Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48572-2 — Experiencing the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Yael Warshel Index More Information

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Index

“’48” Arab. See Arab/Palestinian Israeli Adwan, S., 220, 333 “’67” Arab. See Palestinian African American, 351, 371, 372. See 1948 Arab-Israeli War, 230 also Black 1949 Jordanian-Israeli General age, deﬁnition of children, 41, 75, 302, Armistice Agreement Line. See 362, 402 Green Line Ahmadinejad, M., 129, 407 1956 War, 131 air space, 134. See also media frequen- 1967 War, 131, 136, 230, 314 cies; radio frequencies 1973 War, 131 Ajzen, I., 34, 93, 95 1982 War, 131 ʿAlam Simsim. See Egyptian Sesame 2006 War, 131 Street Alawi, 138 Abbas, M., 232 Alfei Menashe, 60, 147, 184, 217, 265, Abbott, S., 24 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272– Abdalla, A., 25 277, 278, 280, 285, 286, 287, 290, able-bodied, 377. See also disabled 294, 295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, Aboud, F., 25, 29, 35, 171, 172, 176, 311, 313, 321, 341, 348, 366, 402 332 Algroul, F., 91 Abt, A., 101 Allah. See God Abu-Baker, K., 134 Allport, G., 18, 46, 47, 91, 92, 93, Abu-Eyashi, H., 90 95 Abu Farda, 265, 271, 276, 280 alternative media, 3. See also Abu-Obeida Mosque, 305 citizens’media Aburaiya, I., 306 Althusser, L., 323 accountability. See evaluation Al-Amal TV, 113, 227 Ad Dab’a, 265, 268, 271, Amara, M., 244 280 American Sesame Street, 67, 69, 71, 78, Adalah, the Legal Center for Arab 88, 90, 92, 110, 339 Minority Rights in Israel, 315–316 Amichai-Hamburger, Y., 158 adapted encoding, 76, 89–96, 107–109, Amwaj TV, 227 154, 156, 180, 181, 385 Anderson, B., 79 adolescents. See youth animals, 243 adults, 13, 14, 41, 90, 93, 102, 107, anocracy, 13, 14. See also governance 108, 109, 124, 127, 133, 135, 145, anthropology, 5, 6, 9, 59, 333 146, 147, 165, 171, 182, 187, 191, anti-Jewish prejudice, 368 192, 217, 218, 222, 232, 245, 248, anti-Muslim prejudice. See 257, 259, 262, 272, 275, 288, 289, Islamophobia 290, 302, 307, 316, 320, 321, 326, anti-Semitism. See anti-Jewish 334, 355, 357, 360, 362, 376, 381, prejudice 384, 387, 388, 402, 409 Appadurai, A., 79

448

Index 449

“Al-Aqsa Intifada,” 44, 73, 99, 104, 356– 361, 366, 367, 370, 372– 115, 131, 134, 227, 285, 290, 300, 374, 376, 377, 379, 380, 382, 383, 309, 352 386, 390, 400, 402, 404, 407, 408, Al-Aqsa Mosque, 99, 308, 312, 361 409, 410, 411. See also Arab Arab, 5, 15, 21, 30, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, Arab al-Ramadin al-Janub, 265, 271, 59, 60, 67–70, 75, 77, 80, 81, 85, 276, 280 86, 90, 93, 96, 97, 101, 105–109, Arabic, 60, 69, 70, 71, 90, 94, 95, 105, 111–113, 115, 116–119, 123, 124, 106, 109, 110, 113, 116, 117, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 151, 135–139, 142, 144, 148, 149, 153, 154, 156, 159, 163, 165, 166, 175, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 166, 167, 179, 181, 189, 190, 194, 199, 200, 168, 175, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 204, 207, 221, 223, 227, 230, 231, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 232, 235, 238, 240, 242, 243, 249, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199–208, 256, 257, 268, 306, 309, 316, 318, 209, 211, 215, 217, 219, 222, 223, 321, 327, 330, 341, 342, 344, 356, 224, 229, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 377, 380, 396, 401, 405, 406, 410 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 251, Arab-Israeli multistate conflict, 5, 43, 252, 253, 258, 260, 262, 265, 270, 68, 112, 129, 136, 138, 168, 196, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 286, 287, 253, 288, 294, 322, 340, 358, 372, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 299, 300, 373 304–313, 315–334, 338, 339, 340, Arafat, C., 89, 96, 377 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348, 350, Arafat, Y., 99 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, Arara, 228, 235, 311 359, 360, 361, 366, 367, 370, 372, Areas A, B or C, 73, 99, 227, 232, 233, 373, 374, 376, 377, 379, 380, 382, 234, 265 383, 386, 390, 396, 400, 402, 403, Ariel, 34, 99, 273, 275 404, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411 armed conflict, 7, 39, 41, 45, 68, 134, Arab Democratic Party, 306 170, 323. See also political conflict Arab Israeli. See Arab/Palestinian Israeli Aronson, J., 41, 70 Arab Movement for Renewal, 306 Arraf, S., 377, 378, 385 Arab nationalism, 135 Arsenault, A., 24 Arab/Palestinian Israeli, 5, 41, 43, 45, art, 15, 107, 315 46, 59, 60, 67, 80, 81, 85, 90, 93, artifact, 7, 8, 10, 42, 138, 283, 286, 96, 97, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109, 294, 295, 302, 303, 312, 349, 352, 111–113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 355, 356, 362, 400, 401, 412 123, 124, 128–132, 134–136, 137, Ashkenazi, E., 90, 155, 312 138, 139, 142, 144, 148, 149, 153, assemblage, 66 154, 155, 157, 158, 166, 167–168, assessment, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10–19, 20, 175–177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35, 186, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196, 41, 42, 45, 51, 59, 68, 95, 109, 198, 199, 200, 202–208, 209, 211, 116, 123, 128, 151, 170, 208, 278, 215, 217, 222, 223, 230, 234, 235, 337, 338, 342, 396. See also 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, evaluation 251, 252, 253, 258, 260, 262, 270, asymmetric warfare, 290 271, 274, 277, 278, 286, 287, 288, attitudes, 1, 5, 8, 11, 12, 18, 26, 27, 29, 290, 291, 294, 299, 300, 304, 305, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 41, 43, 47, 91, 307, 309–313, 315, 316, 318, 319, 97, 109, 111, 141, 147, 148, 149, 320, 321, 322, 324–329, 331–334, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 166, 167, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344, 345, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 346, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 177, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191,

