus the DEPARTED (adj) vanwa (gone, vanished, lost, sundo KAT has a medial sundóma 'A', and past, no longer to be had, dead) –QL:33, WAN, TALAT has the sundóma repeated. In derivative LED cf. VT45:27, WJ:366, Nam forms the sundóma might be placed before the DEPRIVE OF LIBERTY avalerya - (bind, first consonant, e.g. ATALAT.") –WJ:319 make fast, restrain) –VT41:5, 6 DEVICE tanwë (craft, thing made, DEPRIVED # racina (only pl. racinë is construction); SKILLFUL [?DEVICE – Tolkien's attested) (stripped); DEPRIVED OF úna handwriting was illegible ] curo (curu -) –TAN, (destitute, forlorn); DEPRIVED SIGN # racina VT41:10 tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also DEVISE auta- (originate, invent) –GAWA translated "stripped sign", this was in early Elvish DEW rossë (fine rain, spray), rin . DEWY analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with nítë (stem * níti -) (moist) –ROS/Letters:282, no following vowel; the vowel was held to have LT1:265, NEI disappeared or been omitted. –VT39:16, 14 DEXTER forya (right), DEXTEROUS DESCENDANT indyo (grandchild) (Indyo formaitë (right-handed) –VT46:10, PHOR looks like Vanyarin Quenya; the combination tehta (mark [in writing], sign) ndy became ny in Noldorin Quenya. The Noldor (In LotR:1155, the word is applied to the likely used the form *inyo .) MALE supralinear vowel-marks of Fëanorian writing, DESCENDANT yondo (son) (In LT2:344, it is and pl. tehtar is attested.) –TEK, LotR:1155 said that yondo usually meant "(great) DIALECT – Tolkien notes that the word grandson", but in LotR-style Quenya it simply lambë "tongue" was originally "nearer to our means "son".) –ÑGYO(N) 'dialect' than to 'language', but later when the DESERT erumë (cf. Eruman a desert Eldar became aware of other tongues, not north-east of Valinor, though Eruman is used in intelligible without study, lambe naturally became an entirely different way elsewhere; see applied to the separate languages of any people HEAVENS.) –ERE or region" (WJ:394). Thus, lambë can hardly be DESERTED erda (solitary) –LT1:269 used for "dialect" in Exilic Quenya. Cf. also DESIRE (vb) # mer - (cited in the form VT39:15, where lambë is said to mean "the merë , evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given language or dialect of a particular or people". as mernë ) (want, wish). The stem YES yields a DICTUM eques (pl. equessi ) (proverbial word yesta - "desire" (which may however be dictum, quotation, saying) –WJ:392 confused with yesta “beginning”) . DESIRE DIE fir- (fade) –MC:223, VT43:34 (noun) írë , náma (= "a desire" or "a judgement"), DIFFICULT hranga (hard; stiff, awkward). námië (= "a (single) desire" or "a (single) Note: hranga - is also a verb “thwart”. – judgement"), milmë (greed). (Note: írë also PE17:154, 185 means "when".) See SEXUAL DESIRE for a DIG sapa - or sap -, pa.t. sampë – term that possibly has this meaning. PE16:145 % DESIREABLE írima (loveable), DESIRER Irmo DIGIT: For a common term for "finger" and (name of a Vala). DESIRING TO START mína "toe", see TIP. (eager to go), also verb DESIRE TO GO IN ocamna ; in the source SOME DIRECTION mína - (to wish to go to a providing this word Tolkien rejected his earlier place, make for it, have some end in view). – form osamnar (pl.); compare the Etymologies MER, ID, VT41:13, MIL-IK, YES/VT46:23, form # samna (only pl samnar is attested. WJ:403, VT39:11 Distinct in Tengwar spelling from samna DESPISE # nattir - –VT44:8 "wooden post", that is spelt with initial súlë DESTINE martya-; DESTINY maranwë – instead of silmë ). Another word for "dipthong" is MBARAT given as ohlon (pl. ohloni is attested); the latter term was used of vocalic and

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"consonantal diphthongs" (like mb ) alike. – BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do, VT44:13, 14, SAM, VT39:9, VT48:29 not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will DIM TO SEE néca (vague, faint) (Pl nécë not); DON'T áva , avá , alalyë (the last form is attested) –MC:223, 222 incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do DIMNESS mordo (shadow, obscurity, not thou [do something]") . DON'T DO IT! áva stain, smear) –VT45:35, MOR carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya - DIRECT TOWARD (or “be directed (be compelled to do something, have an toward”) tenta , pa.t. tentanë (perhaps in the impulse) DO BACK ahtar - or accar- (react; sense “directed toward”, transitive, attested in requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371, the phrase tentanë numenna “pointed VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166 westward”), also tenantë (perhaps in the sense DOER tyaro (actor, agent) –KYAR “was directed toward”, intransitive). Used DOG huo , roa –KHUG, VT47:35 transitively, the verb can also mean “go forth DOME telluma (pl. tellumar is attested) towards” (with the thing approached as direct (cupola), coromindo (cupola) –Nam/WJ:399, object). –VT49:23 KOR DIRE aica (fell, terrible, sharp) –PM:347 DON'T áva , avá ; DON'T DO IT! áva carë! DIRECTION tië (course, line, pathway, –WJ:371 road); DESIRE TO GO IN SOME DIRECTION DOOM manar , mandë (final end, fate, mína - (to wish to go to a place, make for it, have fortune, final bliss); umbar- (umbart -) (fate). See some end in view). – TE3/RGEO:67, VT39:11 below concerning * anan in Rithil-Anamo . In the DIRTY vára (soiled) –WA3 story of Túrin Turambar, it seems that ambar DISAPPEAR vanya- (pa.t. vannë . Note: a means "doom": Turambar is said to mean homophone of vanya means "beautiful" ) (go, "Master of Doom", and Nienor even uses the depart) –WAN word in the instrumental case: ambartanen "by DISCOLOURED púrëa (smeared) – doom". Similarly, LT2:348 gives ambar "Fate". MC:223 But in Etym, ambar means "earth", and LotR DISEMBODIED SPIRIT see SPIRIT Appendix E confirms that "fate" is umbar . DISGUST – feel disgust at feuya- (abhor). DOOM RING Máhanaxar (a foreign word in –PHEW/VT46:9 Quenya, adopted and adapted from Valarin, also DISH venë (small boat, vessel) –LT1:254 translated as:) Rithil-Anamo "Ring of Doom", DISORDERED rúcina (confused, name of the place where judgement was passed shattered) –MC:223 in Valinor (hence Anamo as genitive "of Doom", DISPLAY (verb) apanta - (pa.t. apantanë , nominative probably * anan with stem anam -, apantë ) (reveal), (noun) apantië –QL:34 otherwise but less likely * anama – this seems to DISTRIBUTE IN EVEN PORTIONS etsat -, be "doom" in the sense of judgement or juridical estat - (cited without a final hyphen in the source, justice, since the root is NAM as in nam - "to but this would seem to be a verb, and judge"). –MAN/MANAD, MBARAT/VT45:5, presumably Quenya) . –VT48:11 Silm:261, 269, LotR:1157, WJ:399, WJ:401 DIVIDE IN MIDDLE perya- (halve) (After DOOR, see GATE; *DOOR OF NIGHT: perya -, a word perina is mentioned; it is the translation Ando Lómen is given in VT45:28 undefined but must be the corresponding past (citing a deleted entry in the Etymologies ). Since participle: *"divided in middle, halved".) –PER Tolkien later decided that the genitive ending DIVINE valaina (= "of or belonging to the should be -o rather than -n, and moreover Valar", probably not to be used with reference to equipped lómë "night" with the stem-form lómi -, the One who is above them) , Eruva (adj. we should perhaps read * Ando Lómio . referring to the divinity of Eru himself) , DIVINITY DORIATH #Lestanórë (only gen. valassë –BAL, VT44:18 Lestanórëo is attested) –WJ:369 DIVISION asta (part, especially one of DORLÓMIN Lóminórë –WJ:145 other equal parts; asta is often used = "month" DOT pica (small spot), tixë (tiny mark, as a division of the year). –VT48:11 point), amatixë (point over the line of writing; DO # car - (make, build; see MAKE for variant amatexë in VT46:19), unutixë (point various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO under the line of writing; the initial element unu - #um - (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. was misread as "nun-" in the Etymologies as aorist; also short uin ) (pa.t. úmë , not to be printed in LR, see VT46:19) –PIK, TIK/VT46:19 confused with a noun meaning "collection, crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see

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DOUBLE (prob. adj) atwa , tanta ; DRINKING-VESSEL yulma (cup), sungwa . – DOUBLE (vb) tatya- (repeat). (Note: tatya also SUK, WJ:416/Nam means "second".) –AT(AT), TATA DRIP lipte- –LT1:258 DOUGH maxë –MASAG DROP (noun) limba ; LITTLE DROP liptë DOVE cucua –KŪ (in the Etymologies as –LIB, LT1:258 printed in LR, this noun is erroneously split into DROWNED quorin (choked) –LT1:264 two words, "ku" and "kua" instead of "kukua"; DROWSY lorda (slumbrous) –LT1:259 see VT45:24) DRÛ rú (wose), DRÚADAN Rúatan (pl. DOWN undu (under, beneath); DOWN- Rúatani is given but seems perfectly regular) – FALL atalantë , atalantië (collapse); DOWN- UT:385 FALLEN atalantëa (pl atalantië is attested) DRY (prob. adj not vb) parca ; VERY DRY (ruinous); DOWN BELOW (adv.) nún amparca –PÁRAK, VT45:5 (underneath); "DOWN-LICK" (i.e., cover DRYAD tavaro , tavaron (m.) , tavaril (f.) completely) # undulav- (only pa.t. undulávë is (compare the tavarni or "dale-sprites" in attested) –UNU, N Ū, MC:222, 223/Letters:347, Tolkien's earlier material) , nandin (further RGEO:67/Nam defined as "fay of the country") –TÁWAR, DOWNSLOPE pendë (slope, declivity) – LT1:261 PEN/PÉNED DUILIN Tulindo ; HOUSE OF DUILIN DRAGON lócë (serpent, snake; "so do the Nossë Tuilinda (Tuilinda must be an adjectival Eldar name the worms of Melko[r]" , LT2:85), form of Tuilindo ) –LT2:338 angulócë , fenumë ; WINGED DRAGON DÚNEDAIN Núnatani –WJ:386 rámalócë ; FIRE-DRAGON urulócë (pl. Urulóci DUSK histë (also hísë , but this clashes is attested in Silm:138, there capitalized; with a word meaning "fog, mist") , lómë (stem surprisingly, Urulóci is used as a singular form lómi -) (night, gloom, darkness, twilight) – in Silm:255) ; SPARK-DRAGON fëalócë ; FISH- LT1:255 DRAGON lingwilócë (sea-serpent) –LOK; cf. DUSKY nulla (dark, obscure) –NDUL ANGWA, LT2:341, RAM, UR, PHAY, LIW DUST asto –ÁS-AT DRAKE (LT2:340) see DRAGON Nauco (pl. Naucor is attested; DRAUGHT #yulda (only pl. yuldar is LT1:261 gives nauca instead of nauco ), Norno attested), suhto –Nam, SUK (Naucalië , Nornalië = the whole people of the DRAW # tuc - (cited as tucin "I draw", 1st Dwarves) Casar (pl. Casari or Casári ; partitive pers. aorist) , saca - (pull – but a homophone plural Casalli ; the whole people of the Dwarves means "search" ), DRAW WATER calpa- (bale being called Casallië . According to WJ, Casar – out, scoop out); DRAWING #halmë (isolated Quenyaized form of Dwarvish Khazâd – "was from Turuhalmë "Log-drawing", q.v.) ; DRAW the word most commonly used in Quenya for the NEAR: see IMPEND concerning Tolkien’s Dwarves". Nauco "stunted one" and norno translation of “winter has drawn near”. –TUK, "thrawn one" are less polite words for "dwarf"; KALPA, VT43:23, LotR:270 yet norno is stated to be "the more friendly DREAD (verb) aista- –GAYAS term". But the Dwarves themselves would DREAM (noun) olor , olórë , lor ; DREAM definitely prefer Casar .) PETTY-DWARVES or VISION olos (olor - for older oloz -, as in the Picinaucor , Pitya-naucor (lit. *"small dwarves") , archaic pl. olozi , later olori ). DREAMY olosta , Attalyar (lit. "Bipeds"). DWARROWVAULT olórëa –LOS, LT1:259, LotR:488 cf. Letters:308, Casarrondo (Khazad-dûm) –NAUK, WJ:388, UT:396 389 DREAM (verb) óla - (said to be DWELLER mardo –LT1:251 "impersonal", probably meaning that the dreamer DWELLING (noun) mar (mard-) (home), is mentioned in the dative rather than the also már ; DWELLING (adj) # farnë (a pl form? nominative: * Óla i Eldan , "the Elf dreams") – Sg farna ? Only attested in the compound UT:396 orofarnë "mountain-dwelling". Note: farnë is DRESSED LEATHER alu –QL:30 also the pa.t. of farya- "suffice", as well as a DRINK (vb) # suc - (cited in source as noun "foliage") ; DWELLING-PLACE nórë (land, sucin "I drink", 1st pers. aorist) ; DRINK OF THE region where certain people live, nation, native VALAR limpë (so glossed under LIP; "drink of land, family); DWELLING UNDERGROUND the fairies" in LT1:258) or míruvórë (LT1:261) ; hróta (artificial cave, rockhewn hall). The word DRINKING yulmë (carousal) (Note: a ambar , usually translated "world", is also homophone means "smouldering heat") ; associated with "home, dwelling" in one source.

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–VT45:33, 46:13, cf. LT1:251, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224, VT47:6, NDOR, PM:365, VT46:13 DWINDLE píca- (part. pícala is attested) (lessen) –MC:223, 222

E EACH ilya (every, all of a particular group "men", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR- of things), in early material also máca (a very style Quenya. –KEM/Silm:433/LT1:257/VT44:34, early "Qenya" word of doubtful authority in MBAR cf. Letters:283 or SD:409 Tolkien’s later conception) –VT39:20, GL:41 EASEMENT (noun) tiutalë (comfort, EAGER TO GO mína - (desiring to start) – consolation) –QL:93 VT39:11 EAST rómen (allative Rómenna as a soron , sornë (Þ) (pl. so rni ) (So in region of Númenor and ablative Rómello in Etym; Letters:427 has sorno , thorno , LT1:266 Namárië are capitalized), róna ; EASTERN also has sor . Soron /sorno obsoletes ea , earen rómenya (Entar , Entardar "Outer Lands, in LT1:251 and LT2:338 – besides, ëa means Middle-earth" is also glossed as "East" once, as "is, exists" in Tolkien's later Quenya.) KING OF opposed to the Blessed Realm of the West.) The EAGLES Sorontur , "EAGLE-HORN" (a great words órë "dawn, Sunrise, East" and its height in Númenor) Sorontil –THOR, corresponding adjective órëa (LT1:264) are Letters:427, UT:465 probably not valid words in LotR-style Quenya; EAR: The form lár in the entry LAS 2 in the see DAWN. Neither can Ostar "East" be a valid Etymologies appears to mean "ear", though the word; see GATE. EAST-VICTOR Rómendacil wording is not quite clear. (one of the Kings of ) EAST-LANDS EARLY arinya ; EARLY DAY † amaurëa Orrostar (a region in Númenor) . EAST-HELPER (dawn); EARLY MORN tuilë (dayspring, spring- (masc. name) Rómestámo , Róme (n)star (so in time) –AR 1, MC:223, TUY PM:384, 391; probably ? Rómenstar must EARTH cemen (soil). (Note: at the time always become Rómestar , but Tolkien cited the Tolkien wrote Etym, he thought of cemen as the form as Róme (n)star to indicate the connection genitive of cén , but later cemen evidently with rómen "east") –RŌ/LotR:1157, UT:463, became the nominative form, as it had been in Nam, EN, LotR:1075, 1081, UT:165, 459, earlier writings [LT1:257]. In Silm:433, it is said PM:384, 391) that cemen [kemen ] refers to "the Earth as a flat EAT mat-, mata - (pa.t. mantë is given), floor beneath menel , the heavens". LT1:257, future-past matumnë "was going to eat" –MAT, reproducing early material, also has cemi "earth, VT39:7, VT48:32 soil, land" and Kémi "Mother Earth".) Locative EBB (noun) nanwë (lowtide), EBB-TIDE cemendë "on earth" in VT43:17. HEAVEN AND lanwë (stem * lanwi - given primitive form danmi ) EARTH Menel Cemenyë (VT47:11). EARTH- –VT48:26, 32 QUEEN Kementári (Yavanna's title) ; ECHO láma (ringing sound – so in Etym, EARTHEN, OF EARTH cemna . (LR:363 gves but see SOUND ), nalláma (In Etym, the second "kemina", but according to VT45:19, this is a a of the latter word has an undefined diacritic misreading for "kemna" in Tolkien's manuscript.) here represented by ´.) ECHOING lámina –LAM EARTH (= world) Ambar (world) (Tolkien EDDY hwinya- (swirl, gyrate); hwindë equated Ambar with Oikoumene , a Greek word (whirlpool) –SWIN denoting "world" considered as "the inhabited EDGE réna , ríma –REG, R Ī world of Men". But ambar also seems to mean EGLATH (or EGLAIN, EGLADHRIM) "doom", q.v. MR:337 (cf. WJ:419) has Imbar Heceldi (the "Forsaken" Elves, especially the instead of Ambar ; the literal meaning of both Eldar left in Beleriand; sg Hecel is given. words is said to be "habitation") EARTH- MR:170 has Ecelli .) –WJ:365 cf. Silm:68 DWELLERS –LT2:343 gives indi , rendered EIGHT tolto (alternative form toldo ). For "earthdwellers" and said to be another word for the of numerals, see THREE . EIGHTH

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toltëa , toldëa . ONE EIGHTH tolosta , Tree Kindreds only, not to all the Quendi.) 1 tosta , tolsat . –TOL -OTH/OT, VT42:25, 31, Quenderin ("Elvish" referring to all the Quendi, VT48:6, 11 "Quendian"; this remained a learned word) – EIGHTEEN toloquë ; in duodecimal WJ:361/KWEN(ED), MR:229 ELED, Silm:424, counting, the word nahta occurs (Note: a AB/WJ:371/Silm:65/MR:163, WJ:363, homophone means "bite", as noun.) For the Silm:23/392, MR:415, WJ:407 syntax of numerals, see THREE . –VT48:21, ELF-FRIEND Elendil (actually meaning PE14:17/VT47:42 *"star-friend". Tolkien notes: "It is not surprising EITHER…OR: Christopher Gilson that the Edain...found it difficult to discern interprets a phrase involving a double var …var whether words and names containing the as having this meaning in one early element el referred to the stars or to the Elves. (untranslated) text; notice that var was a This is seen in the name Elendil , which was conjunction “or” in Tolkien’s early “Qenya”. – meant to bear the sense "Elf-friend". Properly in PE15:32, 39, cf. QL:100 Quenya it meant 'a lover or student of the ELBOW ólemë –LT1:258 stars'... 'Elf-friend' would have been more ELEPHANT andamunda –MBUD correctly represented by Quen(den)dil or ELEVEN minquë . For the syntax of Eldandil .") –WJ:410 numerals, see THREE . Fraction ONE ELF-LOVER (or, “Elf-friend”) # Eldameldo ELEVENTH minquesta . –MINIK-W-, LT1:260, (pl. Eldameldor in WJ:417) . Compare FRIEND. VT48:6; unorthodox spelling "minkwe" in VT48:7, ELF-STONE Elessar ('s royal 11 name), stem * Elessarn-, as in the genitive ELF quendë (a technical, generic term, Elesarno (VT49:28, read *Elessarno ?) The seldom used in the sg; pl Quendi is the usual literal meaning may seem to be Star-stone rather form; there are gender-specific forms quendu m. than Elf-stone – but the Edain sometimes and quendi f., but they seem to be rare; pl. confused elen "star" and elda "elf". Cf. Elendil ; forms quendur , quendir are attested) , Elda see ELF-FRIEND. – As a common noun, (originally generic, but later [MET] used of Elves elessar or “elf-stone” may signify “beryl” (in the of the Three Kindreds [Noldor, Vanyar, Teleri] chapter Flight to the Ford in the LotR, Aragorn only. That was at least the proper usage: Elda finds “a single pale-green jewel” and declares: “It was the normal word for "elf" in Valinor, since all is a beryl, an elf-stone”). % –LotR:395, 897 Elves there were Eldar, and quendë became a ELM-TREE alalmë , lalmë ; LAND OF word of lore. An archaic variant of Elda was ELMS Alalminórë (Warwickshire) – Eldo .) With generic reference, the pl. Eldar has ÁLAM/LT1:249, LÁLAM no article and is used to eman “Elves, The Elves, ELONGATED taina (stretched, elongated, All Elves”; i Eldar with the article means “the extended) –VT39:7 Elves” with reference to some particular EMBER yúla (smouldering wood) –YUL individuals previously mentioned. The partitive EMINENT minya (prominent; minya is plural Eldali “Elves, some Elves” is also attested basically the ordinal "1st"); EMINENT MAN aráto (VT49:8) . ELVES OF AMAN Amanyar (sg (champion) –VT42:24, 25; Silm:428 #Amanya ), ELVES WHO REFUSED TO JOIN EMIT LIGHT faina- –PHAY IN THE WESTWARD MARCH (from Cuiviénen) EMOTION felmë (impulse) –VT41:19 Avari (sg Avar in WJ:371, VT47:13, 24; Avar or EMPTY lusta (void), cumna –LUS, KUM Avaro in Etym) , also called Avamanyar "those ENCHANT luhta- (Note: a homophone who did not go to Aman, because they would means "bow") ; ENCHANTMENT lúcë –LUK not" (distinguish Úmanyar , Úamanyar , ENCIRCLE: Early “Qenya” material has a Alamanyar "those who did not in the event verb qilti - “gird, encircle” (QL:78) ; read perhaps reach Aman", though they did join in the march *quilta - if the verb is to be adapted to Tolkien’s from Cuiviénen; these are also called Heceldi or later Quenya (cf. the noun quilta “belt”). See Ecelli , see EGLATH). See also DARK ELVES, also GO ROUND (under entry for GO)

GREEN-ELVES, GREY-ELVES, HIGH-ELVES, concerning the verb pel -% LIGHT-ELVES, SEA-ELVES, LITTLE ELF. Cf. ENCLOSURE panda , tarwa (garden); also ELVENHOME Eldamar , Elendë . ELF- CIRCULAR ENCLOSURE corin –PAD, QL.87 %, PEOPLE Eldalië , ELVISH Eldarinwa (adj only, KOR pl. Eldarinwë attested in VT47:14; but "Elvish" END (noun) metta , mentë , tyel (stem meaning Elvish language is simply Eldarin . tyeld - as in the pl. tyeldi , misread as "tyelde" in Properly, these words for "Elvish" apply to the the printed Etymologies; see VT45:25) , tyelma ,

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telu ; THE ENDING OF THE WORLD Ambar- [?AGE] (Tolkien's handwriting was illegible) oirë , metta , ambarmetta ; END (vb) tele- (intransitive) oialë ; FOR EVER, EVERLASTINGLY oialë (finish – so in WJ:411 – LT1:267 gives telu -), (evidently the noun just mentioned used as an tyel- (cease), PUT AN END TO metya-, HAVE adverb) , tennoio , oia (the latter is both adj. SOME END IN VIEW mína - (desire to go in "everlasting" and the adv. *"everlastingly", some direction, wish to go to a place, make for it) according to VT46:8). –OY, UT:458, BOR, –LotR:1003/VT44:36, MET, LT1:267, WJ:411, LT1:250/273, Nam/RGEO:67, Silm:429, UT:317 KYEL/VT45:25, VT39:11 EVERY ilya (each, all of a particular group ENDLESS PERIOD oio –UT:317 of things), máca (a very early "Qenya" word of ENDURANCE voronwië (lasting quality); doubtful authority) –VT39:20 , GL:41 ENDURING voronwa (long-lasting), vórëa EVERYBODY ilquen ; EVERYTHING (continuous, lasting), vórima (continuous, ilqua . For "everything" there is also ilu as a word repeated) –BORÓN, VT45:7 for the universe: all, the whole ; of the universe ENEMY cotumo –KOT also including God and all souls and spirits, ENFOLD vaita - (wrap) –VT46:21, LT1:271 which are not properly included in the term Eä . – ENGLAND – see FAËRY. WJ:372, IL/VT45:24, VT39:20 ENOUGH farëa (sufficient). "Enough" as EVIL (adj.) ulca (see also WICKED), an adverb is apparently faren . –PHAR, VT46:9 úmëa (but in a later source, the latter is said to ENQUIRY centa (as in Essecenta mean "abundant, swarming, teaming"), úra Eldarinwa , probably meaning *"Enquiry into (nasty), EVILEYED henulca ; EVIL-SMELLING Eldarin Names", as Tolkien described the work saura (Þ) (foul, putrid) – in one attested as an "Enquiry into the origins of Elvish names compound also # sauri -; see FOUL. EVIL as for Elves"; cf. also Osanwe-centa , translated noun: ulco (stem ulcu - as in the ablative "enquiry into the communication of thought". ulcullo ; pl. "evils" presumably * ulqui ; another Another possible translation of centa may be version of the relevant text uses úro as the noun *"essay".) –MR:415, VT39:23 "evil"; the adj. ulca is also seemingly used as ENTRAILS (bowels) hirdi , sg. hir ( hird -) – noun in a sentence apparently meaning “if one PE13:161 speaks evil”, VT49:19). FREE FROM EVIL aman ENTRANCE TO HARBOUR londë (road (see BLESSED). –VT49:14, VT43:23-24, SD:68, [in sea], also translated "haven" or "fairway") – 72, UGU, THUS, VT43:23-24, WJ:399 LOD/VT45:28 EXALTED arta (lofty). Note: homophones ENVELOPE (noun) vaiya, vaia (both with mean "athwart" and also "fort". EXALTED ONES alternative, possibly older [MET] forms in w-). – Aratar (pl; sg # Arata ). The Aratar are the WAY mightiest of the Valar: Manwë, Varda, Ulmo,

EXACT PENALTY, see PUNISH % Yavanna, Aulë, Mandos, Nienna, and Oromë. EXPIRE fírë- (perf. fírië ["has breathed Aratar is also rendered "High Ones, The forth"] is attested; *ifírië may be the more usual Supreme" –PM:354, Silm 32/381, WJ:402 form) –MR:250 EXCEL lahta - (pass over, cross, surpass) ERRANT ránen –RAN –PE17:92 ESCAPE (vb) usin (glossed "he escapes" EXCEPT hequa (leaving aside, not in LT:251, but in LotR-style Quenya it would counting, excluding) –WJ:364, 365 have to mean, if anything, *"I escape" – 1st pers. EXCLUDE hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given aorist); ESCAPE (noun) uswë (issue) –LT1:251 but seems perfectly regular) (put aside, leave *ESSAY see *ENQUIRY. out, abandon, forsake); EXCLUDING hequa ESTABLISH tulca- (fix, set up). Note: (leaving aside, not counting, except) –WJ:364, there is a homophone meaning "firm, steadfast, 365 strong, immoveable". –LT1:270 cf. TULUK EXIST ëa (translated “is” in CO ; see BE), ETERNAL oira –OY pa.t. engë , perfect engië or rarely éyë , future EVENING sinyë , also andúnë (sunset, euva . EXISTING nanwa (actual, true) –VT39:6, west) –MC:222, THIN, MC:222 7, VT43:38, VT49:29, 30 EVER oi , voro , vor (continually) (pref. EXCHANGE quapta - –QL:76 #oio-, vor-, voro-), EVERWHITE, EVER- EXPAND palu-, palya- (spread, extend, SNOW-WHITE Oiolossë (a name for Taniquetil; open wide); EXPANSIVE palla (wide) –PAL gen Oiolossëo is attested in Nam, where it has EXPIRE fírë- (originally used of "one an ablatival meaning); EVERSUMMER Oiolairë , sighing or releasing a deep breath", but also EVERLASTING oia ; vorima ; EVERLASTING used of the Elf Míriel when she "breathed forth"

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and died; later used of the death of mortals. Perf. used of a natural pair of eyes). SHARP-EYE fírië is attested; * ifírië with prefix sundóma is hendumaica , EYES OF HEARTSEASE (a name probably also a possible form.) –MR:250 of the pansy) Helinyetillë –KHEN-D-E, WJ:337, EXTEND palu-, palya- (spread, expand, LT1:262 open wide); EXTENDED taina (lengthened, EYRIE sornion ( Þ) (lit. gen.pl "of stretched, elongated); EXTENSION tailë eagles"?). –LT1:266. ( LT1:251 gives ëaren , but (lengthening) –PAL, TAY this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya EXTREMELY langë (surpassingly, [see EAGLE]) superlatively) –PE17:92 EYE hen (hend-) (normal pl. hendi as well as the dual form # hendu are attested [isolated from hendumaica , WJ:337]; # hendu would be F FACE cendelë , anta ; SWEET-FACED FALL (vb) lanta- (pres. pl. lantar , pl. past raina (smiling, gracious). NOTE: A homophone lantaner, future lantuva and part. #lantala are means "nettled, enlaced". –VT49:21, ANA, attested) ; FALL (noun) lanta or # lantë . (The first VT44:35 of these words occurs in the compound FADE sinta- (Þ) (pa.t. sintanë is given, lasselanta "leaf-fall, Autumn", while # lantë is though it seems perfectly regular) , fir- (die), isolated from Noldolantë "the Fall of the Noldor". fifíru- ("slowly fade away", frequentative form of From these examples it appears that a lanta is a fir-; the participal form fifírula is attested ); physical fall, while a lantë is a moral fall. FADING quellë (In the Calendar of Imladris, Perhaps the latter word can also be applied to a quellë was a precisely defined period of 54 days military defeat, as in "the fall of Gondolin".) THE in late autumn. Also called lasselanta ; see FALLEN (= Númenor) Atalantë – AUTUMN.) –THIN, MC:222/223, LotR:1141 DAT/DANT/MC:222, Nam, SD:246, VT49:47, FAËRY Inwilis , Inwinórë (another gloss, LT1:254, Silm:102/414, TALÁT "England", was struck out) –LT1:256 FALLOW marya (fawn, pale), malwa FAINT néca (vague, dim to see) – (pale) –MAD, SMAL MC:222/223 FAMILIAR moina (dear) –MOY FAIR (1) (adjective) vanima (beautiful, FAMILY nossë (clan, "house"), nórë , –nor proper, right), vanë , melima , linda (the last word (land, country, dwelling-place, nation, native = fair/beautiful of sound , VT45:27); FAIR FOLK land) –NŌ, LT1:272 Vanimo (pl. Vanimor is given but seems FANE yána (holy place, sanctuary) –YAN perfectly regular; the word is said to apply to the FANG carca (tooth, tusk) –Silm:429, "children of the Valar"). FAIR-MINDED faila LT2:344 (generous, just), NOT FAIR úvanima (ugly) FAR haira , eccaira , avahaira ; FAR FAIRWAY (= navigable channel for ships) londë AWAY (adj) vahaia (or ( a)vaháya , VT45:21), (road in sea). –BAN/VT39:14, LT1:272, MEL, FAR AWAY, FAR OFF (adv.) háya ; FAR AND SLIN, PM:352, VT39:14, VT45:28 WIDE palan (or "wide, over a wide space, to a FAIR (2) (noun) : Carl F. Hostetter distance", VT45:21), FAR-SEER palantir , "FAR- suggests that the untranslated word parma- WANDERER" (the name of a ship) Palarran – restalyanna means *”upon your book-fair”, KHAYA, SD:247, Silm:435, TIR, UT:460 pointing to # resta as a word for “fair” in this FAREWELL namárië –Nam sense. The word is elsewhere defined as “field” FARMER nandor (perhaps obsolete in (q.v.), and the word may refer to a “fair” held in a LotR-style Quenya, clashing with the name of field, though Hostetter also suggests a possible the Nandor , a tribe of Elves) –LT1:261 connection with ré “day” (VT49:39-40) . FASTEN # tac - (listed as tacë , 3rd pers. FAITHFUL voronda , vórima (steadfast) – sg. aorist), pa.t. tancë . –TAK UT:317, LT1:250 FAT (adj.) tiuca (thick), lárëa (rich); GROW FAT tiuya- (swell). FAT (noun) lar (also

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used = riches), larma (the latter possibly "pig- FEEL FEAR OR HORROR # ruc - (cited in fat"; the first part of the gloss is not certainly source as rucin , 1st pers. aorist), constructed legible in Tolkien's manuscript. Another gloss of with "from" of the object feared. –WJ:415 larma is "flesh"; in a later source a similar word FEEL WITH FINGERTIPS lepta - ([to] is used for “raiment”.) –TIW, VT45:26 finger; to pick up/out with the fingers) –VT44:16, FATE umbar (umbart -) (doom; the form VT47:10, 25 amarto in LT2:348 could be obsolete, but ambar FEEL WITH THE HAND, see STROKE from the same source may be a valid word also FEELING, see EMOTION in LotR-style Quenya – see DOOM) , marto FELL (adj) aica (sharp, terrible, dire). – (fortune, lot); manar , mandë (doom, final end, PM:347 fortune [usually = final bliss]); FATED marta FELL (noun) helma (skin) –SKEL (which adjective also seems to be the noun FEMALE (noun) ní , FEMALE (adj.) inya , "fate" in later sources; see VT45:33, VT46:13) . inimeitë (pl. probably * inimeisi ; cf. HANDED, *LIGHT-FATED calambar – LEAPING, WINDY) –INI MBARAT/LotR:1157, MANAD, FENCE IN – see GO ROUND (under entry VT45:33/VT46:12, VT49:41, 42 for GO) regarding the verb pel - FATHER atar (pl. atari in Etym, though FENCED FIELD peler , FENCING OR the pl. form # atári occurs as part of the DEFENSIVE HEIGHTS Pelóri (the mountain- compound Atanatári ). Dative ataren is attested range at the western coast of the Blessed (VT43:36-37) . Forms like atar , atarinya ("my Realm). –PEL(ES), WJ:403 father") as well as atya "daddy" are said to be FESTIVAL asar (Vanyarin athar ) (fixed forms a child would use in addressing his or her time), meren (merend-), merendë (feast). The father (VT47:26; see DADDY) . In VT48:19, atya word aurë is in one source defined as “a day (of is explained as a contraction of at-nya "my light), a day of special meaning or festival”. father". The final version of the Lord's Prayer FESTIVE merya . –WJ:399, VT49:45, MBER (VT43:12, 13) has # Átar with a long initial vowel FETCH tulta - (send for, summon) –TUL (Átaremma "our father"); this # Átar may FEY marta (fated) –MBARAT incorporate the vocative particle a (* a Atar "o FIELD (sown field) resta (acre); compare Father" > # Átar ). FATHER OF ALL Ilúvatar FAIR #2. FENCED FIELD peler . FIELD-SPIRIT (God). –Silm:428, 229/ATA/LT1:255, VT44:16, Nermi (pl. Nermir is attested) (fay of the meads) Silm:404/UT:446, VT43:37 – VT46:11 cf. RED, PEL(ES), LT1:262 FATHOM (noun) rangwë –RAK FIERY uruitë , úruva (The stem from FAWN marya (fallow, pale) –MAD which these words are derived was struck out in FAY OF THE COUNTRY nandin (dryad), Etym. However, several words that must be FAY OF THE MEADS Nermi (pl. Nermir is derived from this stem occur in LotR, indicating attested) (field-spirit) –LT1:261, 262 that Tolkien restored it. LT1:248 also gives sára FËANOR Fëanáro (Spirit of Fire) – "fiery", but this word is probably obsoleted by Silm:397/435, MR:217 sára "bitter" in Etym.) –UR FEAR (noun) caurë ; FEAR (vb) #ruc - (the FIFTEEN lepenquë –VT48:21 (the form 1st person aorist rucin is glossed "I feel fear or quailepen seems to be another, possibly horror", constructed with "from" of the object experimental, word for "15" in Quenya) . For the feared, e.g. * rucin Orcollon "I fear ") – syntax of numerals, see THREE . LT1:257, WJ:415 FIFTH lempëa , replacing older (MET) FEAST meren (merend-), merendë lemenya . Fraction ONE FIFTH lepesta , lepsat – (festival); FESTIVE merya –MBER VT42:25, VT48:11 FEATHER quessë –KWES, LotR:1157 FIGHT (WITH SWORD) mahta- (wield a FEBRUARY Nénimë (Amillion in LT1:249 weapon, manage, deal with, handle); pa.t. is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya.) – mahtanë is attested. –MAK/MA3, VT39:11, LotR:1144 VT45:30-32, VT47:6, 18, 19, VT49:10 FEEL: The noun felmë "emotion" (q.v.) or FILL quat- (fut # quantuva is attested in *"feeling" may suggest a verbal stem # fel - enquantuva , "will refill") –WJ:392, Nam; cf. (compare melmë vs. mel -, "love" as noun and KWAT verb). This # fel - could then mean "to feel" in the FINAL tyelima , métima (ultimate, last); general sense of "have an emotion". Other FINAL END mande , manar (fortune, bliss, fate), senses, see below. telda (last) –MC:222 cf. 215, MANAD, WJ:411 FINARFIN Arafinwë –MR:230

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FIND # hir- (only fut hiruva is attested) , "fire", poetic form sai , also sairin "fiery"; cf. also #tuv - (only perf # utúvië is attested [with Sáya "the fire-fay" in GL:66. LT:271 has the pronominal endings: utúvienyes "I have found following "fire"-words: FIRE uru , FIERY it"]). It is difficult to say what distintion in meaning uruvoitë , ON FIRE urwa , LIKE FIRE urúva . Cf. there may be between these words (if any at all); also FIREWOOD turu (but the word was also the verb # tuv - is evidently the same as tuvu - in used of wood in general) . BOWL OF FIRE GL:71, there glossed "receive". –Nam/RGEO:67, tanyasalpë (evindently # tanya "fire" + # salpë LotR:1008 "bowl") –UR/VT46:20, Silm:397, MR:217, FINE tereva (acute, piercing) ; FINE LT1:265, 270, 271, 292 PIERCED HOLE terra –TER, VT46:18 FIRM tulca (strong, immovable, steadfast;

FINE FLOUR mulma –QL:63 % Note: there is a homophone verb meaning "fix, FINE RAIN rossë (dew, spray) –ROS cf. set up, establish" ), tulunca (steady), sanda Letters:282 (true, abiding), tanca (fixed, sure) –TULUK, FINGER (noun) leper (pl. leperi given). In LT1:270, STAN, TAK an earlier source, the Etymologies , Tolkien gave FIRST minya (cf. Minyar "Firsts", the first the Quenya word for "finger" as lepsë (possibly clan among the Elves), inga (this is also a noun with stem lepsi -, as indicated by the deleted "top") , *yesta (but this is a noun “beginning” ancestral form lepti , see VT45:27). The term ortil according to a later source, PE17:120), (ortill -, pl. ortilli given), "up-point", is also used FIRSTBORN (= the Elves) Minnónar , sg. for "finger". Special words for the various fingers, #Minnóna . (*Yesta is emended from the actual see THUMB, INDEX FINGER/FIRST FINGER, reading esta ; see BEGINNING. For MIDDLE FINGER, FOURTH FINGER, LITTLE FIRSTBORN, Etym has Estanessi , which would FINGER. Adj. FINGERED #lepta (isolated from similarly become *Yestanessi , but this word is raccalepta "clawfingered") PICK (UP, OUT) propably obsoleted by the later [TLT] form WITH THE FINGERS or FEEL WITH Minnónar . Writers should use the latter word.) FINGERTIPS lepta - –VT44:16/VT45:27/VT47:10 FIRST-BEGOTTEN Minyon (a personal name. 14, 24, LEP, SD:68, 72 The element yon , translated "begotten", may be FINGER (vb) lepta - (feel with fingertips; to a reduced form of yondo "son". Alternatively, pick up/out with the fingers) –VT44:16, VT47:10, and perhaps more likely, Minyon may be the 25 adjective minya "first" turned into a masculine FINGOLFIN Nolofinwë –PM:344 (In the name by adding the masculine ending -on . In source,, Nolofinwë is spelt with initial , that is, that case, the literal meaning is simply *"First ng . Initial ng had become n in Third Age One". But it is possible that on is actually derived Quenya, and I follow the spelling of LotR and from the stem ONO "beget", and that "First- transcribe it accordingly. But if this word is begotten" really is the literal meaning.) FIRST written in Tengwar, the initial n should be FINGER lepetas (evidently lepetass -) (index transcribed with the letter noldo , not númen .) finger), also tassa –MIN/Silm:434/WJ:420, ING, FINGON Findecáno –PM:345 ESE, WJ:403, VT47:10, VT48:5 FINISH (vb) tele- (intransitive) (end) (so in FISH lingwë (stem * lingwi -) (perhaps the WJ:411 – LT1:267 gives telu -) telya- (transitive) general word, as opposed to hala ), SMALL FISH (wind up, conclude) . Cf. also telma "conclusion, hala , "FISH-WATCHER" (i.e., kingsfisher, a bird) anything used to finish off a work or affair", "often halatir ( halatirn-) or halatirno –LIW, SKAL 2, applied to the last item in a structure, such as a TIR coping-stone, or a topmost pinnacle." FINISH FIST quár , quárë (often used to mean (noun) telu –WJ:411, LT1:267 "hand") . "Its chief use was in reference to the FINROD Findaráto –Silm:428/PM:346 tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a FIRE úr (the stem from which this word is craft-tool rather than the 'fist' as used in derived was struck out in Etym. However, punching" (VT47:8 ). In compounds –quar : several words that must be derived from this Telperinquar = Sindarin Celebrimbor, "Silver- stem occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien Fist, Hand of Silver". The first version of the stem restored it. But a more usual word for "fire" is KWAR yielded quár pl. quari . –KWAR, apparently nár , nárë , which appear [with the Silm:429/387 masculine ending -o] in the following names:) FIT (adj.) mára (useful, good); TO (MAKE) SPIRIT OF FIRE Fëanáro (Fëanor), FELL FIRE FIT camta - (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual Aicanáro (Sharp Flame, Aegnor) (so in for Quenya, but while the source does not Silm:435; MR:323 has Aicanár ). LT1:265 has sá explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is

