UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO How Do You Convince Children that the “Army”, “Terrorists” and the “Police” Can Live Together Peacefully? A Peace Communication Assessment Model A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Yael Warshel Committee in charge: Professor Daniel Hallin, Chair Professor Patrick Anderson Professor Carol Padden Professor Michael Schudson Professor Gershon Shafir 2009 Copyright Yael Warshel, 2009 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Yael Warshel is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii Table of Contents Signature Page………………………………………………………………………...iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………...iv List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………..x Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………..….xi Vita…………………………………………………………………………………...xvi Abstract of the Dissertation………………………………………………………….xix Part I: Peace Communication: Creating a Sub-Discipline……..…..1 Chapter 1: Peace Communication: Historical Overview…………………………..2 Chapter 2: A Classification of the Interventions of Peace Communication into Political Conflict and their Theoretical Map……………………….…48 Chapter 3: A Critique of the Seven Peace Communication Models and Recommendations For Their Further Practice and Research…...163 Part II: Illustrating How to Approach the Assessment and Evaluation of Peace Communication Through a Discussion of Methodologies and the Encoding of Israeli and Palestinian Sesame Street by its Producers…………………………………………………………... 238 Chapter 4: Conceptualization of the Intervention as a Peace Communication iv Case for Analysis……………………………………………...…….239 Chapter 5: Methodology………………………………………………………...281 Part III: Illustrating How to Approach the Assessment and Evaluation of Peace Communication Through a Discussion of the Decoding of Israeli and Palestinian Sesame Street By its Audience Members..357 Introduction………………………………………………………….358 Chapter 6: The Palestinian Audience’s Reception of Israeli and Palestinian Sesame Street .............................................................................................….365 Chapter 7: The Jewish-Israeli Audience’s Reception of Israeli and Palestinian Sesame Street .………………......................................................….421 Chapter 8: The Palestinian-Israeli Audience’s Reception of Israeli and Palestinian Sesame Street ……………….............................................................489 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..………530 Appendix A……………………………………………..…………………………...580 Appendix B……………………………………………..…………………………...586 Appendix C……………………………………………..…………………………...588 Appendix D……………………………………………..…………………………...589 Appendix E……………………………………………..…………………………...593 Appendix F……………………………………………..…………………………...614 v Appendix G……………………………………………..…………………………...619 Appendix H……………………………………………..…………………………...626 Appendix I……………………………………………..………………………….....641 Appendix J……………………………………………..…………………….……...645 Appendix K……………………………………………..…………………………...652 Appendix L……………………………………………..…………………………...661 Appendix M…………………………………………..…………………………......662 Notes….………………………………..……………..……………………………..666 References………………………………..……………..…………………………..681 vi List of Abbreviations Antenna Foundation Nepal AFN Anti-biological warfare air-purified bomb shelter MAMAD (in Hebrew) British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Capacity Building for Electronic Communication in Africa CABECA Center for International Development and Conflict Management CIDCM Common Ground News Service CGNS Development Communication DC Education for Conflict Resolution Programme ECRP International Development Research Centre IDRC Nayaa Baato Nayaa Paailaa NBNP Rechov Sumsum/Shara’a Simsim RS/SS Sippuray Sumsum SS Human Rights Watch HRW Hikayat Simsim HS Information and communication technologies ICTs International Court of Justice ICJ Iryo Nabonye Theatre for Reconciliation and/or Recrimination TR/R Israel Defense Forces IDF Israel occupation forces IOF vii Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics CBS Israeli Educational Television IETV Israel High Court of Justice IHCJ League of Arab States LAS Nashe Maalo NM New World Information and Communication Order NWICO Non-Governmental Organization NGO Organization of Islamic Countries OIC Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PCBS Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP Pan Asian Networking PAN Peace Communication PC Peace Education PE Peace Journalism PJ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Search for Common Ground SFCG Self-efficacy SE Social Cognitive Theory SCT Star Radio SR Studio Ijambo SI Takalani Sesame TS To Reflect and Trust Jewish-German Program TRT viii United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF United Nations Development Program UNDP United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNECA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees UNRWA in the Near East United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNOCHA United States Agency for International Development USAID United States Institute of Peace USIP Voice of America VOA Zimbabwe-Inter-Africa-News-Agency ZIANA ix List of Tables Table 5.1: Comparative Categories for Analyses of the Population……………293 Table 5.2: Groups in Relation to in Which Category they are Currently Situated ……………………………………………………………...300 Table 5.3: National and Civic Identity of the Three Groups……………………302 Table 5.4: Sub-Populations and Geographic Communities by Groups ………..332 Table 5.5: Sub-Populations and Geographic Communities by Groups According to their Triangular Contact…………………………………………..335 Table 5.6: Sub-Populations and Geographic Communities by Groups According to their Triangular Non- or Less-Contact……………………………335 Table 5.7: Populations and Geographic Communities by Groups Reported on in This Study…………………………………………………………...338 x Acknowledgments The list of acknowledgments are long, they include those who participated in the research, my family, dissertation committee members, research assistants, friends and colleagues. In detail, first, I want to thank the families who participated in my study, including all approximately 550 people who donated their time, without whom this dissertation would not be possible. I met a great number of wonderful families along the way. I am, forever, indebted to them for allowing me into their homes and their children’s lives and for the hospitality and kindness with which they showed me. In addition, I want to thank all those who shared relevant information with me about their communities (e.g. council leaders and teachers). I thank my family for their continued support, the Krochik, Varshal, Efrat families and most especially, the Eldar Family for helping me get through my field work, both by assisting and supporting me, and my parents, Tamar and Arieh Warshel and sister, Merav, for helping me get from points A through Z, when I could not have done so on my own. My dissertation committee members at UCSD, who I thank first and foremost for their availability, flexibility, and humanity in allowing me to do the research I wanted to do and the way I needed to do it. These include Dan Hallin, my PhD advisor and dissertation chair, who I acknowledge for his great flexibility and even-keeled comments that were always spot-on. Carol Padden, for her wonderful methodological and practical guidance and problem solving abilities. Michael Schudson, for help with writing, providing encouragement when needed and pointing out that I should not xi overlook even the data I wasn’t trying to measure. Gershon Shafir, for his wonderful and timely practical advice with making the various stages of the dissertation process easier. And Patrick Anderson, for keeping things simple. I acknowledge the sponsorship of the Palestinian American Research Center, whose continued support and encouragement I greatly appreciate, and the Dorot Foundation. I also acknowledge the Association for Israel Studies and the Institute for the Study of Israel in the Middle East at the University of Denver for their invaluable dissertation workshop, and for help since from my colleagues there. I acknowledge my Research Assistants, Sonia Weksler, Rola Hilo, Hikmat Al- Nahal and Reem Bailony, each for their hard and excellent work and most of all, Jasmine Zabta, for working by my side through many long days and nights in good humor -- memories of which I will always cherish. At UCSD, in the Communication Department I also wish to acknowledge, Liz Floyd, Bruce Jones and Gayle Aruta. In the Media Center, Adrienne Hughes, Bill Compagna and most especially, Jim Smith for his production expertise and much appreciated humor and friendship that helped me get through the day in and day out of office-writing. Tel-Aviv University, in the Communication Department: Liora Gabay, Liora Weinhaber (R.I.P), Techia Wolf, and most especially, Dafna Lemish for hosting me there and providing much appreciated intellectual space, office space and resources during the duration of my field research. Don Ellis, whose