450 Index

194, 196, 197, 198, 202, 203, 204, Bedouin, 85, 125, 137, 265, 266, 276, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 216, 277, 280, 284, 286, 352, 382 218, 219, 249, 250, 257, 258, 259, Beelmann, A., 264, 409 260, 263, 264, 285, 303, 319, 321, behavior change, 8, 9, 29, 32, 33, 34, 331, 332, 333, 334, 344, 345, 348, 35, 39, 40, 44, 88, 93, 94, 106, 349, 351, 354, 355, 356, 366, 368, 111, 112, 141, 142, 149, 337, 369, 369, 370, 371, 373, 388, 392, 393, 371, 388, 392, 394, 401 395, 400, 404, 410. See also inter- Beit Safafa, 230 group attitudes Beleli, O., 22, 24 audience reception analyses, 59, 148, 149 Ben-David, J., 108 audience study. See audience reception Bennett, L. W., 14 analyses Bernstein, L., 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, authoritarian, 13. See also governance 104, 377 Aviram, M., 395 Bhavnani, R., 390 Avruch, K., 223 Big Bird, 90 Ayoub, H., 108 Bilali, R., 25, 30, 31, 172, Ayoun, Y., 90 373 Azawad, 77, 79 Binder, J., 29, 171, 176 biological-constructed, deﬁnition of B’Tselem, 134, 135, 231, 265, 269 children, 294, 358 Babst, D. V., 396 biological effects, 294, 358 Backer, D. A., 36, 39, 40, 41, 70, 390 Bishara, A., 90, 306 back-translation, 151, 178 Biton, Y., 25, 249, 373 “Bad Arab”. See Palestinian Black, 77, 169, 174, 186, 251, 352, Bakhtin, M., 144, 145 371, 376, 398. See also African Balad/TAJAMOA/BALAD. See American National Democratic Assembly Blake, C., 16, 23 balance theory, 210, 351, 353. See also Blech, D., 137 Heider, F. body/bodies, 99, 401, 403, 411 Balch, G. I., 20 Bogardus, E. S., 164 Bamba, 322, 327, 328. See also food Bogardus social distance scale. See Bandura, A., 50 social distance scale Baqa, 230. See also East Baqa bombs, 104, 139, 276, 290, 291, 293, Barak, E., 99 309, 310, 312, 356, 358, 390, 409, Barakeh, M., 306 411 Barkai, 228, 234 Bonde B. N., 22 Bar-On, D., 25, 51, 220, 392 border/s, 6, 21, 73, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, Barrett, M., 147, 148, 166 85, 86, 126, 132, 133, 193, 195, Bar-Siman-Tov, Y., 392 230, 234, 235, 241, 247, 251, Barta’a, 147, 154, 167, 228, 229, 230, 254, 267, 290, 300, 311, 314, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 315, 358 240, 242, 244, 245, 247, 251, 253, borderlands, 346 254, 256, 259, 266, 298, 310, 311, Botes, J., 17 319, 321, 346, 355, 357. See also Bourdieu, P., 124 East Barta’a; West Barta’a Bourdon, J., 182 Bar-Tal, D., 48, 132, 148, 190, 191, boys, 90, 93, 108, 118, 156, 160, 162, 267, 274 164, 179, 238, 254, 256, 298, 309, Basanta, A., 90, 156 314, 328, 329, 349, 357, 360, 361, Bassok, M., 267 377, 396 Bat-Zion, N., 294 Bratic´, V., 22, 24, 35