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difficult to understand what other language could ulundë , lúto ; FLOODING (adj) úlëa (flowing, be intended) (suit, accomodate, adapt) –MAG, pouring) –VT48:23, 24, VT42:10, ULU, VT44:14 KEL/MC:223, LT1:249 FIVE lempë (alternative form lemen in FLOOR talan (# talam -, as in pl. talami ) VT48:6). For the syntax of numerals, see (ground); PAVED FLOOR paca (court) –TAL, THREE . GROUP OF FIVE (5 similar things) GL:63 maqua (basically "hand", with 5 fingers), PAIR FLOUR porë (stem * pori -) (meal); FINE

OF FIVES maquat (see GROUP OF TEN). For FLOUR mulma –POR, QL:63 % ordinals and , see FIFTH . –LEP/GL:53, FLOURISH (noun) rincë (stem * rinci -) VT47:7, 10, 24 (quick stroke) –RIK, VT46:11 (the latter source FIX panya- (set), tulca- (establish, set up. indicating that the proper reading is "quick Note: there is a homophone adjective meaning stroke", not "quick shake" as in the Etymologies "firm, steadfast, strong, immoveable" ); FIXED as printed in LR) tanca (sure, firm); BE FIXED mar- (abide, be FLOW (vb) sir-, lutta-, lutu-; FLOW, settled). FIXED TIME asar (-th -, Vanyarin athar ) FLOWING (noun) celumë (stream, flood); (festival), FIXED IDEA see IDEA –PAN, LT1:270 FLOWING (adj) úlëa (flooding, pouring), sírima cf. TULUK, TAK, UT:317, WJ:399 (liquid). –SIR, LT1:249, KEL/MC:223, LT1:265 FLAG ambal (shaped stone) –MBAL FLOWER (large and single) lótë (often -lot FLAME nár , nárë (also translated "fire"), in compounds). (The word lótë is usually applied velca ; SHARP-FLAME Aicanáro (so in to a large, single flower. From * ambalotsë Silm:435; MR:323 has Aicanár ), (Aegnor, Fell "uprising-flower" [q.v.] # lotsë can be isolated; Fire), RED FLAME rúnya ; HEART OF FLAME this may be the more general word for "flower".) Naira (a name of the Sun) , FLAME-COLOURED FLOWER OF THE WEST (a floral design) culina , culda (golden-red) –NAR 1, LT1:260, Númellóte . Cf. also indil , "lily, or other large Silm:437, MR:198, KUL single flower". PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLAT lára ; FLAT OF THE HAND, see FLOWERS * lohta- (emended from the actual PALM. –DAL reading lokta because Tolkien later decided that FLEECE uë –LT1:249 kt became ht in Quenya) (sprout) –LOT(H), FLASHING OR [?STARRY] LIGHT élë – LT1:259, WJ:318, UT:227, 458, WJ:399, LT:258 VT45:12 FLUTE simpa , simpina (pipe); FLUTER FLESH hrávë , larma (the latter also = timpinen –LT1:266, 268 "[?pig-]fat"; the first part of the gloss is not FLUTTERING TO AND FRO wilwa – certainly legible; note that # larma is used = MC:223 “raiment” in a later source), sarco ; FLESHY FLY (verb) # wil - (cited in source as wilin "I sarqua –MR:349, VT45:26, LT2:347 fly", 1st pers. aorist) , pa.t. willë (cf. wili- "sail, FLING hat - (cited as hatin “I fling”, first float, fly" in LT1:273). In exilic Quenya, read v- person sg. aorist), pa.t. hantë (QL:39; compare for w- in these words. FLY TO (i.e. "escape to") the root KHAT “hurl”, LR:363) . The apparently #ruc - (+ allative, e.g. * rucin i orontinnar "I fly to related noun hatal “spear” occurring in late the mountains"; the verb ruc - otherwise means material (VT49:14) suggests that Tolkien "fear", constructed with "from" of the object eventually decided to maintain this word, though feared); FLY OR STREAM IN THE WIND hlapu - in the meantime, a distinct verb hat - “break (part. hlápula is attested), FLYING rimpa asunder” had occurred in his writings. (rushing); SEND FLYING horta- –WIL, VT44:7, FLINTHEARTED sincahonda –LotR:1015 MC:223, RIP, KHOR cf. SD:68, 72 FLY (noun) pí (small insect) –VT47:35 ?FLINTSTONE #sinca (isolated from FOAM (vb) falasta- (part. falastala is sincahonda "flinthearted") –LotR:1015 cf. attested); FOAM (noun) fallë , winga (spray), SD:68, 72 wingë (wingi -) (crest [of wave], spindrift). – FLOAT lutu- (LT1:273 has wili- "sail, float, MC:222/223, PHAL, WIG, LT1:273 fly", but see FLY.) –LT1:249 FOG hísë (Þ) (hísi -) (mist. Note: a FLOCK lámárë –QL:50 homophone means "dusk" ), hiswë , hui (murk, FLOOD (verb) luita -, also oloiya - dark, night) –KHIS, LT1:253 (inundate). –VT48:23, VT42:10 FOIL (plant) is translated by asëa (Þ) in FLOOD (noun) luimë (high tide), GREAT the name of the plant asëa aranion “kingsfoil”. FLOOD oloirë . For FLOOD in the sense of “tide” According to PE17:148, asëa is the Quenya cf. rather celumë (stream, flow, flowing), name of the athelas plant, a term related to

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words for “ease” or “comfort” (because of the The noun "foresight" is almost certainly * apacen ; healing properties of the plant). –LotR:899 cf. tercen "insight".) –MR:216 FOLIAGE olassië (collection of leaves), FOREST taurë ([great] wood) (pl. tauri is farnë (archaic faznë ). Note that farnë is also the attested) , tauno , málos (the two latter may not pa.t. of farya - as well as a word for "dwelling", so be valid words in Tolkien's later Quenya) – olassië is the less ambiguous term. – TAWAR/Silm:438/MC:222 cf 215/VT39:7, Letters:282, VT46:9 LT2:342, LT1:267 FOLK hos –LT2:340 FORGE – LT1:250 gives tamin , but this FOLLOW hilya- FOLLOWER neuro ; verb is probably obsoleted by tamin "I tap" in FOLLOWERS (an Elvish name of Men) Hildor , Etym. Hildi (unattested sg #Hildo ; dative pl hildin is FORGIVE # avatyar - (imperative avatyara attested; cf also Hildinyar "my heirs" in Elendil's and the pl. aorist avatyarir are attested). The Oath) . FOLLOWING THAT epeta , epta matter that is forgiven is the direct object, (thereupon, thence, whereupon) – whereas the person that is forgiven appears in KHIL/Silm:116/122/403, FS/WJ:387, LotR:1003, the ablative case: avatyara mello 1004, VT49:12 lucassemmar , "forgive us [lit. from us] our FOOD matso , in an earlier source also debts". This verb # avatyar - occurs in certain matl (read * matil since Tolkien decided that final versions of Tolkien's Quenya rendering of the syllabic -l became -il in Quenya); COOKED Lord's Prayer; in the latest version he introduced FOOD apsa –PE16:141, QL:59, AP the verb apsene - "remit, release, forgive" FOOT tál (tal-) (These forms probably instead, with a slightly different syntax: the obsolete tala pl talwi in LT2:347.) FOOTPRINT matter forgiven is still the direct object, but the runya (slot) –TAL, RUN person forgiven now appears in the dative case. FOR an (Nam: an The exact etymology of apsene - is somewhat sí...Varda...máryat...ortanë , "for obscure; the prefix ap - is apparently derived now...Varda...has uplifted her hands". Note: an from a root AB - in a meaning which Tolkien is also glossed "to, till".) English "for" meaning according to other sources abandoned (see "for the benefit of" will often be rendered by the VT43:18-19); also, it is unclear whether the final dative ending -n (pl -in ); e.g. nin "for me". As for –e of apsene - is just the connecting vowel of the "for" meaning "on behalf of", see BEHALF. – aorist (before endings we would rather expect Nam, VT49:18 *apseni -) or an integral part of the verbal stem, FORBID # váquet- (refuse, say no) (1st which would make this an "E-stem" verb pers. sg aorist and past váquetin , váquenten otherwise hardly attested. The verb apsene - is are given in source) , avaquet - (refuse) (pa.t. is once attested with the object ending -t "them" no doubt * avaquentë ; cf. quet- under SAY) – attached: apsenet "[as we] forgive them". The WJ:370, KWET alternative verb # avatyar - is for many reasons FORCE (= pressure to do something less problematic and may be preferred by against one's will or conscience) sahtië ( Þ) writers. –VT43:8, 9, 18-20 (pressure) –VT43:22 FORLORN úna (deprived of, destitute) – #FORD tarna (This gloss is isolated from VT39:14 Taruktarna "Oxford", q.v. Tolkien glossed tarna FORM car- (make , q.v. ) –WJ:391 as "crossing, passage") –LT1:347 FORMER noa (also used = “yesterday”, FOREHEAD timbarë –PE14:117 shortened from the phrase noa ré “former day”), FOREIGN ettelëa ("ettelen" in the printed THE FORMER yara (that) ; FORMER DAYS Etymologies is probably a misreading; see yárë ; FORMER TIMES yalúmë ; FORMERLY yá VT45:12); this word may also be a noun (ago), BELONGING TO OR DESCENDING "stranger", q.v. FOREIGN PARTS ettelë (outer FROM FORMER TIMES yára (ancient, old) – lands) (but the Quenya word is singular) –ET, VT49:34, YA VT45:12 FORSAKE hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given FORESIGHT * apacen (lit. *"after-sight", a but seems perfectly regular) (put aside, leave vision of something that will come after the out, exclude, abandon); FORSAKEN ELVES see present. In MR:216, apacenyë is translated EGLATH. ONE LOST OR FORSAKEN BY "foresight"; yet the context and the form of the FRIENDS hecil (gender-spesific forms are word itself clearly indicates that it is actually the hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (waif, outcast, outlaw) – pl. form of an adjective # apacenya "of foresight". WJ:365

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FORT arta (fortress) (Note: arta also FOX rusco (stem ruscu -, pl. rusqui ); means "across, athwart" as well as "exalted, FOXY ruscuitë –PM:353, VT41:10 lofty".) –GARAT (see 3AR) FREE (adj.) léra , aranya (not to be FORTH et- (prefix) (out). Also attested confused with aranya *"my king"; the shorter with various pronominal suffixes, e.g. etel or form ranya also cited must not be confused with etelyë *”out of you”. GO FORTH TOWARDS the verb "stray, wander") , mirima (of a person, tenta -, pa.t. tentanë (with the thing approached as opposed to:) latin , latina (open, cleared [of as direct object) . –ET, VT49:12, 23 land]), lerina ("free" of things in the sense of "not FORTRESS arta (fort) (Note: arta also guarded, reserved, made fast, or 'owned'", means "across, athwart") –GARAT (see 3AR) VT41:5), Cf. also lehta "free, released". FREE FORTUNE (good fortune) alma (weal, ELEMENT (a term for "vowel") # lehta tengwë wealth); mandë , manar (final end, doom, fate); (only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would heren (governance, what is in store for one or rather expect * lehtë tengwi ). (A word fairë "free" what one has in store); marto (fate, lot); is mentioned in LT1:250, but may be obsolete: FORTUNATE herenya (wealthy, blessed, rich), several other meanings are attributed to this GOOD OR FORTUNATE THING mána (see word in later writings [see DEATH, PHANTOM, BOON). –GALA, MAN/MANAD, KHER, LT2:348, RADIANCE]. However, fairië "freedom" does not VT49:41 clash with later words.) FREE FROM EVIL aman FORWARD póna , ompa –VT49:12 (see BLESSED) –VT41:5, VT46:10, MIS, LAT, FOUL saura (Þ) (evil-smelling, putrid); in VT39:17, WJ:399 compounds sauri- as in FOULBELLIED FREE (verb) rúna - (see DELIVER); SET sauricumba . The latter form may indicate that FREE lerya - (release, let go), sen - (let go, let this adjective also appears in an alternative form loose) –VT43:23, VT41:5, 6, VT43:18 *saurë , sauri -. –THUS, SD:68, 72 FREEZE niquë- ("it is cold, it freezes"). FOUNDATION talma (base, root) –TAL LT1:254 gives hilcin "it freezes", but in LotR- FOUNTAIN ehtelë (issue of water, style Quenya this will have to mean, if anything, spring). The actual reading in LT1 and LT2 is "I freeze" (1st pers. aorist). –WJ:417, LT1:254 ektelë , but Tolkien later decided that kt became FREQUENT rimba –RIM ht in Quenya. The new form of the word is FRESH venya , archaic wenya (yellow- attested in Silm. LT also gives the form kektelë , green, green), virya , céva (new). FRESHNESS that would likewise become *cehtelë .) –LT1:257, vén , wén (youth, greenness) –GWEN, VT46:22, LT2:338 VT48:7,8 FOUR canta , (prefix:) can- For the syntax FRESHET celussë (water falling out of numerals, see THREE . –KANÁT, VT45:18, swiftly from a rocky spring) –UT:42 6 VT48:6 FRIEND meldo (pl meldor is attested) . FOURTEEN ? canaquë –VT48:21 (the MY FRIEND meldonya (VT49:40) . Apparently form listed, "kanakwe", seems to be Common meldo is a masculine form, corresponding to Eldarin; the Quenya form could be either feminine # meldë (cf. meldenya *"my friend" in *canaquë or * canquë ). The form quaican the Elaine inscription, Tolkien here referring to seems to be another, possibly experimental, Elaine Griffiths). Other words for "friend": nildo word for "14" in Quenya. For the syntax of (m.) , nildë (f.) , sermo , seron (m.) , sermë (f.) , numerals, see THREE . málo (m.?) , -ser (final element in compounds), – FOURTH cantëa ; FOURTH FINGER (the (n)dil (final element in compounds, e.g. Elendil , digit between the long finger and the little finger) Anardil , Valandil – sometimes translated "lover" lepecan , lepentë , in children's play also called rather than "friend". When the first part of the nettë (prob. netti -), "sister", a word also used for compound ends in l, n, or r, the n of -ndil is left the fourth toe, or in two-hand play for the ninth out).The final element -ndil also appears in the digit. The word selyë "daughter" was also variant form -nil and with the longer forms - introduced as a name for the fourth finger/toe in nildo , -dildo (VT46:4). FRIENDLY nilda (lovely), childrens play (VT47:10), but Tolkien apparently FRIENDSHIP nilmë –WJ:412 cf. VT45:34, NIL, abandoned it (VT47:15). Fraction ONE FOURTH SER, MEL, Letters:386 canasta , casta , cansat . –VT42:25, VT47:10-12, FROG quácë –VT47:36 15, VT48:5 FROM: Independent Quenya prepositons FOWL (barn fowl) porocë (hen) – for "from" include ho and va , var . However, PE16:132 English "from" will often be rendered using the ablative case, endings -llo , pl -llon or -llor , dual

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-lto, e.g. Eärello *"from the Sea". The (completely, altogether, wholly); FULL WRITING preposition et "forth, out" may also express "out" (= writing with separate symbols for vowels ) and is combined with a following noun in the quanta sarmë , FULL STOP (in Tengwar ablative case to express "out from", "out of". – punctuation a dot placed under a consonant to 3O, VT43:20, 24, LotR:1003, VT44:35 indicate that it is not followed by a vowel, FRONT – BEFORE, IN FRONT OF (of VT46:10, 33) pusta (stop), FULL SIGN # quanta spatial relationships) opo , pó (VT49:12, also tengwë (only pl. quantë tengwi is attested). In pono , poto -, VT49:32) early Elvish analysis of Quenya, this was the FROST nixë , ringwë (rime), FROST- term for a consonant + a vowel (this was PATTERNS niquis , niquessë (the latter by analyzed as a kind of unitary phoneme rather association with quessë "feather") –WJ:417, than two phonemes; hence a stem like mata - LT1:265 "eat" was analyzed as two quantë tengwi : ma + FROZEN halcin –LT1:254 ta ). –KWAT/VT43:28, VT39:11, WJ:392, VT39:8, FRUIT yávë (so in Etym, Silm:439, and PUS VT43:31; LT1:273 has yáva , whereas yava FUNGUS hwan ( hwand -, as in pl. appears in VT43:31). BEAR FRUIT yavin (which hwandi ) (sponge) –SWAD must mean *"I bear fruit", stem # yav-. Tolkien FURTHER, FURTHERMORE (adv.) entë often employs the 1st person aorist when (moreover, what is more). The word an may also mentioning a verb in his wordlists.) –YAB, be used = ”moreover, furthermore, and so – for, LT1:273 to proceed”, but an would often imply “for”, FULL quanta (+ genitive to express "full introducing the reason for what has already been of", as in quanta Eruanno "full of grace", said. –VT47:15, VT49:19 VT43:28); FULL TO THE BRIM, WITH MOUTH FULL penquanta ("peñ -). Adverb FULLY aqua G GALADRIEL Altariel (Altariell-; gen. GATE ando ; GREAT GATE andon (pl Altariello is attested. Altariel is the form used in andondi ). (LT1:264 has osto "the gates of the Noldorin Quenya, Galadriel's own mother- Sun" and Ostor "East", but in Tolkien's later tongue; the Telerin form is Alatáriel [UT:266]. Quenya osto means "town" or "fortress".) –AD, According to PM:347, the true Quenya LotR:1157, LT1:264 equivalent of the Telerin form would have been GATHER hosta- (collect, assemble); Ñaltariel , but this form was apparently not used.) GATHERING (of three or more coming from –Silm:433, RGEO:66 different directions) yomenië (meeting) – GAME tyalië (sport, play) –TYAL/LT1:260 MC:223, WJ:407 Olórin (his name in Valinor, GENEROUS faila (fair-minded, just) – derived from a stem meaning "dream" – not an PM:352 actual translation of "Gandalf", meaning "Elf of GENTLE milya (soft, weak) (Note: milya - the Wand", a name he was given by people who is also a verb "long for") , moica (soft), GENTLE did not know that he was actually a .) – BREEZE vílë –VT45:34, GL:58, LT1:273 LotR:391, UT:396 cf. 391 GET net - (pa.t. nentë given) – QL:66 GAOL # mando (isolated from GET LOW (of the Sun) númeta-, Angamando "Iron-Gaol"; mando is also defined númenda- –LT1:263 as "safe keeping"). –MR:350 GERM erdë (seed. Note: a homophone GAP fásë (gulf) –GL:36 means "person".) –ERÉD

GARDEN tarwa (enclosure) –QL:87 % GESTURE-CODE hwermë –WJ:395, GARLAND ría (wreathe); MAIDEN VT39:5 CROWNED WITH A FESTIVAL GARLAND GIANT (noun) norsa (Þ) (see also riellë –PM:347 MONSTER) . Another word for "giant" ( hanaco ) GASH cirissë (slash), hyatsë (cleft) – was struck out by Tolkien. –NOROTH, VT45:21 KIRIS, SYAD

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GIFT anna ; LAND OF GIFT (a name of GLAURUNG see GLORUND Númenor) Andor (haplology of * Annandor ), GLEAM (WHITE) ilca- (part. ilcala is DEAR GIFT (the meaning of Melian's name) attested) –MC:223 Melyanna , GIFT OF GOD, see GRACE. –ANA, GLINT (vb) tinë (pres 3rd pers sg) ; GLINT Silm:313, 434 (noun) tindë , wintil ; GLINTING tinda (silver) – GIMILZÔR Telemnar –UT:223 TIN, LT1:261 GIMLET teret (auger) –LT1:255 GLITTER (vb) mirilya-; GLITTERING rilya GIRD: Early “Qenya” material has a verb (in the Etymologies as printed in LR, this word qilti - “gird, encircle” (QL:78) ; read perhaps also seemed to be glossed "brilliance", but *quilta - if the verb is to be adapted to Tolkien’s according to VT46:11, this gloss properly refers later Quenya (cf. the noun quilta “belt, girdle”). % to another word) , GLITTERING LIGHT rilma ; GIRDLE # lesta (isolated from GLITTERING REFLECTION (from jewels, glass, #Lestanórë ; see DORIATH. #Lesta is the polished metals, or water) nalta (radiance – cognate of Sindarin lest as in Lest [or List ] alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form. In PM:347, Melian "the Girdle of Melian" [WJ:228]. Note: nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng #lesta also means "measure".) GIRDLE, BELT had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow quilta . –WJ:369, Silm:390, QL:78 the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. GIRL wen (stem wend -, as in the pl. But if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n wendi ) (maid). The word seldë was not clearly should be transcribed with the letter noldo , not glossed by Tolkien, but appears to mean "female númen.) –MBIRIL, RIL/VT46:11, PM:347 child", hence "girl". The form wendi "young or GLOBE coron (# corn -, as in dat.sg. small woman, girl" in VT48:18 is perhaps cornen ) (ball); GLOBED corna (round) –KOR intended as the older form of wendë ("maiden") GLOOM ungwë , lumbë (shadow), huinë rather than a "contemporary" Quenya word. The (darkness, shadow), lómë (stem lómi -) (night, form "wenki" from the same source may have a twilight, darkness, dusk), yaru ; GLOOMY morna similar meaning, and again it is possible that this (black, dark, sombre); CHILD OF GLOOM is actually for Quenya * wencë , lómëar (probably not a valid word in LotR-style wenci -. –LT1:271, VT46:13, VT48:18 Quenya) –UÑG, LUM, VT41:8, GL:37, LT1:255, GIVE anta- (pa.t. # antanë is attested in Silm:431 VT49:14 [ antanen “I gave”], though the pa.t. GLORIOUS alcarinqua (radiant) (The “gave” was ánë in early "Qenya", QL:31; shorter form alcarin is attested in VT44:10 and possibly both forms are valid in later Quenya as also as a title of king Atanatar II. Cf. also well). In one text, Tolkien apparently used ana Alcarinquë , a name of Jupiter.) The form alcarë as the imperative "give!", but the text was appears as an adjective "glorious" in VT44:10, rewritten and this may have been an ephemeral but this was apparently an ephemeral form, and form (VT44:13) . GIVER antë (f), anto (m) (the the Etymologies , alcarë is rather a longer form of latter word from Etym is probably obsoleted by the noun alcar "glory". –AKLA-R-, WJ:412, anto "mouth" in LotR:1157 – an alternative word RGEO:73/LotR:1075/VT44:10, Silm:55 for "[male] giver" might be *antando ). Another GLORUND, GLORUNN Laurundo , fem. word for "giver" is # ánië , isolated from Undolaurë (Tolkien later changed Glorund to massánië (see BREAD-GIVER). –ANA, Glaurung. Read *Laurungo , * Ungolaurë in VT44:13, PM:404 Quenya?) –LT2:341 GIVE BIRTH nosta- (but in later sources, GLORY alcar , alcarë (splendour, nosta- is glossed "beget", q.v.) –LT1:272 brilliance) In VT44:10, alcarë is an adjective GIVEN (OR ADDED) NAME anessë (pl "glorious" rather than a noun "glory", but this was anessi is attested. This word encompasses both apparently an ephemeral form. –AKLA-R- "after-names" and "mother-names".) –MR:217 /RGEO:73/UT:317/WJ:369/Silm:427, VT43:37, GLAMHOTH Sancossi (see GOBLIN) – VT44:34, VT47:13 LT2:341 GLOWING lúsina adj. “glowing” (of GLASS calca , hyellë , hyelma (the latter things). Note: used of people, the word means perhaps = "a glass", whereas hyellë could be “hearty” (QL:57) . If this early Qenya term is to be glass as a substance) , maril (crystal – perhaps used in LotR-style Quenya, one would have to with stem marill -). LITTLE GLASS lipil . Cf. also assyme that it represents earlier lúÞina (root vírin , "a magic glassy substance of great *LUTH ) and spell it accordingly in Tengwar. lucency used in fashioning the Moon" –VT47:35, (only = wise one, Noldo) Noldo KHYEL/VT45:23, VT46:13, LT1:258, LT2:339 (spelt Ngoldo [Ñoldo ] in Tengwar writing,

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reflecting the earlier pronounciation) ; pl. Noldor VT43:32; dative Erun , VT44:32) . Other is attested . GNOMISH (general adjective:) names/titles: Ilúvatar "Father of All", Ainatar Noldorinwa , (Gnomish language:) Noldorin , *"Holy-Father". GOD (in general, "a god") aino GNOME-LAND Noldomar –LT1:262, Silm:61, (this word from PE15:72 is the equivalent of ainu LotR:1157, VT39:16 within Tolkien's mythos, but since aino could be GO lelya- or lenna- (pa.t. lendë in both interpreted as simply a personalized form of aina cases; the printed Etymologies gives "linna" "holy", it can perhaps be adapted as a general instad of lenna -, but according to VT45:27 this is word for "god" or "holy one"). PAGAN GOD a misreading) (proceed, travel); # men - (attested ainu , PAGAN GODDESS aini (angelic spirit, in the aorist: menë "goes"), vanya- (pa.t. vannë ) holy one). (As Christopher Tolkien notes, the (depart, disappear – it may be that Tolkien are of course not "pagan" to the people of abandoned the verb vanya -, if it is regarded as Middle-earth. In Etym and Silm, Ainu/Aini is the conceptual predecessor of auta-, see GO capitalized.) SON OF GOD (Jesus) Eruion , AWAY below ), GO ROUND pel- (revolve, return; MOTHER OF GOD (Mary, in Tolkien's Quenya the Silmarillion Appendix also mentions renderings of Catholic prayers) Eruamillë (also “encircle” as a meaning of the root PEL , cf. also Eruontari , Eruontarië *"God-begetter") – “Qenya” pele - “surround, fence in, pen in”; pa.t. Silm:15/396/431, Letters:387, VT44:16-17, 34, pellë given, QL:73). GO ATHWART tara- LT1:248 cf. AYAN and Silm:426, VT43:32, (cross); GO AWAY auta- (leave, pass); pa.t. VT44:7, 16-17, 18 34 oantë , perf. oantië (in the physical sense "went GODWINE (name, "God-friend") Valandil away [to another place]", vánë ("the most (sc. *"Vala-friend") –VT46:4 frequently used past [tense]" – less "physical" GOLD (the metal) malta (so in LotR – than oantë , rather meaning to be lost or to Etym has malda [stem SMAL], but cf. the disappear), also anwë (this pa.t. was "only found archaic form smalta mentioned under LAWAR) ; in archaic language"), perf. avánië (pl. avánier GOLD laurë (= "not the metal but the colour, is attested); perf. vánië with no augment may what we should call golden light", Letters:308, "of occur in verse. GO FORTH TOWARDS (with the light and colour, not of the metal", Silm:433, "not thing approached as direct object) tenta -, pa.t. a metallic word. It was applied to those things tentanë (the verb can also mean “direct toward” which we often call 'golden' though they do not or “be directed toward”, in the intransitive tense much resemble metallic gold: golden light, apparently with the pa.t. tenantë ). CAUSE TO especially sunlight", RGEO:70, “golden light”, GO (in a desired direction) menta - (send), VT49:47, "a word for golden light or colour, GONE vanwa (departed, vanished, dead, lost, never used for the metal", PM:353, "light of the past and over, no longer to be had) BE GONE! golden Tree Laurelin ", LR:368; a "mystic name" heca! – also with pronominal affixes: sg hecat , of gold, LT1:255 [possibly a notion Tolkien later pl hecal "you be gone!" (stand aside!) LET GO abandoned]; in LT1:258 and LT2:341 the gloss is lerya - (release, set free), sen - (let loose, free) – simply "gold".) RED GOLD † cullo (obsoleting WJ:363, LED/VT45:27, VT47:11, 30, PEL, culu in LT2:341? In LT1:255 culu is said to be a LT2:347, WAN, Nam, WJ:364, VT41:5, VT49:23, poetic word for "gold", but also used mythically WJ:366, VT41:5, VT43:18 as a name of all red and yellow metals), GOAT – she-goat: nyéni –LT1:262 GOLDEN laurëa (pl laurië is attested; LT1:258 GOBLET súlo (stem * súlu -), fion (but in has laurina ), GOLDEN-RED culda , culina later material, a word of similar shape is (flame-coloured); (cf. Silm. Appendix: " cul- assigned the meaning “hawk” instead) –SUG 'golden-red' in Culúrien ") –LotR:1157/SMAL, (see SUK), LT1:253 Letters:308/RGEO:70/LAWAR, KUL, GOBLIN (Orc) urco (stem * urcu -, pl RGEO:70/Nam, Silm:429 urqui ) or orco (stem * orcu -, pl. orqui , or stem GONDOLIN Ondolindë ("Stone Song", so *orco -, pl. orcor ); THE GOBLINS Sancossi in Silm:149, 415; LT1:254 gives Ondolinda , (sancë "hateful" + hossi "armies", said to be the changed from Ondolin ) –LT1:254 Quenya equivalent of Sindarin Glamhoth ) GONDOR # Ondórë (genitive Ondórëo is -ÓROK, LT2:202/MR:74/WJ:390, LT2:341 attested, VT49:27), also attested in longer form GOD Eru ("The One, He that is Alone", Ondonórë (VT42:17) "the One God", a proper name that can hardly be GONE vanwa (departed, lost, past) – used as a common noun meaning "god" in WAN, Nam general. The form Eru corresponds to Enu in GONG tombo –LT1:269 early “Qenya” material, LT2:343. Genitive Eruo ,

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GOOD (of things) mára (fit, useful), GOOD MIDDLE]. The Noldor likely said inyo , which (morally good) manë ; GOOD OR FORTUNATE form occurred in a deleted marginal note in the THING, see BOON . GOODBYE mára mesta – Etymologies ). –ÑGYO(N), VT46:19 MAG (see MA3), LT1:260, Arct GRANT lav- (yield, allow) –DAB GOODS armar (sg #arma if there is a sg) GRASP mapa- (seize). This word was –3AR struck out in one of Tolkien's earlier word-lists, GOOSE ván , wán (pl. váni is given, but but in Etym it was restored. In early material seems perfectly regular) –WA-N- occurs map - "seize, take" with pa.t. nampë . – GORE nasta (spear-point, spear-head, MAP, LT2:339, QL:59 triangle), nehtë (spearhead, narrow promontory, GRASS salquë , (stiff and dry:) sara (Þ) wedge. Note: a homophone means (bent) –SALAK, STAR "honeycomb" ), mear (from a root possibly GREAT (in size) alta (large) (The form meaning "ooze") –SNAS/VT46:14, UT:282, alat- is used in compounds when the next word LT1:260 has an initial vowel, as in Alatairë . Tolkien's GORGE cilya (pass between hills, cleft) gloss of alta , alat- was actually illegible, and I (so in Etym, but cf. #cirya in the name Calacirya give the root meaning of the stem ÁLAT. The "Pass of Light" [gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] – meaning of the Quenya word cannot differ too though this clashes with cirya "ship". An early widely from it, for Alatairë is said to correspond version of Namárië actually had Calacilyo , not to "Noldorin" Belegoer [in LotR-style Sindarin Calaciryo ; see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5) – Belegaer ], The Great Sea.) – An early [TLT] KIL word for "great", velicë , is possibly obsolete in GORTHAUR Sauron ( Þ) –Silm:418 cf. LotR-style Quenya: In LT1:254 velicë is said to THUS correspond to Gnomish beleg , but according to GOSPEL evandilyon –QL:36 LR:352 the stem from which beleg is derived is GOTHMOG Cosomot (prob. * Cosomoc-, "not found in Q[uenya]").-ÁLAT, cf. BEL, cf. cf the alternative form Cosomoco ) –LT1:258 Silm:428, LT1:254 GOVERN # tur - (attested as turin GREAT BEAR see SICKLE OF THE "I...govern", 1st pers. aorist) , pa.t. turnë (wield, VALAR. control). LT1:273 has vard- "rule, govern", but GREAT LONGING mavoinë –LT2:345 this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. GREAT NUMBER – in a very great –TUR number: úvëa (abundant) –UB GOVERNANCE heren (fortune) –KHER GREAT QUANTITY úvë (abundance) –UB GOVERNOR cáno (chieftain, commander; GREAT WOOD taurë (forest) –TAWAR see COMMANDER for details) –PM:345, 361- GREED milmë ; GREEDY milca –MIL-IK 362 GREEN laica (so in Letters:282; earlier GRACE # Eruanna (literally *"God-gift, gift sources have laiqua , whereas laica meant of God"), attested in the genitive form Eruanno . something wholly different ["keen, piercing"] in Also #erulissë , literally "God-sweetness" earlier material: LT2:337) , wenya (yellow-green, (attested in the instrumental case: erulissenen ), fresh), ezel , ezella (adopted from Valarin; only or simply lissë , literally "sweetness". The word used in Vanyarin Quenya) ." Green" is expressed mána is also used for a grace or boon; see as a mere prefix lai - (representing the root BOON. Adjective HAVING GRACE, perhaps underlying the adjective laica ) in: GREEN- manaitë (the form is not fully explained by ELVES Laiquendi; cf. also VERDIGRIS = Tolkien). –VT43:28, 29, VT44:18, VT49:41, 42 lairus . GREENNESS wén , laiquassë GRACIOUS raina (smiling, sweet-faced). (freshness, youth). –LÁYAK/LT1:267, WJ:399, NOTE: A homophone means "nettled, enlaced". GWEN, WJ:385, LT1:267 –VT44:35 GREY # mista (isolated from lassemista GRADE #tyellë (only pl tyeller is attested "leaf-grey") , also hiswa , but the most usual word – note irregular plural instead of the expected for "grey" may be sindë (stem * sindi -) ( Þ) or form ** tyelli ) –LotR:1153 sinda (Þ). (WJ has sindë "pale or silvery grey", GRAIN orë ( ori -) –QL:50 wheras sinda is given in Silm:438; cf. also GRAMMAR tengwesta (system or code of sindanoriello "from a grey land", Sindacollo signs) –TEK cf. WJ:394 "Grey-cloak" and Sindar "Grey-Elves, *Grey GRANDCHILD indyo (descendant) (Indyo Ones".) GREY-ELVES Sindar (Þ) (sg. Sinda ), looks like Vanyarin Quenya; the combination less commonly Sindeldi (sg Sindel ); GREY- ndy became ny in Noldorin Quenya [see CLOAK Sindacollo , Singollo (Þ) (so in

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Silm:421; MR:217 has Sindicollo , presupposing GRUMBLE (vb) nurru- (murmur), núru- sindë , sindi - as the word for "grey"); GREY- (growl [of dogs]). (These may simply be two ELVEN sindarinwa (adj) , Sindarin (= Grey- forms of the same word. Nurru- is by far the later Elven language) (Þ) –LotR:505 cf. Letters:224, [TLT] form.) GRUMBLING (adj) nurrua – KHIS, LotR:1171, Silm:438, THIN/WJ:384, Nam, MC:223, LT1:263 Silm:419, WJ:384, LotR:1157, 1161 GUARD – use the word glossed "watch, GRIEF nyérë (sorrow). Pl. probably heed", q.v. Cf. LT1:258. For "guard" as a noun, *nyérer not * nyéri ; cf. the similar formation #tirno "watcher" may be isolated from halatirno tyávë "taste" pl. tyáver . The noun nyérë points (see FISHWATCHER) to a verbal stem * nyer - "grieve". –GL:60/LT1:261 GUESS (vb) intya-; GUESS (noun) intya GROT (small) rotto (cave, tunnel) – (supposition, idea) –INK PM:365, VT46:12 GUILT cáma (responsibility) –QL:43 GROUND talan (# talam -, as in pl. talami ) GULF yáwë (cleft, ravine). According to (floor) –TALAM VT46:22, it is possible that the gloss "gulf" GROUP OF FIVE (5 similar things) maqua actually reads "gully" in Tolkien's manuscript. Cf. (basically "hand", with 5 fingers); GROUP OF also fásë = gulf, gap. –YAG, GL:36 TEN (10 similar things) maquat (dual of maqua , GULL maiwë –MIW here referring to a "pair of fives") –VT47:7, 10 GULLY, see GULF GROW ol - (not clearly identified as a GYRATE hwinya- (eddy, swirl) –SWIN Quenya word in the source; it may be a primitive root); GROW FAT tiuya- –VT45:13, TIW GROWL (vb) yarra- (snarl), (of dogs:) núru- (grumble); GROWL (noun) nur (complaint) -MC:223, LT1:263 H HABIT haimë –KHIM HALL #mardë (isolated from oromardi HABITATION imbar (Imbar was an Elvish "lofty halls, high-halls"; the singular may also be name of the Earth as the prinicipal part of Arda; reconstructed as # mar with stem mard -, which the form Ambar may be more usual and is found would make this the same word as the word for in LotR.) –MR:337, WJ:419, 402, LotR:1003 "home" or "dwelling", q.v.); ROCKHEWN HALL HAIL (greeting) aiya (so in LotR; LT1:248 hróta (artificial cave, rockhewn hall), VAULTED has áyë ); variant spelling aia . –LotR:747, 950 cf. HALL rondo –Nam /RGEO:66, PM:365, VT39:9 Letters:385, VT43:28 HALLOW (verb) # airita - (only pa.t. HAIR (a single hair) finë (* fini -) airitánë is attested) –VT32:7 (larch).TANGLED HAIR fassë ; LOCK OF HAIR HALVE perya - (devide in middle) (After findë (defined as "a tress or plait of hair" in perya , a word perina is mentioned – it is PM:345; LT2:341 has findl , an impossible form undefined but seems to be a corresponding in LotR-style Quenya) , HEAD OF HAIR, A adjective or past participle *"halved, divided in PERSON'S HAIR AS A WHOLE findessë . The middle".) –PER conceptual status of the noun loxë "hair" listed in HAMMER (vb) namba-; HAMMER (noun) the Etymologies is uncertain; this word is namba –NDAM assigned the meaning "bunch, cluster" HAMS hacca (buttocks) –GL:47 elsewhere. –PM:362, PHAS, SPIN, PM:345, HAND má (pl. allative mannar

LOKH % "into...hands" is attested in FS; the long á HALF-ELVEN (noun, pl) Pereldar evidently becomes short a before a consonant (Sindarin Peredhil , LotR:1071) . Singular cluster) .The plural of má is máli , the dual is mát #Perelda . –Letters:386 (VT47:6) . For maqua as a colloquial term for HALF: fraction ONE HALF peresta , perta "hand", and its secondary meanings, see –VT48:11 separate entry HAND-FULL. The term palta is used of "the flat of the hand, the hand held

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upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with interpreted Valar as meaning the "Powers". For fingers and thumb closed or spread" (VT47:9) . "happiness" it may be better to use the noun Individual hand-names: forma "right hand", alassë "joy", and for "happy" or "joyful, joyous" hyarma "left hand" (VT47:6, VT49:12) . Other many writers have used the neologism * alassëa . terms for "hand": nonda (said to mean "hand, HARBOUR hópa (haven, bay – obsoleting especially in [?clutching]"; Tolkien's gloss was cópa , cópas in LT1:257 ); HARBOURAGE not certainly legible, VT47:23) , quárë (this is hopassë –KHOP properly "fist", but was often used for "hand" – HARD sarda , nauca (the latter also see FIST) ; HOLLOW OF HAND cambë (also meaning ill-shapen, twisted, *small – see used simply = “hand”, as in cambeya “his hand”, SMALL .); hranga (hard; awkward, stiff, difficult). VT49:17). A variant of this, camba , is in VT47:7 Note: hranga - is also a verb “thwart”. –– defined as "the whole hand, but as flexed, with VT39:17, WJ:413, PE17:154, 185 fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the HARE lapattë –GL:52 attitude of receiving or holding". HAND-LINK, HARP (vb) nanda -; HARP (noun) nandë ; see WRIST. Adj. HAVING HANDS mavoitë ; LITTLE HARP nandellë ; HARPING (noun, not HANDY, HANDED maitë (stem * maiti -) (skilled) adjectival participle) nandelë ; HARPER (pl. maisi . When maitë is the final element of nandaro , HARP-PLAYER tyalangan . (In Etym, names, it is translated "handed" instead of all but the last of these words are spelt with initial "handy", e.g. Angamaitë "Iron-handed", ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng had become n in Third morimaitë "blackhanded") For other "handed"- Age Quenya, and I follow the system of LotR and related terms, see HEAVYHAND(ED). transcribe it accordingly. But if these words are Compound LANGUAGE OF THE HANDS written in Tengwar, the initial n should be mátengwië –MA3/LT2:339/VT39:10, FS, transcribed with the letter noldo , not númen .) VT47:6, 9, 23, KWAR/Silm:429, KAB, LotR:1085 HARP-PLAYING salmë. HARPING ON ONE cf. Letters:425, LotR:1015/SD:68, 72, UT:460, TUNE vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in the VT47:9 published Etymologies is a misreading; see HAND-FULL maqua (dual maquat is VT45:7) (continuous repetition) –NGAN, TYAL; attested). Colloquially, the word maqua is also cf. LotR:1157, LT1:265, LIN 1 used for the "hand" itself (called má in formal HARSH naraca (rending, violent) (possibly language); maqua may refer to the "complete "of sounds", but Tolkien's extra comment is hand with all five fingers", and the word is partially illegible) –NÁRAK, VT45:37 therefore also used for a group of 5 similar things HARVEST yávië (autumn) – evidently (just like the dual maquat may refer to a group of obsoleting yávan in LT1:273. In the Calendar of 10 similar things; see FIVE, TEN). –VT47:7 Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period of HANDLE (vb) mahta- (deal with, fight, 52 days, but the word was also used without any manage, wield, wield a weapon); pa.t. mahtanë exact definition. Note: here yávië refers to is attested. –MAK/MA3, VT39:11, MA3, VT47:6, harvest time , and it is unclear whether it can also 18, 19, VT49:10 mean "harvest" in the sense "harvested HANDLE (noun) tolma (defined as products", though it is derived from a stem

"protuberance contrieved to serve a purpose, meaning "fruit". % –LotR:1142, 1145 knob, short rounded handle", etc.) –VT47:28 HAS BEEN, see BE HANG linga- (dangle) –LING HASP tangwa (clasp) –TAK HAPPEN – LT2:348 gives mart- "it HASTE ormë (wrath, violence, rushing); happens" (impersonal). Perhaps read * marta- in HASTY orna , tyelca (agile) –GOR, KHOR, LotR-style Quenya; compare marta - "[to] PM:353 chance" in QL:63 HAT táta –GL:71 HAPPY valin (LT1:272 also gives valimo , HATE (vb) #tev- (aorist tevë ), LT1:258 but adjectives ending in -o do not occur in LotR- has mokir "I hate", read *mocin in LotR-style style Quenya) , HAPPINESS vald- (so in Quenya? Instead of using these early "Qenya" LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either * val or * valdë ) terms, writers may prefer the later verb yelta -, (blessedness) It is highly questionable whether glossed "loathe, abhor" by Tolkien. HATEFUL these words from early material quoted in sancë ; HATRED tévië –LT1:268 (according to LT1:272 are conceptually "valid" in LotR-style QL:90, tévië rather than tevië is the correct Quenya: Originally, they were meant to be reading), LT2:341 related to the noun Valar , the Gods being HAUBERK ambassë (breastplate) –QL:30 termed the "Happy Ones", but Tolkien later re-

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HAVE – see POSSESS. Cf also NO (round head, knoll); HEAD OF HAIR findessë LONGER TO BE HAD vanwa (gone, dead, (see HAIR). SPEAR-HEAD nasta (spear-point, departed, lost, past, vanished) HAVE AN gore, triangle) –KAS, NDOL, PM:345, IMPULSE horya - (be compelled to do SNAS/VT46:14 something, set vigorously out to do) –WJ:366, HEAL # envinyata- (isolated from the past VT45:22 participle envinyanta "healed". The literal HAVEN hópa (harbour, bay) londë (as in meanings are *"renew" and "renewed", cf. Alqualondë "Haven of the Swans", UT:417 – but Aragorn's title Envinyatar "Renewer" [q.v.]) – elsewhere londë is glossed "entrance to MR:405 harbour, road in sea") –KHOP HEAP cumbë (mound) –KUB ?HAWK fion (pl fioni , fiondi ) (Tolkien's HEAR # hlar- (only fut hlaruva is attested) gloss was "not certainly legible; the likeliest –MC:222 interpretation would be 'haste', but 'hawk' is a HEARING (adj) lasta (listening) –LAS 2 possibility." The translation "haste" is out of the HEART hón (physical heart) , órë (inner question, as this word would have no plural form. mind – concerning this word, see SPIRIT) (Note: Besides, a quite different word for "haste" [ ormë ] a homophone means "rising") , indo (mind, is known.) –PHI mood), enda (lit. "centre", not referring to the HE, HIM (personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a physical organ, but the fëa [soul] or sáma [mind] pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular itself; enda may be the best word to use for the “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s , e.g. metaphorical “heart” in general), Tolkien’s early caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48) . A distinct “Qenya” also has the word elwen . -HEARTED masculine ending -ro does occur in early #honda ( isolated from sincahonda material ( antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was "flinthearted") . EYES OF HEARTSEASE (a apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s name of the pansy) Helinyetillë HEART OF may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së FLAME Naira (a name of the Sun) , –KH Ō-N-, (VT49:51, descended from older -sse , VT49:20), LotR:1157, ID, VT39:32, LT1:255, LotR:1015 cf. perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] SD:68, 72, LT1:262, MR:198 is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is HEARTY lúsina (of people – used of also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I things, this adjective means “glowing”). If this love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love early Qenya term is to be used in LotR-style her” or *”I love it”) . “He/she” (or even “it”, when Quenya, one would have to assyme that it some living thing is concerned) does have a represents earlier lúÞina (root * LUTH ) and spell distinct form when it appears as an independent it accordingly in Tengwar. –QL:57 pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel HEAT úrë (The stem from which this word (sé , VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use must be derived was struck out in Etym, but the of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) word occurs in LotR itself, indicating that Tolkien The independent form may also appear in object restored the stem in question.) SMOULDERING position: melin sé , “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21) . HEAT, RED [?HEAT] (Tolkies handwriting was Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena illegible) yulmë (Note: or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, a homophone means "drinking, carousal") – 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition LotR:1157 cf. UR; YUL in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A HEAVE # amorta- (only part. amortala is distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = attested) , HEAVE (of large and heavy things:) “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him ( sé ) rúma- (shift, move) (part. rúmala is attested) – but not him ( hé ).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a MC:222 cf. 215, MC:223, 222 living thing) would normally appear as the ending HEAVENS, THE menel (a sg word, -rya , e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369) , máryat "heaven", as opposed to its English translation) , “her hands” (Nam) , the latter with a dual ending ilwë (sky). The form # Eruman that turns up in following -rya . “His/her” as an independent word one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer (in the could be * senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, locative: Erumandë ) appears to include the nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see divine name Eru and must refer to "heaven" as HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, God's abode (but Tolkien simply used menel for LotR:1008 "heaven" in earlier versions of the Lord's Prayer). HEAD cár (cas -) (sic in the Etymologies , IN HEAVEN (adj., more or less = *HEAVENLY) but read apparently cás with stem car -; see meneldëa . HEAVEN AND EARTH Menel

Quenya-English list for a fuller discussion) %; nóla

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Cemenyë –Silm:434/MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:255, person sg. and may also translate as "his" and VT43:12, 16 vs. 10, VT43:10, VT44:16, VT47:11 “its”; see HIS for further discussion. –WJ:369, HEAVY lunga ; HEAVY-HANDED VT49:16 lungumaitë ; HEAVY-HAND (as masc. name) HERB laiquë –PE17:159 Lungumá , Lungumaqua . –LUG, VT47:19 HERE sís , sissë ; also sinomë “here, in HEDGE (jagged hedge of spikes) caraxë this place”. The form si listed in VT49:33 is –KARAK defined “here”, but this may be a basic root HEED cim -, in the sense of "watch" also rather than a Quenya word. Símen is used for tir - (tirin "I watch", *"I heed", 1st pers. aorist) , “here” in Fíriel’s Song (LR:72) , but in VT49:33, pa.t. tirnë ; fut. tiruva "shall heed" is attested. – simen is translated “hither”. –VT49:18, GL:39, MC:222 cf. 214, TIR LotR:1003, 1004 HEIGHT # tárië (only allative tárienna "to HERSELF (reflexive pronoun) immo (a the height" is attested) –LotR:989 cf. Letters:308 general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English HEIR aryon (also haryon is glossed as "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd "heir", but this gloss is paranthetic and "prince" is person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë given as the primary meaning. Hildinyar is (for older imse ; it is unclear whether the latter translated "my heirs" in Aragorn's oath; it form was in use in later Quenya). See HIMSELF. appears that this is actually a form of hildo –VT47:37 "follower".) –GAR (see 3AR), LotR:1003, 1004 HERO callo (noble man). LT1:268 also HELL Angamando ("Iron-prison", has mordo "warrior, hero", but in Tolkien's later Morgoth's dungeon-fortress in the First Age. This Quenya, mordo means "obscurity, shadow, is the form given in MR; Etym has Angamanda , stain, smear, dimness". –KAL LT1:249/252 has Angamandu /Angamandi or HEW * pelehta - (emended from the actual Eremandu "Hells of Iron". In LT1:259, Mandos reading pelekta-, since Tolkien later decided that is glossed "hell", but Mandos was simply the kt became ht in Quenya) . The verb nac - is halls of the dead and not a place of torture. defined as “hew, cut” in late material, though in GL:51 also has fatanyu .) –MR:350, MBAD Etym, it was assigned the meaning “bite” HELMET cassa , harna , harpa ; the word instead. –LT2:346, VT49:24 carma is also used for “helm”, but elsewhere HIDE # nurta - (verbal stem isolated from Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to the verbal noun nurtalë "hiding" in Silm:120), mean “weapon” or “tool”. –KAS, VT45:21, #lom- (LT1:255 gives lomir "I hide"; this would PM:260/PE17:114 become *lomin in LotR-style Quenya) ; moru- – HELP, see BLESS LT1:261 HELPER: A word for "helper" is apparently HIDING nurtalë –Silm:120 embedded in the compound "East-helper", HIDDEN muina (secret), halda (veiled, Rómestámo , Róme (n)star (so in PM:384, 391; shadowed, shady) , foina , furin /hurin probably ? Rómenstar must always become (concealed) ; DARK OR HIDDEN tumna (low- Rómestar , but Tolkien cited the form as lying, low, profound, deep) –MUY, SKAL, Róme (n)star to indicate the connection with LT2:340, LT1:271 rómen "east") . It may be that as an independent HIDEOUS CREATURE ulundo (deformed word, the -stámo "helper" element would creature, monster) –ÚLUG manifest as * sámo ( Þ). HIGH tára (lofty, tall), oro- (in compounds: HELPFUL asëa ( Þ) (beneficial, kindly) (so oromardi "high-halls") . The element # Ar- in according to a late note where the word is Arfanyarassë (a name of Taniquetil) is said to derived from * ATHAYA ). Also (as noun) used as mean "high (i.e., noble, revered)" . VERY HIGH the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin antara (with Antaro as a corresponding proper athelas . name, denoting a mountain in Valinor, VT46:17) HEM lanë ( lani -), ríma (edge, border), (lofty). HIGH HEAVEN tarmenel (locative HEM OF ROBE lappa –VT42:8, R Ī, GL:52 tarmeneldë also attested), HIGH PLACE HEN porocë (barn fowl) –PE16:132 #tarmen (pl. locative tarmenissen attested), HENCE (from here) silo , sio –VT49:18 HIGH HER 1. (object form of she ) – see HIM (the TIDE luimë (flood). –WJ:417, same forms are used for both genders) . 2. HER Nam/RGEO:66, WJ:416, VT45:5/VT46:17, (genitive , “ of her”) -rya ( suffix, e.g. VT44:34, VT48:23, 24 aratarya "her sublimity" [WJ:369], máryat "her HIGH ELVES Tarquendi ; HIGH-ELVES hands" [Nam].) This ending covers the entire 3rd Tareldar –TA, MC:349

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HIGH ONES Aratar (sg # Arata , cf. reference; hence "the history of the Noldor" can PM:363). The Aratar are the mightiest of the be quentalë Noldoron or quentalë Valar: Manwë, Varda, Ulmo, Yavanna, Aulë, Noldorinwa , but this refers to the real events Mandos, Nienna, and Oromë. Aratar is also rather than an account of them: that part of rendered "The Supreme, Exalted Ones". –Silm History which concerned the Noldor.) 32/381, WJ:402 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT quentasta (any HIGH SPEECH (= Quenya) Tarquesta – particular arrangement, by some author, of a TĀ series of reconds or evidences into a given HILL ambo (allative pl. ambonnar is historical account – not History as such, which is attested); tundo (stem * tundu -) (mound), oro ; quentalë ). THE HISTORY OF THE ELVES ISOLATED ROUND HILL tolmen (boss of I·Eldanyárë –NAR 2, KWET/VT39:16, LU, shield) HILL-SIDE amban (upward slope) LR:199 (probably obsoleting amun(d) in LT2:335) – HITHER sir , sira , simen (but in LR:72, VT45:5, MC:222, LT1:269, TUN, LT1:256, AM símen is used for “here”) –VT49:18, 33 HIM (and HER) as object may be HIVE nierwes –LT1:262 expressed by se , sé or (where it follows another HOARD foa (treasure) –LT2:340 pronominal ending) -s, e.g. melin sé or : The genitive plural periandion is melinyes for “I love him” (/her). These forms are attested in the Elaine inscription, suggesting that not specifically masculine, but are used of any the Quenya word for "hobbit" is # perian (as in living person or thing. See HE. Sindarin) with stem # periand -. HIMSELF (reflexive pronoun) immo (a HOLE latta (pit – Note: a homophone general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English means "strap" ), assa (perforation, opening, "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 3rd mouth), terra (fine pierced hole), unquë person reflexive pronoun "him/herself" is insë (hollow). –DAT, GAS, VT46:18, VT46:20 (for older imse ; it is unclear whether the latter HOLIDAY meryalë –MBER form was in use in later Quenya). A reflexive HOLLOW (noun) unquë (hole), HOLLOW ending “he…himself” (and *”she…herself”) in - (adj) unqua , ronta, rotwa ; HOLLOW OUT ssë existed at one conceptual stage ( melissë , unca- –UNUK, LotR:1157, LT2:347 “he loves himself”), but it is uncertain how lasting HOLLOWBOLD Návarot (Nogrod, this idea was, and the ending seems prone to Novrod) –WJ:389 confusion with other, similar endings. Another HOLLY ercassë (probably obsoleting reflective ending is -xë (spelt “-kse” in the piosenna in LT2:347) –ERÉK source), plural -xer , dual -xet . –VT47:37, HOLY airë . The word aina also occurs in a VT49:21, 48 number of sources (e.g. VT44:7, 17-18); HINDMOST tella (last); THE HINDMOST according to VT43:32 this word is "obsolete Teleri (the Last-comers) –TELES, Silm:421 except in Ainur", but it may occur in sources HINT (verb) hiuta - –VT46:6 s.v. ÑIW post-dating this statement. Yet another word for HIP oswë –QL:71 "holy", aista , is seemingly only attested in a HIS -rya (possessive suffix, e.g. coarya translation of "holy spirit" which Tolkien later his house. This ending covers the entire 3rd pers replaced with a form including airë instead (see sg and also means "her" and *"its".) Nouns below). HOLY ONE ainu (m.) , aini (f.) (angelic ending in a consonant take the shorter form -ya , spirit, god); HOLY PLACE yána (fane, e.g. talya “his foot”, macilya “his sword” (cf. tál , sanctuary); HOLY SPIRIT airefëa (other version: tal - “foot”, macil “sword”). In colloquial Quenya fairë aista ; both versions are attested with the (which used -rya = “their” rather than “his, her, dative ending -n attached) –Nam, its”), the ending -ya could be added even to AYAN/WJ:399,, YAN, VT43:36, 37 nouns ending in a vowel: cambeya (“k”) “his HOME már (also used of the "home" or hand”, yulmaya “his cup”. –WJ:369, PE17:130, native land of peoples) . The stem mar - occurs in VT49:17, 48 the phrase hon-maren , q.v. in the Quenya- HISTORY nyárë (tale, saga), quenta English wordlist. VT45:33 and VT46:13 give mar (narrative, story), quentalë (account, narration), "home, dwelling" with stem mard -, but in Fíriel's lúmequentalë , lúmequenta (chronological Song, this is used = "earth" instead ( i-mar "the account), HISTORICAL lúmequentalëa . (In earth", ablative mardello ). Short form mar as VT39:16, quentalë is defined as "narration" or the final element of compounds: Eldamar "History", used as an abstract referring to "Elvenhome"; the vowel is also short in Mar-nu- universal History, but also used with particular falmar , "the Land [lit. Home] under the Waves".

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– The word ambar , usually translated "world", is (rider, knight) –ROK/Letters:282, 382, VT45:28, also associated with "home, dwelling" in one PE16:132, GL:56, WJ:372/UT:282 source. –Silm:408, 428, VT46:13 HOST rimbë (crowd), horma (horde), HOMESTEAD osta –LT2:336 liyúmë –RIM/Letters:178, 382, LT2:341, HONEY lis (liss-). In a far earlier source, VT48:32 reproduced in LT1:262, the word for "honey" was HOSTILE cotya –KOT nektë . This would however become nehtë in HOT saiwa ; BLAZING HOT úrin (Úrin is LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkien later decided also a name of the Sun) –LT1:248/265, LT1:271 that kt becomes ht in Quenya, and in its new HOUND huan (hún-); HOUND OF CHASE form nehtë the word turns up in the Etymologies ronyo –KHUG (see KHUGAN), ROY with the slightly modified meaning "honeycomb". HOUR lúmë (so translated in LotR and in (Note: a homophone means "spear-head, gore, VT43:34; in Etym the gloss is simply "time". wedge, narrow promontory".) HONEY-BEE nier , Allative lúmenna is attested. Note: lúmë also nion –LIS, LT1:262, VT45:38, GL:60 means "darkness".) THIS HOUR # sillumë HOOD telmë (covering) –TEL (isolated from the ablative sillumello “from this HOOK ampa , atsa (claw, catch); hour”) –LU, LotR:94, WJ:367, VT44:35 HOOKED rempa (crooked) – HOUSE coa (prob. the most neutral word) , LotR:1157/VT47:20, GAT, REP opelë (walled house), car (card-) (building), HOPE (noun) estel –WJ:318 (where it is nossë (clan, family, kin, people) (LT2:336 gives stated that this word was used in Quenya as well indo "house" and os(t) "house and cottage"; as in Sindarin. Here the word is defined as these words are probably obsolete – in Tolkien's "'hope', sc. a temper of mind, steady, fixed in later Quenya indo means "heart", while osto purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to means "city". The term indor "master of house" fall into despair or abandon its purpose". In can hardly be valid either.) LIGHT OF THE MR:320, estel is translated "trust".) HOUSE coacalina (a metaphor for the soul [ fëa ] HORDE horma (host) –LT2:341 dwelling inside the body [ hroa ]) – HORN rassë , rasco ("especially on living WJ:369/MR:250/VT47:35, PEL(ES), KAR, animal, but also applied to mountains". Cf. NŌ/LT1:250, 343, MR:250 Rasmund "horned bull" in Letters:423 [this HOW manen –PM:395 seems like Sindarin rather than Quenya] and HUE quilë (colour) –QL:77 % Arfanyaras , Arfanyarassë "high white-shining HUGE haura –PE17:115 peak [*horn]", alternative name of Taniquetil) , HUMAN firya (lit. *"mortal"; nominal pl. romba (so in Etym and one place in WJ [p. 400: Firyar is attested) –PHIR, WJ:219 romba = "horn, trumpet"] but on p. 368 róma is HUMBLED nucumna –SD:246 used for "horn", though this is glossed "trumpet- HUMP tumpo (stem * tumpu -), sound" in Etym) , HORN OF ULMO hyalma HUMPBACK cauco , HUMPED cauca (bent, (shell, conch), tildë (point), (horn of animal:) crooked) –TUMPU, LT1:257 tarca (probably obsoleting taru in LT2) ; HUNGRY maita –VT39:11 HORNED tarucca (perhaps obsoleted together HUNT (noun) , HUNTING roimë (the with taru ), THE HORNED Tilion (a name of the misreading "raime" occurs in the Etymologies as Moon) –RAS/VT46:10, WJ:403/416, printed in LR; see VT46:12 for this correction) . ROM/WJ:401 contrast 368, SYAL, TIL, TARÁK, No verb "to hunt" is given in Etym, but roita- LT2:337,347, Silm:438 "pursue" is derived from the same stem and can HORRIBLE norta –VT46:4 probably be translated *"hunt" as well. LT1:260 HORROR norto (glossed "a horror"). The has rauta- "hunt". –ROY 1 verb rucin is glossed "I feel fear or horror" (1st HURL, see FLING % pers. aorist), constructed with "from" of the HURT (vb) mala - (pain) –QL:63 object feared (e.g. * rucin Orcollon "I fear Orcs") HUSBAND venno (the published –VT46:4, WJ:415 Etymologies gives "verno", but according to HORSE rocco (defined as "swift horse for VT45:7, this is a misreading of Tolkien's original riding" in Letters:382, "swift horse" in VT46:12) , manuscript); HUSBAND AND WIFE veru olombo (but since Tolkien subsequently (married pair – but in a late source, veru is also changed the relevant stem from LOB to LOP , we used for “husband” alone, the counterpart of veri should perhaps read * olompo , compare lopo in “wife”) –BES, VT49:45 an earlier source) , mairo ; HORSEMAN roquen HUSH quildë (rest, quiet) –GL:23

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HYACINTH (plant) linquë (Note: Homophones mean “wet” and also *“grass, reed”). –PE17:62

I I (1st pers. sg) : This pronoun normally ILL laiwa (sick, sickly). Since this is appears as the ending -n or -nyë (VT49:51) derived from a root in sl -, the spelling * hlaiwa added to verbs, e.g. carin and carinyë “I do”, may fit Tolkien's later system better: he derived maruvan "I will abide". The long form -nye must Quenya forms in hl - from roots with this initial be used if another pronominal ending is to be combination. (For noun “illness”, see SICKNESS added after it: utúvienyes , "I [ -nye-] have found under SICK.) BE ILL quama - (vomit) –SLIW, it [-s]". Independent pronouns: ni (in the "Arctic" QL:76 sentence, ni is translated "I"), stressed ní with ILL-SHAPEN nauca (hard, twisted, *small long vowel (VT49:51) , as in ní nauva tanomë “I – see SMALL .) –WJ:413 will be there” (VT49:19; ní nauva puts more ILLUMINATE calya- –KAL emphasis on “I” than nauvan , with the pronoun IMAGINATION síma (mind), alternative expressed as an ending). The dative pronoun form (?) isima ; also nausë (Þ) –VT49:16, nin "for me" is transparently ni + the dative NOWO ending -n; other case endings may also be IMMINENT – BE IMMINENT: úva - added to ni . It may be that ni , ní can also (impend), nearly always in a bad sense: threaten function as object (“me”), though a distinct form to come. Hrívë úva vena “winter is drawing near nye has also been proposed. The longer to us”. –VT49:14 pronoun inyë may also be used where “I” is IMMORTAL ilfirin –PHIR emphatic, and presumably can also take case IMMOVEABLE tulca (firm, strong, endings. –VT49:48, 50, LotR:1008/1003, Arct, steadfast; Note: there is a homophone meaning LR:61 "fix, set up, establish" ) –TULUK cf. LT1:270 ICE helcë ; ICE-COLD helca (the final –a IMPLEMENT (prob. noun) yaima –GL:37 is missing in the printed Etymologies, entry IMPEDED tapta ; nominal pl. taptar was KHEL , but VT45:21 confirms that this is a typo; used = tapta tengwi "impeded elements", a term the full form also occurs in LT1:254 and Silm) – for consonants (sg. # tapta tengwë ; in the pl. we LT1:254/Silm:433/KHEL would rather expect * taptë tengwi with the pl. IDEA intya (guess, supposition), inca form of the adjective). –VT39:17 (cited with a final hyphen in the source, but it IMPEND úva - (be imminent), nearly does not seem to be a verbal stem); * selma (Þ) always in a bad sense: threaten to come. Hrívë ("a fixed idea, will". In WJ:319, the word is given úva véna “winter is drawing near to us”. – as Þelma , but Þ ( th ) would become s in the VT49:14 Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Þindë , sindë in WJ:384; IMPORTANT valdëa (of moment) – see GREY) –INK, VT45:18, WJ:319 QL:102 IDENTICAL imya (same, selfsame) – IMPOSSIBLE TO RECOUNT únyárima VT47:37 ("sc. because all the facts are not known, or the IDOL cordon –LT1:257 tale is too long") , IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY/PUT IDRIL Itaril , Itarillë , Itarildë (obsoleting INTO WORDS úquétima (unpronounceable, Irildë in LT2) –PM:346 /Silm:436, LT2:343 unspeakable), A THING IMPOSSIBLE TO BE IF qui (in some texts cé or ce , but the OR TO BE DONE únat –WJ:370, VT39:26 latter form Tolkien defined as “may be” IMPULSE felmë (emotion), hórë ; BODY- elsewhere); IF ANYBODY aiquen (whoever). IF IMPULSE hroafelmë (impulses provided by the IT BE SO cenasit , cenasit (may be, perhaps), body, e.g. physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual IF IT BE THAT cenai (but this word probably desire), SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses presupposes cé , ce rather than qui , as the word originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, for “if”). –VT49:19, PE14:59, WJ:372 hate); IMPULSIVE hórëa (the gloss "impulsion"

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in the printed Etymologies is a misreading, INDUCE sahta - ( Þ) (referring primarily to VT45:22) ; HAVE AN IMPULSE horya - (be inducing someone to do something against their compelled to do something, set vigorously out to will or conscience) . –VT43:22 do) –KHOR, VT41:19 cf. 13, VT45:22 INDUCEMENT TO DO WRONG # úsahtië IN mi (within), imi ; IN THE mí (for *mi i ?) (temptation). Attested in the allative case (The version of Nam in LotR has mi where the (úsahtienna ). –VT43:23 version in RGEO has the more correct form mí .) INFLICT PENALTY, see PUNISH IN or AT: sé , se (the form with a long vowel may INJURE hyan - –PE16:145 be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd INK móro –PE16:133 person pronoun) This preposition sé is INLANDS Mittalmar (the central region of apparently related to the locative ending -ssë Númenor) –UT:165, 454 (plural –ssen , dual –tsë ) that would be the most INNER MIND órë (heart) (Note: a typical way of expressing "in, on, at" in Quenya. homophone means "rising") –LotR:1157 IN, INWARDS, see separate entry INWARDS. – INSECT (small insect) pí (fly) –VT47:35 MI, VT43:30/VT44:18, 34, Nam, RGEO:66, INSERT mitta - –VT43:30 VT43:30, 34 INSIDE, TO THE mir , minna (into) –MI IN- (prefix denying presence or possession INSIGHT tercen ; OF INSIGHT, lit of thing or quality) ú- (not-, un-) –VT39:14; *INSIGHTFUL # tercenya (only pl tercenyë is according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this prefix usually attested) –MR:230 has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor "fair folk" vs. INTELLECT handelë ; INTELLIGENCE úvanimor "monsters" . handassë ; INTELLIGENT handa INADEQUATE penya (pl. penyë is (understanding) –KHAN attested) (lacking). INADEQUATE SIGN # penya INTERCHANGE OF THOUGHT (= tengwe (only pl. penyë tengwi is attested). This telepathy) ósanwë (communication of thought). term, also translated "lacking signs", was used in –VT39:26 early Elvish analysis of Quenya as the term for INTERIOR (adj) mitya –MI vowels with no preceding consonant, held (in INTO mir , minna (to the inside), variant many cases incorrectly) to have lost such a mina . –MI, VT43:30 consonant. –VT39:6, 8 INUNDATE oloiya - (flood) –VT42:10 IN A VERY GREAT NUMBER úvëa INVENT auta - (devise, originate) (Note: a (abundant) –UB homophone means "pass") ; INVENTION aulë IN FRONT OF (of spatial relationships) -GAWA opo , pó (before) –VT49:12 INWARDS – a word imbë said to be the INCARNATE (noun) #mirroanwë (only pl. adverb "in(wards)" appears in VT45:18 (not mirroanwi "incarnates" is attested) –MR:350 clearly identified as a Quenya word), but in LotR, INCITEMENT siulë –SIW imbë ( imbi ) is the preposition "between". INCLINE (noun) talta –TALÁT INZILADÛN Palantir –UT:223, Silm:324 INCLINED penda (sloping down) –PEN IRELAND Íverind- (As indicated by the INDEED (interjection) é. Can be prefixed hyphen, some ending is needed – a Quenya to sentences, as in e man antaváro? "What will word cannot end in nd . The normal form must be he give indeed?" (LR:63); this e would seem to *Íverin , becoming Íverind(e)- before an ending, be a short variant of é. –VT45:11, LR:63 e.g. genitive * Íverindo , locative * Íverindessë [cf. INDEX FINGER (first finger) lepetas Lórien , locative Lóriendessë ]. The name is also (evidently lepetass -), also tassa . This finger is given as Íwerin or Iverindor , "an island off the also called emmë , emya (terms used in west coast of Tol Eressëa" – Eressëa later children's play, basically "mother, mummy"; also becoming England in this early version of used = "index toe"). –VT47:10, 26, VT48:5 Tolkien's mythology.) –LT2:344, cf 285 INDEX TOE, see INDEX FINGER IRON anga , IRON or STEEL erë , eren ; INDICATE tana- (show) (Note: tana also OF IRON angaina ; IRON-HANDED Angamaitë ; means "that") , tëa - (note: not to be confused with IRON-GAOL Angamando (Angband) – the noun tëa "straight line, road") , pa.t. tengë ANG Ā/LotR:1157, LT1:252, LT1:249, 268, (VT43:38) . INDICATION tengwë (sign, token, Letters:425 cf. LotR:1085, MR:350 writing – pl tengwi is attested ) INDICATED (adj) ÍRITH Irissë –PM:345 tengë . –MR:385, VT39:6, WJ:394, 395 cf. TEK, IS see BE VT39:6 ISLAND, ISLE lóna , tol (stem toll - as in INDIVIDUAL nassë (person) –VT49:30 the pl tolli ; the plural was misread as "tolle" in

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the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:19). form when appearing as an independent According to Silm:438, tol is used of islands pronoun: sa (VT49:37), with long vowel ( sá , "rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a VT49:51) when stressed. It is attested in object river". LT1:269 defines a tol as "any rise position: carë sa , “to do it” (VT49:34) . Another standing alone in water, plain of green, etc.") word for “it” or “that” is ta (though in some STEEP ISLE tollë (apparently simply the fuller sources, Tolkien used ta for plural impersonal form of tol ). THE LONELY ISLE Tol Eressëa “they, them” instead). Case endings may (tol "isle" often being omitted) –LONO, probably be added to sa , e.g. dative * san “for it” TOL/VT46:19/VT47:13, 26, RGEO:70 (cf. nin “for me”); sa also appears suffixed to a ISOLATED ROUND HILL tolmen (boss of preposition in the word ósa *”with it” (VT43:29). shield) –LT1:269 Genitive ITS would normally appear as the ISOLATED TOWER mindo –MINI ending -rya (only attested with personal ISOLATED TREE ornë –ÓR-NI- (see meanings “his, her” – see HIS). “Its” as an ORO) independent word may be * sanya , formed from ISSUE uswë (escape) –LT1:251 *san as the dative form of sa “it” (compare ninya ISSUE OF WATER ehtelë (fountain, “my” vs. ni “I”, dative nin “for me”). –VT49:16, spring) –KEL 51, VT43:29, LotR:1008, TA ISTHMUS yanwë (bridge, joining) –YAT ITSELF (reflexive pronoun used on non- IT (impersonal 3rd sg. pronoun – notice living things) imma (also used as noun "same that “personal” forms are used of all living things thing"); also in the form insa . –VT47:37 including plants; see HE): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she it” is expressed by the ending -s , e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16) . The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. utúvienyes , "I have found [utúvienye-] it [ -s]"). “It”, with reference to non- living or abstract things, does have a distinct J JACKET vacco (cloak) –GL:21 fragrant evergreen tree with scarlet fruit, brought JAIL see GAOL to Númenor by the Eldar) –MIR/Silm:434, Nam, JANUARY Narvinyë (In LT1:252, the ÑGOL/VT46:3, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224, UT:472 word for January is avestalis , and the latter part JOIN: The intransitive verb verya - + of the month is called Erintion , but these words allative is suggested to mean “be joined to”; this are hardly conceptually valid in LotR-style is also the idiom for “get married to” (see Quenya.) –LotR:1144 MARRY). JOINING (noun) yanwë (isthmus, JAW anca (translated "jaws" in the bridge) –YAT, also VT45:45 (where the stem is appendices to LotR and Silm, but anca is sg and given as YAN rather than YAT), VT45:46 is glossed "jaw" in Etym. GL:37 has cá [spelt JOURNEY (noun) lenda –PE17:60 "kâ"]) –LotR:1157, Silm:427, ÁNAK JOY alassë (merriment) –GALÁS JERK (vb) rihta- (give quick twist or JUDGE (vb) # nam - (1st person aorist move), (noun:) rinca (twitch, trick, sudden move) namin "I judge" in VT41:13) . An alternative form –RIK(H), VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) #nav - occurs in navilwë "we judge" –VT42:34, JESUS Yésus –VT43:31 VT48:11 JEWEL mírë (pl. míri is attested) ; JUDGE (noun) Námo (Ordainer – the SHINING JEWEL miril (treasure, precious name of a Vala . In MR:150, though, Námo is thing). *NOLDO-JEWEL (= Silmaril ) Noldomírë , glossed JUDGEMENT [of what is]). Note: a Noldomír ; WITH ADORNMENT OF RED homophone námo means "person". –Silm:411 JEWELS carnimírië (a pl form? Sg JUDGEMENT námië – defined as "a *carnimírëa ? Letters:224 has carne- instead of (single) judgement" or "a (single) desire". A carni-.) JEWEL OF YAVANNA yavannamírë (a JUDGEMENT náma (desire). JUDGEMENT (of

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what is) Námo (but this is elsewhere glossed (there translated "daughter of the dark") is a "Ordainer", and the ending -o normally does name of Jupiter, but this may not be a valid word indicate something animate/masculine rather in Tolkien's later Quenya. LT1:265 also mentions than something abstract). –VT41:13, MR:150 Silindo as a name of this planet. JUICE sáva , pirya (syrup) –SAB, PIS JUST faila (fair-minded, generous) – JULY Cermië –LotR:1144 PM:352 JUNE Nárië –LotR:1144 JUMP cap - (pa.t. campë ) (leap) –QL:45 cf. PE16:134 JUPITER Alcarinquë (Basic Quenya:24, cf. Silm:55. According to LT1:260, Morwen

K KEEN laica (the printed Etymologies has KINGDOM # aranië (attested with the a final –e instead of –a, but this is a misreading; suffix –lya "thy" added). Earlier versions of the see VT45:25) (sharp, acute, *piercing); text in question had other forms: # turinasta , KEENNESS (of perception) laicë (acuteness). #turindië (both also occurring with a long ú). – The conceptual validity of these words is VT43:12, 15 questionable; see PIERCING. –LAIK KINGSFISHER halatirno , halatir KEEPING (safe keeping) mando (custody) (halatirn-) (lit. "fishwatcher") –SKAL 2, TIR –MR:350 KINGSFOIL ( athelas , a healing plant) KHAZAD-DÛM Casarrondo asëa aranion –LotR:899 (Dwarrowvault) –WJ:389 KISS (vb.) miqu - "to kiss", pa.t. minquë KILL, see SLAY (not to be confused with the cardinal minquë KIN nossë (house, people). DEAR "eleven"). (QL:61) . Noun A KISS miquë (QL:61) . KINSMAN, see DEAR. –LT1:250, 272/LT2:338 KNEE occa –QL:70 KIND nostalë (species) –LT1:272 KNIGHT roquen (rider, horseman) – KINDLE tinta- (cause to sparkle), narta -; UT:282 cf. WJ:372 in older [TLT] materiel also turu-, tunda- (Note: KNOB tolma (defined as "protuberance there is a homophone meaning "tall") –Silm:438, contrieved to serve a purpose, knob, short VT45:37, LT1:270 rounded handle", etc.), tolos (lump) –VT47:28, KINDLY asëa ( Þ) (beneficial, helpful) (so LT1:269 according to a late note where the word is KNOCK # pet - (strike), pa.t. pentë given. derived from * ATHAYA ). Also (as noun) used as The verb is cited as " pete ", perhaps with a the name of the healing plant called in Sindarin suffixed stem-vowel. KNOCK (keep on knocking) athelas . tamba- –QL:73, TAM KING aran (pl arani is attested) In Etym, KNOLL nóla –NDOL the Quenya word for "king, chieftain" is haran pl. KNOT narda , nútë (bond). Pl. perhaps harni , but evidence from LotR, WJ and UT *núter not *núti ; cf. the similar formation tyávë shows that Tolkien changed it to aran pl arani . "taste", pl tyáver . –SNAR, NU Cf. asëa aranion "kingsfoil", i arani Eldaron KNOW ista (pa.t. sintë , also isintë ; "the Kings of the Eldar", Arandor "kingsland", according to VT48:25 the pa.t. is "certainly aranya * "my king", arandil "king's friend, irreg."), KNOW ABOUT hanya - (understand, be royalist", and arandur "king's servant, minister".) skilled in dealing with), KNOWLEDGE handë LT1:273 has vardar "king", but this is hardly a (understanding), ista , istya , issë (lore), nólë valid word in LotR-style Quenya. KINGLY BULL (long study, lore, wisdom). (In Etym this word is Aramund (this may not be pure Quenya, spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng had because of the final consonant cluster) –3AR, become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow the LotR:899, WJ:369, UT:165, 193, 313, system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. Letters:386, 423 Nólë is so spelt also in Silm:432. But if this word

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is written in Tengwar, the initial n should be K -SERIES calmatéma –LotR:1154 transcribed with the letter noldo , not númen .) HAVING KNOWLEDGE istima (wise, learned) – IS, VT48:25, LT2:339; KHAN, ÑGOL, Silm:432

L LABIALS parmatéma (p-series); ending occurring in the names of lands is -sta LABIALIZED SERIES quessetéma –LotR:1154 (see VT43:15). Cf. also lóna (remote land LABERNUM Lindeloktë (singing cluster). difficult to reach, island. Note: a homophone (So in LT1:258, but Tolkien later decided that kt means "dark" ); WESTLAND Númenor , became ht in Quenya. Read *Lindelohtë ?) – Númenórë (Westernesse); LAND OF GIFT (a LT1:258 name of Númenor) Andor (< *Annandor , see LABOUR (vb) móta- (toil), moia - (be GIFT), LAND OF THE WEST Númendor , LAND afflicted) –MŌ, VT43:31 OF THE VALAR Valinor , Valinórë . – LACKING (adj.) penya (pl. penyë is NDOR/N Ō/Silm:430/ WJ:413, LONO, Silm:414, attested) (inadequate). LACKING SIGN # penya 313, 430, VT49:26 tengwe (only pl. penyë tengwi is attested). This LANGUAGE quetil (tongue, talk), lambë term, also translated "indadequate signs", was (tongue). The latter was "the usual word, in non- used in early Elvish analysis of Quenya as the technical use, for 'language'." (WJ:394) Only the term for vowels with no preceding consonant, Loremasters used the technical term tengwesta held (in many cases incorrectly) to have lost "system or code of signs" instead; this word is such a consonant. –VT39:6, 8 also glossed "grammar". Notice that lambë is LADY heri –KHER, LT1:272 (GL:45 has also used for "dialect" (VT39:15) . LANGUAGE quimellë ). A quite different word which Tolkien (as an abstract, the ability to speak or the "art" of also translated "Lady" is massánië , literally making speech) tengwestië . LANGUAGE with "breadgiver", the title of the "Lady" or the highest especial reference to phonology: Lambelë . among the elven-women of any people, she LANGUAGE OF THE VALAR Lambë Valarinwa having the right to keep or give away lembas (lit. *"Valarin language") , LANGUAGE OF THE bread. See PM:404. ELDAR Eldarissa (the latter may not be a valid LAKE ailin (pool) (LT2:339 also has ailo ), word in LotR-style Quenya) , LANGUAGE OF ringwë (cold lake, pool [in mountains]). In the THE HANDS mátengwië –KWET/VT45:25, Etymologies as printed in LR, this word is cited WJ:394, 397, VT39:15, LT2:339, VT47:9 as "ringe", but according to VT46:11, ringwë is LARCH finë (stem * fini -) –SPIN (the word the proper reading. –AY/LT2:339, is also glossed "a single hair", PM:362) RINGI/VT46:11 LARGE hoa (big), also alta , alat- (great in LAMENT (vb) naina- (also longer size) (Tolkien's definition of alta word was nainaina -), nyéna -; LAMENT (noun) nainië , actually illegible, but see GREAT) , úvëa (very nairë –NAY/VT45:37, LT1:262, RGEO:66 large, abundant, in a very great number), úra LAMP calma (light), calar – (note: a homophone means "nasty, evil"; some KAL/LotR:1157, VT47:13 would say these later glosses render the word LAND nórë (dwelling-place, race, country, úra = "large" obsolete.) –PE17:115, ÁLAT, UB, region where certain people live, nation, native UR land, family) , nór (meaning '"'land' as opposed to LARK lirulin (prob. * lirulind-, cf. lindo 2 water or sea", WJ:413) . In compounds #-ndor "singing bird") –MR:238/252, LIN (when the first part of the compound end in a LAST (adj.) tella (hindmost), telda (final), vowel, e.g. Valandor "Vala-land", alternative métima (final, ultimate), telwa (late), LAST form of Valinor ), or –nor , –dor (the latter can YEAR yenya ; LAST DAY OF YEAR quantien , only occur when the first part of the compound THE LAST-COMERS Teleri (the Hindmost) – ends in –l, –r, or –n; in other combinations d TELES, WJ:411, MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:267, YEN, cannot occur in Noldorin Quenya). Another Silm:421