Index 451

Breed, A., 25, 51 Channel 1 Israel, 98 Brem, I., 18 Channel 2 Israel, 113, 285 British cultural studies approach, 143, Channel 33 Israel, 113 145. See also cultural studies Chechnya, 77 approach; Hall, S. checkpoint, 133, 134, 162, 231, 241, Broome, B. J., 16, 24 242, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, Brosh, 107, 108, 289 253, 254, 256, 257, 284, 329, 349, Brown, J. A., 146 357, 384, 385, 390 Brown, R., 188, 210, 249, 259, 321, chemical and biological attacks. See 331, 332, 376 chemical and biological warfare Brubaker, R., 79, 124, 125, 197, 333 chemical and biological warfare, 291, Buckingham, D., 145, 333 294, 358 Burke, K., 248, 302, 363 child development, 1, 5, 10, 43, 76, Burma. See Kachins 145, 151, 238, 254, 270, 294, bus, 104, 268, 280, 281, 282, 309, 312 309, 313, 327, 328, 362, 391, 409, Buttny, R., 127 411 bypass road, 268, 280 child development approach, 1, 5, 10, 76, 145, 151, 254, 327, 328, 362, cable, 98, 113 391, 411 Cairns, E., 100, 333 childhood approach, 5, 10, 142, 145, Cameron, L., 46, 393 151, 224, 391 campaign intervention. See childhood, definition of children, 5, 10, communication campaign 96, 142, 145, 391 car, 241, 276, 282, 321 children,1,3,5,6,9,10,13,14,19,41, Carpenter, C., 4 42, 43, 44, 45, 59, 60, 67, 69, 75, casualties, 37, 380 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, casualty. See casualties; injuries 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, category, 22, 30, 33, 34, 37, 46, 82, 84, 110, 114, 115, 116, 118, 127, 128, 86, 93, 95, 116, 119, 123, 124, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 125, 126, 127, 128, 140, 141, 143– 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 164, 149, 158, 164, 166, 167–169, 170, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 171, 174, 176, 184, 191, 194, 195, 177, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 196, 204, 217, 218, 219, 222, 250, 190, 191, 192, 193, 202, 204, 207, 277, 284, 286, 287, 300, 322, 323, 208, 209, 210, 215, 216, 218, 219, 325, 329, 342, 343, 346, 347, 348, 222, 223, 224, 230, 231, 232, 234, 353, 356, 359, 362, 380, 381, 386, 238, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 387, 390, 393, 412 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, ceasefires, 3 259, 260, 262, 264, 266, 267, 270, Cederman, L. E, 39, 82, 97, 98, 124, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 125 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, cell phones, 15 291, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, cellular telephony, 227 302, 306, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315, Center for International Development 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, and Conflict Management 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, Minorities at Risk Data (CIDCM 332, 333, 334, 338, 339, 341, 342, MAR), 38 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, Center for Research on Peace Education 351, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, (CERPE), 223 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 366, Chaitin, J., 25 370, 374, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, Change Party. See Shinui 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,

452 Index

391, 392, 393, 396, 400, 402, 404, colonial, 32 409, 410 Command and Conquer, 361. See also children and conflict, 5, 10, 224, 388 electronic games children and media, 6, 10, 386, 391 communication children and media in conflict zones, as mediation. See mediated contact 386 effects children, media and conflict, 411 as perceived self-efficacy. See self- Children’s Television Workshop efficacy effects (CTW). See Sesame Workshop as performance, 27 China. See Tibet as ritual, 10, 51. See also empathy and Christian, 81, 86, 106, 118, 130, 136, reconciliation effects 137, 249, 257, 265, 266, 297, 319, as technological artifact, 10 349, 359 as technological input. See (embedded) Cil, D., 4 factor of production effects citizen journalism. See citizens’ media as technology. See media technology citizens’ media, 26, 375, 398 effects citizenship rights, national, global, 80, communication campaign, 1, 10, 14, 81, 84, 86, 101, 102, 126, 128, 18, 44. See also communication 133, 139, 170, 230, 243, 298, 329, intervention; intervention 342, 360 communication campaign intervention. civil war, conflict form, 36, 37, 301, See communication campaign 396. See also political conflict communication for social change, 6, 9, class, 28, 93, 97, 146, 207, 260, 270, 14, 16, 17, 25, 264, 333. See also 309, 311, 330, 352, 355, 374 de-development; development; clothing, 231, 355 development communication; coding, 59, 65–66, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, Information and Communication 88, 89, 95, 96, 98, 104, 106–109, Technologies for Development 112, 115, 118, 119, 140–145, 148, (ICT4D) 149, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, communication intervention, 1, 4, 7, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 187, 20, 25, 42, 43, 67, 74, 78, 348. See 188, 196, 197, 199–209, 215, 219, also communication campaign; 220, 223, 230, 251, 258, 331, 334, intervention 337, 339, 341–345, 347, 348, 350, Communist/s, 13, 232, 306 351, 353, 355, 356–359, 373, 374, community/communities, 6, 21, 31, 36, 376, 379, 381, 385, 391, 394 59, 60, 72, 74, 79, 83, 84, 85, 125, cognition, 145, 147, 148 134, 137, 139, 141, 147, 151, 152, cognitive, 9, 12, 89, 106, 111, 145–148, 160, 163, 178, 184, 199, 215, 217, 152, 155, 156, 168, 169, 174, 175, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 176, 183, 185, 194, 196, 250, 264, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237, 241, 243, 299, 331, 351, 362, 369 244, 248, 250, 254, 258, 264, 265, cognitive beliefs, 369 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 275, cognitive imbalance, 155, 156, 168, 276, 277, 290, 291, 294, 299–305, 169, 174, 175, 176, 183, 185, 194, 311, 312, 315, 320, 321, 346, 348, 196, 250, 299, 351 349, 350, 353, 356–359, 361, 362, Cole, C. F., 19, 25, 30, 69, 95, 148, 169, 367, 380, 383, 393, 399, 402, 404, 172, 173, 176 408, 411 Cole, M., 328 comparative analyses, 101, 124, 250 collaboration, 43, 48, 67, 383 conflict, the, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Collier, M. J., 16, 24 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20–23,