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LASTING vórë (adj.?) , also vórëa the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. (continuous, enduring); LASTING QUALITY Cf. also the spelling of the related word nólë in voronwië (endurance) –VT45:7, BORÓN Silm:432. But if this word is written in Tengwar, LATE telwa (last) –LT1:267 the initial n should be transcribed with the letter LAUGH lala - –PM:359 cf. 343. (Note: a noldo , not númen .) LEARNED MAN istyar homophone means "deny".) Past tense perhaps (scholar) –IS, ÑGOL *landë , given the derivation stated (whereas lala LEATHER (dressed leather) alu –QL:30 "deny" might have the past tense * lalanë or LEAVE (vb) auta- (go away, pass), pa.t. *lallë ). oantë , oantië (in the physical sense "went away LAW sanyë (Þ) (rule), axan (rule, [to another place]") or vánë ("the most frequently commandment, as proceeding primarily from used past [tense]" – less "physical" than oantë , Eru; pl. axani is attested); LAW-ABIDING sanya meaning "disappeared" rather than "went (Þ) (normal, regular) (variant vorosanya with a away"), perf. avánië (pl avánier is attested); prefixed element meaning "ever"). –STAN, perf. vánië with no augment may occur in verse. WJ:399, VT39:30, 23, VT46:16 For "leave", Etym also has lesta , pa.t. lendë ; LAWN palis (sward) –LT1:264 this is also the past tense of "go". The stem from LAY lirilla (song) –LT1:258 which lesta- is derived was "replaced" by LEAD tulya - (+ allative: lead into). Another another. Lesta has a wholly different meaning in form of similar meaning, mittanya -, was possibly later writings; see GIRDLE, MEASURE. LEAVE abandoned by Tolkien. –VT43:22 OUT hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given but seems LEAD (the metal) canu , LEADEN canuva perfectly regular) (put aside, exclude, abandon, –LT1:268 forsake) –WJ:366 , ELED LEAF lassë (pl. lassi is attested) ; HAVING LEAVE (noun) – with leave of: lenémë (+ MANY LEAVES lillassëa (pl lillassië is genitive) attested) ; COLLECTION OF LEAVES olassië LEFT hyarya ; LEFT HAND hyarma , (foliage); PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLOWERS LEFT-HANDED hyarmaitë (stem * hyarmaiti -) – *lohta- (altered from the actual reading lokta KHYAR, VT47:6 because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht LEG telco (pl. telqui ) (stem) –TELÉK in Quenya) (sprout). LEAF-SHAPED LEGENDARIUM OF THE FATHERS OF lassecanta ; LEAF-FALL lasselanta (autumn or MEN Atanatárion (lit. simply "of the Fathers of the beginning of winter; see also FADING) ; Men") –MR:373 LEAF-GREY lassemista –LAS 1, Nam, VT39:9, Laiqualassë –LT1:267 LT1:254, MC:222, 223, Letters:282, LT1:258, LEMBAS coimas (life-bread) (prob. KAT, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224 coimast [a]-, cf. masta "bread") (life-bread) – LEAGUE lár (basic meaning "pause" – in Silm:406/429 marches a brief halt was made for each league). LENGTHENED taina (extended, A lár was defined as five thousand rangar ; see stretched, elongated); LENGTHENING tailë YARD. A ranga was approximately 38 inches, so (extension) –TAY cf. VT39:7 a lár was "5277 yards, two feet and four inches LESS mis (adverb) ; suffix –LESS –lóra (= [ca. 4826 meters], supposing the equivalence to "without"; this –lóra is a suffix used to derive be exact" – close enough to our league of 5280 adjectives; Tolkien gave the example ómalóra yards to justify this translation. –UT:285 "voiceless"). The earlier "Qenya" suffix –viltë , – LEANING talta (sloping, tilted) –TALÁT valta of similar meaning may not be valid in LEAP cap - (jump); halta-; LEAPING LotR-style Quenya. –PE14:80, VT45:28, GL:23 (noun) haloitë (pl. haloisi is attested) – LESSEN píca (part. # pícala is attested) PE16:134, LT1:254 (dwindle) –MC:223, 222 LEARN # par - (acquire information, not by LET (see ALLOW) ; LET GO lerya experience or observation, but by (release, set free), LET GO or LET LOOSE sen - communication, by the instruction, or by written (to free). LET IT BE THAT nái (in Namárië: nai ; accounts, of others). Paranyë (apárien) the editor conjectures that nái is an etymological parmanen , “I am learning (have learnt) by form, VT49:36). –VT41:5, 6; VT43:18, VT49:28 means of a book” –PE17:180 LETTER tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested; LEARNED istima (wise, having this word was used primarily of the Fëanorian knowledge), nóla (wise). (In Etym, the latter letters. However, the term "Tengwar of Rúmil" word is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng occurring in LotR:1151 seems to indicate that the had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow word tengwa can indeed be used of a letter of

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any kind, not only the Fëanorian letters. In non- Calaciryo is attested) –KAL, MR:250, VT49:47, technical use tengwa may also be translated AKLA-R, RIL, SIL/LotR:1157, MC:223, VT45:12 "consonant" [q.v.]. It is uncertain whether PHAY, WJ:361/Silm:61, RGEO:70/Nam tengwa "letter" can be used in the sense mail, LIKE (vb) : “I like it” can be paraphrased as text sent in the post ; the primary meaning is nas mara nin , “it is good to me” (good from my clearly "character, a single symbol in writing".) perspective) (VT49:30). The idiom thus involves The noun tengwa is also the source of the verb the verb “to be” + mara (read mára ) “good” + a tengwa - “read”. – Another word for “letter” is dative form representing what in English is the sarat (pl. is attested) – an older [MET] subject. word Tolkien notes was used of "a 'letter' or any LIKE (prep) ve (as) The expression “like individual significant mark", used of the Rúmilian that” (= “so, also”) may be translated ta as in ta letters after the invention of the Fëanorian mára “so good” –Nam/RGEO:66, 67, VT49:12 Tengwar (but cf. the term "Tengwar of Rúmil" LIKEN sesta - (compare) –QL:82 mentioned above). –TEK, WJ:396, VT49:48, LILY indil ("or other large single flower") , LotR:1151 nénu (= yellow water lily) –WJ:399, LT1:248 LIBERTY (see FREE ); – DEPRIVE OF LINE OF SURF falassë (beach, shore) – LIBERTY avalerya - (bind, make fast, restrain) – Silm:431 VT41:5, 6 LINDI Lindi (What the Nandorin Elves LICK salpa- (sup, sip), #lav - (lavin "I lick", called themselves; the word could be adopted 1st pers. aorist; past tense #lávë is attested in unchanged into Exilic Quenya. Sg #Lindë ?) – the word undulávë "downlicked" in Nam) ; LICK WJ:385 (frequentatively) lapsa- –SÁLAP cf. LT1:266, LINDIL Sindarin form of LINDI, q.v. – DAB/Nam WJ:385 LIE (noun, = untruth) furu (read perhaps LINDON Lindon , Lindónë –WJ:385 *huru since Tolkien decided that fu - becomes LINGER lenda - –VT45:27 *hu - in Quenya) –LT2:340, GL:36 LINGUISTIC LOREMASTERS (VT48:6) LIE (1) (vb, not "tell a lie" but "lie Lambengolmor (sg. –ngolmo ); see [horisontally]") caita- (pa.t. # cainë with the LOREMASTER under LORE. –VT48:6 alternative cëantë ); LIE HEAVY lumna- (Note: LINE tië (path, direction, course, way, this is also an adjective meaning "lying heavy"; road), tëa (straight line, road) (note: not to be see OPPRESSIVE) –Nam/RGEO:67, VT48:12, confused with the verb tëa - "indicate") , téma 13, DUB (row, series) (pl. témar is attested in LotR:1153) LIE (2) (vb, tell a lie) fur - (conceal) (read –TE3/RGEO:67, TEÑ perhaps * hur - since Tolkien decided that fu - LINK (noun) # limë (stem * limi -), isolated becomes * hu - in Quenya) –LT2:340 from málimë "hand-link = wrist" –VT47:6 LIFE # coivië (attested with a pronominal LIP pé (so according to late sources; suffix: coivierya , “his/her life”), cuilë (being glossed "mouth" in the Etymologies , stem PEG ), alive; obsoleting coi , coirë in LT1:257; the latter dual peu "the two lips, the mouth-opening". Early means "stirring, spring" in Tolkien's later "Qenya" had cíla for "lip". –VT39:9/VT47:12, 35, Quenya ); NEW LIFE laito , laisi (vigour, youth), GN:24 LIFE-BREAD coimas (prob. coimast [a]-, cf. LION rá (pl rávi ) (so in Etym; LT1:260 has masta "bread") (lembas) –VT49:41,:42, KUY, rau , but pl rávi is the same.) (Note: rá is also a LT1:267, Silm:406/429 preposition meaning "on behalf of".) SHE-LION LIFT UP orta- (raise, rise; pa.t. ortanë is ravennë –RAW, LT1:260 attested ) –Nam/ORO/RGEO:67 LIQUID (adj) sírima (flowing) –LT1:265 LIGHT cálë , cala ; A LIGHT calina (which LISTEN lasta -; LISTENING (adj) lasta is basically the adjective "light", but it is used (hearing) –LAS 2 substantively in coacalina ; see LIGHT OF THE LITTLE (see also SMALL) titta (tiny). HOUSE under HOUSE) , calma (lamp), LITTLE ELF Teler , Telellë (adj. telerëa , telella ); GOLDEN LIGHT laurë , LIGHT (adj) calina ; RAY LITTLE FINGER lepinca , lepincë (with stem OF LIGHT alca ; GLITTERING LIGHT rilma ; lepinci - given older form lepinki , VT48:18), nícë ; STARLIGHT or LIGHT OF SILPION (Telperion) in children's play also called winimo "baby" silmë (†silver), MOONLIGHT isilmë ; FLASHING (Exilic * vinimo ). LITTLE TOE, see under TOE. – OR [?STARRY] LIGHT élë ; EMIT LIGHT faina-; TIT, LT1:267, VT47:10, 26, VT48:5 LIGHT-ELVES, ELVES OF THE LIGHT LO! ela (look! see!) (directing sight to an Calaquendi ; LIGHT-CLEFT Calacirya (gen. actually visible object) , also yé (now see!) Note:

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a homophone means "what is more". –WJ:362 is not stated to be poetic] ), issë ; SECRET LORE cf. 360, VT47:31 nolwë (wisdom). (These forms may obsolete LOAF cornë –LT1:257 nólemë in LT1:263. In some sources, nólë and LOATHE yelta- (abhor); LOATHING nolwë are spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial (noun) yelmë ("yelma" in the published ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I Etymologies is a misreading, VT45:11) ; follow the system of LotR and transcribe it LOATHSOME yelwa –DYEL, VT45:11 accordingly. Cf. also the spelling of the related LOCK OF HAIR findë (tress), fassë word nólë in Silm:432. But if these words are (shaggy lock, tangled hair) –SPIN written in Tengwar, the initial n should be LOFTY tára (tall, high); compare antara transcribed with the letter noldo , not númen .) "very lofty". Also arta (exalted; note that LOREMASTER ingolmo (In Lambengolmor homophones mean "athwart" and also "fort"). "Loremasters of Tongues" the initial i of ingolmo (According to Letters:282, Varda means "Lofty" [pl ingolmor ] has disappeared; perhaps [WJ:402 has "the Sublime"], but this word should #ngolmo is the form used in compounds when probably not be used as a common adjective.) the first part of the compound ends in a vowel.) – LOFTY TOWER see TOWER. – ÑGOL, LT2:339, WJ:382, WJ:383/396 TĀ/Silm:437/LT1:264, VT45:36, VT46:17, LOST vanwa (gone, departed, vanished, PM:354 past and over, no longer to be had, dead); ONE LOGDRAWING turuhalmë –LT1:270 LOST OR FORSAKEN BY FRIENDS hecil LONELY eressëa (solitary); LONELY ISLE (gender-spesific forms are hecilo m. and hecilë Tol Eressëa (tol "isle" often being omitted) – f.) (waif, outcast, outlaw) –WAN, Nam, WJ:366, ERE, RGEO:70 365 LONG (adj) anda , sóra (trailing); LONG LOT marto (fortune, fate) –LT2:348 AGO andanéya , anda né ; LONG AND THIN LOUD SOUND róma (trumpet-sound) lenwa (straight, narrow); LONG (adverb, of (Note: in early “Qenya”, róma also means time:) andavë ; LONG YEAR (144 solar years, an "shoulder".) MUSICAL SOUND lin (stem lind-) Elvish "century") yén (pl. yéni is attested) (melody) –ROM, LotR:488 cf. Letters:308 LONG-MARK andatehta –ÁNAD, LT2:344, 341, LOVE (vb, love as friend) mel- ( melinyes VT49:31, LotR:989, Nam/LotR:1141/YEN, TEK and melin sé “I love him”, VT49:15, 21). LOVE LONG FOR milya- (Note: milya is also an (noun) melmë (LT1:262 has meles , melessë ); adjective "soft, gentle, weak") ; GREAT LOVELY melwa , LOVING nilda (friendly), méla LONGING mavoinë –MIL-IK, LT2:345 (affectionate), BELOVED melda (dear, sweet), LONG-LASTING voronwa (enduring) – LOVER meldo (pl meldor is attested), melindo BORÓN (m.) , melissë (f.) ; LOVEABLE melima (fair), LOOK AT yéta-; LOOK! (interj) en (there, írima (desirable) –MEL, LT1:262, WJ:412, NIL, look! yonder) LOOK! ela (lo! see!) (directing VT39:11, ID sight to an actually visible object) LOOK FOR LOW, LOWLYING tumna (deep, profound, saca - (pa.t. sácë ) (pursue, search) –LT1:262, dark or hidden); LOWER AIR vilma (earlier EN, WJ:362 cf. 360, QL:81 [MET] wilma ), Aiwenor (lit. "Birdland") . LOOM (noun) lanwa , in Tolkien's early LOWTIDE nanwë (ebb) –TUB cf. LT1:271, WIL, "Qenya" also windelë –LAN, LT1:254 AIW Ē, VT48:26 LOOSE lenca- (in the printed Etymologies, LOWER (vb) luvu- (brood); DARK the n of this word was misread as u, VT45:27) , LOWERING CLOUD lumbo (pl. lumbor is lehta- (slacken). LET LOOSE sen - (let go, free) attested). –LT1:259 –LEK, VT43:18 LUCK valto ( LT2:348 gives mart "a piece LORD heru (pl. # heruvi , gen.pl. of luck", but word-final rt does not occur in LotR- #heruion ), hér , as final part of compounds: style Quenya. Read * martë or something #her , e.g. Ostoher *"City-Lord". The form Héru similar?) –LT1:272, LT2:348 with a long é occurs in VT43:28, 29 (where i LUMP tolos (knob) –LT1:269 Héru "the Lord" refers to God). LORDSHIP hérë ; LUNAR MONTH ránasta –VT48:11 LORD OF TREES Aldaron (a name of Oromë) – LUST mailë ; LUSTFUL mailëa –MIL-IK LT1:272, Silm:432, Letters:282, VT44:12, LYING HEAVY lumna (heavy, LotR:1122, Silm:32, 378, VT41:9 burdensome, oppressive, ominous) Combined LORE nólë (long study, wisdom, with the superlative prefix an -, this word should knowledge), † ingolë (deep lore, magic [in appear as * andumna because d was the initial WJ:382, the gloss is simply "lore", and the word sound of the original root. (Note: lumna is also a

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verb meaning "lie heavy") ; LYING IN BED caila (bedridden, ?sickness) –DUB, KAY/VT45:19 LYRE salma –LT1:265

M Nelyafinwë (meaning "Finwë following:) NAME-MAKING Essecarmë (an third", not equivalent in sense to Sindarin Eldarin seremony in which the father of a child Maedhros . The short form of the name was announces its name.) MAKE FAST avalerya - Nelyo . His mother-name [q.v.], (bind, restrain, deprive of liberty). TO (MAKE) "recorded....though never used in narrative", was FIT camta - (sic; the cluster mt seems unusual Maitimo "well-shaped one". He also had a for Quenya, and while the source does not nickname Russandol "copper-top") –PM:352, explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is 353 difficult to understand what other language could MAGIC † ingolë (deep lore). In LT1:269, be intended) (suit, accomodate, adapt). MAKE curu is glossed "magic, wizardry", but in Etym FOR IT mína - (desire to go in some direction, to the gloss is simply "skill". MAGIC (adj.) sairina – wish to go to a place, have some end in view). – ÑGOL, GL:72 KAR, WJ:391, MR:214, VT41:5, 6, VT44:14, MAGLOR Canafinwë , short form Cáno VT39:11 (not equivalent in sense to his Sindarin name, MALE (noun) hanu (man, male of which is the cognate of his "mother-name" Men/Elves or animals) ; MALE (adj) hanwa – Macalaurë , "recorded...though never used in 3AN, VT45:16, INI narrative"). –PM:352, 353 MAN nér (ner -; pl. neri given) (# ner as the MAID, MAIDEN wendë , vendë (the latter final element in compounds, as in vëaner and is the Exilic Quenya form) , also short form wen úner , see below) , † vëo (-wë as final element in with stem wend - as in pl . wendi (girl) (read v- for compounds) ; hanu (male); (ADULT) MAN w- in Exilic Quenya). Tolkien also used the word vëaner ; MANLY vëa (adult, vigorous); wendë (variants vénë , véndë , read evidently LARGE/STRONG MAN nerdo , SMALL MAN vendë ) to translate "virgin" in his Quenya version nercë (perhaps with stem nerci -) MANHOOD of a Catholic prayer, where the reference is to vië (vigour); MAN-SPEARHEAD (a wedge- the Virgin Mary. According to VT47:17, this term formation of soldiers) nernehta , NOMAN úner can be used of a "maiden" of any age up to fully (All these words can apparently be used of adult adult (until marriage). In compounds –wen , e.g. males of any sentient race. For "Men" in the Nerwen "Man-maiden" (probably with stem *- sence "humans", see MORTALS, wend -). MAIDENHOOD wendelë (Exilic Quenya FOLLOWERS.) –DER, WEG (cf. VT46:21 *vendelë ). –WEN, LT1:271/273/Silm:439, indicating that †vëo should be marked as an VT44:10, 18, VT47:17 archaic/poetic word), VT47:33, VT45:16, UT:282, *MAIDENLY (or *VIRGINAL) * vénëa (only UT:211 attested in elided form vénë' ) –VT44:10 MANAGE mahta- (deal with, fight, handle, MAKE # car - (1st pers. aorist carin "I manage, wield, wield a weapon); pa.t. mahtanë make, build". The same verb is translated "form" is attested. –MAK/MA3/VT39:11, VT47:6, 18, 19, in WJ:391: i carir quettar , "those who form VT49:10 words". According to Etym the past tense is MANNER lé (method). Note: lé can also carnë , though FS and SD:246 have cárë . Past be an emphatic pronoun “you”, plural. AFTER participle # carna * "made" is attested in THE MANNER can be expressed by ve “as, like” Vincarna *"newly-made" in MR:305; the longer + genitive, as in the phrase ve quenderinwë participial form carina occurs in VT43:15, read coaron “after the manner of bodies of Elven- probably * cárina with a long vowel to go with kind” –PE17:74, 174 such late participial forms like rácina "broken") . MANTLE (vb.) fanta - (to cloak, veil) – MAKING carmë (glossed "art" in UT:396 and is VT43:22 also translated "production", but cf. the

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MANY limbë , also prefix lin- (by MATRIMONY vesta –BES assimilation it becomes lil- before l, as in MATTER (basic matter:) erma ; PHYSICAL lillassëa "having many leaves"; before m, r, s it MATTER orma , hroa (the latter is also used = would similarly become *lim-, *lir-, *lis-). Instead "body") . THAT MATTER tama ; CONSIDERING of using the early "Qenya" form limbë for A MATTER, see under C. –MR:338, 218, 216, "many", it may be safer to use the later form VT49:11 rimba , by Tolkien glossed "numerous" (q.v. for MAVWIN Mavoinë –LT2:345 reference). –LT2:342, LI, Plotz letter MAY (noun, the month) Lótessë (In MAR #hasta- (verb stem isolated from the LT1:252/254, the word for May is Kalainis , but past participle hastaina , see below); MARRED this is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later hastaina (Arda Marred = Arda Hastaina ); Quenya.) –LotR:1144 UNMARRED alahasta –MR:255, 254 MAY (verb): The impersonal verb ec - + MARBLE alas , alast - –QL:30, GL:39 dative can be used to express “may” in the MARCH Súlimë –LotR:1144/Silm:437 (not sense of “have chance, opportunity or capitalized in the latter source) permission”: ecë nin carë sa “I can do that”, ecë MARINER ciryamo , (professional nin? “please, may I?” (VT49:20) . MAY as a verb mariner:) ëarendur , Eärendilyon ("son of “be allowed to” can be rendered by lerta -, to be Eärendil [used of any mariner]", prob. able in the sense of being allowed (see BE *Eärendilyond-) –UT:8, Letters:386, LT1:250 ABLE): * Lertal carë ta , “you may (you are MARK (in writing) tehta (sign, diacritic) (In allowed) to do that”. MAY expressing uncertainty LotR:1155, this word is applied to the supralinear can be expressed by slipping in the particle cé : vowel-signs of Fëanorian writing, and pl tehtar is “He may have done that” = * cé acáries ta attested.) sarat (pl. sarati is attested), originally (maybe he has done that); see MAY BE. For [MET] a word used of "a 'letter' or any individual MAY in wishes (may it happen, may it be), the significant mark", but after the invention of the word nai is used. It can directly precede an Tengwar primarily used of the Rúmilian letters. adjective ( nai amanya onnalya “may your child TINY MARK tixë (dot, point) –TEK/VT39:17, TIK, [be] blessed”, VT49:41) or be constructed with a WJ:396 verb in the future tense ( nai hiruvalyë Valimar MARRY verya - (intransitive, with the *”may you find Valimar”, Nam ) or the present person one marries in the allative case: tense ( nai Eru lye mánata *“may God be veryanen senna *“I married him/her”, compare blessing you”, VT49:41). English “I got married to him/her”, though the MAY BE (maybe) cé , ce (participle Quenya phrase is also suggested to mean “I was indicating uncertainty, like *“maybe, perhaps”), joined to him/her”). The word verya - also means cenasit , cenasta –VT49:19, 27 “dare”, but since this is transitive and would MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN always be followed by a direct object, the two ME: Certain Tolkien manuscripts verbs can be distinguished. –VT49:45, 46 supposedly provide nye as one word for “me” MARS Carnil –Basic Quenya:24, cf. (compare tye “thee”). It may be, however, that in Silm:55 Tolkien’s later conception ni , ní “I” can also be MARY (Mother of Jesus) María –VT43:28, used as object “me” (in late material it listed VT44:18 ("Maria" in VT44:12 lacks the accent, together with other pronouns that are attested but this is probably a mere slip) both as subject and object, such as lye , sé and MAST 1) (on ship) tyulma , 2) (fruit of me , VT49:51). The ending -n, attested only as beech) ferna (beechnuts) –TYUL/SD:419, PHER subject, may perhaps be employed following MASTER (noun) heru (pl. # heruvi , gen.pl. another pronominal ending: *Utúvielyen , "thou ( - #heruion ) (lord), # tur (cf. Fëanturi "Masters of lye-) hast found me ( -n)”. Case endings may be Spirits", a name of the Valar Mandos and Irmo). added to ni , e.g. dative nin "for me" (Nam) . See MASTER OF DOOM Turambar , MASTER OF I. DESIRE Irmo (lit. "Desirer", the name of a Vala) ; MEAD míruvórë (nectar, drink of the MASTERY túrë (victory, strength, might); Valar) –NAM, RGEO:66, 69, LT1:261 MASTERED # turúna (only the form turún` , with MEADOW – LT1:267 (GL:39) gives lairë , the final *-a elided, is attested. Silm:269 has but this word already has two different meanings turun instead of turún` – the accent and he in Tolkien's later Quenya ("summer" and elision mark seem to have been omitted.) – "poem"), so it is somewhat doubtful whether this KHER, TUR/UT:438, Silm:261/269/423, 405, word from Tolkien's earliest linguistic UT:138

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constructions remained conceptually valid at Calendar of Imladris.) MIDDLE FINGER later stages. lependë , lepenel , in children's play also called MEAL 1) (session of eating) mat (stem tolyo or tollo ("sticker-up", also used of middle matt -). Also used = meal time. 2) (flour) porë toe), yonyo ("son, big boy", again used of middle (stem pori -) –QL:59, POR toe as well) or hanno ("brother"). –ÉNED, cf. MEAN faica (contemptible) –SPAY WJ:361, LotR:1142, VT47:10, VT47:12, 14, MEANS – BY THIS MEANS, see SO VT48:6 MEASURE #lesta (only attested in MIDDLE-EARTH Endórë , Endor (defined instrumental form lestanen "in measure". Note: as "centre of the world" under ÉNED; allative #lesta also means "girdle".) –FS form Endorenna is attested in LotR. Other MEAT apsa (cooked food) –AP names are also glossed "Middle-earth": MEETING (junction of the direction of two Ambarenya , Endamar ; see also EAST) – persons or groups:) omentië , (of three or more LotR:1003, ÉNED, MBAR coming from different directions:) yomenië – MIGHT túrë (strength, victory, mastery) – WJ:367, 407, LotR:94 QL:95 MELIAN Melyanna (dear gift) –Silm:434 MIGHTY taura , poldórëa (a title of MELODY lin (lind-) (musical sound), Tulkas); MIGHTY-RISING Melkórë (> Melkor ) MELODIOUS lindelëa –LT1:258, cf. LotR:488 (uprising of Power), THE MIGHTY Melko (an and Letters:308 alternative form of Melkor , derived from an MEN see MAN or MORTALS, unattested adjective * melka , * melca "mighty", FOLLOWERS with connotations of violence.) –TUR, MENTAL MESSAGE sanwë-menta LT1:264/GL:64, MR:350 (thought-sending) –VT41:5 MILCH COW yaxë . (An alternative form MERCURY (the planet, not the metal) yaxi , glossed "cow", looks like a plural in LotR- Elemmírë –Basic Quenya :24 style Quenya, unless it connects with the few MERCHILD oar (child of the sea), other feminine forms in –i, like tári "queen".) – MERMAID oaris ( oarits-), oarwen (prob. GL:36 *oarwend-) (so in LT1:263 – read ëaris , ëarwen MIND sáma (pl. sámar is given) , sanar in Tolkien's later Quenya, since the word for (“thinker, reflector”), indo (heart, mood), (inner "sea" was altered to ëar ?) mind:) órë (heart) (Note: a homophone means MERCY – HAVE MERCY órava - (+ "rising") , síma (imagination), also (?) isima . locative to denote the object of the mercy; MIND-MOOD inwisti –VT39:23, VT41:13, compare English "have mercy on [someone]; MR:216, LotR:1157, VT49:16, MR:229 Tolkien expressed "have mercy on us" as órava MINISTER arandur (king's servant, messë ) Another form, ócama or ocama , was steward) –Letters:386, UT:313 possibly abandoned by Tolkien. –VT44:12-14 MISERABLE angayanda , MISERY MERRIMENT alassë (joy) –GALÁS angayassë –QL:34, LT1:249 MESSAGE menta (sending) –VT41:5 MIST hísië (Þ), hísë (Þ) (stem hísi -) (fog. MESH rembë –LotR:1149 Note: a homophone means "dusk". For "mist" METAL tinco , rauta –TINK Ō/LotR:1157, writers may prefer hísië , the form occurring in RAUT Ā LotR. ) –Nam/RGEO:67, KHIS METHOD lé (manner). Note: lé can also MOAT see WALL AND MOAT be an emphatic pronoun “you”, plural. –PE17:74 MOCKING yaiwë (scorn) –YAY MEWING miulë (whining) MOIST nítë (stem * níti -) (dewy) –NEI MICKLEBURG Túrosto (Belegost) – MOLE noldarë , nolpa –GL:30 WJ:389 MOMENT, see OCCASION . Adj. OF MIDDLE (noun) endë (core, centre); MOMENT valdëa (important) –QL:102 MIDDLE (prob. adj) , endya (In Noldorin MONEY: The word telpë “silver” is used Quenya, enya would be the natural form – for “money” in one example. –PE14:54 endya looks like Vanyarin Quenya. Cf. the name MONSTER ulundo , úvanimo (creature of of the language itself in the two dialects, Quenya Melkor). In LT1:236, Úvanimor are said to be vs. Quendya .) MIDDLE-DAY # enderë (only pl "monsters, giants, and ogres". See also ORC. – enderi is attested; for sg #enderë cf. yestarë , ÚLUG, BAN/LT1:272/VT45:7 mettarë , the first and the last day of the year. MONTH asta (pl astar is attested) ; this The "middle-days" were three days inserted basically means "division, a part" (esp. one of between the months of yávië and quellë in the other equal parts), here used of a division of the

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year. LUNAR MONTH ránasta –LotR:1142, MOUNTAIN oron (# oront -, as in the pl. VT48:11 oronti ) (oron also used = "mount", e.g. Oron MOOD indo (heart, mind) –ID Oiolossë "Mount Everwhite"), MOUNTAIN- MOON Isil (-th -), Rána (so in Silm, PEAK aicassë ; MOUNTAIN-TOP orotinga , VT47:11 and UT; Etym has Rana with a short a), orto ; MOUNTAIN PASS falqua (cleft, ravine), CRESCENT MOON cú (bow), NEW MOON MOUNTAIN-DWELLING (adj) orofarnë (pl? Sg ceuran -, MOONLIGHT isilmë – *orofarna ?) –ÓROT/WJ:403, AYAK, VT47:28, I/THIL/LotR:1148, Silm:436/UT:242, RAN, LT2:341, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224 LT1:271, VT48:7, MC:222, 223 MOUTH anto , pé (but pé is glossed "lip" in MORE ambë (adverb) , amba a late source, see VT39:9) , assa (hole, opening, (adjective/noun ), “used of any kind of perforation), náva ("ñ") (not only the lips but also measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” the inside of the mouth – this word was (note that amba is also the adverb “up”). Early apparently changed by Tolkien from páva ), material lists lil as a term for “more”. ONE MOUTH OF RIVER etsir , WITH MOUTH FULL MORE enta (another). (Note: a homophone (= full to the brim) penquanta –LotR:1157, PEG, means "that yonder") . MOREOVER, GAS, VT39:13 cf. 8, 19, ET, VT39:11 FURTHERMORE, WHAT IS MORE entë , yëa , MOVE (intransitive verb) lev -; also (of yé (Note: yé is also an interjection "lo! now large and heavy things moving) rúma- (part. see!") See FURTHERMORE. –PE17:91, rúmala is attested) (shift, heave). SUDDEN PE14:80, VT47:15, 31 MOVE (noun) rinca (twitch, jerk, trick) – MORGOTH Moringotto (the oldest [MET] PE16:132, MC:223, 222, VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) form was Moriñgotho ) (Black Foe) –MR:194 MUCH olya (adj.), olë (adv.) –PE14:80 MORN (early) artuilë , tuilë (the latter is MUD luxo ( luxu -) –QL:56 also used in the sense "springtime") –TUY MUMMY (affectionate form of "mother") MORNING (noun) arin (LT1:254 gives emmë , emya (for emenya *"my mother"), also cálë , but this word means "light" in later emil (inya ) "(my) mother", said to be the terms a writings) , MORNING (used as adj?) arinya child would use to address his or her mother. (In 1 (early) –AR UT:191 the form mamil occurs, used by a child MORTAL fírima (pl. Fírimar is attested, lit. but not in address.) The words emmë , emya "those apt to die", WJ:387) , also in the personal were also used in children's play for "index (masculine) form # fírimo (pl. fírimor , VT49:10, finger" and "index toe" –VT47:10, 26, VT48:4 pl. allative fírimonnar "to mortals", VT44:35). MURK hui (fog, dark, night), MURKY The form firima with a short i occurs in VT46:4. huiva –LT1:253 Firya (pl. Firyar is attested) ; MORTAL MAN firë MURMUR nurru- (grumble) –MC:223 (pl firi is given but seems perfectly regular) – MUSCLE tuo (sinew, strength) –TUG PHIR, WJ:387 MUSIC lindalë (as in Ainulindalë "The MOTHER amillë , also short amil Music of the Ainur"; LT1:258 has lindelë ; the (probably with stem amill -), ammë (see also latter is also glossed "song". The form lindelë MUMMY). The form ontaril in VT43:32 and the "music" also turns up in the printed Etymologies, variants # ontari , # ontarië in VT44:7, 18 seem to entry LIN 2, but according to VT45:27, this is a be more technical terms, etymologically *"female misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript.) – begetter". MY MOTHER emya (for em-nya , Silm:378, LIN 2/VT45:27 VT48:19). MOTHER-NAME (OF INSIGHT) MY -nya (possessive suffix ), e.g. #amilessë (tercenya ) (i.e., names given by meldonya "my friend" (VT49:40, 48) , tyenya Elvish mothers to their children, indicating some “my tye ” (VT49:51, this is a term of address used dominant feature of the nature of the child as to a dear kins(wo)man, literally “my thou”, with perceived by its mother. Only pl amilessi tye as an intimate 2nd person pronoun). An i tercenyë is attested.) MOTHER OF GOD (Mary, seems to be inserted between the ending and in Tolkien's Quenya renderings of Catholic the noun when the latter ends in a consonant: prayers) Eruamillë , Eruontari , Eruontarië – atarinya "my father" (LR:61). If the last VT43:32, VT44:18-19, AM 1, VT43:32, MR:217, consonant(s) of the noun is n or the cluster nd , a VT43:32, VT44:7, 18 contracted form may be used in vocatives: hinya MOUND coron , hahta (pile; the Sindarin "my child" (for hínanya , WJ:403), yonya "my cognate haudh is explicitly used of grave- son" (for *yondonya , LR:61). – “My” as an mounds), cumbë (heap), tundo (stem * tundu -) independent word is apparently ninya , (derived (hill) –Sil:429, KHAG, KUB, TUN from the dative form nin “for me”), though in FS

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it is used as a quasi-suffix ( indo-ninya “my person reflexive pronoun "myself" is imnë (for heart”). older imni ; it is unclear whether the latter form MYSELF (reflexive pronoun) immo (a was in use in later Quenya) –VT47:37 general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). A specific 1st

N NAIL (noun) taxë (the kind of nail used to NARROW arca , lenwa (long and thin, fasten something); NAIL (of the finger) nyelet , pl. straight) NARROW NECK yatta (isthmus); nyelexi –TAK, PE15:75 NARROW PATH axa ; NARROW NAKED helda –SKEL PROMONTORY nehtë (spear-head, gore, NAME (noun) essë (pl. essi is attested, wedge. Note: a homophone means but see below concerning # esser as a possible "honeycomb” ) –AK, LT2:341, YAK, UT:282 alternative pl. form. Note: the word essë was NASAL nengwëa –NEÑ-WI also used in the sense "person as a whole", NASTY úra (evil) (Note: a homophone body and soul.) AFTER-NAME epessë (i.e., "a means "large") –VT43:24 nickname – mostly given as a title of admiration NATION nórë , –nor (land, country, or honour") ; MOTHER-NAME (OF INSIGHT) dwelling-place, native land, family) –LT1:272 #amilessë (tercenya ) (i.e. names given by NATIVE LAND nórë , –nor (land, country, Elvish mothers to their children, indicating some dwelling-place, nation, family) –LT1:272 dominant feature of the nature of the child as NATURE ëa (universe). This term "was not perceived by its mother. Only pl amilessi held to include [ illegible word: souls?] and spirits" tercenyë is attested.) NAME OF INSIGHT –VT39:20 #essë tercenya (i.e., the same as "mother- NAUSEA quámë (“q”) (sickness). name"; only pl essi tercenyë is attested); NAUSEOUS, see SICK. –QL:76 % GIVEN (OR ADDED) NAME anessë (pl anessi NAZGÛL Úlairi (Ring-wraiths) (pl; sg is attested. This term includes both "after- #Úlairë ?) –Silm:362, 417 names" and "mother-names".) NAME-MAKING NEAR har , harë –LT1:253 Essecarmë (an Eldarin seremony in which the NECESSITY # sangië (isolated from father of a child announces its name) , NAME- sangiessemman "in our necessities") –VT43:21, CHOOSING Essecilmë (an Eldarin seremony in 44:8 which a person chooses a name according to his NECK yat (yaht-); NARROW NECK yatta or her personal lámatyávë or sound-taste); (isthmus) –YAK SELF-NAME # cilmessë (only pl. cilmessi is NECKLACE firinga (carnanet) –LT2:346, attested , said to mean more literally "names of GL:36 personal choice": #cilmë "choice" + essi NECTAR míruvórë (mead, drink of the "names". PM:339 explains that "some among the Valar) –Nam, RGEO:66, LT1:260 exiles gave themselves names, as disguises or NEED (noun) maurë –MBAW in reference to their own deeds and personal NEIGHBOUR armaro , asambar , history: such names were called kilmessi 'self- asambaro . The dual form attat is translated "2 names'.") PLACE NAME # nómessë (isolated fathers or neighbours" in one text. –VT48:20 from the gen. pl. form nómesseron , "of place- NEPTUNE Nénar (or less probably Luinil ; names", VT42:17. This word suggests that the it is not known for certain which of the two is plural of essë can be esser as well as essi ). – Neptune and which is Uranus) –Basic ES/LotR:1157/MR:216, UT:266, MR:217, 214, Quenya:24, Silm:55 VT42:17 NET natsë (web) –NAT NAME (verb) esta - –ES, VT45:12 NEW vinya (cf. Vinyamar "New Dwelling", NARRATIVE quenta (story, history) – Vinyalondë "New Haven"), sinya , céva (fresh). KWET/VT39:16 NEW MOON ceuran -, NEW SUN AFTER NARRATOR quentaro –KWET SOLSTICE ceuranar . Early "Qenya" also has:

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NEW LIFE laito , laisi (vigour, youth) –Silm:425, refuse) (1st pers. sg aorist and past váquetin , UT:471, SIN, VT48:7, LT1:267 váquenten are given) , ava- (refuse) (pa.t. avanë NEXT (adv.) ento –Arct (Note: "next" as is given; this verb was "little used in ordinary adjective, as in "the next time", can be language". Other forms occur in VT49:13, all paraphrased as hilyala "following".) with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan , present ávan NICKNAME ("mostly given as a title of or ávëan , future avuvan > auvan , past avanen admiration or honour") epessë (after-name) – or aunen , perfect avávien . In one version, the UT:266 forms ávëan and avanen are marked as poetic NIGHT lómë , ("Night, night-time, [shades or archaic.) –LA, WJ:371 cf. 370, of night]", in LT1:255 glossed "dusk, gloom, GŪ/UGU/VT46:20, WJ:370, KWET darkness"; according to SD:415, lómë has the NO LONGER TO BE HAD vanwa (gone, stem-form lómi -), Fui , Hui ("Night" – but in dead, departed, lost, past, vanished) –WJ:366 LT1:253, hui is glossed "fog, dark, murk, night" ), NOBLE (a noble:) arquen The element ló ("night, a night"), mórë (blackness, dark – #ar- in Arfanyarassë (a name of Taniquetil) is obsoleting mori in LT1:260 ). In Valinorean said to mean "high (i.e., noble, revered). Arquen usage, lómë "has no evil connotations; it is a is simply # ar "noble" + quen "person". NOBLE word of peace and beauty and has none of the WOMAN (one of Galadriel's names) Artanis . – associations of fear and groping that, say, 'dark' WJ:372, WJ:416, PM:347 has to us. For the evil sense I [sc. Tolkien's NOGROD Návarot (Hollowbold, Novrod) – character Lowdham] do not know the [Quenya] WJ:389 word". For "night" in the "evil sense", mórë NOISE hlóna , also short hlón (evidently seems to be the best candidate. Yet lómë hlon -, given the pl. hloni ) (sound). Cf. also evidently developed darker connotations among Qenya ran ( ram -). ROARING NOISE rávë , the Exiles, for when crying auta i lómë "the night (NOISE OF A) STORM raumo , NOISE OF is passing" before the Nirnaeth Arnoediad, the LEAVES escë (rustle), SOUND/NOISE OF Noldor used the word metaphorically to refer to WIND sú –VT48:19, LT1:259/QL:79, MC:223, the rule of Morgoth. DOOR OF NIGHT, see EZGE, VT47:12 DOOR. –DO3, PHUY, SD:306, Silm:229 NOLDORIN Noldorin (= the language of NIGHTINGALE lómelindë (pl lómelindi is the Noldor) , Noldorinwa (= general adjective) – attested; Etym also has morilindë ), tindómerel WJ:20, LR:201 ("daughter of twilight", a kenning of or a poetic NOMAN Úner –UT:211 name for the nightingale; the Sindarin equivalent NOOK winca (corner) (QL:104, there is tinúviel . Tolkien changed the meaning of the written ‘winka ). Read * vinca if this early “Qenya” final element from "daughter" to "child", see SEL- form is to be adapted to LotR-style Third Age

D-.) –DO3, Silm:64, MOR, TIN/Silm:422, 438 Quenya.% NINE nertë (Tolkien abandoned the NORMAL sanya (Þ) (regular, law-abiding) "Qenya" form olma , mentioned in LT1:258) . For (variant vorosanya with a prefixed element the syntax of numerals, see THREE . NINTH meaning "ever"). –STAN, VT46:16 nertëa . For the use of nettë ("sister") to denote NORTH Formen , NORTHWARD the ninth digit in children's play, see FOURTH formenna ; NORTHERN fortë (stem * forti -), FINGER. Fraction ONE NINTH neresta , nesta , formenya ; NORTHLANDS (a region in nersat –NÉTER, VT48:6, Númenor) Forostar –PHOR, LotR:1157, VT42:25, VT47:11 VT49:26, UT:165, 439 NINETEEN neterquë . For the syntax of NOSE nengwë (stem * nengwi -), mundo numerals, see THREE . –VT48:21 (snout, cape), stem * mundu - given the primitive NO ui , possibly with uito as an emphatic form mbundu . (Note: the latter word also means variant (VT49:28-29) , lá (also meaning "not )". Ui "ox", though in the sense of "ox" it may have a (uito ) and lá are probably used to deny facts, or different origin and stem-form.) –NEÑ-WI, MBUD what others present as facts. In a context of NOT lá (as for not - as a prefix = un -, see refusal , the interjection vá is to be preferred. It is below). According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed derived from a stem that "expressed refusal to form of the negation, whereas la is the do what others might wish or urge, or prohibition unstressed form (cf. la - as the pretonic prefix of some action by others”. Cf also lala, lau , *"not-" or *"un-", VT45:25). NO INDEED NOT laumë "no, no indeed not, on the contrary; also lala ; DON'T áva , avá ; DON'T DO IT! áva carë! ; I used for asking incredulous questions". Prefixes WILL NOT : vá (exclamation, also = Do not!); "no-, un-": ú-, il -. SAY NO váquet- (forbid, avan , ván , vanyë "I won't", avammë , vammë

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"we won't" (notice that if plural rather than dual, initial vowel; cf. the distribution of "a" and "an" in Tolkien later revised the ending for “we” from – English. However, sí may also occur before mmë to –lmë ); NOT COUNTING hequa (leaving vowels; the word appears before ar "and" in a aside, excluding, except), NOT COUNTED text published in VT43:27.) Variant si . NOW unotë , unotëa (read * únotë , * únotëa ?) SEE! (interjection) yé (lo!) Note: a homophone (uncounted), NOT TO BE SAID, THAT MUST means "what is more". –SI, cf. LR:47, VT43:27, NOT BE SAID avaquétima , NOT TO BE TOLD VT43:34, VT47:31, VT49:18 OR RELATED avanyárima . There are also NUMBER nótë , LARGE NUMBER hosta , specific verbs for NOT BE, NOT DO; concerning IN A VERY GREAT NUMBER úvëa ; these, see entry BE. –LA, WJ:371, 364/365, NUMBERLESS únótima (pl. únótimë attested) VT39:14, WJ:370 (uncountable, countless) –NOT, KHOTH, UB, NOT- (prefix denying presence or Nam/VT39:14 possession of thing or quality) ú- (in-, un-). – NUMERAL # notessë (attested in pl. form VT39:14; according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this notessi ). In a Tengwar text, the word appears prefix usually has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor with a long ó ( nótessi , sg. # nótessë ). – "fair folk" vs. úvanimor "monsters" VT47:14, VT48:14 NOTHING munta –PE14:81 NUMEROUS rimba (frequent) NOTWITHSTANDING, see ALTHOUGH NYMPH wingil , wingild- (pl WIngildi is NOVEMBER Hísimë (Þ) –LotR:1144 attested) ; falmar , falmarin (falmarind-) (Writers NOVROD Návarot (Hollowbold, Nogrod) – should use falmarin rather than falmar , thus WJ:389 avoiding any possible confusion with falmar NOW sí , sín /sin (the latter form may "waves".) –WIG/LT1:273, PHAL evidently be used when the next word has an

O O (vocative particle) a, e.g. a Eruion "(o) implying motion away from something, but the Son of God". –VT44:12, 15; LotR:1017 cf. point of view is outside the thing left: cf. hóciri- Letters:308 "cut off a required portion, so as to have it or use OAK norno ; HAVING MANY OAK-TREES it") –WJ:365, 366, 368 lindornëa –DÓRON, LIN OFFSPRING # indi (isolated from OATH vérë (bond, troth, compact), vanda Valarindi "offspring of the Valar, their children (pledge, solemn promise) –WED, UT:317 begotten in Arda"). The Quenya term is plural OBLIGED nauta (bound) –NUT (sg. * indë ). –MR:49 OBSCURE nulla (dark, dusky) OGRE Úvanimo (see MONSTER). OBSCURITY mordo (shadow, stain, smear, CANNIBAL-OGRES Sarquindi (sg dimness) –NDUL, MOR/VT45:35 #Sarquindë ?) –LT1:236 cf. BAN, LT2:347 OBSERVE – use the word glossed "watch, OIL millo –PE13:139 heed", q.v. Cf. LT1:258. OINTMENT laivë –LIB OCCASION lú (a time) –LU OLD yára (ancient, belonging to or OCEAN (see SEA) The Great Ocean descending from former times); intensive Alatairë (= Sindarin Belegaer ); The Outer Ocean #anyára is attested with a dative ending in the Vai (=Ekkaia?) –AYAR, LT1:271 phrase meldenya anyáran *"for my oldest [or, OCTOBER Narquelië –LotR:1144/1146 very old] friend" in the Elaine inscription. Other ODOUR olmë –ÑOL (the Etymologies as words translated "old": enwina , linyenwa printed in LR gives " holmë ", but according to (having many years), (of things:) yerna (worn); VT46:6, Tolkien later struck out the initial h) OLDEN yárëa , yalúmëa , GET OLD yerya - OFF au- (verbal prefix implying motion (wear [out]) –MC:222 cf. 215, YEN, GYER "away from the speaker or the place of his OMINOUS lumna (lying heavy, thought", as in auciri- "cut off, so that a portion is burdensome, oppressive) Combined with the lost or no longer available") , hó- (verbal prefix superlative prefix an -, this word should appear

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as * andumna because d was the initial sound of land:) latin , latina (free, cleared); OPENING (as the original root. –DUB abstract) pantië (unfolding, revealing), latya OMNIFICENT ilucara (VT39:20) (used as an abstract in the source), OPENING OMNIPOTENT iluvala (VT39:20) (as concrete) assa (hole, performation, mouth). OMNISCIENT iluisa (VT39:20) OPENNESS látië ; OPENMOUTHED fauca ON or (so in LT1:256, but in LotR-style (thirsty, parched) –PAT, PAL, VT39:23, QL:72, Quenya or is always translated "over". GAS, LAT, VT39:23/VT41:5, PHAU Generally, English "on" may be rendered by the OPPRESSIVE lumna (lying heavy, locative or the allative case, see UPON.) ON burdensome, ominous). Combined with the BEHALF OF rá , followed by dative, as in the superlative prefix an -, this word should appear example rá men "on behalf of us, for us". Dative as * andumna because d was the initial sound of pronouns may be directly suffixed to rá : "for us" the original root. –DUB or "on behalf of us" is also attested in the one- OR (conjunction) hya (also used as noun word form rámen . (Note: rá is also a noun “other thing”), hela ; early “Qenya” also had var – "lion".) ON THE CONTRARY úsië –VT43:27, 28, VT49:14, QL:100 33, VT49:8 ORANGE culuina (colour adjective) , ONCE (= at one time in the past) nëa , culuma (fruit) –KUL néya –VT49:31 ORC (goblin) urco (stem urcu -, pl. urqui ) ONCE UPON A TIME yassë , yalúmessë , or orco (pl. orqui or orcor , in the former case yáressë (note: the first of these seems to clash probably with stem * orcu - throughout). LT1:264 with *yassë "in/on which". Writers should use has orc , but word-final rc does not occur in one of the two alternative forms, or the LotR-style Quenya. Here the gloss is "monster, following:) andanéya , anda né (long ago) –YA, demon". Cf. WJ:390: "In the lore of the Blessed VT49:31 Realm the Q urko naturally seldom occurs, ONE minë , min (obsoleting "Qenya" mir except in tales of the ancient days and the in LT1:260; a short variant min however appears March, and then is vague in meaning, referring in VT45:34, VT48:6) , er (only, one, alone, but, to anything that caused fear to the Elves, any still). A longer form of er , namely erëa , was dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature." possibly abandoned by Tolkien (VT44:17) . Min , –ÓROK, LT1:264, WJ:390 minë is "one" as the first of a series, whereas er ORDAINER Námo (Judge – the name of a is "one" in the context of something that is alone Vala ) –Silm:411 (Parma Eldalamberon #14, p. 82). When used in ORDER (noun) 1) (command) canwa connection with a noun, er precedes it (VT49:45; (announcement); 2) (an “order” of people) heren according to this souce, er is indeclinable). ONE (Heren Istarion "Order of ") . For (= a person, someone) quén , quen - as in pl. ORDER as a verb, see COMMAND; there is also queni (unstressed quen , "as a pronoun or final the verb vala- (used of the Valar only, as in á element in a compound") , also mo as an vala Manwë "may Manwë order it", Valar indefinite personal pronoun “one” or “somebody”, valuvar "the will of the Valar will be done", *"the used in a sentence like “if one speaks evil…” Valar will order [it]". –PM:362, UT:388, WJ:404 (VT49:19, 20) . THE ONE Eru (see GOD ). For ORIENT ambaron (ambarón -), fractions ONE THIRD, ONE FOURTH etc., see Ambarónë (a similar but untranslated word, entries for THIRD, FOURTH etc. –MINI, Ambaróna , occurs in LotR) –AM 2, LotR:490 ERE/VT44:17, VT48:6, WJ:361 cf. 360, Silm:15, ORIGINATE auta- (invent, devise) – 431 GAWA ONE-HANDED MAN Ercambo –VT47:7 ORION Telumehtar ("warrior of the sky", ONESELF immo (see HIMSELF). – according to WJ:411 an old name, later [MET] VT49:21 evidently replaced by:) Menelmacar ONLY er (but, still). In later sources, er is ("Swordsman of the Sky") –TEL, WJ:411, rather presented as the numeral “one”. Cf. also LotR:1147 cf. 95 eressë (singly, alone, but in Tolkien’s later OTHER exë (noun, glossed "the other", Quenya used as noun = solitude) –LT1:269, but the article may only indicate that this is a ERE noun; likely there could be a distinction between ONYX nyelecca –PE15:76 exë "[an]other [one]" and * i exë "the other OPEN (vb) panta- (unfurl, spread out); [one]") , exa (as adj., presumably behaving like OPEN WIDE palu-, palya- (extend); OPEN (adj) other adjectives, e.g. * exa parma "[an]other panta , láta ("open, not closed", VT41:5); (of book", * exë parmar "other books") Another

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adjective “other” is hyana, related to: OTHER Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation PERSON hye , OTHER THING hya (the latter is of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12) ; this “our” is also used as a conjunction “or”). –VT47:40, obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather VT49:14, 15 than dual as it later became (according to OUR: As described in the entry WE, the Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms be * Átarelma when a group of three or more from dual (depending on whether two or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, persons are involved) and exclusive forms from in this case the Father himself). inclusive (depending on whether the party OURSELVES (reflexive pronoun) immë addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien (apparently exclusive "ourselves"), inwë revised the relevant endings repeatedly. (apparently inclusive "ourselves") –VT47:37 According to one late resolution described in OUT et- (prefix) (forth), OUT OF et VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are – (followed by ablative) ; HE IS OUT arsë –ET, lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, LotR:1003/VT45:13/VT47:35, VT49:23 hence * aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at OUTCAST hecil (gender-spesific forms least three persons, not including the party are hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (one lost or forsaken addressed), but * aldamma “our tree = my and by friends, waif, outlaw) –WJ:365 one other person’s tree”. The corresponding OUTER, OUTERMOST erúmëa –LT1:262 inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa OUTER LANDS Entar , Entarda (Middle- (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to earth, East, Thither Lands [as seen from the former is attested as “-lwe , –lve ” (VT49:51), – Valinor] ), ettelë (the word is not capitalized and lwa can surely also appear as *-lva , as in seems to be sg) (foreign parts); OUTER OCEAN *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the Vai (= Ekkaia?) –ET, LT1:271 : omentielvo “of our meeting”, OUTLAW hecil (gender-spesific forms are WJ:367). Hence * aldalwa /aldalva “our tree” (an hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (one lost or forsaken by “our” of at least three persons, including the friends, waif, outcast) –WJ:365 party addressed), dual * aldangwa “our tree = thy OUTSIDE (prepositions:) ara (beside), ava and my tree”. – An independent word for plural (beyond), (nouns:) ettë , etsë ; (prefix:) ar- (e.g. exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya Araman "outside Aman") –AR 2; AWA, ET, (also menyë modifying a plural noun) . The Silm:428, VT45:13 corresponding plural inclusive form should OVEN urna –LT1:271 apparently be * venya (pl. * venyë ) for archaic OVER or . For "over" in the sense past , *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë ). The dual forms see PAST AND OVER. –UT:305 would most likely be * mentya (excl.) and OVERCAST lúrëa (dark) –LT1:259 *ventya (incl.); compare me , we /ve as the OVERSHADOW telta- (canopy, screen) – independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms TEL met , wet /* vet and dative forms * ment , * OW! horro , orro (alas! ugh) ("exclamation went /vent , from which the independent of horror, pain, disgust") –VT45:17 possessive pronouns are apparently derived by OX mundo (Note: a homophone means adding the adjectival ending -ya ). – Notice that in "snout, nose, cape". It may or may not obsolete an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm - the form taracu "ox" in LT2.) See also BULL. – were plural (not as later dual ) inclusive, and the Letters:422, LT2:347/GL:69 forms in –lm - were plural inclusive rather than OXFORD – LT2 gives Taruktarna (read exclusive . This is why the word translated “of our *Taruhtarna in LotR-style Quenya), but the word meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first may not be conceptually valid in LotR-style edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo Quenya. See OX above. –LT2:347 in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our

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P PACE ranga (pl rangar is stated to mean of the year). FOREIGN PARTS ettelë (outer "full paces"). The ranga was a Númenórean lands) –PE14:117, ET, VT45:12 , VT48:11 linear measure of approximately 38 inches (96.5 PASS (vb.) auta- (leave, go away); pa.t. cm); see YARD. –UT:285 oantë , oantië (in the physical sense "went away PAGAN GOD see GOD [to another place]", vánë ("the most frequently PAIN (vb) nwalya- (torment). (Though used past [tense]" – less "physical" than oantë , spelt this way also in Etym, nwalya- must be meaning *"disappeared" rather than "passed from older * ngwalya , for the stem is ÑGWAL . In away"), also anwë (this pa.t. was "only found in Tengwar spelling, the letter nwalmë (< older archaic language"), perf. avánië (pl. avánier is ngwalmë ) should be used to transcribe the initial attested); perf. vánië with no augment may nw of nwalya .) PAIN, HURT (vb.) mala -. PAIN occur in verse. –WJ:366; for the gloss "pass" see (noun) nwalma , naicelë , naicë (= sharp pain) ; Silm:229 PAINFUL naicelëa –ÑGWAL, VT46:4, QL:63, PASS OVER lahta - (cross, surpass, excel) NÁYAK –PE17:92 PAIR OF FIVES, see GROUP OF TEN . PASS – mountain pass: falqua (cleft, MARRIED PAIR, see HUSBAND . ravine); pass between hills: cilya (cleft, gorge) PALACE túrion ( túriond -) –QL:95 (so in Etym, but #cirya in the name Calacirya PALATAL SERIES tyelpetéma – "Pass of Light" [gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] – LotR:1154 though this clashes with cirya "ship". An early PALE marya (fallow, fawn), malwa version of Namárië actually had Calacilyo not (fallow), isca . PALE BLUE helwa –MAD, SMAL, Calaciryo ; see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5) – LT1:256, 3EL LT2:341, KIL PALLID ninquë (stem * ninqui -) (chill, PASSAGE tarna (crossing, #ford) – white) –WJ:417 cf. NIK-W- LT2:347 PALM: The word palta is defined as "the PAST, PAST AND OVER (adj) vanwa flat of the hand, the hand held upwards or (departed, lost, vanished, dead, no longer to be forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb had), PAST (noun = past time) vanwië –WAN, closed or spread)". The related verb palta - is Nam explained to mean "pass the sensitive palm over PATH tië (course, line, direction, way, a surface: feel with the hand, stroke etc." – road); # vanda (isolated from Qualvanda "Road VT47:8-9 of Death" in LT1:264; cf. vand- "way, path" on PANSY helin , Helinyetillë ("Eyes of the same page); NARROW PATH axa (ravine); heartsease") (violet) –LT1:262 -TE3/RGEO:67/UT:22 cf. 51, LT1:264, AK PAPER hyalin –PE16:133 PATRONAGE # ortírië (attested with PARCHED fauca (openmouthed, thirsty) – endings: ortírielyanna , "to thy patronage") – PHAU VT45:7 PARCHMENT – in LT2:346, parma "book" PAUSE lár (also a Númenórean linear is glossed "parchment", but see BARK. measure, nearly one league – see LEAGUE.) – PARENT #nostar (only pl nostari is UT:285 attested); also ontar with gender-specific forms PAVED FLOOR paca (court) –TAL, GL:63 ontaro (m), ontarë or ontari (f) (begetter). The PAY, see REPAY plural form "ontani" in LR:379 is according to PEACE sérë (repose, rest), rainë VT46:7 a misreading for ontaru , evidently a dual (possibly rather “peace” or harmony as opposed form denoting a natural pair of parents. – to war), sívë ; AT PEACE senda (resting) –SED, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308, ONO, VT44:7, VT46:7 VT44:35 PART (noun) # ranta (pl. rantali attested) , PEAK aicalë ; MOUNTAIN PEAK aicassë , asta (division, especially one of other equal also # rassë or #ras (isolated from parts; asta is often used = "month" as a division Arfanyarassë , Arfanyaras "high white-shining peak"). –AYAK, WJ:416

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PEARL marilla –LT1:265 "phonetic signs", changed by Tolkien from PEBBLE-BANK sarnië (shingle) –UT:463 hlonaiti tengwi ) –VT48:29, WJ:395, VT39:4 PEER tihta- (blink) –MC:223 PHONOLOGY – lambelë is said to mean PEN (writing utensil) tecil –TEK, PM:318, "Language (especially with reference to VT47:8 phonology)" (VT39:15) PEN IN – see GO ROUND (under entry for PHYSICAL MATTER orma , hroa (also GO) regarding the verb pel - used = "body") ; PHYSICAL STRENGTH tuo – PENALTY – exact or inflict penalty , see MR:218, 216, TUG

PUNISH % PICK (UP, OUT) WITH THE FINGERS PENGOLODH Quendingoldo , lepta - (also "[to] finger, feel with fingertips") – Quengoldo –PM:401, 404-405, VT48:5 VT44:16, VT47:10, 25 PEOPLE lië , nossë (kin, house). PICTURE emma –PE17:179 Originally nórë meant "people", but in later PIECE mitta (Note: mitta - is also a verb [MET] Quenya it means primarily "land". SOME "insert"). PIECE OF SHAPED WOOD pano PEOPLE queni –LI, VT39:6, LT1:250/LT2:338, (Note: a homophone means “plan, WJ:361 cf. 360 arrangement”), –PE14:81, PAN PERCEPTION, KEENNESS OF laicë PIERCING maica (sharp), terevë (fine, (acuteness) The conceptual validity of this word acute), laica (keen, sharp, acute). (The printed is questionable; see PIERCING. –LAIK Etymologies has a final –e instead of –a, but PEREDHIL Pereldar (the Half-Elven) – according to VT45:25 this is a misreading. A Letters:386, cf. LotR:1071 word laike = laicë does appear in the source, PERFORMATION assa (hole, opening, but this is the noun corresponding to laica : mouth) –GAS "acuteness, keenness of perception". The PERHAPS cenasit , cenasta (VT49:19) . conceptual validity of both laica and laicë with See MAYBE. these meanings may however be questioned, PERIOD (endless period) oio –UT:317 since laica is the adjective "green" in later PERPETUAL # oien (isolated from sources: laicë would then be expected to mean oiencarmë "perpetual production" – but it has *"greenness".) FINE PIERCED HOLE terra – also been suggested that this is oi -en -carmë Silm:434, LT1:255, LT2:337, LAIK, VT46:18 *"ever-re-making", so the word # oien is rather PIG polca ; [?PIG-]FAT (the first part of the doubtful) –MR:329 gloss is not certainly legible) larma (flesh). Note: PERSON quén (stem quen -, as in pl. #larma is used = “raiment” in a later source. – queni ) (one, somebody), nassë (an individual), QL:75, VT45:26 PERSON AS A WHOLE (body + soul) essë PILE (noun) hahta (mound) –KHAG (basically meaning "name") , erdë ("singularity". PILLAR tarma , tulwë (standard, pole) – Note: a homophone means "seed, germ".) – Silm:438, LT1:270 WJ:361 cf. 360, VT49:30, MR:216 PILLOW quesset (probably with stem PETITION # arcandë (isolated from *quessec - since the "Noldorin"/Sindarin cognate arcandemmar "our petitions") Another form, is given as pesseg , pointing to older * kwessek -). #anarcandë , was apparently abandoned by –KWES Tolkien. –VT44:8 PIN tancil (brooch) –TAK PETTY # pitya (isolated from Pitya- PINETREE – GL:17 has aicassë , but in naucor "petty-dwarves", see below). Etym this word is said to mean "mountain-peak". PETTY-DWARVES Attalyar (lit. "Bipeds"), PINNACLE (topmost) see FINISH. Picinaucor , Pitya-naucor (lit. *"small dwarves") PIPE simpa , simpina (flute), rotsë . –WJ:388, 389 PIPER simpetar , PIPING simpisë –LT1:266, PHANTOM fairë ("phantom, disembodied LT2:347 spirit, when seen as a pale shape" – pl. fairi is PIT latta (hole – Note: a homophone attested. Note: fairë has other shades of means "strap" ) –DAT meaning as well as wholly different meanings – PIVOT peltas (pl peltaxi ) –PEL see SPIRIT, DEATH, RADIANCE, FREEDOM ) – PLACE # nómë (isolated from MC:223, 221 nómesseron , compound "of place-names", PHARAZÔN Calion (see AR-PHARAZÔN) VT42:17). In Etym the word for "place" is men , –UT:224, Silm:324 though this word would clash with the dative PHONETIC hlonitë , also # hlonítë (the pronoun * men "to/for us"; # nómë may be latter only attested in the pl. in hloníti tengwi preferred not only for clarity but also because it

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is apparently present in the LotR itself in the POOL nendë , linya , ailin (lake), ringwë word sinomë "in this place" (Elendil's Oath) ; – (cold lake). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, nomë would be the compound form of nómë . It the last word is cited as "ringe", but according to also occurs in tanomë “in the place (referred VT46:11, ringwë is the proper reading. DEEP to)”. STONY PLACE sarnë (gloss misread as POOL lón , lónë (pl. lóni given) (river-[?feeding] "strong place" in the Etymologies as printed in well), POOL OF LILIES nénuvar –NEN, LIN, AY, LR, see VT46:12) . AT BACK OF PLACE, see RINGI, VT48:28, LT1:248 BEHIND. Verb WISH TO GO TO A PLACE POPLAR-TREE tyulussë ; HAVING MANY mína - (desire to go in some direction, make for POPLARS lintyulussëa –TYUL, LIN it, have some end in view) –VT42:17, MEN, POPPY fúmella (pl. fumellar [read LotR:1003, SD:56, VT49:11, SAR, VT39:11 *fúmellar ?] is attested) , fúmellot (prob. PLAN pano (arrangement). Note: the word fúmellót -; cf. lótë "flower") –LT1:252 also means “piece of shaped wood”. –QL:72 PORTION, cf. DISTRIBUTE IN EVEN * PLANT # olva (only pl olvar is attested, PORTIONS never actually translated "plants" but defined as POSSESS harya-; POSSESSING arwa (+ "growing things with roots in the earth"); LONG genitive) (in control of) (Note: harya- is not used TRAILING PLANT uilë ("especially sea-weed", of one's offspring. In MR:228, Tolkien notes that which is explicitly ëaruilë ) –Silm:415, UY "no Elf would speak of possessing children; he PLAY (vb) tyalin ("I play", 1st pers. aorist) , would say: 'three children have been added unto PLAY (noun) tyalië (game, sport) – me', or 'are with me', or 'are in my house'.") – TYAL/LT1:260 3AR PLEDGE vanda (oath, solemn promise) – POST (wooden post) samna (Þ) (Distinct UT:317 from # samna "diphthong" in Tengwar spelling, PLENITUDE fárë , farmë (all that is as the latter is spelt with initial silmë , not súlë .) – wanted, sufficiency) –PHAR/VT46:9 STAB PLIANT maxa (soft) –MASAG POTTER cemnaro , centano –KEM, TAN PLOUGH hyar ; THE PLOUGH POUR ulya- (intransitive pa. t. ullë , (constellation) see SICKLE OF THE VALAR. – transitive ulyanë ; plural subjunctive ullier LT2:342 "should pour" is attested. These forms may PLUM pio (also used for "cherry") – obsolete ulu- and ulto- "pour" [transitive and LT2:347 intransitive] in LT1:270) ; POURING úlëa POEM lairë (Note: a homophone means (flooding, flowing) –ULU, SD:310 "summer") , lirit –GLIR, LT1:258 POUT penga - (VT39:11) POINT (verb) : The phrase tentanë POWDER (yellow powder) malo (stem numenna , translated “pointed westward”, would *malu -) (pollen) –SMAL indicate that the verb glossed DIRECT TOWARD POWER: For "power" as an abstract, the (q.v.) can also be translated “point”. Tentanes word túrë "mastery, strength, might" may be formenna “it pointed northwards” –VT49:23, 26 used. The word Valar is sometimes translated POINT (noun) mentë (end), tixë (dot, tiny "the Powers" (and the sg. vala is defined as mark), tildë (horn), variant tillë (tip) (also used of "angelic power" in LotR Appendix E), but this fingers and toes, VT47:10, 26; see UP-POINT, word obviously has a specialized meaning: the UNDER-POINT) , amatixë (point/dot over the line "gods" of Tolkien's legendarium. of writing, variant amatexë in VT46:20), unutixë PRAISE (vb) laita- (bless) (Imperative a (point/dot under the line of writing; the initial laita and fut # laituva are attested, the latter with element unu - was misread as "nun-" in the pronominal endings: laituvalmet , "we shall Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:19). praise them") PRAISE (noun) # laitalë (isolated SPEAR-POINT nasta (spear-head, gore, from Erulaitalë "Praise of Eru") –LotR:989 cf triangle). –MET, TIK/VT46:19, TIL/VT47:10, 26, Letters:308, UT:436 SNAS/VT46:14 PRAY # hyam - (attested in the form POISON (noun) sangwa –SAG hyamë , evidently incorporating the ending -ë of POLE tulwë (standard) –LT1:270 the aorist stem), arca - (the latter perhaps POLISHED COPPER calarus ( calarust -) primarily in the sense "to petition", cf. the noun –VT41:10 arcandë "petition"). –VT43:32, 33 (VT44:8, 18) POLLEN malo (stem * malu -) (yellow PRAYER #cyermë (isolated from powder) –SMAL Erucyermë , "prayer to Eru". A verbal stem #cyer - "pray" can also be isolated, though it may

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be better to use attested verbs like # hyam - or "honeycomb". ) THE ENDS OF arca -.) –UT:436 PROMONTORIES, see CAPE (OF LAND). – PRECIOUS mirwa (valuable); PRECIOUS UT:282 THING mírë (jewel, treasure, shining jewel) – PROP tulco (stem * tulcu -, pl. * tulqui ) PE17:37, MIR (support) –TULUK PRECIPICE (seaward) ollo (cliff) (The PROPER vanima (fair, beautiful, right) – alternative form oldó may be archaic Quenya.) – LT1:272 LT1:252 PROSPEROUS alya (rich, abundant, PREPARE manwa - –QL:59 blessed); PROSPERITY autë (wealth, also adj: PRESS sanga (crowd, throng) – rich) –GALA, LT2:336 STAG/Silm:438 PROTECT varya-; PROTECTED varna PRESSURE (to do something against (safe, secure) –BAR one's will or conscience) sahtië ( Þ) (force) – PROTUBERANCE CONTRIVED TO VT43:22 SERVE A PURPOSE tolma (knob, short PRETTY netya (dainty). (Note: netya - is rounded handle etc.) –VT47:28 also a verb "trim, adorn" .) –VT47:33 PROVERBIAL DICTUM ("a saying, a PREVENT FROM COMING TO current or proverbial dictum") eques (pl. COMPLETION nuhta- (stunt, stop short, not equessi ) (dictum, quotation, saying) –WJ:392 allow to continue) –WJ:413 PROW OF A SHIP lango (broad sword) – PRICK erca-, nasta- (sting); PRICKLE, LAG SPINE erca –ERÉK, NAS P -SERIES parmatéma (labials) – ? PRIMARY (Tolkien's handwriting was LotR:1154 illegible) *yessëa (emended from the actual PUFF hwesta-; PUFF OF AIR hwesta reading essea – see BEGINNING) –ESE (breath, breeze), PUFF OF BREATH foa PRINCE † cundu , haryon (heir); (breath) –SWES, VT47:35, 36 PRINCESS aranel –KUND Ū/VT45:24, 3AR, PULL saca - ( Þ) (draw). Since saca - may UT:434 also mean "look for", for clarity it may be better PRINCIPAL (prob. adj not noun) héra to use # tuc - "draw", q.v. –VT43:23 (chief) –KHER PUNISH paimeta - (= “exact or inflict a PRIVACY aquapahtië (literally *"fully- penalty; punish”), pa.t. perhaps * paimetánë ; closedness", used of a mind that closes itself PUNISHMENT paimë –QL:72 % against telepathic communication) –VT39:23 PURE poica –POY PROCEED (in any direction) lelya - (pa.t. PURIFICATION sovallë (washing, lendë ) (go, travel). TO PROCEED (conjunction, bathing) –QL:86 = “furthermore”), see FURTHERMORE. – PURSUE roita-, also saca - (search, look 1 WJ:363 for), p.a.t sácë –ROY , QL:81 PRODUCTION carmë (glossed "art" in PUT ASIDE hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë is given UT:396, but cf. Oiencarmë Eruo "the One's but seems perfectly regular) (leave out, exclude, perpetual production". Carmë is also translated abandon, forsake); PUT A STOP TO pusta- "making".) –MR:329 (stop, cease) –WJ:365, PUS PROFOUND tumna (low-lying, low, deep, PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLOWERS dark or hidden) –LT1:271 cf. TUB *lohta- (emended from the actual reading lokta PROJECTIONS (seaward projections) , because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht see CAPE (OF LAND) in Quenya) (sprout) –LT:258 PROLONG taita- –TAY PUT TO SHAME naitya - (abuse) –QL:65 PROMINENT minda (conspicuous), PUT TO THE TEST tyasta -, pa.t. minya (eminent; basically ordinal "1st") –MINI , tyasantë –QL:49 VT42:24, 25 PUTRID saura (Þ) (foul, evil-smelling); in PROMISE (noun) (solemn promise:) compounds # sauri-, see FOUL . –THUS vanda (oath, pledge) –UT:317 PROMONTORY (narrow) nehtë (gore, wedge, spear-head. Note: a homophone means

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Q QUANTITY (great) úvë (abundance) –UB QUICK STROKE rincë (stem rinci -) QUARREL (vb) costa- –KOT (flourish) –RIK QUEEN tári ( gen. tário and dative tárin QUIET (noun) quildë (rest, hush) –GL:23 are also attested, the latter in the Elaine QUIVER vainolë –LT1:271 inscription) . Vocative tarinya *"my Queen", QUOTATION eques (pl. equessi ) (dictum, UT:179. LT1:260 gives turinqui "queen", while proverbial dictum, saying) –WJ:392 LT1:273 gives vardi, but these are hardly valid words in LotR-style Quenya. QUEEN OF STARS (Varda's title) Elentári (so in LotR and Silm; Etym has also Tinwetári , Tinwetar , Tinwerontar ); QUEEN OF THE EARTH Kementári (a title of Yavanna) – TĀ/LT1:264/Nam/RGEO:67, Silm:55/437/30

R

RACE nórë (land, country, dwelling-place, RAGE aha –LotR:1157 nation, native land, family) –NŌ RAIMENT # larma (attested in pl. form Aiwendil ("Lover of Birds", larmar ). Note: a homophone means “[?pig]-fat”. his original Valinorean name, not an actual –PE17:175 translation of "Radagast", which is either RAIN mistë (fine rain), rossë (fine rain, Adûnaic for "Tender of Beasts" or a Mannish dew, spray), ucco ; RAINBOW helyanwë (lit. name of uncertain meaning) –UT:393/417, cf. "sky-bridge"), Ilweran , Ilweranta . (LT2 has 390, 401 iluquinga "sky-bow", but this was obsoleted RADIANCE alcar , alcarë (brilliance, together with ilu "sky"; see SKY.) –MIZD, ROS splendour), incalë (compare Ancalë or "Radiant cf. Letters:282, GL:74, 3EL, LT1:256, LT2:348 One" as a name of the Sun, LR:392 s.v. KAL , RAISE orta - (lift up, rise) (pa.t. ortanë is though it is not clear whether or not Tolkien attested; orta- probably obsoletes orto- in abandoned this word) , fairë (Note: the word LT1:256) , in early "Qenya" also amu- –ORO, fairë has several other meanings – see DEATH, Nam, RGEO:67, LT2:335 FREEDOM, PHANTOM) , nalta (glittering RAPE (vb) mapta - (pa.t. mapantë ) reflection [from jewels, glass, polished metals, or (ravish); noun RAPE maptalë (ravishment, water] – alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form, seizure). –PE13:163 and alta in VT42:32 would seem to be a variant. RAPID larca , alarca –LAK In PM:347, nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . RAT nyarro ("nyano" in LR:379 must be a Initial ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, misreading of Tolkien's manuscript; the primitive and we follow the system of LotR and transcribe form is given as nyadr ō, which could not possibly it accordingly. But if this word is written in become "nyano" in Quenya). –NYAD, VT46:7 Tengwar, the initial n should be transcribed with RAVINE axa (narrow path), yáwë (cleft, the letter noldo , not númen .) RADIANT gulf/gully), falqua (cleft, mountain pass) –AK, alcarinqua (glorious) –AKLA-R, VT45:36, YAG/VT46:22, LT2:341 PHAY, PM:347, WJ:369 (where alkar is translated "splendour")

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RAVISH mapta - (pa.t. mapantë ) (rape); RED carnë (stem carni -), aira ("ruddy, noun RAVISHMENT maptalë (rape, seizure). – copper-coloured"), * narwa ("fiery red", cited in PE13:163 the archaic form narw ā in the source. Cf. nárë RAY OF LIGHT alca ; RAY OF THE SUN "flame") , nasar (adopted from Valarin; used in firin (the latter may not be a valid word in LotR- Vanyarin Quenya only) ; RED [HEAT?] (Tolkien's style Quenya; it would clash with the verb "I handwriting was illegible) yulmë (Note: a fade" or "I die"). –AKLA-R, LT2:341 homophone means "drinking, carousal".) RED "RAYMENT, VEILS" fana (pl fanar is FLAME rúnya , WITH ADORNMENT OF RED attested. This word was used of the visible JEWELS carnimírië (a pl form? Sg bodies in which the Valar presented themselves *carnimírëa ? Letters:224 has carne- instead of to incarnates.) –RGEO:74 carni-.) –KARÁN/Silm:429, GAY, NAR, WJ:399, RE- (prefix) en- (as in entulessë "return" YUL, Silm:437, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224 and envinyatar "renewer", q.v. Also used on REDEEMER # runando (isolated from verbs: #enquat- "refill" [only fut. enquantuva is Mardorunando , "Redeemer of the World") – attested, see REFILL]. Before the consonants l, VT45:17 m, r, s, the prefix en- would be assimilated to REED liscë (sedge) –LT2:335 (GL:34 also *el-, * em -, * er -, and * es -, respectively. Very early gives feng -, but some ending would be [The Lost Tales] "Qenya" has an- instead of en- required) . It may be that at some stages of [see LT1:184].) Tolkien’s conception, the word linquë was REACH (intr.) * rahta- (strech out) intended to mean *”grass, reed” (but elsewhere (Emended from the actual reading rakta ; Tolkien the same word is used as an adj. “wet” or as a later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) – noun “hyacinth”). LT1:335 REEK usquë –USUK REACT ahtar - or accar- (do back, requite, REFILL # enquat- (only fut. enquantuva is avenge) –PE17:166 attested, but cf. quat- "fill" in WJ:392) . In another READ tengwa - (verb denominated from source the future tense appears as enquatuva . tengwa “letter”), conjugated in many forms in –Nam, VT21:6, 10; VT48:11 source: aorist [ teng ]wa , present [ teng ]wëa , past REFLECTION (glittering) nalta (radiance – [teng ]wanë , perfect e[teng ]wië ; READING alata in Silm:433 is the Telerin form. In PM:347, (verbal noun) tengwië (also attested with nalta is spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng suffixes: tengwiesto “of your [dual] reading”). – had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow VT49:47-48, 54 the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. READY (adj.) manwa (for "to ready" as a But if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n noun, cf. the verb manwa - "to prepare") –QL:59 should be transcribed with the letter noldo , not 2 REAL anwa (actual, true) –ANA númen .) –PM:347 REALM arda (region) . This word means REFRESH ceuta - (renew) –VT48:7 "any more or less bounded or defined place, a REFUSE váquet- (forbid, say no) (1st region" (WJ:402) or "a particular land or region" pers. sg aorist and past váquetin , váquenten (WJ:413). Arda (with a capital A) was "the name are given) avaquet - (forbid) (pa.t. is no doubt given to our world or earth...within the immensity *avaquentë ; cf. quet- under SAY) , ava- (say of Eä". –3AR, Letters:283 no) . (Pa.t. avanë is given; this verb was "little REAR (noun) tellë , (body-part:) pontë used in ordinary language". Other forms occur in (ponti -) (back) –TELES , QL:75 VT49:13, all with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan , REASON, see CAUSE present ávan or ávëan , future avuvan > auvan , RECALL (i.e. remember) # enyal - (inf. or past avanen or aunen , perfect avávien . In one gerund enyalië ) –UT:302, 317 version, the forms ávëan and avanen are RECKON not-; *RECKONING #onótië marked as poetic or archaic.) –WJ:370, KWET, (isolated from Yénonótië *"reckoning of years") , VT49:13 *RECKONER Onótimo (the untranslated title of REGARDS – see AS REGARDS s one Quennar, an expert of chronology) –NOT, REGION ména , arda (realm), harda – MR:48-51 MEN, LotR:1157, VT45:12 RECEIVE # cam - (attested in the past REGULAR sanya (Þ) (law-abiding, tense # camnë with pronominal endings added: normal) (variant vorosanya with a prefixed camnelyes "you received it"). Early material also element meaning "ever"). –STAN, VT46:16 has tuvu - (same as in utúvienyes "I have found it"? See FIND) –VT47:21, GL:71

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RECEIVE # cam - (attested in the pa.t. VT46:12, Tolkien also considered erdë as a #camnë with pronominal affixes: camnelyes , word for "repose", but he marked it with an X, "you received it") –VT47:21 possibly indicating that he considered RELATE # nyar - (cited as nyarin , 1st pers. abandoning this word because it clashed with aorist) (tell); NOT TO BE TOLD OR RELATED erdë "seed, germ". Because of its uncertain 2 avanyárima –NAR , WJ:370 status, writers should probably avoid erdë RELEASE lerya - (set free, let go), fainu-, "repose". –WJ:403, 404 apsenë - (remit, forgive; see FORGIVE). REQUITE RELEASED lehta (free); RELEASED ELEMENT REACT ahtar - or accar- (do back, requite, (a term for "vowel") # lehta tengwë (only pl. avenge), paitya - (repay) –PE17:166, QL:72 lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect RESCUE (noun) rehtië (saving); this *lehtë tengwi ). –VT41:5, 6, LT2:250, VT43:18, would seem to be the gerund of a verb * rehta - 20, VT39:17 “rescue, save” (see SAVING for further REMAIN lemya - (to tarry). Possibly this discussion). –PE17:38 verb should have the past tense * lemnë rather RESONANCE OF THE VOCAL CHORDS than ? lemyanë , since intransitive verbs in –ya óma (voice) –VT39:16 may seem to surrender this suffix in the past RESONANT (of strings) tunga (taut, tight) tense. REMAINS erin (evidently a verb; the –TUG ending -n for 3rd person rather than 1st person RESPONSIBILITY cáma (guilt) –QL:43 would not be valid in later Quenya. A verbal stem REST serin ("I rest", 1st pers. aorist) ; #er - "remain" may perhaps be isolated, but the REST (noun) sérë (repose, peace), quildë source is very early and writers should rather (quiet, hush); Estë (the name of a Valië; use lemya -.) –VT45:26, LT1:269 because of this name, estë fell out of use as a REMEMBER, see RECALL general word for "rest") (repose) ; TAKE A REST REMIT apsenë - (release, forgive; see hauta-; RESTING senda (at peace) –SED, FORGIVE). –VT43:18, 20 EZD Ē/WJ:404, GL:23, KHAW REMOTE haira (far), eccaira , avahaira , RESTRAIN avalerya - (bind, make fast, vaháya or avaháya –KHAYA, VT45:21 deprive of liberty) –VT41:5, 6 REND narca- (in the Etymologies as RETURN (vb) pel- (revolve, go round), published in LR, "narka" in Tolkien's manuscript RETURN (noun) entulessë –PEL, UT:171, 434 was misread as "narki"; see VT45:37), REVEAL apanta - (pa.t. apantanë , RENDING naraca (harsh, violent) (possibly "of apantë ) (display); REVEALING (noun) pantië sounds", but Tolkien's extra comment is partially (opening, unfolding) –QL:34, 72 illegible) –NÁRAK, VT45:37 REVERED: The element # ar- in RENEW ceuta - (refresh), #envinyata- Arfanyarassë (a name of Taniquetil) is said to (heal) (isolated from Envinyatar , see below. mean "high (i.e., noble, revered)" –WJ:416 Past participle Envinyanta is attested, though it REVERSED nuquerna (literally *”under- is translated "healed" rather than *"renewed".) turned”) –LotR:1157 RENEWED ceura (so in VT48:8; the form ceurë REVOLVE pel- (return, go round) –PEL on the previous page looks dubious, except as RICH alya (prosperous, abundant, the plural form of this adj.). *RENEWAL ceulë blessed), lárëa (also = fat , and probably the best (the likeliest meaning of this unglossed form), word for "rich" in the strictly material sense) , RENEWER Envinyatar –MR:405, VT48:7, 8, autë (also as noun: prosperity, wealth), herenya LotR:897 (wealthy, fortunate, blessed). RICHES lar (fat) – REPAY paitya - (requite) –QL:72 GALA/VT42:32, VT45:26, LT2:335, KHER, REPEAT tatya- (double); REPEATED VT45:26 vórima (changed by Tolkien from vorima ) RIDER roquen (horseman, knight) – (continual), vórëa (enduring, continuous) – WJ:372, UT:282 TATA, BOR, VT45:7 RIGHT téra (straight), vanima (fair, REPETITION – continuous repetition: proper, beautiful). RIGHT (direction) forya vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in the published (dexter), fortë (stem * forti -) (Note: the latter Etymologies is a misreading; see VT45:7) word also means "northern") ; RIGHTHANDED (harping on one tune) –LIN 1 formaitë (stem * formaiti -) (dexterous), RIGHT REPOSE Estë (the name of a Valië; HAND forma –TE3, LT1:272, PHOR/VT46:10, because of this name, estë fell out of use as a VT47:6 general word for "repose"). According to RIME ringwë (frost) –LT1:255