Index 453

24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, contact quality; contact quantity; 37–48, 50, 51, 60, 67–70, 73, 74, contact type 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 91, 93, contact hypothesis, 7, 8, 18, 25, 26, 29, 96–101, 109–114, 119, 123, 125– 47, 97, 106, 108, 140, 141, 149, 132, 134, 136, 138–140, 144, 146, 170, 171, 172, 176, 188, 208, 251, 149, 160, 164, 168, 169, 170–177, 321, 339, 364, 368, 371 183, 186, 190, 191, 196, 197, 198, contact quality, 216, 247, 248, 252, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215–224, 264, 320, 348, 350. See also con- 247, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254, 256, tact form; contact quantity; con- 257, 258, 260–264, 268, 283, tact type 287–291, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, contact quantity, 216, 247, 252, 264, 301, 302, 303, 322, 323, 326, 327, 320, 348, 350. See also contact 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337, form; contact quality; contact type 338, 339, 340, 342–349, 355–363, contact type, 216, 247, 252, 264, 278, 364–376, 378, 379, 383, 384, 348, 350, 366, 367. See also con- 386–397, 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, tact form; contact quality; contact 408, 410–412. See also Arab- quantity Israeli multistate conflict; Israeli- contact valence. See contact quality Palestinian ethno-political nation- context, 2, 6, 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, alist conflict 27, 31, 33–39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 51, conflict intractability. See conflict offset 59, 60, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 80, conflict management, 6, 7, 15, 20, 87, 91, 93–101, 104, 109, 110, 21, 22, 23, 38, 45, 78, 222, 264, 111, 112, 119, 126, 129, 130, 138, 337, 368, 369, 372, 386, 391, 143, 144, 145, 155, 168, 170, 171, 411 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 183, 188, conflict mediation. See conflict 215, 217, 219–224, 229, 230, 244, management 245, 248, 249, 253, 254, 256, 260, conflict offset, 390 262, 264, 265, 266, 272, 288, 291, conflict onset, 40, 98 293, 296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 303, conflict zone/s, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 18, 304, 305, 322, 327, 329, 339, 341, 19, 26, 32, 36, 41, 42, 70, 87, 91, 342, 347, 350, 362, 365, 366, 367, 100, 101, 110, 123, 125, 127, 169, 370, 371, 373–375, 379, 381, 387, 171, 173, 174, 177, 215, 219, 221, 390, 391, 392, 394, 400, 401, 404, 224, 230, 249, 252, 254, 256, 262, 407, 410, 412. See also context 263, 264, 287, 291, 294, 297, 298, analyses 302, 303, 322, 327, 331, 337, 345, context analyses, 6, 36, 66, 188, 217, 348, 357, 361, 362, 364, 366, 373, 219, 248, 260, 264, 303 374, 379, 383, 386, 388, 389, 390, cooperation, 28, 31, 43, 96, 313, 364, 391, 392, 393, 412 374, 410 Connolly, P., 19, 25, 27, 35, 146, 170, coproductions, Sesame Workshop, 65, 172, 173, 174, 175, 258, 333, 369, 67, 69, 70, 72, 78, 106, 374, 378 409 Couldry, N., 10, 46 contact amount. See contact quantity Crane, M., 26, 93, 141, 208, 216, 333, contact effects, 5, 7, 18, 27, 45, 46, 47, 351, 366, 370, 371 48, 59, 67, 75, 95, 168, 170, 175, Crisp, R. J., 117 208, 341, 364, 365, 373, 381, 391, critical and empirical evidence. See 392, 394, 396, 400, 401. See also evaluation contact hypothesis critical studies, 147 contact form, 216, 247, 248, 252, 264, crystallization, 43, 152, 216, 218, 245, 274, 276, 348, 350, 366. See also 354

454 Index

cultural, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 36, 41, 42, 83, Democratic Front for Peace and 111, 112, 126, 127, 128, 142, 143, Equality, 306 145, 146, 147, 148, 166, 171, 176, demographic minority, 105 217, 218, 219, 262, 263, 283, 286, demographics, 60, 105, 125, 151, 178, 303, 312, 314, 333, 349, 356, 358, 199, 209, 220, 231, 233, 244, 313, 362, 389, 390, 393, 396, 397, 401, 318, 337, 388 403, 410, 412. See also culture Denny, E. K., 36 cultural artifact contact, 7, 8, 286. See Derzon, J. H., 19 also contact effects; contact Desilver, D., 374 hypothesis; mediated contact; development, 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, mediated contact effects 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 34, cultural contact. See cultural artifact 43, 49, 50, 76, 81, 89, 95, 107, contact 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 165, cultural genocide, 262, 331, 362. See 166, 193, 219, 234, 242, 250, 254, also genocide; Holocaust; politi- 264, 265, 270, 273–276, 287, 290, cide; spaciacide 294, 313, 327, 328, 331, 339, 349, cultural studies, 9, 142, 143, 145, 176, 358, 362, 374, 390, 391, 395, 396, 333, 403 397, 398, 399, 409–412. See also cultural studies approach, 142, 143, de-development 145, 176, 333, 403. See also development communication, 9, 14, 16, British cultural studies approach 395. See also communication for culture, 15, 16, 20, 24, 95, 125, 128, social change 143, 145, 147, 215, 217, 294, 314, development community. See 334, 345, 358, 360, 377, 389, 393. settlement See also cultural Dewey, J., 394 Cypriot Gimme,6,49 dialogical cross-cultural reflexive Cyprus, 49 analyses. See reflexivity Dillman, J. D., 133 Dafi, 1, 90, 91, 108, 111 disability, 107, 377. See also deaf; Dahan, M., 21 Deaf; disabled Dalal, M., 138, 316, 317, 318, 380, 405 disabled, 107, 377. See also able- Dance, 15, 104, 291 bodied Daniels, H., 328 Dixon, J., 30, 176, 259, 332, 348, 373 Davis, U., 133 Dixon, T., 378 deaf, 389, 390. See also able-bodied; Dixon-Woods, M., 51 Deaf; disabled dolls, 184 Deaf, 389. See also able-bodied; deaf; Donnelly, C., 28 disabled Dovidio, J. F., 30, 375, 393 decoding, study, 65, 119. See also Hall, Downing, J., 144 S. Druckman, Y., 304 de-development, 9, 85, 240, 253, 340, dub, 71, 77, 99, 105, 109, 110, 113, 395 116, 117, 190. See also subtitles de-development communication. See Dugan, L., 37, 38, 44 development communication Durrheim, K., 259, 373 “Defend Al-Aqsa [Mosque]” game, 361. See also play Eachus, T., 17 Dehamshe, A., 306 East Baqa, 228, 235. See also Baqa democracy, 11, 12, 13, 49, 50, 108, East Barta’a, 60, 177, 217, 227, 228, 114, 306, 337, 392, 396, 398, 400. 229–235, 237, 240, 241, 242, 243, See also governance 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252,