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RING # corma (isolated from Death" in LT1:264; cf. vand- "way, path" on the cormacolindor "Ring-bearers") . The title "Lord same page) –TEÑ, LOD/VT45:28, of the Rings" Tolkien translated as Heru i TE3/RGEO:67, LT1:264 Million , with # milli as the word for "rings" ROARING (adj.) rávëa ; ROARING NOISE (singular * millë or less likely * mil with stem rávë –MC:223 cf. 215 *mill -). The word * risil (quoted in archaic form ROBBER pilu (thief) –QL:73 rithil ) appears in Rithil-Anamo or "Ring of ROBBERY pilwë (theft) –QL:73 % Doom", the place where judgement was passed ROBE vaima (wrap) –LT1:271 in Valinor; this would therefore be a "ring" on the ROCKHEWN HALL hróta (dwelling ground. RING-DAY Cormarë (Yavannië 30th, a underground, artificial cave) –PM:365 festival in honour of ; this was his ROLL UP tolu - –QL.94 birthday). RING-WRAITHS Úlairi (Nazgûl) (pl; sg ROOF (vb) tópa-; ROOF (noun) tópa ; #Úlairë ? Note that Úlairi is not a literal HAVING A ROOF telda ; "DOWN-ROOF" (cover) translation of "ring-wraiths"; the prefix ú- may untúpa - –TOP, LT2:348, RGEO:67/Nam mean "un-" with evil connotation; the rest of the ROOM sambë (Þ) (chamber) –STAB word is obscure. Lairë "summer" or "poem" can ROOT, ROOTWORD sundo (Þ) (pl hardly have anything to do with #lairi . The #sundar in Tarmasundar "Roots of the Pillar" in syllable úl - may also have something to do with UT:166, but this may be a different word) (base), the word gûl, wraith, or else the talma (foundation), sulca (esp. edible root) – meaning may be "unliving (= undead) ones", with SUD (but VT46:16 indicates that Tolkien the root LAY that is normally associated with changed the root to STUD, also implying that greenness but also with life: * ú-lai-ri "un-live-ly sundo was originally Þundo ), TAL, SÚLUK ones") –LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, LotR.1146, ROUND corna (globed), corima ; WJ:401, Silm:362, 417 ISOLATED ROUND HILL tolmen (boss of RINGING SOUND láma (echo – so in shield), GO ROUND pel- (return, revolve) Etym, but see SOUND ) –LAM ROUNDED HANDLE, see HANDLE. –KOR, RISE orta- (pa.t. ortanë is attested; orta- LT1:257, 269, PEL obsoletes oro- in LT1:256) (lift up, raise); ROW téma (series, line) (pl témar is RISING (noun) órë (Note: a homophone means attested) –TEÑ, LotR:1153 "heart, inner mind"; but cf. MIGHTY-RISING) ; ROYAL # arna (isolated from Arnanor , SUNRISE anarórë (LT1:264 has orontë , Arnanórë , "royal land", Arnor) ; ROYALIST oronto , but these words may not be valid in arandil (king's friend) –Letters:428, 386 LotR-style Quenya). –ORO, LT1:256, RUDDY aira (red, copper-coloured), roina Nam/RGEO:67 –GAY, ROY RIVER sírë (stream), also # sirya (attested RUINOUS atalantëa (pl. atalantië is in dual form siryat ). (LT1:248/262 also gives attested) –MC:222, 223 nen , while LT1:260 gives celusindi ; LT1:265 RULE (vb) heru- (Note: In Tolkien’s later gives sindi ; these may not be valid words in Quenya, heru is primarily the noun "lord", so the LotR-style Quenya.) The word hlóna (marked by later verb tur - “govern” may be preferred to this a query by Tolkien) was to designate "a river, early “Qenya” verb.). LT1:273 has vard- "rule, especially given to those at all seasons full of govern", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR- water from mountains". Regarding the style Quenya. RULE (noun, “a rule”) sanyë (Þ) conceptual validity of the word nuinë , –duinë (law), axan (commandment, law, as proceeding (cognate of Sindarin duin as in Anduin ), see primarily from Eru; pl. axani is attested.) – nuinë in the Quenya-English wordlist. RIVER- LT1:272, STAN, WJ:399/VT39:30 [?FEEDING] WELL (Tolkien's gloss is not RULER cáno , cánu (see COMMANDER) certainly legible) lón , lónë (pl. lóni given) (deep (governor, chieftain, commander), #tur (as in pool). RIVULET siril ; MOUTH OF RIVER etsir – Minyatur , "first Ruler") (lord) –UT:400, 466 SIR, VT47:11, VT48:27, 28, 30-31, ET RUN yur - (quoted in form yurin , translated ROAD tëa (straight line) (note: not to be "runs", but within Tolkien's later framework it confused with the verb tëa - "indicate") , ROAD IN looks like a 1st person aorist "I run") , RUN ON, SEA londë (entrance to harbour, translated RUN SMOOTHLY nornoro-; adj. "haven" in Alqualondë Haven of the Swans, STRONG/SWIFT AT RUNNING nórima – UT:417; the additional gloss "fairway" turned up QL:106 (cf. entry YUR in Etym), LT1:263, in VT45:28), tië (path, course, direction, way), VT49:29 #vanda (isolated form Qualvanda "Road of

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RUNE certa (pl certar is attested. This RUSHING (adjectival) rimpa (flying), word only occurred in Exilic Quenya, adopted arauca (swift); RUSHING (noun) ormë (wrath, and adapted from Sindarin certh . Tolkien notes violence, haste) –KHOR, LT2:347, GOR that if inherited, the form would have had the RUSTLE escë (noise of leaves) –EZGE form *cirtë .) –WJ:396, LotR:1151

S SAFE varna (protected, secure). (GL:58 senses say / says or said . A quotation then has moina "safe, secure", but in Tolkien's later follows, either direct, or less usually indirect after Quenya moina means "dear, familiar", and the a 'that'-construction (...) Affixes appear in equen former moina now appears as muina "hidden, 'said I', eques 'said he / she' ." (WJ:392, 415) secret".) SAFE KEEPING mando (custody) – Attested forms include the aorist quetë and its BAR, MR:350 pl. form quetir (VT41:11, 49:11) . Cf. also SAY 2 SAGA nyárë , nyarna (tale, history) –NAR NO váquet- (forbid, refuse) (1st pers. sg aorist SAGACIOUS finwa –LT1:253 and past váquetin , váquenten are given) , ava- SAIL # cir- (only attested as a continuative (refuse) (pa.t. avanë is given; this verb was "little stem: círa ). LT1:273 has wili- "sail, float, fly", but used in ordinary language". Other forms occur in see FLY. –MC:221 VT49:13, all with the ending -n “I”: Aorist avan , SAILOR ciryaquen (shipman) –WJ:372 present ávan or ávëan , future avuvan > auvan , SAKALTHÔR Falassion –UT:223 past avanen or aunen , perfect avávien . In one SALT (noun:) singë , (adj., "salty") : singwa version, the forms ávëan and avanen are –QL:83 marked as poetic or archaic.) NOT TO BE SAID, SALVE lipsa –LIB 2 THAT MUST NOT BE SAID avaquétima . SAME imya (same, identical, selfsame); SAYING eques (pl. equessi ) (dictum, proverbial SAME THING imma (this is also the reflexive dictum, quotation) –Silm:436, WJ:370, LT2:348, pronoun "itself") SAME ONE, SELF immo (a WJ:392 general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English SCARLET: the word culda “flame- "myself, him/herself, yourself", but not "itself" coloured, golden-red” is the cognate of which is imma ) –VT47:37 “Noldorin”/Sindarin coll , which form was glossed SANCTUARY yána (holy place) –YAN “scarlet”, though this was deleted (KUL, SAND litsë –LIT VT45:24) SARUMAN Curumo (= Sindarin Curunír) – SCHOLAR istyar (learned man) –IS UT:393, 401, 427 SCOOP OUT calpa- (draw out, bale out) – SATURN Lumbar –WJ:xi/Basic KALPA Quenya:24, cf. Silm:55 SCORN yaiwë (mocking) –YAY SAURON (The Abhorred) Sauron (Þ), SCREEN (vb) telta- (canopy, other names Súro , Sauro (all Þ) –THUS overshadow), SCREEN FROM LIGHT halya- SAVE: the apparent gerund rehtië , (veil, conceal) –SKAL, TEL “saving” or “rescue”, seems to imply a verb SEA ëar , airë (in Etym said to apply to *rehta - “save, rescue” (see SAVING). Also see "inner seas of Middle-earth", but Tolkien later DELIVER. –PE17:38 used these words of the ocean). LT2:347 also SAVING (noun) rehtië (rescue); this is gives Rása "the Sea". SEA-DWELLING Eämbar seemingly the gerund of a verb * rehta - “rescue, (name of a ship) , SEA-SPIRIT falmar /falmarin save”; the underlying root REK is defined as (pl. falmarindi ) (nymph), SEA-ELF Teler “recover, get out/away, save from ruin/peril/loss”) (Telellië , Telelli "Teler-folk", adj Telerin –PE17:38 "Telerian") , SEAWEED ëaruilë (also simply uilë , SAY quet - (pa.t. quentë ) (speak, talk), see PLANT) , CHILD OF THE SEA oar equë (the latter word "has no tense forms...being (merchild), SEAWARD PRECIPICE ollo (cliff). mostly used only before either a proper (The alternative form oldó may be archaic name...or a full independent pronoun, in the

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Quenya.) –AYAR/Letters:386/RGEO:73, UT:430, SEMI-VOWEL – the term # mussë tengwë LT2:347, TELES, LT1:263, LT1:252 "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë SEARCH saca (pa.t. sácë ) (pursue, look tengwi ) covers vowels, semi-vowels ( y, w) and for) –QL:81 continuants ( l, r, m, n). –VT39:17 SECOND (2nd) attëa , in older (MET) SEND menta - (cause to go [in a desired Quenya tatya (cf. Tatyar , "the Second Ones", direction]), also # lelta - (attested in the pa.t. with the Second Clan of the Elves), neuna ; THE pronominal endings: leltanelyes , "you sent SECOND Atani (sg Atan – an Elvish name of him"); SENDING (noun) menta (message); Men, later only used of Men of the Three Houses THOUGHT-SENDING sanwe-menta (mental of the Edain.) –WJ:420, VT42:25, NDEW, message) –VT41:5, VT47:21 WJ:403 SEND FLYING horta- (speed, urge) – SECRET (adj) muina (hidden), nulla , KHOR nulda , lomba ; SECRET (noun) fólë (secrecy); SEND FOR tulta- (fetch, summon) –TUL SECRECY muilë , fólë (secret), SECRETIVE SENTENCE quentelë –LT2:348 fólima –MUY, DUL, LT1:255, LT2:340 SEPTEMBER Yavannië – SECURE varna (protected, safe), LotR:1144/1146/Silm:439 SECURITY varnassë . (GL:58 gives moina SERIES téma (pl. témar is attested) (row, "safe, secure", but in Tolkien's later Quenya line) –TEÑ, LotR:1153 moina means "dear, familiar", and the former SERPENT lócë (snake, dragon; "so do the moina seems to have been altered to muina Eldar name the worms of Melko[r]" , LT2:85). The "hidden, secret".) –BAR word foalócë is said to be a "name of a serpent SEDGE liscë (reed) –LT2:335 that guarded a treasure". The word is not SEE cen- (behold) (future tense cenuva capitalized, so this "name" must be a common and imperative cena are attested) , véla- (the noun and not a proper name. –LOK, LT2:340 latter maybe primarily "see" = "meet"). Also see SERVANT núro (in the Etymologies as LOOK AT. Interjections: SEE! ela (lo! look!) published in LR, the gloss is misread as (directing sight to an actually visible object) NOW "sunset"; see VT45:38) , also –(n)dur (final SEE! yé (lo!) Note: a homophone means "what element in compounds, e.g. arandur "king's is more". –MC:222, VT47:31, Arct, WJ:362 cf. servant, minister, steward". When the first part of 360, VT47:31 the compound ends in l, n, or r, the n of –ndur is SEEMING – nácë is glossed “it is may be left out). –ND Ū, Letters:386 seeming” (sic). –VT49:28 SET panya- (fix), SET (of Sun or Moon) SEED erdë (germ. Note: a homophone núta- (sink, stoop), SET FREE lerya - (release, means "person". ) –ERÉD let go), SET UP tulca- (fix, establish. Note: there SEIZE mapa- (grasp) This word was is a homophone meaning "firm, steadfast, struck out in one of Tolkien's earlier word-lists, strong, immoveable". ) SET ASIDE # sat - but in Etym it was restored. In early material we (appropriate to a special purpose or owner). The have map - "seize, take" with pa.t. nampë . – verb # sat - is cited in the form " sati -", evidently MAP, LT2:339, QL:59 including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in SEIZURE maptalë (rape, ravishment). – *satin "I set aside". SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO PE13:163 DO horya - (be compelled to do, have an SELF immo (a general sg. reflexive impulse) –PAN, ND Ū, VT41:5, 6; LT1:270 cf. pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, TULUK, VT42:20, VT45:22 yourself", but not "itself" which is imma ) – SETTLED – be settled: mar- (abide, be VT47:37 fixed) SETTLED CHARACTER indómë ("also SELF-NAME # cilmessë (only pl. cilmessi used of the 'will' of Eru [God]"). –UT:317, is attested, said to mean more literally "names of VT43:16 personal choice": #cilmë "choice" + essi SEVEN otso (for the syntax of numerals, "names". PM:339 explains that "some among the see THREE ). SEVENTH otsëa . Fraction ONE exiles gave themselves names, as disguises or SEVENTH otosta , osta , otsat –OT, VT42:25, in reference to their own deeds and personal VT48:6, 11 history: such names were called kilmessi 'self- SEVENTEEN otoquë . For the syntax of names'.") numerals, see THREE . –VT48:21 SELFSAME imya (same, identical) – SEX, see COITUS VT47:37 SEXUAL DESIRE is the apparent meaning of yérë , a word that is not really glossed, but

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derived from the root YER "feel sexual desire" questioned because laika , laica is the word for (VT46:23). The word hroafelmë , "body-impulse" "green" in later sources. –Silm:434, AYAK, (VT41:19 cf. 13) is also said to cover sexual MR:323, LAIK desire (but likewise physical fear, hunger, or SHARP-PROWED SHIP cirya (see SHIP) thirst). –Silm:433 (where the spelling círya occurs, but SHADE lëo (= shadow cast by an object) , all other sources have cirya with a short i, so laimë , lómin (shadow); SHADES OF NIGHT círya is likely an error by Christopher Tolkien). lómë (Night, night-time, dusk, gloom, twilight), SHATTERED rúcina (confused, SHADY halda (veiled, hidden, shadowed), laira disordered) –MC:223 –DAY, LT1:255, DO3 SHE – see HE (the same forms are used SHADOW lëo ( =shadow cast by an for both genders) object) (shade), also laimë (shadow "cast by an SHEATH vainë –LT1:271 object or form", VT45:8) , lómin (shade), SHEEN, THE Isil (Moon) –THIL lumbulë (=[heavy] shadow) , fuinë , huinë (= SHEEP máma (Unlike English "sheep", deep shadow) (gloom, darkness – according to this word probably has a distinct plural *mámar .) VT41:8, fuinë is actually a Telerin form, the SHEEPFOLD moalin ( moalind -) –WJ:395, proper Quenya form being huinë ), ungo (=dark QL:60 shadow) (cloud), mordo (obscurity, stain, smear, SHELL hyalma (conch, horn of Ulmo) – dimness), lumbë (gloom). "The Shadow" SYAL meaning Sauron should probably be Huinë , as SHEPHERD mavor (GL:58 gives mavar ); this word is associated with his coming to SHEPHERDESS emerwen . The word Númenor in LR:47 and SD:246/310. mámandil , etymologically "sheep-friend" ( máma SHADOWED halda (veiled, hidden, shady). – "sheep" + –ndil "friend"), may perhaps also be DAY/VT45:8, LT1:255, Nam/RGEO:67, PHUY, used for "shepherd". –LT1:268, UT:434, UT:209 UÑG, MOR/VT45:35, LUM, SKAL SHIELD turma , umbas ( Þ); BOSS OF SHAGGY aulë (May have been obsoleted SHIELD tolmen (isolated round hill) –TURÚM, by the later [TLT] word aulë "invention".) – VT45:33, LT1:269 LT1:249 SHIFT (of large and heavy things:) rúma- SHAKE (vb.) pal -; pa.t. pallë given – (part. rúmala is attested) (heave, move) – PE16:143 MC:223, 222 SHAKE (noun) : In the Etymologies as SHINE cala- (fut. caluva is attested) , printed in LR, rincë was glossed "quick shake", calta-; SHINE WHITE sil- (present tense síla , but according to VT46:11 the proper reading of aorist sg. silë , aorist pl. silir , freq. sisíla- are Tolkien's manuscript is "quick stroke". –RIK , attested and dual future siluvat are attested) , VT46:11 ninquita-; SHINING WHITE (adj) silma (silver) – SHAME (vb, "put to shame") naitya - LT1:254, UT:22 cf. 51, KAL, MC:223, VT49:45, (abuse). An abstract formation based on this NIK-W, SIL/LotR:94/The Return of the verb, e.g. * naityalë , could serve as the noun Shadow:324

“shame”. % –QL:65 SHINGLE sarnië (pebble-bank) –UT:463 SHAPE (vb) canta-, venië (gerund? Stem SHIP cirya (defined as "sharp-prowed #ven-?) (cut); SHAPE (noun) venwë (cut), ship" in Silm:433; dual ciriat [read * ciryat ?] is SHAPED canta (also as quasi-suffix, e.g. attested in Letters:427; all numbers and cases lassecanta "leaf-shaped"); SHAPED STONE except plural possessive *ciryaiva are attested ambal (flag), PIECE OF SHAPED WOOD pano . in the Plotz letter. In Silm:433, the spelling círya Note: a homophone means “plan, arrangement”. occurs, but all other sources have cirya with a –KAT, LT1:254, MBAL, PAN short i, so círya is likely an error by Christopher SHARE hyanda (blade) –LT2:342 Tolkien); luntë (boat); SHIPMAN ciryaquen SHARP maica (piercing), aica (fell, (sailor) –KIR, LT1:249/LUT, WJ:318 terrible, dire; this gloss "sharp" is isolated from SHIRT laupë (tunic) –QL:51 one translation of Aicanáro :) SHARP-FLAME SHOE hyapat –SKYAP (Note: In the Aicanáro "Fell Fire, Aegnor" (so in Silm:435; Etymologies as printed in LR, the word hyapat is MR:323 has Aicanár ) In the printed glossed "shore", but according to Etymologies, a word for "keen, sharp, acute" is http://www.elvish.org/errata/VT-Errata.pdf , the given as " laike " in the entry LAIK , but not only is proper reading of the gloss found in Tolkien's this a misreading for " laika " (VT45:25): the manuscript is "shoe".) conceptual validity of this word may be

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SHORE falas (falass-), falassë (beach, STRIPPED/DEPRIVED SIGN. –PE17:186. line of surf, "especially one [i.e. a shore] exposed MR:385, WJ:394, 395, TEK to great waves and breakers", VT42:15), fára SIGNIFER Tancol ("the significant Star", (beach). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the probably = Venus) . word hyapat is glossed "shore", but according to SILK samin ( samind -); adj. SILKEN http://www.elvish.org/errata/VT-Errata.pdf , the saminda , saminwa adj. “silken” (QL:81) % proper reading of the gloss found in Tolkien's SILVER telpë , telep- (tyelpë , tyelep - was manuscript is "shoe". SHORE-PIPER, the original form of the word in Noldorin Quenya, SHORELAND PIPER Solosimpë (pl Solosimpi but "the form telpe became usual, through the is attested) –LT1:253, VT42:15, Silm:431, influence of Telerin; for the Teleri prized silver VT46:15, SKYAP, LT1:251, 265 above gold, and their skill as silversmiths was SHORT sinta (Þ); SHORT STABBING esteemed even by the Noldor" [UT:266]. SWORD ecet (broad-bladed sword) SHORT However, in Letters:426 it is stated that "the form ROUNDED HANDLE, see HANDLE. –STINT Ā, tyelpë remained in Quenya" and was not wholly UT:284 displaced by telpë . LT1:268 has telpë = SHOULDER róma (Note: a homophone telempë .) Cf. also ilsa (a "mystic name" of means "horn" or "trumpet-sound, loud sound") silver) , †silmë ( also meaning light of Silpion, See also BACK. –LT2:335 starlight). SILVER (prob. adj) tinda (glinting), OF SHOUT (vb) rama-; SHOUT (noun) SILVER telepsa , telpina , telemna . SILVER rambë , SHOUT yello (call, cry of triumph), LIGHT istel , istil ("applied by the Ilkorins to SHOUTER ramandor (but in LotR-style Quenya starlight, probably a Q[uenya] form learned from this would probably be a pl; sg * ramando ) – Melian"). SILVER GLINT nillë (a star on Varda's LT1:259, GYEL, VT45:16 simulacrum covering Valinor. Spelt ñillë , i.e., SHUT holta - (close) –PE17:98 ngillë , in MR:388, but initial ng had become n in SHOW tana- (indicate) (Note: tana also Third Age pronunciation, and I follow the system means "that", as a .) –MR:385 of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. But is this SICK, SICKLY laiwa (ill; this word may be word is written in Tengwar, the letter noldo , not better spelt * hlaiwa , see under ILL ), caimassëa númen , should be used to transcribe the initial (bedridden), engwa (cf. Engwar "The Sickly", an n.) –Silm:429, KYELEP, LT1:255, SIL, TIN, Elvish name for Men) , quámëa (evidently = MR:388 *”nauseous”), SICKNESS quámë (= nausea), in SIN (noun) # úcarë (isolated from the sense of illness probably rather lívë (maybe úcaremmar "our sins/trespasses"; SIN (verb) better spelt * hlívë ), caila (or possibly this is only #úcar - = "to sin, trespass" (pl. aorist úcarer , adj. lying in bed, bedridden ; see caila in the úcarir attested); SINNER # úcarindo (variant Quenya-English wordlist for further discussion ), #ulcarindo , possibly an ephemeral form caimassë (etymologically "[state of being] in abandoned by Tolkien, which may also be true of bed") –SLIW, KAY/VT45:19, GENG-WĀ, the forms # naicando , # naico . All the words for Silm:122, KWAM "sinner" are attested with the pl. ending -r SICKLE circa ; SICKLE OF THE VALAR attached.) –VT43:19, 21, 22, 33 Valacirca (= the Great Bear, the Plough, the Big SINCE (= because) pan . “Since” with Dipper or the Wain) , also called Otselen = The reference to time (as in “they have been here Seven Stars. –KIRIK, OT since last year”) may perhaps be expressed as SIGH see EXPIRE . Cf. also one of “from” or “after”, q.v. –VT49:17, 18 Nienna's titles: Núri , she who sighs. –LT1:263 SINEW tuo (muscle) –TUG cf. 66 . SING # lir - as in lirin "I sing" (1st pers. SIGN tanna , tanwa , # taina ; tengwë aorist) (chant); SINGER nyello , lindo (singing (indication, token, writing; tengwë is also used bird); SINGERS Lindar (a name of the Teleri) ; for what we should call a phoneme – pl tengwi is SINGING lindë (air, tune, song), SINGING attested ), tehta (mark [in writing], diacritic) (In CLUSTER Lindeloktë (labernum). This is the LotR:1155, this word is applied to the supralinear form given in LT1:258; Tolkien later decided that vowel-signs of Fëanorian writing, and pl tehtar is kt became ht in Quenya. Read * Lindelohtë in attested.) SYSTEM OR CODE OF SIGNS LotR-style Quenya? –GLIR, NYEL, LIN 2, tengwesta (grammar). For various linguistic WJ:418, Silm:431, LT1:258 terms, see FULL SIGN, SINGLE erya (sole), SINGLY eressë (only, LACKING/INADEQUATE SIGN, alone, also as noun: solitude) –ERE, LT1:269

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SINGULARITY erdë (used in the sense SLACKEN lehta -, lenca- (loose) (In the "person as a whole", body and soul. Note: a printed Etymologies , the n of lenca - was homophone means "seed, germ".) –MR:216 misread as u; see VT45:27.) –LEK SINISTER úmara –VT49:14, 15 SLASH cirissë (gash) –KIRIS SINK (of Sun and Moon) núta- (set) –ND Ū SLAVE mól (thrall) –MŌ, VT43:31 SIP salpa- (lick up, sup) –SÁLAP SLAY nahta - (see also SLAYER SIRIUS Niellúnë , Nierninwa –LT1:262 concerning a possible alternative form # nehta -). SISTER nésa ( þ; older form néþa cited), Passive participle nahtana in the phrase colloquially also nettë (probably netti -); the latter *nahtana ló Turin *”slain by Túrin” (VT49:24) . word was also used in children's play for "fourth The verb mac- meant “slay” in early material finger" or "fourth toe" (or in two-handed play for (LT1:259) , but in a much later source reproduced the ninth digit). Different words for "sister" occur in VT39.11, this verb is translated "hew with a in the Etymologies: seler (Þ) (pl. selli ), onómë , sword" instead. onónë ; SISTER (usually not of bloodkinship) SLAYER # nehtar , isolated from osellë (Þ) (associate) –VT47:10-12, 14, THEL, Morinehtar "Darkness-slayer" (PM:384, 385) , NŌ name of a wizard ( istar ). The noun # nehtar SIT har - (in CO attested in the plural "slayer" may seem to presuppose a verbal stem continuative tense: hárar "are sitting". According #nehta - "to slay, kill", though the form nahta - to VT45:20, Tolkien derived har - "sit" from a root appears elsewhere (VT49:24) ; this may be an KHAD ; if so, the past tense of har - should example of Eldarin A/E variation. probably be * handë rather than * harnë . In Etym, SLEEP (noun) fúmë . (Read perhaps the root KHAD was rejected and replaced by *húmë , since Tolkien decided that fu - becomes KHAM-, and the new Quenya verb for "sit" thus hu - in Quenya. This word points to * fum- [hum -] came to be ham-. However, since har - as the stem of the verb "to sleep".) FLOWER reappears in such a late text as CO, Tolkien may OF SLEEP – see POPPY. –LT1:253 have decided to reinstate KHAD and its SLENDER nindë (stem * nindi -), teren , derivatives; writers may then treat both har - and terenë –NIN-DI, TER ham - as valid verbs for "to sit".) –KHAM, SLIDE DOWN talta- (slip, collapse) – UT:317, VT45:20 MC:223 SIX enquë (for archaic, possibly pre- SLIP talta- (slide down, collapse) –MC:223 historic, encë , VT48:8). For the syntax of SLOPE (vb) talta-; SLOPE (noun) pendë numerals, see THREE . SIXTH enquëa . Fraction (downslope, declivity), ampendë (upward slope), ONE SIXTH enquesta –ÉNEK, VT42:25, amban (upward slope, hillside), SLOPING VT48:6, 11 DOWN penda (inclined) –PEN, AM 2 SIXTEEN enenquë –VT48:21 (the form SLOW lenca –LT2:341 quainquë seems to be another, possibly SLUMBER (vb) lor-, muru-, SLUMBER experimental, word for "16" in Quenya) . For the (noun) lórë , murmë , SLUMBROUS lorda syntax of numerals, see THREE . (drowsy), murmëa – SKIES fanyarë (upper airs and clouds) – LT1:259, LOS, LT1:259, 260 MC:223 SMALL níca , * nincë (said to have "good SKILL curu ; SKILLED maitë (stem * maiti -, senses"; the latter is given in the archaic form pl. maisi ) (handy), BE SKILLED IN DEALING "ninki " and would therefore have the stem-form WITH hanya- (understand, know about); ninci -), nípa , * nimpë (said to be used "usually SKILLFUL [?DEVICE – Tolkien's handwriting with connotation of weakness "; the latter adj. is was illegible ] curo ( curu -) –Silm:429, MA3, given in the archaic form nimpi and would KHAN, VT41:10 therefore have the stem-form nimpi -), pitya (the SKIN helma (fell) (parma in LT2:346 is latter is never translated by Tolkien, but Pitya- obsolete; see BARK) –SKEL naucor is glossed "petty-dwarves", and pica SKY vilya (older [MET] wilya ) (air), hellë , "small spot" must be derived from the same ilwë (heavens), telimbo (canopy), taimë , root.) In one compound, Tolkien seemingly taimië . (LT2:348 gives ilu , but the meaning of changed pitya to nitya (see PM:365, VT48:15). this word was later changed – Tolkien decided Cf. also nauca , an adjective "especially applied that Ilúvatar means "All-Father", not "Sky- to things that though in themselves full-grown Father" as he originally thought.) "SKY-BRIDGE" were smaller or shorter than their kind, and were (i.e., rainbow) helyanwë –LotR:1157, 3EL, hard, twisted, or ill-shapen." LT1:256 has an LT1:255, LT2:348, LT1:268 adjective inya "small", but this is probably not a

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valid word in LotR-style Quenya (in which RGEO:69, GOLÓS, NIK-W-, NEI, LT1:256, language *inya may mean "my, mine".) – LT1:262/266 VT48:18, VT47:26, PIK, WJ:389, 413 SO may generally be rendered by sië SMALL INSECT pí (fly); SMALL MAN, see "thus" (see THUS for reference). Also san MAN ; SMALL STONE sar (stem sard -, as in pl. (VT49:18) or sinen = “by this means, so” sardi ); YOUNG OR SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL . (VT49:18) . The word ta is used to qualify –VT47:35, SAR adjectives, e.g. ta mára “so good” (VT49:12) . SMEAR mordo (shadow, obscurity, stain, MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN . IT IS SO ná (used = dimness) –VT45:35, MOR “yes”). SMEARED púrëa (discoloured) –MC:223 SOAP lipsa –LIB 1 SMELL (strong smell) : The form aññol - is SOFT mussë , milya (gentle, weak) (Note: translated "strong smell" in one source (VT45:5) , milya - is also a verb "long for") , maxa (pliant), but this does not look like a regular Quenya word moica –VT39:17, VT45:34, MASAG, GL:58 and is perhaps an underlying "stem" (Quenya SOIL 1. (noun) cemen (earth), 2. (vb) *angol -?) The element ñol - is also translated vahta- (stain), SOILED vára (dirty) –LT1:257, "smell" in the same source, but again it is WA3 uncertain whether this is a primitive stem or a SOLE erya (single), SOLITUDE eressë Quenya word (in the latter case, we would see (also as adverb: single, only, alone) –ERE cf. *nol - in late Exilic Quenya). See ODOUR, LT1:269 STINK. SOLE OF FOOT tallunë , probably with SMILE raita -, pa.t. rëantë ; SMILING raina stem talluni - given primitive form talrunya . (A (gracious, sweet-faced). NOTE: A homophone of “Qenya” word for sole, talas in LT2, is probably raita - means “make network or lace” or “catch in obsolete) –RUN, LT2:347 % a net” (its past tense may however be * raitanë SOLEMN PROMISE vanda (oath, pledge) rather than rëantë ), and a homophone of raina –UT:317 means "nettled, enlaced". –PE17:182, VT44:35 SOLITARY eressëa (lonely; compare SMITH tano (craftsman), SMITH OF THE “Solitary Isle” as one translation of Tol Eressëa , WORLD Talca Marwa (a title of Aulë) –TAN, Letters:386), erda (deserted) –LT1:269 LT1:266 SOLITUDE eressë (also as adverb: singly, SMOOTH pasta –PATH only, alone) –ERE, LT1:269 SMOULDERING HEAT yulmë (red [?heat] SOLSTICE, NEW SUN AFTER: ceuranar – Tolkien's handwriting was illegible ); –VT48:7 SMOULDERING WOOD yúla (ember) –YUL SOMEBODY (impersonal personal SNAKE ango (stem angu -, pl. angwi ), pronoun) mo (one). –VT49:20 leuca , lócë (serpent, dragon; "so do the Eldar SOMBRE morna (black, gloomy, dark) – name the worms of Melko[r]" , LT2:85) –ANGWA, MOR LotR:1149, LT2:340 SON yondo (male descendant), also short SNARE (noun) remma , neuma ; SNARE form yón ( Yón referring to Jesus as "the Son" in (verb) # rem - (cited as "remi-", evidently including the source); dative i yondon "to the Son" in the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in * remin VT43:36-37. Cf. also the suffix –ion , e.g. "I snare") –VT42:12, SNEW Finwion "son of Finwë" . Variant yonyo "son, big SNARL yarra (growl) –MC:223 boy" (a term also used for "middle finger" or SNOUT mundo (nose, cape). Stem "middle toe" in children's play, though Tolkien *mundu -, given the primitive form mbundu . – may have replaced it by hanno "brother", MBUD VT48:4). Vocative yonya * "my son", a SNOW lossë (spesifically "fallen snow", contraction of * yondonya . (The forms vô , also adjective "snow-white"; †olos , † olossë . vondo "son" in LT2 are probably obsolete, as Etym also gives niquë , but this word is are the notions there recorded that yondo meant obsoleted by a statement in WJ:417: " nique does "(great) grandson" and that yô-, yond- "son" was not refer to snow, but to cold". This statement used only in poetry. But LT2 does confirm that – may obsolete niquetil "snowcap" in LT1:266. Is ion was "very common...in patronymics".) SON niquis "snow" from the same source a valid OF THE DARK (= Morgoth) morion –YO, word? GL:35 has fáwë "snow" and fauta "it VT44:12, 17, VT43:36-37, MR:217, VT47:10, 15, snows".) LIGHT SNOW is , SNOW-WHITE lossë LR:61, LT2:336, 344, LT1:260 cf. FS (which may also be the noun "snow") , SONG lindë (air, tune, singing), # lírë (only SNOWDROP nieninquë (lit. "white tear") – attested in the instrumental case: lírinen , so the

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stem-form would seem to be líri -), lirilla (lay). SPARK (noun) tinwë (often = "star") . In the entry See also MUSIC. –GLIN, Nam, LT1:258 TIN of the Etymologies as printed in LR, the SOON rato –Arct noun tinwë is glossed "sparkle", but according to SORCERY núlë (black arts). (The word is VT46:19, Tolkien's manuscript has "spark". –TIN, spelt “ñúle” in the source, reflecting the older Silm:438 pronunciation; in Tengwar spelling the initial SPEAK quet- (pa.t. quentë ) (say, talk). nasal should therefore be represented by the Aorist quetë (spelt “qete”) in source. Also carpa , letter Noldo) . –PE17:125 pa.t. carampë (talk, use tongue; the latter verb SORROW nyérë (grief). –GL:60 apparently does not take a direct object). – SORT, see SPECIES, KIND. Adjectives OF LT2:348, VT49:19 THIS SORT sítë , OF THAT SORT taitë – SPEAR hatal , ehtë , stem * ehti -. (The VT49:11, 18 gloss of the word ecco has also been quoted as SOUL fëa (spirit; pl fëar is attested. In "spear", but this is a misreading; see SPINE.) MR:330, Tolkien notes that fëa is "roughly but SPEAR-HEAD nehtë (gore, wedge, narrow not exactly equivalent to...'soul'." ) –MR:349, 218, promontory. Note: a homophone means cf. Silm:431 "honeycomb" ), SPEAR-POINT nasta (gore, SOUND (verb, "to sound") lamya -; SOUND triangle), SPEARMAN ehtyar –VT49:14, (noun) lamma (= sound in general?) , hlón EK/EKTE, SNAS cf. VT46:14, UT:282 (evidently hlon -, pl. hloni is attested) (noise), SPECIES nostalë (kind) –LT1:272 róma (= loud sound, trumpet-sound. Note: róma SPEED (vb) horta- (urge, send flying), also means "shoulder") , láma (according to Etym SPEEDING hortalë (urging) –KHOR = "ringing sound, echo", but see below); SOUND SPELLING tencelë () –TEK OF WIND sú ; SOUND -TASTE lámatyávë (pl. SPIDER liantë (so in Etym; in LT1:271, lámatyáver is attested), i.e., "individual pleasure liantë is glossed "tendril") ; SPIDER FILAMENT in the sounds and forms of words". Tolkien lia (Note: lia - is also the verb "twine") ; SPIDER'S seems undecided about the exact meaning of WEB ungwë (but in LT1:271, ungwë is glossed láma . Etym gives "ringing sound, echo"; in "spider") –SLIG, LotR:1157 WJ:416 it is said that the stem LAMA refers SPIKE nassë (thorn), tinda ; ROW OF "especially to vocal sounds, but was applied only SPIKES (or teeth) carcassë , carcaras –NAS, to those that were confused or inarticulate. It was LT1:258, LT2:344 generally used to describe the various cries of SPIN (make spin), see STIR beasts." But the word lámatyávë "sound-taste", SPINDRIFT wingë (wingi -) (crest [of by which an Elf chose or made a name for wave], foam). In Exilic Quenya, the word would him/herself [see NAME-CHOOSING], seems to have initial v- for older w-. –LT1:273 cf. WIG imply that láma can also be used of artuculated SPINE ecco (In the Etymologies as printed speech. –LAM, WJ:394/VT48:29, ROM, in LR, entry EK/EKTE , this word and its VT47:12, MR:215, 216 "Noldorin"/Sindarin cognate ech are glossed SOUP sulpa –LT1:266 "spear", but according to VT45:12, this is a SOUTH hyarmen (LT2:248 also gives misreading for "spine" in Tolkien's manuscript.) Sahóra , but this is hardly a valid word in SPINNING WHEEL querma (turn-table) – Tolkien's later Quenya); SOUTHERN PE17:65 hyarmenya , "SOUTH-VICTOR" Hyarmendacil SPIRANT CONSONANT surya –SUS (one of the Kings of Gondor) , SPIRIT fëa (= the spirit or "soul" of an SOUTHEASTLANDS Hyarrostar , incarnate, normally housed in a body; pl fëar is SOUTHWESTLANDS Hyarnustar (regions in attested ), ëala ("being"; pl. eälar is attested. Númenor) –KHYAR/LotR:1157, LotR:1075/1082, Eälar are spirits whose natural state it is to exist UT:165, 446 without a physical body, e.g. Balrogs) , súlë (Þ) SOW # rer - (cited as rerin "I sow", 1st (earlier [MET] thúlë , Þúlë ) (maybe a more person aorist) , pa.t. rendë . SOWN FIELD resta "impersonal" word for spirit) , manu (= departed (acre). –RED , VT46:11 cf. RED spirit; LT1:260 has mánë ), fairë (= spirit in SPADE sampa –QL:82 general, as opposed to matter, or a phantom or SPARK – make/cause to spark: tinta- disembodied spirit, when seen as a pale shape. (kindle) . SPARK (noun) tinwë . –TIN/VT46:19, Pl. fairi is attested) , vilissë (a "Qenya" word Silm:438 maybe not valid in LotR-style Quenya) . A SPARKLE (vb) tintina - (pl. tintinar is person's "spirit" meaning his or her general attested) , MAKE TO SPARKLE tinta- (kindle); personality and attitude may be expressed by

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the word órë , in LotR defined as "heart, inner STAIN (vb) vahta-, STAIN (noun) mordo mind" (q.v.), cf. PM:337, where it is said that (shadow, obscurity, smear, dimness), vaxë . – "there dwelt in her [Galadriel] the noble and WA3, MOR/VT45:35 generous spirit ( órë) of the Vanyar" . FIELD- STALK (noun) sirpë (stem) –QL:84 SPIRIT Nermi (pl. Nermir is attested. The STAND # tar - (attested in the past tense: Nermir are "fays of the meads".) HOLY SPIRIT tarnë , PE17:71) airefëa (other version: fairë aista ; both versions STAND ASIDE! heca! (be gone!). Also are attested with the dative ending -n attached). with pronominal affixes: sg hecat , pl hecal "you SPIRIT-IMPULSE fëafelmë (impulses originating stand aside!" –WJ:364 with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate). – STANDARD tulwë (pole) –LT1:270 MR:349, 218, 165; cf. Silm:431; LotR:1157, STAR elen (normal pl eleni , but MAN, MC:223, MR:349, GL:23, LT1:260, occasionally †eldi in verse; allative elenna and VT43:36-37, VT44:17, VT41:19 cf. 13 pl ablative elenillor are attested), †él (pl. éli is SPIT (noun? verb? both?) piuta –PIW mentioned) , tinwë (properly = sparkle) , ílë . SPLENDOUR alcar (glory, radiance) – (Note: in Etym elen is said to be poetic, but VT47:13 , WJ:369 Tolkien later concluded that elen was "the SPLIT (noun) sanca (Þ) (cleft) –STAK normal word for a star on the actual firmanent", SPONGE hwan (hwand -, as in pl. hwandi ) the poetic word being él instead. According to (fungus) –SWAD MR:388, a tinwë was one of the "apparent stars" SPORT tyalië (game, play) –TYAL on Varda's simulacrum covering Valinor, also SPOT men (place – Tolkien may have called nillë or "silver glint". Etym mentions the rejected this word, see PLACE) , SMALL SPOT words ellen and elena without glossing them, pica (dot) –MEN, PIK but according to Silm:431 elena is an adjective SPRAY (of fall or fountain) rossë (fine meaning "of the stars".) TWINKLING STAR rain, dew) –Letters:282 cf. ROS tingilya , tingilindë , HAVING MANY STARS SPREAD palu -, palya- (open wide, lintitinwë ; STARLIKE elvëa (pl. elvië is extend, expand) –PAL attested) ; STARWARDS elenna ( Elenna or SPRING (vb) tuia- (sprout); SPRING Elennanórë , "the land named Starwards", a (noun; but for the season, see SPRING-TIME name of Númenor) ; STARLIGHT silmë (light of below) ehtelë (fountain, issue of water), SPRING Silpion); STARCROWNED, CROWNED WITH OF WATER capalinda , WATER FALLING OUT STARS (a name of Taniquetil) Elerrína (so in SWIFTLY FROM A ROCKY SPRING celussë Silm:42; Etym has Elerína ); STAR-QUEEN (freshet); SPRING, SPRING-TIME tuilë (this (=Varda) , STARLIT DUSK, STARRY TWILIGHT word literally means "budding, also collectively – tindómë ; FLASHING OR [?STARRY] LIGHT élë buds, new shoots, fresh green" [LT1:269]. Also See also *STELLAR. The word Tintánië is used = dayspring, early morn. In the Calendar of glossed STARMAKER as another title of Varda, Imladris, tuilë was a precisely defined period of but it is also interpreted as an abstract 54 days, but the word was also used without any STARMAKING. –EL, Silm:313, MC:222 cf. 215, exact definition. Besides tuilë , LT1:269 also has TIN, WJ:362, UT:317, LotR:1157, LT1:269, tuiliérë .) FIRST BEGINNING OF SPRING coirë MC:223, Silm:42, DOMO, Silm:438, VT45:12, ("stirring", according to the Calendar of Imladris TAN/VT46:17 a period of 54 days in early spring) ; "SPRING- STATE (more or less = *"condition", not a SINGER" (i.e., swallow) tuilindo . SPRING TIDE, "state" as a political unit) indo (perhaps see TIDE. –TUY/LotR 1141, 1145, KEL, UT:426, especially a state of mind , since indo is LT1:260, Silm:429, LT2:338/LT1:269, VT39:7 translated "heart, mood" in the Etymologies , SPROUT (vb) tuia - (spring), * lohta- stem ID ) –VT39:23 (emended from the actual reading lokta because STATUTE namna –MR:258 Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in STEADFAST tulca (firm, strong, Quenya) (put forth leaves or flowers); SPROUT immoveable; Note: there is a homophone (noun) tuima (bud) –TUY, LT:258 meaning "fix, set up, establish" ), vórima , SQUAT haca - –GL:47 voronda ("steadfast in allegiance, in keeping STABBING SWORD (short) ecet (broad- oath or promise, faithful"). –TULUK cf. LT1:270, bladed sword) –UT:284/432 UT:317 STAFF – LT1:264 has vandl , but the STEADY tulunca (firm) –LT1:270 cluster ndl cannot occur in LotR-style Quenya. STEEL erë , eren (meaning either iron or Read *vandil ? steel) , yaisa –LT1:252, GL:37