Index 455

253, 262, 264, 268, 294, 310, 315, English, 95, 151, 159, 166, 175, 178, 329, 346, 348, 349, 351, 357, 361, 189, 194, 199, 204, 209, 273, 380, 402, 405 393, 405 “East Jerusalem”/“eastern Jerusalem,” Entman, R. M., 14 20, 68, 132, 314. See also Erlanger, S., 399 Jerusalem ethical/ethics, 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, 26, Eco, U., 67, 75, 143, 145, 27, 28, 29, 42, 51, 383, 386, 181 388 economic, 2, 8, 11–16, 17, 21, 31, 39, Ethiopia. See Oromia 49, 50, 66, 70, 72, 74, 82, 83, 85, ethnically Arab, 81. See also ethno- 93, 98, 99, 101, 110, 123–125, politically Arab 127, 129–131, 133, 134, 136, 137, ethnicity, 5, 9, 81, 84, 90, 185, 267. See 138, 139, 170, 218, 240, 241, 258, also ethno-political identity 260, 263, 273, 301, 303, 321, 322, ethnography, 59, 191, 219, 220, 221, 329, 337, 340, 351, 355, 356, 366, 222, 259, 413. See also ethnog- 372, 374, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, raphy of violence; multi-sited 412 ethnography edutainment, 1, 75 ethnography of violence, 221 Egypt, 69, 70, 131, 239, 276, 288, ethno-political, 2, 5, 6, 12, 31, 36–40, 289 42, 44, 47, 48, 68, 77, 78, 80, 81, Egyptian Sesame Street,69 82, 83, 84, 86, 93, 97, 101, 104, electronic games, 327. See also online 106, 109, 111, 112, 115, 118, 123, games; video games 124, 125, 128–133, 135–142, 149, elites, 3, 11, 21, 31, 70, 85, 95, 99, 127, 155, 156, 168–171, 173–176, 196, 141, 231, 272, 301, 318, 340, 368, 207, 216, 218, 220, 222, 243, 248, 376, 402. See also peacemaking 250, 253, 258, 260, 265, 270, 288, Ellingson, L., 152 290, 301, 302, 311, 313, 322, 323, Ellis, D., 10, 15, 18, 19, 23, 127, 170, 326, 332, 337, 339, 342, 343, 345– 174, 175, 258, 333, 373, 384, 391, 347, 349, 350, 363, 367, 371, 372, 392, 393 374–376, 380, 383, 390, 393, 394, Elohim. See God 396, 398, 403, 410, 412 El-Sarraj, E., 218, 254 ethno-political conflict, conflict form, (embedded) factor of production 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 47, 48, 68, effects, 50, 59, 395, 396, 397, 399, 77, 78, 81, 93, 123, 131, 132, 136, 400, 401 176, 196, 253, 260, 288, 301, 367, Emcke, C., 275 393, 396, 403. See also Israeli- empathy, 31, 51, 219, 220, 221, 222, Palestinian ethno-political nation- 223, 372 alist conflict; political conflict empathy and reconciliation effects, 31, ethno-political identity, 81, 128, 138, 51 141, 156, 169, 342, 343, 346 encoding, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, ethno-politically Arab, 81, 129, 131, 88, 89, 95, 96, 98, 104, 106, 107, 133, 137, 139, 243, 270, 311, 313, 108, 109, 112, 115, 144, 153, 154, 367, 380, 396, 403. See also eth- 156, 157, 175, 180, 181, 184, 187, nically Arab 219, 251, 334, 337, 339, 344, 347, Etkes, D., 272, 274, 275 357, 358, 359, 373, 376, 379, 381, evaluation, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 385, 391, 394. See also adapted 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, encoding; expressed encoding; 28, 29, 33, 35, 40, 41, 42, 45, 51, intended encoding 59, 123, 170, 251, 337, 338, 342, encoding, study, 65, 144. See also Hall, S. 396. See also summative impact

456 Index

evaluation; summative outcome Forte, T., 237 evaluation Forward Party. See Kadima Evans, P., 86 Foss, S., 392 evidence-based practice, 7, 8, 23, 27, Foundation Hirondelle, 3 36, 337, 339 Fox, N. A., 100 expressed encoding, 76, 88, 96, 98, 109, frames, 5, 8, 43, 49, 97, 109, 111, 123, 112 126, 127, 145, 229, 243, 244, 249, extended contact, 46, 251, 256, 279. 254, 257, 275, 282, 284, 297, 298, See also contact effects; contact 302, 315, 340, 345, 347, 352, 357, hypothesis; mediated contact; 373, 385 mediated contact effects Freund, T., 267, 274 externally displaced person or people. Friedman, G., 90 See refugee Friedman, L., 272 extremist ideological settlement, 266, Friedman, T., 276 312 Gaertner, S. L., 393 Falah, G., 233, 367 Gal, O., 104 family communication, 143 Galtung, J., 11, 12, 17, 39, 43, 49, 333 Farah TV, 227 games, 113, 143, 152, 238, 252, 254, Farsakh, L., 133, 274 256, 257, 291, 298, 328, 357, 360, Fatah, 232, 278 361, 383. See also electronic fatalities, 38, 44, 134. See also games; play; street games casualties Gan-Mor, E., 266, 275, 305, 307 Fearon, J. D., 10 Gartzke, E., 398 Feldman, L. G., 371 Gastil, J., 392 “fence.” See separation barrier gays. See homosexuals fieldwork, 5, 131, 222, 229, 242, 265, Gaza, 68, 70, 80, 81, 93, 98, 99, 113, 269, 275, 304, 307, 311, 315, 399. 118, 131, 134, 136, 185, 193, 218, See also ethnography of violence 227, 234, 240, 273, 274, 276, 295, fieldwork under fire. See ethnography of 296, 314, 340, 377, 407 violence Gaza conflict, 68, 131 film, 15, 72, 90, 103, 181, 377 Gaza Sea, 118, 377 Firer, R., 220, 333 Gaza Strip. See Gaza First Intifada. See First Palestinian Geertz, C., 5 Intifada Gellner, E., 79 First Lebanon War. See 1982 War gender, 163, 169, 182, 224, 238, 254. First Palestinian Intifada, 395 See also women Fishbein, M., 11, 29, 33, 34, 93, 95 genocide, 28, 31, 32, 51, 262, 297, 302, Fiske, J., 59, 74, 75, 143 362, 368, 370, 371. See also cul- flying checkpoint. See checkpoint tural genocide; Holocaust; politi- food, 1, 111, 112, 327. See also Bamba; cide, spaciacide ice cream Georgia. See South Ossetia forced migration, 325. See also refugee; Gergen, K. J., 392 migration Ghajar, 138 forced sedentarization, 86. See also Ghanem, A., 136 sedentarization Giddens, A., 82 forcibly displaced person or people. See Gil, 267 forced migration Giles, H., 18 Ford, W. S., 332 Gillespie, M., 145 formal education, 19, 399 Giordano, M., 130

Index 457

Girardin, L., 39, 97, 98, 124, 125 Green Line, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, girls, 90, 154, 156, 163, 238, 247, 254, 234, 238, 240, 241, 244, 265, 268, 256, 276, 329, 357, 360, 377, 396, 271, 272 410 Green, D. P., 25 Giuffrida, A., 79 Gregg, P.B., 46, 341 Givat Tal, 269, 270, 272, 273, grids, 123, 126, 128, 248, 275, 280 390 Gleick, P. H., 130 Griffin, C., 392 global, 5, 6, 9, 20, 35, 36–38, 41, 42, Grinberg, O., 314 44, 46, 48, 51, 66, 67, 69, 71, 76, Grossbongardt, A., 275 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 110, group, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 19, 123, 149, 170, 174, 181, 218, 219, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33–35, 38, 39, 47, 260, 263, 298, 301, 302, 303, 329, 59, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 333, 334, 337, 342, 346, 356, 359, 89, 91–93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 360, 372, 373, 380, 384, 398, 400, 105, 106, 109–113, 116–118, 402, 412 123–133, 136, 140, 141, 142, 148, global capital financial markets, 398 149, 155, 156, 158, 168–172, 174, global communication, 6 175, 176, 177, 184, 186, 187, 188, global education, 9 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 207– glocal, 5, 6, 15, 16, 35, 36, 42, 59, 66, 211, 215–218, 220, 223, 243, 249, 69, 71–75, 77, 82, 86, 88, 101, 251, 258, 259, 260, 264, 275, 285, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112, 287, 288, 302, 312, 313, 315, 321, 126, 144, 177, 181, 215, 219, 323, 325, 326, 331, 332, 334, 339– 220, 229, 230, 243, 244, 248, 256, 342, 344, 347, 349, 350, 354, 358, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266, 274, 287, 360, 364, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 290, 301, 302, 304, 305, 315, 322, 376, 377, 378, 379, 384, 388, 389, 328, 329, 331, 334, 339, 346, 348, 391, 393, 397 350, 353, 356, 357, 359, 360, 373, grouping, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 21, 26, 383, 401 27, 29–33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, God, 163, 191, 261, 288 44, 46–48, 51, 59, 81, 104, 112, Goffman, E., 220 115, 116, 118, 124, 126, 128, 129, Golan. See Golan Heights 136, 140, 141, 142, 147, 149, 155, Golan Heights, 130, 138 158, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174– Goldberg, S., 278 178, 186–188, 190, 194, 198, 203, “Good Arab”. See Arab/Palestinian 207, 208, 209, 215, 216–220, 222, Israeli 229, 234, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250, governance, 13, 15, 20, 171, 227, 337, 252, 253, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 392 264, 266, 274, 277, 278, 285, 301, governance, forms, 13, 15, 171, 227, 302, 303, 315, 316, 321, 325, 329, 392 332, 333, 334, 339, 341–351, grade level 353–356, 359, 360, 362–372, first grade, 291 374–379, 381, 383, 390, 393, 394, grade, 238, 291, 309 395, 396, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403, grade three, 238, 309 409–412 grade two, 309 Gueye, M., 15 Grand Theft Auto, 361. See also elec- Guffler, K., 29, 30, 92, 170, 173, 174, tronic games 175, 258, 348, 366 grassroots, 1, 3, 11, 12, 21, 39, 70, 371, Gulf War, 131, 293 399. See also peacebuilding guns, 160, 161, 162, 192, 247, 288, Graves, S. B., 46 312, 316, 361