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STEEP aiqua , oronta ; STEEP ISLE tollë completion, not allow to continue). FULL STOP –AYAK, LT1:256, VT47:13, 26 ("in punctuation" – according to VT46:10, 33 a * STELLAR elenya (no gloss is actually dot placed under a consonant to indicate that it is given; the word is simply defined as "an not followed by a vowel) putta , pusta ; adjective referring to stars". There are also the STOPPED CONSONANT (i.e. consonant with adjectives elda and elena , translated "of the such an underposed dot) punta ; STOPPER stars". But in normal Quenya, elda primarily tampa –KHAW, PUS/VT46:10, 33, means "Elf", pl. Eldar . Use elenya or elena .) – TAP/VT46:17, WJ:413 WJ:362, Silm:431 STORM raumo (glossed "[noise of a] STEM telco (leg), sirpë (stalk) – storm" in MC:223) LotR:1154, QL:84 STORY quenta (narrative, history) – STENCH, see STINK KWET/VT39:16 STEWARD arandur (king's servant, STRAIGHT téra (right), lenwa (long, thin, minister) –Letters:386, UT:313 narrow); STRAIGHT LINE tëa (road) (note: not STICK TO himya- (cleave to, abide by, to be confused with the verb tëa - "indicate") – adhere), STICKING himba (adhering) –KHIM, TE3, TEÑ, LT2:341 VT45:22 STRANGER ettelëa (reading uncertain; STICKER-UP tolyo , a term used in ettelëa seems to be primarily an adjective children's play for "middle finger" or "middle toe". "foreign", though perhaps it can also be used as –VT47:10 a noun "foreign (one)" = "stranger") –VT45:13 STIFF norna (tough), tarya ; hranga (hard; STRAP latta (Note: a homophone means awkward, difficult). Note: hranga - is also a verb "hole, pit") –LATH “thwart”. STIFF, DRY GRASS sara (Þ) (bent) – STRAY ranya - (note: ranya or aranya is WJ:413, TÁRAG, PE17:154, 185, STAR also the adjective "free") , STRAYING (noun) STILL (= *"yet, despite that", not in the ránë (wandering) (pl. probably *ráner not ráni ; sense "unmoving":) er (only, one, alone, but, cf. the similar formation tyávë "taste" pl tyáver .) still) –LT1:269 –RAN STING nasta- (prick) –NAS STREAM (vb) celu- ("streem out swiftly"; STINK (noun, = *"stench") holwë , there is also a noun celu "stream" ), STREAM STINKING * holwëa (given as "olwea" in source; (noun) celumë (flow, flowing, flood, tide), celu , see Quenya-English wordlist for further sírë (river); STREAM IN THE WIND hlapu- (fly discussion of why the form with initial h- may be in the wind; part. hlápula is attested ) –UT:446, preferred) –PE13:162, 145 LT1:265, MC:223, 222/LT1:257 STIR (or, make spin) quir -, pa.t. quindë – STRETCH lenu-; STRETCH OUT (intr.) QL:77 *rahta- (reach) (Emended from the actual STIRRING coirë (according to the reading rakta ; Tolkien later decided that kt Calendar of Imladris a period of 54 days in early became ht in Quenya) –LT1:341, 335 spring) –LotR:1141, 1142 STREET mallë –MBAL, LT1:263 STONE ondo (defined as stone "as a STRENGTH túrë (mastery, might, victory), material" in Etym, but used of natural rocks in (physical strength:) tuo –QL:95, TUG MC:222: ondolissë mornë , *"upon dark rocks". STRENGTHENING antoryamë (used of LT1 and LT2 has simply on , ondo "stone, a various manipulations of a stem, such as stone") , sar (sard-) (= small stone) ; OF STONE lengthening vowels or consonants or turning a sarna . STONE SONG Ondolindë (Gondolin). consonant or a vowel into a "blend" [see See also ELFSTONE, FLINTSTONE. –GONOD BLEND]) –VT:39:9 (see GOND), Silm:431, LT1:254/LT2:342, SAR, STRETCHED taina (elongated, Silm:415 lengthened, extended) –VT39:7 cf. TAY STOOP núta- (sink, set [of Sun and STRIDER Telcontar –MR:216 Moon]) –LT1:263 cf. ND Ū STRIKE # pet - (knock), pa.t. pentë given. STOP hauta- (take a rest, cease), pusta- The verb is cited as " pete ", perhaps with a (put a stop to, but also intr: cease), # tap - (cited suffixed stem-vowel. –QL:73 in the form tapë , 3rd person sg. aorist; STRIPPED # racina (only pl. racinë is misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the attested) (deprived). STRIPPED SIGN # racina Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:17. The tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also pa.t. tampë is given) (block), STOP SHORT translated "deprived sign", this was in early nuhta- (stunt, prevent from coming to Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a

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consonant with no following vowel; the vowel SUIT camta - (sic; the cluster mt seems was held to have disappeared or been omitted. – unusual for Quenya, and while the source does VT39:16 not explicitly say that this word is Quenya, it is STRIPPED BARE helda (naked) –SKEL difficult to understand what other language could STROKE (verb) palta - means to "pass the be intended) (to [make] fit, accomodate, adapt) – sensitive palm over a surface: feel with the hand, VT44:14 stroke etc." –VT47:8-9 SUMMER lairë (Note: a homophone STROKE (noun) ("of pen of brush [´] when means "poem". In the Calendar of Imladris, lairë not used as long mark") tecco . Cf. also QUICK was a precisely defined period of 72 days, but STROKE rincë (stem * rinci -) (flourish) –TEK, the word was also used without any exact RIK/VT46:11 (VT indicating that the proper definition), saiwen (cf. saiwa "hot".) "EVER- reading is "quick stroke", not "quick shake" as in SUMMER" oiolairë , "SUMMER-SNOW-WHITE" the Etymologies as printed in LR) lairelossë (evergreen trees brought to Númenor STRONG tulca (firm, immoveable, by the Eldar) –LotR:1141, 1145/VT45:26, steadfast. Note: there is a homophone meaning Letters:282, LT1:265, UT:167, 458, UT:167, 449 "fix, set up, establish" ), STRONG (physically) SUMMIT (of a mountain) ingor (PM:340) . polda (burley). STRONG/SWIFT AT RUNNING LT1:256 gives ormë "crest, summit", but in nórima . In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the Tolkien's later Quenya, ormë means "wrath, word sarnë is glossed "strong place" (entry haste, violence, rushing". SAR ), but according to VT46:12, the gloss SUMMON tulta- (send for, fetch), naham - should actually read "stony place". –TULUK, (passive participle nahamna "summoned" POL, VT49:29 given) , yal- (dative infinitive #yalien is attested in STUDY (long) nólë (wisdom, lore, enyalien "for the re-calling"). Noun (A) knowledge). (In Etym this word is spelt with initial SUMMONS nahámë . –TUL, VT45:21, UT:317 ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng had become n in Third SUN Anar , Úrin (Úrind-) (the latter was a Age Quenya, and I follow the system of LotR and "name of the Sun"; in LT1:271 úrin is glossed transcribe it accordingly. Nólë is so spelt also in "blazing hot", and the word for "Sun" is Úr [" Ûr "] Silm:432. But if this word is written in Tengwar, or Úri , Úrinci , Urwen .The stem Úrin is derived the initial n should be transcribed with the letter from was struck out in Etym. However, several noldo , not númen .) –ÑGOL, Silm:432 words that must be derived from the same stem STUB, STUMP tolbo (read perhaps * tolvo occur in LotR, indicating that Tolkien restored it.) in the more usual form of Quenya) (said to be a Naira ("the heart of flame"), Calavénë , stub or stump "as of a truncated arm or branch"). Calaventë (other names for the Sun). Yet –VT47:28 another term was Ancalë or "Radiant One", but STUNT nuhta - (prevent from coming to it is unclear whether or not Tolkien rejected this completion, stop short, not allow to continue) – form (see LR:362 s.v. KAL ). NEW SUN AFTER WJ:413 SOLSTICE ceuranar (VT48:7) . SUNLIGHT árë STUNTED nauca –VT39:7 (older [MET] ázë ); SUNRISE anarórë , SUBLIME, THE Varda (this word should ambaron /Ambarónë (uprising, Orient) (a similar probably not be used as a normal adjective. It is but untranslated word, Ambaróna , occurs in also translated "the Lofty".) –WJ:402 LotR), rómen (glossed "uprising, sunrise, east" SUCCESSOR neuro (follower) –NDEW in Silm:437, but the normal meaning of the word SUCH may be rendered by the adjective is always "east") . SUNSET andúnë (west, sitë “of that sort” (VT49:18) evening). (Amuntë in LT2 is certainly obsolete in SUFFICE farya- (pa.t. farnë ; VT46:9 also LotR-style Quenya.) RAY OF THE SUN firin lists the curious pa.t. form farinyë ). (Note: (this may not be a valid word in LotR-style #farnë also means "dwelling" and "foliage") ; Quenya; in a later source, firin is the adjective SUFFICIENCY fárë , farmë (plenitude, all that is "dead") . –ANÁR, UR, LotR:1157, LotR:254, wanted), SUFFICIENT farëa (enough) – ORO, AM, LotR:490, NDU, MR:198, Silm:428, PHAR/VT46:9 LT2:335, 341 SUFFOCATE quoro- (choke) Verbs in –o SUP salpa- (so in Etym; "take a sup of" in seem not to occur in later Quenya; read * quor -? LT1:266) (sip, lick up) –SÁLAP, LT1:266 It has also been questioned whether the SUPERLATIVELY langë (extremely, combination quo - is still possible in Tolkien's surpassingly) –PE17:92 later Quenya. –LT1:264 SUPPORT (noun) tulco (stem * tulcu -; pl. *tulqui ) (prop) –TULUK

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SUPPOSE intya-, cíta - ( cítan “I the "grace" of God (specifically Erulissë or suppose”); SUPPOSITION intya (guess, idea) – *"God-sweetness"). Another word glossed INK, VT49:19 "sweet" is melda , but since it is also defined as SUPREME – The Supreme Aratar (pl; sg "beloved" and "dear", this adjective may describe #Arata ). The Aratar are the mightiest of the a "sweet" person rather than sweet taste. –Nam , Valar: Manwë, Varda, Ulmo, Yavanna, Aulë, RGEO:66, VT43:29, VT45:34 cf. MEL Mandos, Nienna, and Oromë. Aratar is also SWEET-FACED raina (smiling, gracious). rendered "High Ones, Exalted Ones" –Silm NOTE: A homophone means "nettled, enlaced". 32/381, WJ:402 –VT44:35 SURE tanca (firm, fixed) –TAK SWELL tiuya- (grow fat) –TIW SURROUND – see GO ROUND (under SWIFT #linta (only pl lintë is attested) , entry for GO) regarding the verb pel - tyelca (agile, hasty), larca , alarca (rapid), SURF solor , solossë (surge). LINE OF arauca (rushing). STRONG/SWIFT AT SURF falassë (beach, shore) –SOL, LT1:266, RUNNING nórima . SWIFT HORSE, see Silm:431 HORSE. –Nam, KYELEK, LAK 2, LT2:347, SURFACE palúrë (bosom, bosom of Earth VT49:29s – Tolkien equated palúrë with the SWIRL hwinya- (eddy, gyrate) –SWIN word folde ), palmë –PAL SWORD macil ; BROAD SWORD lango SURGE (noun) solossë (surf) –LT1:266 (also = prow of a ship), LARGE SWORD SURPASS lahta- (pass over, cross, falquan ; SHORT STABBING SWORD, BROAD- excel); adv. SURPASSINGLY langë (extremely, BLADED SWORD ecet , SWORD BLADE maica superlatively) –PE17:92 (also blade of any cutting tool or weapon, but SWALLOW tuilindo (lit. "spring-singer") . – esp. sword-blade) , † russë (corruscation), TUY/LIN 2/LT1:269/LT2:338 SWORDSMAN macar . – SWAN alqua ; HAVEN OF THE SWANS MAK/LT1:259/VT39:11/VT45:32, LAG, LT2:341, Alqualondë –ÁLAK/Silm:427/LT1:249, VT42:7, UT:284/432, VT39:11, RUS, VT39:11 LT2:335 (LT1:249 also has alquë ), UT:417 SWORN BROTHER otorno (associate) – SWARD palis (lawn) –LT1:264 TOR SWARM umba ; SWARMING úmëa SYRUP pirya- (juice) –PIS (abundant, teaming – but elsewhere úmëa is SYSTEM (OR CODE) OF SIGNS defined as "evil", so the word úvëa of related tengwesta (language, grammar); DECIMAL meaning may be preferred) –VT48:32 SYSTEM maquanotië –VT39:15, VT47:10 SWART varnë (stem varni-) (brown, dark brown) The form varni- is evidently used in compounds. –BARÁN SWEET lissë . Other sources use lissë as a noun "sweetness", and lissë is also used for

T

TABLE sarno ; TURN-TABLE querma a direct object). TALK (noun) quetil (language, (spinning wheel) –QL:82, PE17:65 tongue) –LT2:348, VT45:25 cf. KWET, PE17:126 TAKE, see GRASP . TAKE AS TALL halla , tunda (Note: the latter has a HUSBAND/WIFE (to oneself), see WED . homophone meaning "kindle") , tára (high) – TALE nyárë (saga, history), nyarna (saga) LotR:1157, TUN, WJ:417 2 –NAR TALON nappa , namma (claw) –VT47:20 TALK (verb) quet- (pa.t. quentë ) (say, TANGLE fasta- –PHAS speak), carpa - pa.t. carampë (speak, use TAP tamin ("I tap", 1st pers. aorist) (pa.t. tongue – the latter verb apparently does not take tamnë ) –TAM TAPER lícuma (candle) –MC:223

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TARN moilë –LT2:349 TEST (put to the test) tyasta -, pa.t. TARRY lemya - (remain). Possibly this tyasantë –QL:49 verb should have the past tense * lemnë rather THANKSGIVING #hantalë (isolated from than ? lemyanë , since intransitive verbs in –ya Eruhantalë "thanksgiving to Eru". A verbal stem may seem to surrender this suffix in the past #hanta- "thank" can also be isolated.) –UT:436 tense. –VT45:26 THAT (1) (demonstrative): tana (an TASSEL fas , fatsë –GL:34 adjectival word, VT49:11; in one version of the TASTE (vb) # tyav - (cited in source as language also tanya , as in tanya wendë "that tyavin "I taste", 1st pers. aorist) ; TASTE (noun) maiden", MC:215-16). Also yana with meaning tyávë (pl. tyáver is attested in the compound “the former” (e.g. * loa yana “that year” referring lámatyáver "sound-tastes"; see SOUND- to a former year). Adj. OF THAT SORT taitë ; IN TASTE.) –KYAB, MR:215 THAT WAY tanen ; THAT MATTER tama . Also TAUT tunga (tight, [of strings:] resonant) – see THIS regarding the word talumë “at this [or, TUG that] time”. –TA, YA, VT49:11, 18 TEAR nírë , nië –NEI, LT1:262 THAT (2) (pronoun) ta , also translated “it”. TEEM (verb) úma -; TEEMING úmëa (Notice that in some versions of the language, (abundant, swarming – but elsewhere úmëa is Tolkien wanted ta to be a plural pronoun “they, defined as "evil", and for "teeming" one could them” used of non-living things. See the various simply say * úmala as the participle of úma -) – entries on ta in the Quenya-English wordlist.) Sa , VT48:32 normally translated “it”, is also defined as “that” TELEPATHY see THOUGHT in one source. IT IS THAT náto , IT IS NOT TELL # nyar - (cited as nyarin "I tell", 1st THAT uito . –VT49:11, TA, VT49:18, 28 pers. aorist) (relate); NOT TO BE TOLD OR THAT (3) (relative pronoun "who[m], RELATED avanyárima –NAR 2, WJ:370 which, that") . According to VT47:21, the relative TEMPLE corda –LT1:257 pronoun is ye with reference to a person (* i Elda TEMPTATION # úsahtië (inducement to ye tirnen "the Elf who/that I watched"), plural i do wrong). Earlier variants, possibly abandoned (e.g. * Eldar i... "Elves that ..."). The impersonal by Tolkien: #terfantië , # terpellië , # insangarë relative pronoun ("that = which") is ya (e.g. * i (all attested in the allative: úsahtienna , parma ya hirnen "the book that/which I found"), terfantienna etc.) –VT43:23, 22 pl. presumably * yar (* i parmar yar ... "the books TEN quëan , quain . (In earlier sources the that..."). This gives a system with great word cainen occurs, but according to VT48:12, symmetry, but Tolkien also used i in a singular Tolkien eventually rejected this word.) For the sense, in the sentence i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar syntax of numerals, see THREE . GROUP OF ëa "the One who is [or, that is] above all TEN (10 similar things) maquat (actually the thrones", though i is indeed plural in i carir dual form of maqua "hand", referring to the ten quettar ómainen "those who [or, those that ] fingers on both hands). Ordinal TENTH quainëa . form words with voices". A relative pronoun ya The fraction ONE TENTH is given as caista (and *"which" is found in the "Arctic" sentence; a long cast ) in VT48:11, but since Tolkien later decided variant yá also occurs in the corpus (VT43:27- that the word for "ten" was to have the initial 28) . Case-forms: The plural locative of ya is sound qu - rather than c-, we must apparently attested as yassen "in which" in Nam (sg. read * quaista (and * quast , but normally Quenya *yassë ), the genitive and ablative forms of ye words do not end in consonant clusters). – are attested as yëo and yello respectively in VT48:6, 11, VT47:7, VT42:25, cf. KAYAN, VT47:21, and the same source gives ion and KAYAR illon as the corresponding plural forms . – TENDRIL liantë (but in Etym, this word is VT47:21, WJ:391, UT:305, 317, Arct glossed "spider", q.v.) –LT1:271 THAT (4) (conjunction, as in "I know that TENTH quainëa –VT42:25 you are here") i, cf. the sentence savin Elessar TERRIBLE rúcima , aica (fell, dire, sharp); ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe Elessar really VERY TERRIBLE CREATURE rauco –WJ:415, existed and that he was a king of Gondor” PM:347, VT39:10 (VT49:27) . In one version of early “Qenya”, this TERRIFY ruhta- –WJ:415 conjunction appeared as ne instead (PE14:54) . TERROR ossë (Ossë is also the name of THATCH tupsë –TUP a Maia held to be responsible for storms at sea.) THE i. – In Quenya, the definite article is –GOS, Silm:33, 34 generally used as in English. However, notice that it is not used before plural words denoting

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an entire people or race, such as Valar , Quendi , second rather than the third person. The Noldor , Sindar , Eldar , Ainur , Fírimar etc. This corresponding ending for “they” was (according is evident from examples like lambë Eldaron to VT49:51) changed from -stë to -ttë , seemingly "the language of the Eldar [lit. simply "Eldar"]", implying *-tta as the ending for dual “their”: Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar [lit. simply hence e.g. * aldatta , “the tree of the two of them”. "Valar"] will be done". Cf. Tolkien's use of "Men" – No independent words for “their, theirs” are with no article, meaning the entire human race or attested. Analogy may point to * tenya (plural) humans in general, while "the Men" would be a and * túnya or * tunya (dual), based on (attested) group of individuals. Anar "the Sun" and Isil "the ten and (unattested) * tún as the dative forms of Moon" are probably treated like proper names in the pronouns te , tú “they” (plural and dual, Quenya; they do not take the article. When a repectively). Compare such attested forms as noun is determined by a following genitive, it is ninya “my” and menya “our” vs. the dative evidently optional whether it takes the article or pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”. not: mannar Valion "into the hands [lit. simply THEM, see THEY "hands"] of the Lords", Indis i Ciryamo "The THEMSELVES (reflexive pronoun) intë Mariner's Wife, *The Wife [lit. simply "Wife"] of (for older imte , asterisked by Tolkien) . A reflexive the Mariner" – but contrast I Equessi Rúmilo ending -ttë “they…themselves” existed at one "the Sayings of Rúmil", i arani Eldaron "the conceptual stage ( melittë , “they love Kings of the Eldar". If the genitive precedes the themselves”), but it is uncertain how lasting this noun it connects with, the article must probably idea was; elsewhere, -ttë is explained as being be left out in all cases, as in English (* Eldaron ending for dual “they” instead. –VT47:37, arani , ?Eldaron i arani ). Note: i is also the VT49:21 relative pronoun "who, that" and the conjunction THEN tá (VT49:11) ; the “Qenya” form san “that”; see THAT #3 and #4 . –I, WJ:404, 368, occurring in early material (MC:216) rather looks FS, UT:8, WJ:398, 369 like the dative form of sa “it” in Tolkien’s later THEE (object form of THOU, or singular versions of the language. Another word glossed YOU) lye , tye ; see THOU for full discussion and “then”, tai , is used for “they, them” elsewhere references. Ólë in VT43:29 probably meant (VT49:33) . *"with thee" at the time of writing, but Tolkien THENCE tó , talo ; cf. also epeta , epta = apparently decided to go for –lye rather than just “following that, thereupon, thence, whereupon” – –le as the relevant ending; compare aselyë “with VT49:11-12 thee” in a later source. –VT43:29, VT47:31 THERE tás , tassë . Also compare tanomë

THEFT pilwë (robbery) –QL:73 % “in the place (referred to)”, *”there”. THERE, THEIR may be expressed as the ending - LOOK! (as interjection) en (yonder). The form ta lta (also -ltya ) added to nouns (VT49:16), e.g. is defined as “there” in VT49:33, but this may be *aldalta or * aldaltya = “their tree”. – In some a basic root rather than a Quenya word. – sources, Tolkien instead gives the ending as - VT49:11, EN, VT45:12, 19 nta ( nassentar pl. “their true-being[s]”, THEREFORE etta , tánen , potai (som of PE17:174) or -ntya (called an “archaic” form in these forms may have been ephemeral in VT49:17), just as he hesitated between -ltë and - Tolkien’s conception; etta is perhaps the best ntë as the ending for “they” (VT49:17; see alternative). –VT49:11, 12 THEY). In “colloquial Quenya”, the ending -rya THEREUPON epeta , epta (following that, could also be used for the plural pronoun “their” thence, whereupon) –VT49:12 (símarya ssen “in their imaginations”, VT49:16), THEY, THEM (3rd person pl. and dual because it was felt to contain the plural ending - forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, r, but in “correct” written Quenya -rya was rather Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë . For the ending for “his, her, its” (VT49:17) . – instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as According to VT49:17, the vowel -i- is inserted cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17) . In one text, before the ending -lta /-ltya or -nta /-ntya when it the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic is added to a stem ending in a consonant (but (VT49:17) , but in other paradigms no such the evidence concerning connecting vowels qualification occurs (VT49:51) . The alternative before pronominal endings is rather diverse). – form -nte - occurs in UT:317, with a second All these words for “their” are plural; the ending pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) for dual “their” (describing something owned by following: Tiruvante s "they will keep it". General two persons) is given in VT49:16 as -sta , but this considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather clashes with a similar ending belonging to the than -ntë (e.g. * quenteltë rather than

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*quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, many verbs end in -ntë even before any see THEMSELVES. pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë THICK tiuca (fat) –TIW “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike THIEF pilu (robber) –QL:73 -ntë ) would also conform with the general THIGH tiuco –TIW system that the plural pronominal endings THIN – long and thin: lenwa (straight, include the plural marker l (VT48:11) . – In narrow) –LT2:341 Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears THING nat , nata , engwë ; THING MADE as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, tanwë (device, construction, craft), OTHER LT1:270). – In the independent pronouns, THING hya (also used as conjunction “or”). distinct forms of may be used depending on GOOD OR FORTUNATE THING, see BOON. – whether “they, them” refers to living beings NĀ2, VT39:7, TAN, VT49:15, 30 (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living THINGOL Singollo , short for Sindacollo things or abstracts. The “personal” independent (so in Silm:421; MR:217 and WJ:410 have pronoun is te , which may have a long vowel Sindicollo , where the s represents original th , when stressed ( té , VT49:51). It is also attested in cf. PM:337, where the spelling Þindikollo is object position ( laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 used [Þ = th as in thin ]. Hence, these variant cf. Letters:308, VT43:20 ). It can receive case forms should be spelt with in initial súlë , not endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms silmë , in Tengwar writing). However, it appears téna and tien , VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the that Thingol was usually called Elwë in Quenya. “impersonal” they , them referring to non-living –MR:385 things, Tolkien in some sources used ta THIRD neldëa , also nelya (cf. Nelyar (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused "Thirds", the third clan among the Elves) . dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be Fraction ONE THIRD nelesta , neldesta , nelta , the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to nelsat –VT42:25, WJ:420, VT48:11 VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the THIRTEEN yunquentë (also yunquenta ); word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in a Common Eldarin form nelekwe listed some places changed to te , apparently elsewhere could yield * nelequë or * nelquë in suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for Quenya. The form quainel seems to be another, both personal and impersonal “they/them”, possibly experimental, word for "13" in Quenya, abandoning the distinction). Another source and so is nelquëa . For the syntax of numerals, (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but see THREE . –VT47:15, 40, VT48:21 all other published sources use this pronoun for THIRSTY soica , fauca (open-mouthed, singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The parched) –VT39:11, PHAU object “them” can also be expressed by the THIS sina (adjectival demonstrative, ending -t following another pronominal suffix following its noun in our one attested example: (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them ", vanda sina , "this oath"; sina is also mentioned LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending by itself in VT49:18, there explicitly said to be -t makes no distinction between personal and adjectival). THIS DAY (or, "today") síra (other impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses variants, possibly rejected by Tolkien: siar , special dual forms of “they, them”, used where siarë , hyárë [archaic hyázë ]) ; THIS HOUR only two persons or things are referred to (none sillumë ; IN THIS PLACE sinomë [variant of these pronouns distinguish between personal sínomë ]; adj. OF THIS SORT site ; AT THIS and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old TIME silumë (referring to the present of the time ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked of speech), talumë (referring to “the time we are as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with thinking of or speaking of”). –UT:305, VT43:18, the corresponding 2nd person ending. According VT44:35, LotR:1003/VT44:36, VT49:11, 12 18 to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within THITHER tar (this word may mean literally the mythos) from -stë to -ttë , which seems the "to it" and therefore presupposes ta as the word better alternative (* carittë , “the two of them do”). for "it, that") , also tara , tamen . THITHER LANDS The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (as seen from Valinor) Entar , Entarda (Outer (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to Lands, Middle-earth, East) –TA, VT49:11, 33, use te for “they, them” even where only two EN persons are involved ( te is seemingly used with THORN necel , in earlier material also reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the nassë (spike), though the latter word also means examples above, laita te “bless them”). – “person” or “true-being” or even “(s)he is”,

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leaving necel a less ambiguous alternative. – THOUGHT sanwë ; COMMUNICATION PE17:55, NAS OF THOUGHT, INTERCHANGE OF THOUGHT THORONDOR Sorontar –Silm:438 (= telepathy) ósanwë ; THOUGHT-OPENING THOU (singular 2nd person pronoun, sanwë-latya (direct, telepathic thought-transfer) ; distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms THOUGHT-SENDING sanwe-menta (mental here discussed are not archaic like English message) –VT39:23, 30, MR:415, VT41:5 “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). THOUSAND: No term is yet known for Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or LotR-style Quenya; in one version of earlier polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, "Qenya" this numeral was húmë (PE13:50) . Pl. the latter being reserved for use between close húmi is attested (used after other numbers, as in friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, "two thousand", i.e. "two thousands"). In later 52) . The formal pronoun normally appears as the Sindarin the word was apparently meneg (as in ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to Menegroth , the Thousand Caves). The Quenya verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find [it]” (Nam) , cognate has been theorized to be * mencë , but caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” húmë may be used until a later term becomes (VT49:16) . The short form in -l may be the more available. usual, though the long form -lye - must be used if THRALL mól (slave) –MŌ a second pronominal ending denoting the object THREAD (fine) lia (spider filament. Note: of the verb is to be added (e.g. * cenuvalyes lia- is also the verb "twine". ) –SLIG “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” THREE neldë (the “Qenya” form olë in appended). The ending -lyë may also be added LT1:258 apparently did not survive into Tolkien’s to prepositions ( aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). later Quenya). Tolkien used neldë to illustrate The independent pronoun is lye , with a long the syntax of numerals “from…3 onwards”: The vowel ( lyé , VT49:51) when stressed. This numeral follows the noun, which also receives pronoun can also appear in object position any case endings, and the numeral is (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata , by indeclinable: eleni neldë “three stars”, genitive Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39) . elenion neldë “of three stars”. – In older usage, Case endings may be added, e.g. allative the noun would appear in the genitive plural, so lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41) . There is also that “three stars” would be elenion neldë elyë “thou, even thou” ( Nam, RGEO:67) as an (literally, three of stars) and case endings would emphatic pronoun (Nam) ; apparently this can be added to the numeral, so that genitive “of also receive case endings. Such independent three stars” would be elenion neldëo ; notice pronouns may also be used in copula-less that the numeral inflects as a singular noun. – constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] NEL, SA:neldor, VT47:11, VT48:6, VT49:45 thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar THRESHOLD fenda –PHEN pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. THRICE nel –PE14:84 The pronominal ending is thus -tyë , as in carityë THROAT lanco (This was changed by “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16) . It is Tolkien from lango , pl. langwi [the latter form is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the erroneously marked with an asterisk in the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in printed Etymologies, but langwi is transparently VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one the plural and not an ancestral form, and conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an Tolkien's own manuscript had no asterisk: see ending that could be added to imperatives VT45:26]. The plural form indicates that lango (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may had the stem-form langu -. If the replacement have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a form lanco is to behave similarly, it should have dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun the stem * lancu - and the plural form * lanqui .) – is tye , with a long vowel when stressed ( tyé , LAK 1, LANK VT49:51); presumably there also exists an THRONE mahalma (loc. pl. emphatic pronoun * etyë (still unattested). Like mahalmassen is attested) –UT:317 lye , the pronoun tye may also appear in object THRONG sanga (crowd, press); position ( ar inyë, yonya, tye -méla “and I too, my THRONG-CLEAVER Sangahyando (personal son, love thee ”, LR:61 ); we must also assume name, the "throng" being a closely formed body that tye (and emphatic * etyë ) can receive case of enemy soldiers) –STAG, LT2:342, LotR:1085 endings. – Genitive forms, see THY. cf. Letters:425 THOUGH, see ALTHOUGH THROUGH terë , ter ; also used of time (with the sense of “through[out]”) in VT49:41: ter

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coivierya *“throughout his/her life”. "THROUGH- first of these seems to clash with *yassë "in/on ABIDE" (i.e., stand [fast]) # termar - (only fut. which".) MEAL TIME mat ( matt -) AT ONE TIME termaruva is attested) –TER, UT:305, 317, (in the past), see ONCE. AT THIS TIME silumë VT44:35 (referring to the present of the time of speech). THROW: the verb hat - “fling” may be The word talumë is translated “at this time” in used. the sense of “at the time we are thinking or THUMB nápo ; in children's play also speaking of”, hence de facto meaning *”at that called atto or atya ("daddy"), a term also used of time” (the element ta - is normally defined “that”, the big toe. Other terms for "thumb" ( toltil , tollë not “this”). –LU, WJ:399/VT39:31, YA, QL:59, and tolpë ) were apparently abandoned by VT49:11-12 Tolkien. –VT47:10, 13, 26, VT48:4 TIMID caurëa –LT1:257 THUS sië ; cf. also sinen “by this means, TIN latúcen ; OF TIN latucenda –LT1:268 so”. The word sin , occurring in the untranslated TINDER tusturë –LT1:270 sentence sin quentë Quendingoldo, has also TINFANG Timpando –LT1:268 been interpreted as “thus” (*“thus spoke TINY titta (little) –TIT Quendingoldo/Pengolodh”). –VT49:18, PM:401 TIP tillë (point) (also used of fingers and THWART hranga - (said to be a weak toes; see UP-POINT, UNDER-POINT) – verb) (PE17:154) . Note: hranga is also an VT47:10, 26 adjective “awkward, hard; stiff, difficult”. TISSUE lannë (cloth) –LAN THY (= singular YOUR) -lya , -tya (endings TITLE see NICKNAME. used on nouns, VT49:16, 48 ), e.g. * aldalya , TO, TOWARDS ana , na , an (for, till); *aldatya "thy tree". The semantic distinction (prefix:) ana-. English "to, towards, –wards" will between -lya and *-tya is that -lya is formal or often be rendered by the allative ending -nna , pl polite, whereas -tya is intimate or familiar (see -nnar , as in Elenna "Starwards" ( Elen + [ n]na ). THOU). In UT:51 (cf. 22), -lya is translated The dative case in -n may also express “to” or "your" instead of "thy", following modern English “for” in English, and shares the same origin as usage ( tielyanna "upon your path", with the the preposition na . –NĀ, Plotz letter, UT:432, allative ending -nna “upon” following -lya “your”). Silm:313, VT49:14 Independent words for “thy/thine” or “your/yours” TODAY (or, "this day") síra (other variants, (sg.) could possibly be * lyenya and * tyenya , possibly rejected by Tolkien: siar , siarë , hyárë derived from * lyen and * tyen as the theoretical [archaic hyázë ]) –VT43:18 dative forms of the independent pronouns lye , TOE taltil ( taltill -) (said to be the word for tye “thou” (compare ninya “my” and menya toe in "ordinary language", VT47:10). The term “our” as attested pronouns seemingly derived nútil ( nútill -, pl. nútilli given), "under-point", is from the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for also used to mean "toe". BIG TOE taltol , also us”). tolbo (read perhaps * tolvo in the more usual THYSELF (reflexive pronoun) , see form of Quenya). The word atto , atya , basically YOURSELF "daddy", is said to be used for "big toe" (and TIDE – lowtide: nanwë (ebb); high tide: "thumb") in children's play, like the word nettë luimë (flood). Partially illegible glosses referred (prob. netti -) "sister" is said to be used for "fourth to in VT48:30 may suggest that luimë can also toe" (or "fourth finger", or even referring to the refer to any tide, or the spring tide. –VT48:26, ninth digit when both hands/feet are considered). 23, 24, 30 The word selyë "daughter" was also introduced TIE (vb.) # nut - (cited in source as nutin "I as a name for the fourth finger/toe (counting from tie", 1st person aorist) –NUT the big toe/thumb) in children's play (VT47:10), TIGHT tunga (taut, [of strings:] resonant) but Tolkien apparendly abandoned it (VT47:15). –TUG The terms yonyo "big boy, son" and tolyo (also TILL an (for, to) –Arct tollo ) "stricker-up" could be used of the middle TILTED talta- (sloping, leaning) –TALÁT finger or toe. The word winimo "baby" (exilic TIME lúmë (translated "hour" in LotR:94; *vinimo ) was used for "little finger" or "little toe". - allative lúmenna is attested. Note: lúmë also VT47:10-12, 15, 26, VT48:6 means "darkness") . Pl. locative lúmissen “at the TOGETHER uo , also (as prefix) o- – times” (VT49:47) . Cf. also lú (= "a time, PE17:191, W Ō occasion"). FIXED TIME asar (Vanyarin athar ) TOIL móta- (labour) –MŌ (festival); pl. asari is attested. ONCE UPON A TOKEN tengwë (indication, sign, writing – TIME yassë , yalúmessë , yáressë (Note: the pl tengwi is attested ) –WJ:394, 395 cf. TEK

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TOMB #noirë (isolated from Noirinan , TOWARDS ana , na , an (for); (prefix:) ana- "Valley of the Tombs"; unless this compound is (to). Very often, Quenya would use the allative meant to contain a plural form noiri , it would case in -nna to express “towards”. –NĀ suggest that # noirë has the stem-form noiri -). – TOWER mindon (also translated "Lofty UT:166 Tower"; allative pl mindonnar or mindoninnar TOMORROW enwa . In one conceptual is attested) (turret), mindo (=isolated tower) , phase, noa meant “tomorrow”, but this is tirion (= watchtower; also defined as "a mighty elsewhere used = “yesterday”. –QL:34, VT49:20 tower, a city on a hill) , tirin (= tall tower; Note: a -TON (reduced form of "town" in names) – homophone means "I watch") See also TOWN mas (-by) –LT1:251 WITH WALLS AND TOWERS. – TONGUE (physical tongue:) lamba , LT2:346/MC:222, MINI, LT1:258, TIR (language:) lambë , quetil (the latter also = "talk" TOWN osto (= town with wall) (city), opelë or "language"). (In LT2:339, it is said that lambë (walled village/house), irin ; TOWN WITH covers both "physical tongue" and "speech", but WALLS AND TOWERS tirios (prob. tiriost -), Tolkien later thought better of that. WJ:394 TOWNSHIP ostar –OS, PEL(ES), LT1:258, states that in non-technical use, lambë was the LT2:343, 336 normal word for "language"; only the TRADE (vb) manca-, TRADESMAN Loremasters used the technical term tengwesta macar –MBAKH instead.) LOREMASTER OF TONGUES TRAILING sóra (long) –LT2:344 #Lambengolmo (only pl Lambengolmor is TRANSPARENCE liquis , attested, in VT48:6 also translated "linguistic TRANSPARENCY – the word vírin is defined as loremasters"). USE TONGUE, see TALK. – "a magic glassy substance of great lucency used LAB/LotR:1157/WJ:394, 396, KWET/VT45:25, in fashoning the Moon. Used of things of great VT48:6 and pure transparency." –LT1:262, LT2:339 TOO (= overly, excessively, as in "too big") TRAVEL lelya- (pa.t. lendë ) (go, proceed) acca –PE13:108 –WJ:363 TOOL tamma , carma (weapon). Note: TREASURE harma , harwë (both words carma may also mean “helmet”. Also see also used of a single treasured thing) , foa , mírë IMPLEMENT. –PE17:108, 114 (jewel, precious thing); TREASURY harwë (also TOOTH nelet ( nelc -), also nelcë ; carca used = treasure) . –3AR/LotR:1157, LT2:340, (fang, tusk); ROW OF TEETH carcanë (LT2 has MIR carcassë , carcaras "row of spikes or teeth".) – TREE alda (gen.pl. aldaron is attested) , NÉL-EK/VT46:3, KARAK/LT2:344 ornë (= high, isolated tree) , taulë (= great tree) . TOP inga (referring "primarily to position HAVING TREES, TREE-GROWN aldarwa , and could be used of tops relatively broad". TREE-TOP aldinga , TREE-SHADOWED aldëa , Note: a homophone means "first"). MOUNTAIN- AVENUE OF TREES aldëon ; LORD OF TREES TOP orotinga ; TREE-TOP aldinga –VT47:28 Aldaron (a name of Oromë) – TOPMOST PINNACLE see FINISH. GALAD/Nam/LotR:1147/1157/VT39:7, VT47:28, TORMENT (vb) nwalya-. (Though spelt OR-NI/LotR:488 cf. Letters:308, LT1:267, this way also in Etym, nwalya- must be from LT1:249, Silm:32, 378 older * ngwalya , for the stem is ÑGWAL . In TRESPASS (noun) # úcarë (isolated from Tengwar spelling, the letter nwalmë (< older úcaremmar "our sins/trespasses"; verb úcar - "to ngwalmë ) should be used to transcribe the initial sin, trespass" (pl. aorist úcarer , úcarir attested). nw of nwalya .) TORMENT (noun) nwalmë The noun # úcarë was the word used in Tolkien's (older [MET] ngwalmë ), angaitya –LotR:1157 final version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer; a draft cf. ÑGWAL; LT1:249 version has # rohta (pl. rohtar ) = "trespass" or TORTURE ungwalë ; ("Qenya" also:) "debt". Compare TRESPASSERS # rohtalië or malcanë , valcanë –ÑGWAL, LT1:250 #ruhtalië (i.e. "trespass-people", incorporating TOUCH appa - ("to touch" in a literal lië "people"?) from the same source. For other sense) , # ap - (given as aorist stem apë ) words for "trespasser" or "debtor", see DEBTOR. figurative "to touch (one)" = "concern, affect". –VT43:19, 21 TOUCHING pa , pá (as regards, concerning) – TRESS findë (lock of hair) (probably VT44:26 obsoleting findil in LT2) –SPIN, LT2:341 TOUGH norna (stiff), tarya (stiff) – TRIANGLE neltil (stem neltild -, as in pl. WJ:413, TÁRAG neltildi ), nasta (spear-head/spear-point, gore) – TIL, SNAS, VT46:14

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TRIBE hostar –LT2:340; the conceptual TURN-TABLE querma (spinning wheel) – validity of this "Qenya" word may be questioned, PE17:65 since in later Quenya it looks like the pl. form of TURRET mindon (tower) –LT1:260 hosta "large number" TUSK carca (tooth, fang) –Silm:429, TRICK (noun) rinca (twitch, jerk, sudden LT2:344 move) –VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) TWANG tingë , tango . LT1:256 has TRIM netya - (adorn). (Note: netya - is also quingi- "twang, of strings, harp". In Etym, there an adj. "pretty, dainty" .) –VT47:33 is also the unglossed verb tanga - = *"make a TRINITY Neldië –VT44:17 twang"??? –TING, TANG TRINKET (small thing of personal TWELVE yunquë ("q") , archaic (pre- adornment) netil –VT47:33 historic?) form yuncë (VT48:7, 8) . Also (or in TRIUMPH – CRY OF TRIUMPH yello another conceptual phase, or in duodecimal (call, shout) –GYEL, VT45:16 counting?) #rasta (only the stem RÁSAT is given TROOP hossë (army, band) –LT2:340 in the Etymologies , but cf. yurasta "24", i.e. 2 x TROTH vérë (bond, compact, oath) –WED 12, in PE14:17). For the syntax of numerals, see TRUE naitë , nanwa (existing, actual), THREE . TWELVE HOURS ("day" when not anwa (real, actual), sanda (firm, abiding). For meaning 24 hours) arya (day). Fraction ONE "true" = "faithful", see FAITHFUL. –VT49:28, 30, TWELFTH yunquesta –VT47:41, VT48:6, 1 ANA, STAN PE14:82, RÁSAT, AR , VT48:11 TRUMP hyóla –SD:419 TWENTY-FOUR yurasta –PE14:17 TRUMPET (see also TRUMP) romba TWI- (prefix) yú -, yu - (both) –VT45:13, (horn), tumbë ; TRUMPET-SOUND róma (loud VT46:23 sound) (Note: róma means "shoulder" in one of TWICE yú –PE14:84 Tolkien's early "Qenya" lexicons.) – TWILIGHT tindómë (usually of the time WJ:400/ROM, LT1:269 near dawn, glossed "starry twilight" in Silm:438), TRUNCATED ARM OR BRANCH, see undómë (= evening twilight), yúcalë , yualë , STUB, STUMP lómë (stem lómi -) (night, dusk, gloom, darkness. TRUST (noun) estel (hope) –MR:320 Cf. Lómion "Child of the Twilight". ) –LotR 1145, TRY nev - –PE17:167 (Tolkien in the KAL, LT1:255, Silm:160 source expresses uncertainty as to whether this TWIN onóna (also = adj "twinborn", the word should be adopted or not) primary meaning of the word), pl. ónoni T-SERIES tincotéma (dental series) – (surprisingly, a dual form is not used) –WJ:367 LotR:1154 TWINE lia- (Note: lia is also a noun TUBE róta –LT2:347 meaning "fine thread, spider's filament") – TÚN (Old English) see FENCED FIELD – LT1:271 PEL(ES) TWINKLE # tintila- (only pl tintilar is TUNE lindë (air, song, singing); HARPING attested) –Nam, RGEO:67 ON ONE TUNE vorongandelë ("vorogandele" in TWINKLING STAR tingilya , tingilindë – the published Etymologies is a misreading; see TIN VT45:7) (continuous repetition) –LIN 2 TWIST # ric - (only the perfect irícië "has TUNIC laupë (shirt) –QL:51 twisted" is attested) (VT39:9) TUNNEL rotto (cave, small grot) – TWISTED nauca (hard, ill-shapen, *small PM:365, VT46:12 – see SMALL .) –WJ:413 TURGON Turucáno (so in PM:345, TWITCH (verb:) rihta- (jerk, give quick obsoleting Turondo in LT1:115) twist or move), (noun:) rinca (jerk, trick, sudden TURN (transitive) quer -, attested as pa.t. move) –RIK(H), VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) quernë (VT49:20) . Also with prefix nan - “back”, TWO atta . When constructed with a noun, attested in the plural passive participle atta follows and the noun is wholly uninflected: nanquernë “turned back” (sg. * nanquerna; elen atta “two stars”. Case endings (the compare nuquerna , see REVERSED). simplest, normally “singular” ones) are added to (VT49:17, 18, 20) . *TURNED WESTWARD the numeral: genitive elen atto “of two stars”. – númenquerna (VT49:18, 20) . English AT(AT)/Letters:427, VT48:6, VT49:44-45 intransitive “to turn” requires a reflexive pronoun in Quenya: mo quernë immo *“one turned oneself” (VT49:6) , in idiomatic English simply “one turned”.