458 Index

Gurr, T. R., 36, 37, 38, 44, 77, 79, 83, Hegre, H., 396 84, 97, 99, 125, 126, 132, 135, Heider, F., 156 333, 396 Hepp, A., 10, 46 Herzliya, 300, 301, 332 Hadera, 228 heterosexuals, 169. See also Hadib, J., 109, 110 homosexuals Hagen, M. G., 17 Hewes, D.E., 46, 341 Hagerty, T., 41 Hewstone, M., 176, 188, 210, 249, hailing, 265, 323, 325. See also 259, 321, 331, 332, 375, 376 Althusser, L. Heydenberk, R., 19 Hall, S., 144 Heydenberk, W., 19 Hallin, D. C., 3, 17, 74 Hezkiyah, M., 310 Hamas, 134, 304, 399, 407 Hieber, L., 22 Hamburger, Y., 158, 259, 321, 332 Highway 60 Hamdan, A., 148 Highway 65, 241, 242, 305, 308, 309, Hammack, P. L., 332 311, 315, 318 Haneen, 1, 90, 91, 93, 94, 107, 111, Hikayat Simsim. See Jordanian Sesame 154, 187, 189, 203 Stories; Palestinian Sesame Stories Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya. Himelfarb, S., 24 See Hamas Hinnanit, 228, 234, 250 Harff, B., 31, 302 Hobsbawm, E., 79 Harlow, B., 256 Hockstader, L., 104 Harry S. Truman Institute for the Hoffner, C. A., 186, 202, 381 Advancement of Peace, 41 Holocaust, 131, 297, 368. See also Harwood, J., 18, 46, 169, 170, 175, genocide 176, 186, 187, 188, 245, 249, 303, homicide bomber. See suicide bombings 332, 349, 379 homosexuals, 169. See also Ha’Shomer Ha’Tzair, 229 heterosexuals Hass, A., 269 Hop! Channel, 66, 101, 113, 142, 181, Hawkins, V., 24 340, 374, 378, 383, 395 health clinic Horton, D., 46 Clalit, 266 Horwitz, R. B., 397, 398 Leumit, 266 Hosken, K., 35 Maccabi, 266 Howard, R., 22 Healy, J., 146, 409 Hubbard, J., 254 health communication, 9, 17, 18, 29, Hughes, J., 28 111 humanitarian intervention. See Hebrew, 60, 69, 70, 71, 90, 94, 105, intervention 106, 108, 110, 113, 116, 117, 118, human rights, 3, 10, 11, 31, 80, 84, 86, 129, 130, 138, 155, 157–159, 162, 126, 307, 329, 347, 357, 359 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 189, Humphries, T., 186, 389, 390 190, 191, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, Hussein, S., 25, 289, 290 204, 205, 207, 221, 223, 229, 230, Huth, P. K., 36, 39, 40, 41, 70, 390 233, 234, 239, 241, 242, 253, 256, 266, 267, 272, 276, 291, 299, 305, ice cream, 90, 291, 327. See also food 306, 308, 309, 318, 327, 330, 341, identity, 12, 30, 36, 37, 77, 79, 80, 81, 342, 344, 353, 354, 356, 380, 394, 82, 84, 102, 105, 106, 117, 118, 401, 405, 406 124, 128, 130, 131, 132, 138, 139, Hebron, 113 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, Hebron TV, 113 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 168, 169,