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U

UDÛN Utumno (stem * Utumnu -) – “properly cannot be used of God since ëa refers Silm:438 only to all things created by Eru directly or UGH horro , orro (alas! ow!) ("exclamation mediately”). –ILU (see IL), VT39:20, VT49:28 of horror, pain, disgust") –VT45:17 UNWILL avanir (VT39:23) UGLY úvanima (not fair). See also UNPRONOUNCEABLE úquétima WITHOUT BEAUTY. -VT39:14 (impossible to say/put into words, unspeakable) ULCER: The early "Qenya" term sist with –WJ:370 stem sisty - may perhaps be updated to LotR- UNSPEAKABLE úquétima (impossible to style Quenya as * sistë with stem * sisti -. say/put into words, unpronounceable) –WJ:370

ULCERATED sistina (QL:86) % UNTIL, UNTO tenna (also in shortened ULTIMATE métima (final, last) –MC:222 form tenn ' before a word in a-) –LotR:1003, cf. 215 VT44:35-36 UN- (prefix denying presence or UNWISE alasaila –VT41:13, 18 possession of thing or quality) ú- (no-, not, un-, UP, UPWARDS amba , ama (prefix:) am-. in-) (according to LR:396 s.v. UGU, this prefix (The "Qenya" form amu in LT2:335 is prob. usually has a "bad sense", cf. vanimor "fair folk" obsolete.) "UP-POINT" (upper digit = "finger") vs. úvanimor "monsters") , il- (denoting "the ortil ( ortill -, pl. ortilli given). UPWARD SLOPE opposite, the reversal, i.e., more than the mere amban ; UPHILL (adj) ambapenda , ampenda – negation") , also pretonic prefix la - "un-, not-". – AM 2, UNU, VT47:10 VT39:14, UGU, UMU, LT1:255, VT45:25 UPON – this English preposition may be *UNCOUNTABLE únótima (pl. únótimë is rendered by the allative case, endings -nna pl. - attested). Translated "numberless"; the nnar , dual -nta . Cf. falmalinnar "upon foaming interlinear translation in RGEO:66 has "not- waves", tielyanna "upon your path". –Nam, count-able", while VT39:14 offers the translation UT:22 cf. 51 "countless". –Nam UPPER AIRS AND CLOUDS fanyarë UNCOUNTED unotë , unotëa (read (skies) –MC:223 *únotë , * únotëa ?) (not counted) –VT39:14 UPRISING (noun) ambaron , Ambarónë UNDER undu , nu (so in Nam; Etym has (sunrise, Orient) (a similar but untranslated word, no ); UNDERNEATH nún (down below); Ambaróna , occurs in LotR:490) . Rómen is "UNDER-POINT" (lower digit = "toe") nútil glossed "uprising, sunrise, east" in Silm:437, but (nútill -, pl. nútilli given) –UNU, N Ū, VT47:10 the normal meaning of the word is always "east". UNDERSTAND hanya - (know about, be Cf. also: "UPRISING-FLOWER" * ambalotsë skilled in dealing with); UNDERSTANDING ("referring to the flower or floreate device used (noun) handë (knowledge); UNDERSTANDING as a crest fixed to [the] point of a tall [illegible (adjectival) handa (intelligent) –KHAN word, possibly 'archaic'] helmet", "pointed helm- UNFOLDING (noun) pantië (opening, crest". Tolkien asterisked the word because it revealing) –QL:72 was not attested, only a possible Quenya form of UNFURL panta - (spread out, open) –PAT the name Amloth ) –AM 2, LotR:490, WJ:318 UNIVERSE ilu , ilúvë (the whole, the all, URANUS Luinil (or less probably Nénar ; it Allness). The term ilu used of the universe is not known for certain which of the two is includes God and all souls and spirits, that are Uranus and which is Neptune) –Basic not properly included in the term Eä . The verb Quenya:24, cf. Silm:55 Eä , itself properly a verb “it is”, is also “used as noun = the whole created universe” (but

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URGE horta - (speed, send flying); translated "we" as a short independent pronoun, URGING (noun, not adjectival participle) hortalë and they can also receive case endings, e.g. (speeding), URGENCY hormë –KHOR attested forms like locative messë "on us", US: The exclusive pronoun (us = “I and allative mello "from us", dative men "for us", some others, not you”) is me (suffixed to ála “do allative véna “to us”. The forms atarmë , not” in álamë tulya , "do not lead us ”, VT43:12, metermë "for us" also seem to include me , but 22). This pronoun evidently connects with the these forms were evidently ephemeral ("for us", ending -lmë , see WE. Inclusive "us" (i.e. "you exclusive, is better rendered as men , itself an and me") should apparently be *ve (for older attested form). –Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:15, 19, we ), connecting with the subject ending -lvë VT44:18, VT49:14 (older -lwë ). If the pronouns me , * ve are USE TONGUE, see TALK. stressed, the vowel may be lengthened ( mé , vé , USEFUL mára (fit, good) –MA3 VT49:51). In another conceptual phase, USUAL senwa (also senya ; analogy Tolkien’s word for inclusive "we, us" may have would however suggest that * senya can also be been *ngwë (Third Age Quenya * nwë ), VT48:11. the independent pronoun “his, her”; if so senwa The dual forms receive the ending -t, hence met , may be preferred as the less ambiguous form). wet > * vet as the words for “us” referring to only AS USUAL ve senwa , ve senya . –VT49:22 two persons (exclusive met = “me and one other [not you]”; inclusive wet /* vet = “thee and me”). – Evidently me , * ve would be the same as subject and object, so that these forms could also be

V

VAGUE néca (faint, dim to see) –MC:223 presented themselves to incarnates.) VEILED VALE (dark) tumbë (deep valley); DEEP halda (hidden, shadowed, shady) –SKAL, VALE imbë (dale) (Note: imbë is also the VT43:22, RGEO:74 preposition "between") –LT:269, VT45:18 VENUS Eärendil (Basic Quenya:24, cf. * VALIAN valarinwa , attested in Lambë Silm:55) , Tancol (" Signifer" , "the significant star" Valarinwa "the language of the Valar, *Valian – MR:385) Language". Cf. also valaina "of the Valar, VERDIGRIS lairus ( lairust -) –VT41:10 belonging to the Valar" (divine) –WJ:395, BAL VESSEL venë (small boat, dish) –LT1:254 VALLEY nan (nand-), tumbo (stem VESTMENT colla (cloak) –MR:385 *tumbu -) (deep valley under/among hills, dark VICTORY túrë (mastery, might, strength), vale; so in Etym, Silm:438 and LT1:269. apairë –TUR, GL:17 Letters:308 gives tumba "deep valley".) VALLEY VIGIL tirissë , also short tiris (tiriss -) (adj.) nalda ; "VALLEY OF SINGING GOLD" (watch) –QL:93, LT1:258 Laurelindorinan (Lórien). –TUB, LotR:488 cf. VIGOUR tuo (muscle, sinew, strength), Letters:308, LT1:261, UT:449 vië (manhood), vëassë, laito/laisi (new life, VALOUR cánë –KAN youth); VIGOROUS vëa (adult, manly); SET VALUABLE mirwa (precious) –PE17:37 VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya - (be VANISHED vanwa (gone, departed, dead, compelled to do, have an impulse) –TUG, lost, past and over) –WAN, Nam, WJ:366 LT1:267, WEG, VT45:22 VAST – LT2 gives aica "broad, vast", but VILLAGE masto , (walled village:) opelë aica is said to mean "sharp" in later writings. – (town) –LT1:251, PEL(ES) LT2:338 VINE liantassë , in other early material VEIL (vb) halya- (conceal, screen from also liantë , but the latter word is elsewhere light), fanta - (to cloak, mantle). "VEILS, defined as “spider” or “tendril” instead. –LT1:271, RAYMENT" fana (pl fanar is attested. This word PE14:55 was used of the visible bodies in which the Valar

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VIOLENCE ormë (rushing, wrath, haste); refers to vowels considered as independent VIOLENT naraca (harsh, rending) (possibly "of phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights sounds", but Tolkien's extra comment is partially on phonemics; only pl. ómatengwi is attested), illegible) –GOR, KHOR, NÁRAK, VT45:37 óman (pl. "amandi" in LR:379 is a misreading for VIOLET helin , Helinyetillë ("Eyes of omandi , VT46:7; this term from the Etymologies heartsease") (pansy) –LT1:262 may in any case be obsoleted by the above- VIRGIN, see MAID, MAIDEN mentioned forms), # lehta tengwë (lit. *VIRGINAL (or, *MAIDENLY) * vénëa (only "free/relased element"; only pl. lehta tengwi is attested in elided form vénë' ) –VT44:10 attested; we would rather expect * lehtë tengwi ). VIRGINITY vénë (with the alternative, (Note: In some compounds, óma seems to mean older [MET] form wénë ), venessë –WEN "vowel" instead of "voice": VOWEL SIGN VISION olos ( olor - for older oloz -, as in #ómatehta (only pl ómatehtar is attested), the archaic pl. olozi , later olori ) (dream) – DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma , VOCALIC UT:396. EXTENSION ómataina (q.v. for definition) . Yet VOCALIC EXTENSION ómataina (i.e., the another term for "vowel", # penna pl. pennar , is addition to the base of a final vowel identical to given in VT39:16, but this is taken from a draft the base vowel [sundóma] ) –WJ:417 and not included in the final text Tolkien wrote. – VOICE óma (pl instrumental ómainen The term # mussë tengwë "soft element" (only "with voices" is attested. In some words, óma is attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi ) covers translated "vowel", q.v.) VOICELESS ómalóra – vowels, semi-vowels ( y, w) and continuants ( l, r, OM, WJ:391, VT39:16 (the latter source defines m, n). –VT39:8/16, OM, WJ:396, 319, 417, óma as "voice, resonance of the vocal chords"), VT39:17 VT45:28 VOID lusta (empty), cúma (the Void) – LUS, KUM VOMIT quama - (be ill) –QL:76 VOWEL # ómëa (only pl. ómëar attested), also # óma-tengwë , # ómatengwë (this term

W

WAIF hecil (gender-spesific forms are ráni ; cf. the similar formation tyávë "taste" pl hecilo m. and hecilë f.) (one lost or forsaken by tyáver .) WANDERER Rána (a name of the friends, outcast, outlaw) –WJ:365 Moon) , #ran (isolated from Palarran "far- WAILING (noun) yaimë ; WAILING (adj) wanderer", the name of a ship) –RAN, Silm:436, yaimëa –MC:223 UT:460, 461 WAIN lunca (VT43:19); as for the WANT # mer - (cited in the form merë , constellation (aka the Great Bear), see SICKLE evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as OF THE VALAR mernë ) (wish, desire) –MER WAKENING (adj) cuivëa (awakening) – WAR ohta –OKTĀ, KOT KUY WARM lauca –LAW WALK (vb) vanta-; WALK (noun) vanta – WARRIOR ohtatyaro , ohtar , #mehtar BAT (isolated from Telumehtar "Orion, warrior of the WALL ramba ; WALL AND MOAT ossa ; sky", a word occurring in LotR. Etym gives TOWN WITH WALLS AND TOWERS tirios – mahtar "warrior" under MAK, but Telumehtar RAMB Ā/Silm:436, LT1:258, LT2:336 not **Telumahtar under TEL) . LT1:268 also has * WANDER ranya- (only glossed "stray" mordo "warrior, hero", but in Tolkien's later under RAN , but cf. Silm:436: " ran- 'wander, Quenya mordo means "obscurity, shadow, stray'" and the following word:) WANDERING stain, smear, dimness". –KYAR (see KAR), (noun) ránë (straying) (pl. probably *ráner not UT:458, LotR:1146, MAK, TEL

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WARWICKSHIRE Alalminórë (Land of exclusive -mmë . Hence e.g. carilmë *“we [not Elms) –LT1:249 including you] do”, carimmë *“the two of us do; I WAS nánë , né ; see BE. –VT49:28 and one other [not you] do”. The ending for plural WASH: Early “Qenya” had a verb sovo -, inclusive “we” is to be -lwë or -lvë , that may perhaps be adopted to Tolkien’s later corresponding to -ngwë for dual inclusive “we” system as * sov - or * sova -; the past tense is (VT49:16; variant -nquë in VT49:51): Carilwë given as sóvë . WASHING sovallë (bathing, “we [including you] do”, caringwë “the two of us purification). –QL:86 do; thou and I do”. The corresponding WATCH (vb) # tir - (cited in source as tirin independent pronouns were pl. exclusive me , pl. "I watch", 1st pers. aorist) , also attested as pa.t. inclusive we or later ve with variant vi tirnë , imperative tira and fut. tiruva is attested (PE17:130); when stressed these could have (the last is translated "shall heed" in the source), long vowels ( mé and wé > vé , VT49:51). They WATCH-TOWER tirion ; WATCH (noun) tirissë , may also appear in object position (“us” rather also short tiris , tiriss - (vigil) –TIR, VT47:31, than “we”), e.g. suffixed to ála “do not” in the MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:258, QL:93, LT1:268 negative command álamë tulya , "do not lead us " WATER nén (nen -) (LT1:262 also has (VT43:12, 22) . If these pronouns are to be dual , linquë , but this word has other meanings in they receive the dual ending -t (exclusive met , Tolkien’s later Quenya) , WATER-FALL – inclusive wet > * vet ; compare imbë met LT1:249 gives axa , but this is probably obsoleted “between us [two]” in Namarië ). The dual by axa "narrow path" in Etym ; WATERY * nenda pronouns do not have a long vowel even when (wet – in the Etymologies as printed in LR, stressed. The pronouns me , we /* ve and their nenda seemed to be a Quenya word, but long variants can also receive case endings , like according to VT46:3 it actually appears as a dative men or véna “for us” (VT43:27, 28, 33, primitive form nend ā in Tolkien's manuscript; the VT49:14) or locative messë "on us" (VT44:12) . Quenya form would still be * nenda , but it is An emphatic pronoun is attested as emmë “we” unattested). WATER-MEAD, WATERED PLAIN (VT43:20), this reflects an earlier conceptual nanda ; WATER-LOVERS Nendili (used of the stage where Tolkien used the forms in -mmë for Lindar), WATER-VESSEL calpa ; DRAW plural rather than dual exclusive “we” (VT49:48, WATER calpa- (scoop out, bale out); ISSUE OF cf. forms like vammë , WJ:371); presumably he WATER ehtelë (fountain, spring, also cehtelë , would later regard emmë as a dual exclusive see FOUNTAIN) , WATER FALLING OUT form, corresponding to pl. * elmë (and with * elwë SWIFTLY FROM A ROCKY SPRING celussë > * elvë and * engwë as the emphatic pronouns (freshet), YELLOW WATER-LILY nénu –NEN, for inclusive “you”, plural and dual, respectively). WJ:410, NAD, KALPA, KEL, UT:426, LT1:248 These emphatic pronouns can also receive case WAVE (crested) , WAVE-CREST falma endings; the dative form emmen “for us” is (partitive plural allative falmalinnar is attested. attested (VT43:12, 20) . – Genitive forms, see LT1:266 has solmë instead of falma .) –PHAL, OUR; reflexive pronouns, see OURSELVES. VT42:15, Nam/RGEO:67 WEAK milya (soft, gentle) (Note: milya - is WAX líco (evidently with stem * lícu -), also a verb "long for".) The adjectives nípa and neitë –MC:223, GL:60 *nimpë (the latter given in archaic form nimpi ), WAY tië (path, course, line, direction, meaning "small", are said to be used "usually road), # vanda (isolated form Qualvanda "Road with connotation of weakness". –VT45:34, of Death" in LT1:264; cf. vand- "way, path" on VT48:18 the same page) See ROAD. –TE3/RGEO:67, WEAL, WEALTH alma (good fortune), LT1:264 ausië , autë (prosperity, also adj: rich) WE, US: The relevant Quenya pronouns WEALTHY herenya (blessed, fortuneate, rich) – make two distinctions not found in English. “We” GALA, LT2:336, KHER can be either inclusive or exclusive , depending WEAPON carma (tool; the word may also on whether the party addressed is included in mean “helm”). –PE17:114 “we” or not. Furthermore, “we” can be either WEAR see BEAR. WEAR (OUT) yerya- plural (involving at least three persons) or dual (get old) (Note: yerya is also the adjective "old, (involving only two persons, the speaker and one worn") –GYER other). Tolkien repeatedly revised the relevant WEARY lumba –VT45:29 endings. According to VT49:16, 51 one late WEATHER – dark weather: lúrë –LT1:259 resolution goes like this: The ending for plural WEAVE lanya-; EVER-WEAVING Vairë exclusive “we” is -lmë , corresponding to dual (name of a Valië) –LAN, VT39:10

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WEB natsë (net); SPIDER'S WEB ungwë númenquerna –LotR:1157/ND Ū, Nam, UT:305, –NAT, LotR:1157 Silm:428, LT1:263, UT:165, 419, UT:175, 458, WED verya -; the verb is intransitive and VT49:18, 20, 22 the person wedded appears in the allative WESTERNESSE, WESTLAND Númenor (veryanen senna *”I married him/her”, compare (full form Númenórë ) –Silm:313, 414 English “get married to ”). The word verya - also WET mixa , linquë (obsoleting liquin in means “dare”, but since this is transitive and LT1:262, but in later Quenya, linquë also means would always be followed by a direct object, the “hyacinth” or *”grass, reed”) , * nenda (watery – in two verbs can be distinguished. – Transitive the Etymologies as printed in LR, nenda seemed verta - means “to give in marriage” or “to take as to be a Quenya word, but according to VT46:3 it husband or wife” (to oneself). In an earlier actually appears as a primitive form nend ā in source, Tolkien gave the verb “to wed” as vesta - Tolkien's manuscript; the Quenya form would still . Noun WEDDING veryanwë (going with verya - be * nenda , but it is unattested.) –MISK, NEN, and verta -); in an earlier source, Tolkien gave LINKWI this word as vestalë . Veryanwë is also attested WHAT, evidently mana as in mana i with pronominal suffixes: veryanwesta , genitive coimas Eldaron [?] "what is the coimas [lembas] veryanwesto “(of) your wedding”, with a dual of the Eldar?" (PM:396) . See also WHO. Where form of “your”; also veryanweldo with a plural "what" means "that which", it may be translated “your”. –VT49:45, BES, WED by a relative pronoun, as in lá carita i hamil WEDGE nehtë (spearhead, gore, narrow mára "not to do what you judge good" –VT42:33 promontory. Note: a homophone means WHAT IS MORE yëa , yé (Note: yé is also "honeycomb". ) –UT:282 an interjection "lo! now see!") ; see MOREOVER WEEK lemnar (from a root meaning "five", under MORE. –VT47:31 since the Valian week had five days) , enquië WHEEL (spinning wheel) querma (also = (from a root meaning "six", since the Eldarin turn-table) –PE17:65 week had six days) , otsola (evidently meaning a WHEN: The question-word “at what time?” seven-day week like our own, as otso = "seven") is unattested, though paraphrases are possible –LEP, LotR:1141 cf. ÉNEK, GL:62 (e.g. * mana i lú yassë menuvas? “what’s the WEEPING nyényë –LT1:262 time that he will go?” for “when will he go?”) WEFT lanat , wistë –LAN , LT1:254 “When” introducing a statement of time appears WELL (adverb) mai –VT47:6 as írë in Fíriel’s Song ( írë Anarinya queluva , WELL (noun) : the form lón or lónë (pl. “when my sun faileth”, LR:72). Another example lóni given) has the partially illegible gloss "deep has yá (in a phrase translated “when winter pool, or river-[?feeding] well". Early material has comes”, VT49:23), but different meanings tampo “well”. –VT48:28. QL:93 (“formerly, ago”) are ascribed to the word yá WENT lendë (departed) (past tense of elsewhere, possibly leaving írë less ambiguous lelya-/lenna- "go") LT1:264 gives vá , but this is (though this word itself must be distinguished probably not a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. from írë “desire”). In phrases like “the day when –LED cf. VT45:27, WJ:363 we came”, yassë “in which” may be used. WEREWOLF nauro (In Etym, this word is WHENEVER quiquië , quië –VT49:23, 35 spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng had WHEREIN yassen (refering back to a pl become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow the word; sg # yassë ). See WHICH. –Nam, system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. But RGEO:66, 67 if this word is written in Tengwar, the initial n WHEREUPON epeta , epta (following that, should be transcribed with the letter noldo , not thence, thereupon) –VT49:12 númen .) –NGAW WHICH ya (known from the Arctic sentece WEST númen (so in Etym and LotR; and attested with a plural locative ending in Númen is capitalized in UT:305. According to Nam: yassen "which-in, wherein". See WHO VT45:38 the form núme - also occurs in Tolkien's concerning relative pronouns.) –Nam, RGEO:66 Etym manuscript, and númë is attested in WHINING miulë (mewing) –MIW LT1:263 as well), andúnë (sunset, evening); WHIRLPOOL hwindë –SWIN WESTWARD númenna ; WESTERN númenya ; WHISPER (vb) lussa -; WHISPERING adj. IN THE WEST númëa ; WESTLAND see SOUND lussë –SLUS (and because this is the WESTERNESSE; WESTLANDS Andustar (a basic root here, and Tolkien elsewhere indicated region in Númenor) "WEST-WINGS" (the name that older initial sl - produces Quenya hl -, it may of a ship) Númerrámar . TURNED WESTWARD

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be that these words should properly be cited as possibly rovanda ) mentioned in VT46:10 may be *hlussa -, * hlussë .) either a Quenya word or an etymological form WHICH (relative pronoun) ya , yá ; this cited to explain the "Noldorin" word rhofan . – relative pronoun may receive case endings, e.g. RAB, VT46:10 yassen "in which, wherein" (pl.) in Namárië . See WILL (#1) (noun) níra (= "will" as a THAT #3. – It is unclear what the interrogative potential or faculty, while "act of will" is nirmë ), "which" would be in Quenya; maybe mana *selma (Þ) ("a fixed idea, will". In WJ:319, the "what" (?) can be substituted. –VT43:34, word is given as Þelma , but Þ ( th ) would VT47:21 become s in the Noldorin Quenya. Cf. Þindë , WHITE ninquë (stem * ninqui -) (chill, sindë in WJ:384) Other words for "will" turn up in pallid), fána /fánë (associated with the whiteness Tolkien's various translations of "thy will be of clouds, fanyar ), lossë (snow-white) . –NIK-W- done" in the Lord's Prayer: indómë , replacing /GL:60/Silm:435 cf. WJ:417, SPAN/VT46:15, #mendë ( mendelya "thy will"); according to RGEO:69, MC:221-223 VT43:16, Tolkien in his notes defined indómë as WHO (interrogative pronoun) man (so in "settled character, also used of the 'will' of Eru". Nam and MC:222; MC:221 one place has men , –VT39:30/VT41:6, 17; WJ:319, VT43:15-16 but that is evidently an error, for man occurs in WILL (#2) (verb) – as part of English the same text. In FS and LR:59/63, man is circumlocutions expressing futurity, this verb will translated "what". Either Tolkien later adjusted be rendered by the Quenya future tense in –uva , the meaning of the word, or man covers the e.g. # maruva "will abide". WILL BE, see BE. meaning of both "who" and "what", but mana is WILL NOT – I will not: vá (exclamation, seemingly attested in PM:396 as a distinct word also = Do not!); avan , ván , vanyë "I won't", for "what".) NOTE: this "who" is used only in avammë , vammë "we won't" –WJ:371 questions. As for "who" as a relative pronoun , as WILLOW-TREE tasar , tasarë (Þ) in "the man who did this", see THAT #3 . – (probably obsoleting tasarin in LT2:346) – Nam/MC:222 TATHAR/Silm:438 WHOEVER aiquen (if anybody) –WJ:372 WIND # súrë (Þ?) (instrumental form WHOLE ilya (all), THE WHOLE ilúvë (the súrinen is attested, indicating a stem-form súri - All, Allness, universe). According to early ), súlimë ( Þ) (also the name of the month of material, "the whole" (followed by some noun) is March) , vaiwa , waiwa (the latter is probably an rendered by i quanda , e.g. * i quanda cemen older [MET] form) ; SOUND/NOISE OF WIND sú , "the whole earth" –IL, Silm:433, QL:70 WINDY wanwavoitë (pl. wanwavoisi ) –MC:222 WHOLLY aqua (fully, completely, cf. 215, LT1:266, Nam/RGEO:66, VT47:12, W Ā, altogether) –WJ:392 LT1:266 WICKED olca (bad). Compare ulca "evil", WIND UP telya- (transitive) (conclude, q.v. –VT43:23-24 finish) –WJ:411 WIDE palla , landa ; FAR AND WIDE palan WINE miru , limpë (the drink of the Valar, (or "wide, over a wide space, to a distance", or of the fairies). The word míruvórë , míruvor is VT45:21); THE WIDE WORLD Palurin –PAL, defined as "a special wine or cordial.") –LT1:261, LAD, Silm:435, LT1:264 LIP, LT1:258, WJ:399 WIELD # tur - (cited in source as turin "I WING ráma (Pl. rámar and plural wield", 1st pers. aorist) , pa.t. turnë (control, instrumental form rámainen are attested. The govern). WIELD, esp. WIELD A WEAPON form # rámë , occurring in the ship-name mahta- (deal with, fight, handle, manage); pa.t. Eärrámë "Sea-Wing", evidently has a feminine mahtanë is attested. –TUR, MAK/VT39:11, ending.) MA3, VT47:6, 18, 19, VT49:10 HAVING WINGS rámavoitë (pl. prob. WIFE veri , in earlier material also vessë *rámavoisi , cf. LEAPING, WINDY), "WEST- (In UT:8, indis is translated "wife", but in Etym WINGS" (the name of a ship) Númerrámar – this word is glossed "bride".) –VT49:45, BES, RAM/LT2:335, MC:222, Silm:295, UT:175, 458 UT:8 cf. NDIS WINTER hrívë , in Tolkien’s early “Qenya” WILD verca ; WILD BEAST hravan . Pl. also Yelin , Hesin . In the Calendar of Imladris, Hravani the "Wild”, term used in Exilic Quenya hrívë was a precisely defined period of 72 days, to designate Men not belonging to the three but the word was also used without any exact houses of the Edain. –BERÉK, WJ:219, PE17:78 definition. Lasselanta "leaf-fall" could be used WILDERNESS ráva (Note: a homophone for the beginning of winter, but the usual means "riverbank") . The form ravanda (or translation of this word is "autumn". "WINTER

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ONE" Hescil (a title of Nienna "who breedeth rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with winter", LT1:66, 255) –LotR:1141, 1145; various prepositional elements for the phrase LT1:255, LT1:260 "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was WISDOM nolwë (secret lore, obsoleting replaced with aselyë in the final version. nólemë in LT1:263 ), nólë (long study, lore, Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the knowledge) (In Etym these words, as well as connecting vowel before it leaves us with # as as nóla below, are spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately Initial ng had become n in Third Age Quenya, related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30, and I follow the system of LotR and transcribe it 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may accordingly. Nólë is so spelt also in Silm:432. also have an instrumental force, which is best But if these words are written in Tengwar, the rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g. initial n should be transcribed with the letter *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer"). noldo , not númen .) WISE # saila (isolated from WITHER hesta-, WITHERED hessa alasaila "unwise"), nóla (learned), saira , istima (dead) –LT1:255 (having knowledge, learned), iswa , isqua – WITHIN mi (see IN ) –MI NGOL, VT41:13, 18, Silm:432, IS, SAY/VT46:12, WITHOUT (adj & prep) ú (usually followed LT2:339 by genitive: ú calo "without light [ cala ]") WISH (vb) #mer - (cited in the form merë , (destitute of). WITHOUT BEAUTY úvanë , adj. evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as úvanëa . (As for a suffix "-less", also glossed mernë ) (desire); WISH TO GO TO A PLACE "without" by Tolkien, see entry –LESS.) – mína - (desire to go in some direction, make for VT39:14 it, have some end in view). –MER, VT39:11 WIZARD istar (nom. pl. istari and gen.pl. WITCH (of the good magic) curuni – istarion are attested) , sairon , curuvar LT1:269 WIZARDRY – in LT1:269, curu is glossed WITH: For the purpose of Neo-Quenya "magic, wizardry", but in Etym the gloss is simply writing, the best translation of "with" (in the "skill". –LotR:1121, UT:388, cf. IS, SAY; LT1:269 sense of "together with") is probably # as , WOLF ráca , narmo , WEREWOLF nauro ; attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A WOLFHOWL naulë (In Etym, narmo , nauro and string of various prepositional elements meaning naulë are spelt with initial ñ, that is, ng . Initial ng "with" are attested, but all are probably not had become n in Third Age Quenya, and I follow meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the But if these words are written in Tengwar, the details. The preposition lé , le found in early initial n should be transcribed with the letter material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in noldo , not númen .) –DARÁK, NGAR(A)M, LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is NGAW rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to WOMAN nís (so in MR:213, Etym gives be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for nis , but both sources agree that the pl is nissi "with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means (the alternative pl. form nísi in VT43:31 seems *"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a abnormal, since this would be expected to table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, become * nízi > * níri ). A longer form of nís /nis is probably meaning "with" ( óni *"with me", ólë nissë , clashing with *nissë "in me". For clarity *"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar , writers should probably use the short sg nís , as Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; Tolkien himself does in MR:213, with the stem it was used "in words describing the meeting, niss - before endings, as in the pl. nissi ). At the junction, or union of two things or persons, or of end of compounds the form –nis may occur, as two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 in Artanis (see NOBLE WOMAN). A poetic word regarding the underlying stem WO , said to be a for "woman" is † ní (female). The form # nína dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of (gen. pl. nínaron attested, VT43:31) may have dual ó- is yo - (as in yomenië , WJ:407 cf. 361 been but an ephemeral word for "woman" in regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may Tolkien's conception. LARGE WOMAN nisto – seem to be this yo that occurs as an NDIS/N Ī/NIS, MR:213, VT43:31, N Ī, INI, VT47:33 independent preposition in yo hildinyar in WOMB # móna (isolated from mónalyo "of SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form thy womb"). Another word, # carva , was possibly does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we rejected by Tolkien. –VT43:31 have forms like * ómë *"with us", implying at least WONDER (noun) elmenda –PM13:143 three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya WON'T see WILL NOT

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WOOD toa (probably "wood" as a material Fíriel's Song.) –LotR:1003 cf. MBAR, VT44:36, rather than "wood" = "forest"; not to be confused LT1:251, 264, LT2:343, LT1:266, VT44:17 with the homophone adj. toa "of wool, woollen") , WORN yerna (old [of things] ), colla GREAT WOOD taurë (pl. tauri is attested) (passive participle of # col- "bear, *wear") (forest) , wood as material: tavar (also toa ), (borne). The latter is also used as a noun = rough piece of wood: runda , piece of shaped "vestment, cloak". –GYER, MR:385 wood: pano , smouldering wood (ember): yulmë WORTH, WORTHY valda (dear) –GL:23 (Note: yulmë also means "drinking, carousal") WOSE Rú , Rúatan (pl Rúatani is given) – firewood: turu ("firewood" was the proper UT:385 meaning, but the word was used for "wood" in WOUND (vb) harna -; WOUNDED harna ; general); OF WOOD taurina , WOODEN turúva , WOUND (noun) harwë –SKAR WOODEN POST samna ( Þ); WOODEN HALL WRAP (verb) vaita- (enfold); WRAP ampano , WOODPECKER tambaro , (noun) vaima (robe) –LT1:271, QL:100, WOODLAND tavas (LT1:261 also gives nan (d), VT46:21 but this means "valley" in LotR-style Quenya.) – WRATH rúsë ( Þ), also ormë (haste, VT39:6, TÁWAR/Silm:438/MC:222 cf. 215, RUD, violence, rushing). WRATHFUL rúsëa ( Þ) – PAN, YUL, LT1:270, STAB, TAM, LT1:267 PE17:188, GOR, KHOR WOOF winda –LT1:254 WREATHE ría (garland) –PM:347 WOOL tó (obsoleting oa in LT1:249; WRIGHT samno (Þ) (carpenter, builder) – GL:71 has toa , but cf the following:) OF WOOL, STAB WOOLLEN toa (not to be confused with the WRIST málimë (literally "hand-link", má + homophone toa "wood") –TOW #limë ). Stem * málimi -, given primitive form mā- WORD quetta (pl. quettar is attested. limi . –VT47:6 LT2:348 gives quent ; this word is no doubt WRITE # tec - (3rd pers. aorist tecë is obsolete in LotR-style Quenya. GL:28 has given); noun WRITING sarmë (in the "qetta-") . Quetië , literally *“saying”, is also Etymologies also tengwë , but in a later source translated “word” (or “words”) in one text. – this word is said to mean "indication, sign, Silm:436, WJ:391, VT49:28 token", and this meaning may be predominant in WORLD Ambar (earth), THE WIDE Tolkien's later Quenya; pl tengwi is attested) ; WORLD Palurin . (LT2 gives irmin "the world, all WRITING SYSTEM tencelë (spelling); the regions inhabited by Men"; this is probably WRITINGS parma (book) –VT39:8 , TEK cf. not a valid word in LotR-style Quenya.) OF THE WJ:394, 395, LT2:346 WORLD marda (an adjective, *"wordly") ; THE WRONG raica (crooked, bent). ENDING OF THE WORLD Ambar-metta , INDUCEMENT TO DO WRONG # úsahtië ambarmetta ; "WORLD-ARTIFICER" Martamo (temptation), attested in the allative case (a title of Aulë) REDEEMER OF THE WORLD (úsahtienna ) –RÁYAK, VT43:23 Mardorunando (it is not clear whether the initial element # mardo means "world" or "of the world"; cf. marda above. It may be that mardo is the genitive of mar , mard -, translated "earth" in

Y

YARD ranga (pl rangar is attested). The YAWN yanga-, # hac - (only attested as basic meaning of ranga was "full pace". This participle: hácala "yawning") –YAG, MC:222 Númenórean linear measure was "slightly longer YEAR loa (lit. "growth") , coranar (lit. "sun- than our yard, approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 round", used when the year was considered cm]". –UT:285, 461 more or less astronomically – but loa is stated to be the more usual word for "year") . The pl.

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 93 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

coranári is attested (PM:126). LONG-YEAR yén expressed by the ending -lda (VT49:16) , e.g. (pl. yéni is attested in Nam; the Etymologies as onnalda “your child” (VT49:42) ; as an printed in LR cite the stem-form as yen -, but independent word perhaps * lenya (compare according to VT46:22 Tolkien's manuscript ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Dual forms actually has the pl. form yéni as in Nam). A of YOU, used when addressing two persons: "long-year" is a period of 144 solar years, an ending -stë (for original -dde , VT49:16, 33, 51), Elvish "century" – the Eldar used duodecimal independent pronoun tyet (intimate/familiar) or counting, in which 144 is the first three-digit let (polite/formal), YOUR (dual) : ending -sta number, like our 100. But sometimes it seems (VT49:16), as independent word perhaps that yén simply means "year". Cf the following *tyentya , * lentya derived from dual dative forms words: LAST YEAR yenya , HAVING MANY *tyent , * lent “for you (two)”. Compare such YEARS linyenwa (old), *RECKONING OF attested forms as ninya “my” and menya “our” YEARS Yénonótië –LotR:1141, YEN, MR:51 vs. the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for YELLOW malina , tulca (the latter was us”. adopted from Valarin and used in Vanyarin YOUNG nessa , vinya , cana ; YOUTH Quenya only) ,YELLOW POWDER malo (stem nésë ( Þ), nessë , vírië , vínë , laito /laisi (vigour, *malu -) (pollen), "YELLOW HAMMER" (yellow new life). Note: all of these words seem to mean bird) ammalë , ambalë , YELLOW WATER-LILY "youth" as an abstract; for "youth" = "young nénu –SMAL, WJ:399, LT1:248 person", see YOUNGSTER . YOUNG OR YES ná (literally "is", i.e. "[so it] is") , also SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL . YOUTHFUL (in the “past tense”) né , with reference to nessima –NETH, VT46:22, VT47:26, LR:25, something past, i.e. “yes” =” it was so, it was as GL:37, LT1:267 you say/ask”. Náto is possibly an emphatic form YOUNGSTER winyamo (read * vinyamo of “yes”. – In one conceptual phase, Tolkien in Exilic Quenya) –VT47:26 used lá for "yes", but in both earlier and later YOUR, see YOU material, lá is the negation "no, not" instead. – YOURSELF (or "thyself", reflexive QL:64, VT42:33, VT49:18, 28-29, 31 pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun, YESTERDAY noa (shortened from the full covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). phrase noa ré “former day”; thus noa is basically Also specific 2nd person forms: intyë an adjective “former”). In another conceptual (apparently familiar), imlë (apparently formal). phase, noa meant “tomorrow” instead. Not to be Plural YOURSELVES indë (a form imde is also confused with noa “conception; idea”. –VT49:34 listed, but may be intended as the older form that YOKE yanta (bridge), yaltë –YAT, GL:37 yielded indë ) –VT47:37 YON, YONDER (adj) enta (note: a YOUTH (abstract) , see YOUNG; for “youth homophone means "another, one more"); = young person”, the word glossed

YONDER (interjection?) en (there, look!) –EN, YOUNGSTER (q.v.) may be used % VT45:12 YOU (plural and dual only; for singular "you", see THOU) : Plural “you” is normally expressed by the ending -ldë (VT49:51) that is added to verbs, e.g. carildë “you do” (VT49:16; in earlier texts Tolkien also used the ending-- llë for pl. "you”, VT43:36, VT49:48) . The reduced form -l may be attached to an imperative: hecal! "you be gone!" (WJ:364 ). Independent pronoun le , with long vowel ( lé , VT49:51) when stressed. Case endings may be added, e.g. dative * len “for you” (cf. nin “for me”). YOUR (plural) is

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 94 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com Helge K. Fauskanger http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/

Z

ZIMRAPHEL Míriel -UT:224, Silm:324 ZIMRATHÔN Hostamir -UT:222

Wordlist last updated July 5th, 2008 95 Presented by http://www.ambar-eldaron.com