Index 459

170, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, inter-grouping communication, 7, 9, 181–189, 190, 195, 196, 197, 18, 19, 171, 303, 332. See also 198, 200, 202, 203, 208, 210, intercultural communication 211, 219, 220, 221, 222, 225, inter-grouping conflict, 81 238, 243, 299, 300, 314, 318, internally displaced person or people 319, 323, 325–331, 333, 342–344, (IDP), 133, 240. See also forced 346, 347, 351, 353, 354, 355, 358, migration; refugee 359, 360, 376, 377, 380, 393, 402, international, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 403, 410, 411. See also ethno- 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 32, 35, 38, political identity; identity 44, 71, 76, 77, 78, 82, 84, 95, 106, construction 133, 170, 269, 273, 364, 374, 387, identity construction, 149 399, 407 imagined contact, 284, 286. See also international communication, 6, 18, 20 contact effects; contact hypothesis; International Conflict Research (ICR) mediated contact; mediated con- group, ETH Zurich, 38 tact effects Internet, 15, 50, 110, 113 independence, 73, 74, 77, 84 interpersonal communication, 1, 16, independence, movements, 134 18, 23, 24, 25, 47, 364, 391–393, India, 3, 36, 77, 131 401 indirect contact, 282–284, 303. See also interpersonal communication as contact effects; contact hypothesis; contact. See contact effects mediated contact; mediated con- interstate. See international tact effects interstate conflict, conflict form. See Indonesian, 103 political conflict inequality. See structural violence interstate system. See international informal education, 399 intervention, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–11, 13, 15–22, information, 3, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 25–38, 40–48, 50, 51, 59, 61, 65, 29, 49, 50, 94, 164, 194, 221, 245, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75, 78, 84, 85, 93, 250, 256, 268, 282, 394, 395 100, 101, 102, 110, 112, 115, 116, Information and Communication 117, 118, 123, 124, 128, 141, 142, Technologies for Development 144, 152, 153, 170, 171, 172, 173, (ICT4D), 50, 395 175, 208, 209, 217, 219, 221, 224, injuries, 37, 38, 269, 276, 310, 312. See 263, 303, 333, 337, 338, 339, 340, also casualties 341, 342, 347, 348, 356, 363–371, Innis, H., 48 373–376, 378, 381, 382, 383, 386, Institute of Modern Media, 70, 72 388, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, institutional approach, 39, 101, 126, 396, 398, 400, 401, 402, 411, 412 141, 360, 411 Iran, 68, 129, 131, 407 integration, 43, 391, 398, 400 Iraq, 68, 69, 131, 293–294 intended encoding, 75, 76, 88, 106, Iraq intervention/Iraq invasion. See 184, 385 Gulf War intercultural communication, 16, 24. Islamophobia, 328 See also inter-grouping Islamic Jihad, 229, 309, 310 communication Islamic Movement, 304, 306, 315 inter-group attitudes, 27, 30, 33, 41, 43, Islamic Resistance Movement. See 47, 149, 170, 177, 194, 207, 208, Hamas 257, 303, 332, 333, 334, 356, 371, Israel, 1, 34, 44, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 393. See also attitudes 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 95, 97, inter-group communication. See inter- 98, 102, 110, 111, 117, 129, 130, grouping communication 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,

460 Index

138, 147, 153, 166, 167, 181, 185, Jerusalem, 20, 68, 72, 99, 130, 131, 195, 223, 227, 229, 234, 235, 239, 132, 134, 135, 314, 358, 399 240, 242, 243, 251, 265, 268, 269, Jerusalem Film Institute (JFI), 72, 377 272, 273, 275, 310, 312, 409 Jervis, R., 10 Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA), 73, Jewish, 79, 80, 81, 86, 105, 108, 110, 113 128, 129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 155, Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 102, 104, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 168, 137, 160, 245, 266, 278, 374. See 169, 174, 179, 182, 183, 189, 195, also military; soldier 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, Israel Occupation Forces. See Israel 217, 218, 229, 234, 239, 242, 247, Defense Forces (IDF) 248, 249, 250, 257, 273, 276, 280, Israel Pensioners Party. See Gil 287, 297, 299, 300, 312, 313, 318, Israeli Educational Television (IETV), 319, 323, 330, 349, 357, 358, 380, 70, 71, 72, 73, 88, 95, 98, 101, 386, 408. See also Jewish Israeli; 102, 340, 341, 374, 384, 399 “Jews”; Jews Israeli Independence War, 230. See also Jewish Israeli, 5, 30, 33, 34, 41, 45, 59, 1948 Arab-Israeli War 60, 67, 68, 75, 80, 81, 90, 93, 94, Israeli-Palestinian ethno-political 96, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106–109, nationalist conflict, 5, 67, 112. See 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 124, also conflict, the; Arab-Israeli 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, multistate conflict 136, 139, 142, 144, 147, 149, 154, Israeli Sesame Stories, 103–106, 113, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 168, 174, 114, 116, 117, 178, 179, 180, 181, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181–198, 182, 341, 414 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, Israeli Sesame Street, 4, 69, 70, 71, 76, 86, 209, 211, 215, 216, 217, 220, 222, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101, 105, 142, 178, 223, 229, 234, 240, 243, 244, 245, 179, 180, 199, 200, 201, 384, 414 247, 249, 250, 251, 256, 257, 258, Israeli Television channels. See Channel 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 270–278, 1 Israel; Channel 2 Israel; Channel 284–288, 290–294, 297–302, 304, 33 Israel; Hop! Channel; Israel 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, Broadcasting Authority (IBA); 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, Israeli Educational Television 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, (IETV) 332, 333, 334, 338, 339, 341, 342, Israeli water company, 234, 268 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, Jabareen, M., 309 359, 360, 361, 362, 366, 367, 370, Jabareen, W. H. J., 305 372, 374, 375, 376, 379, 380, 381, AL-JABHA/HADASH. See Democratic 382, 384, 386, 402, 403, 406, 408, Front for Peace and Equality 409, 410, 411. See also Jewish; Jackman, M., 26, 93, 141, 208, 216, “Jews”; Jews 333, 351, 366, 370, 371 Jewish nationalism. See Zionism Jacobson, D., 267, 274 “Jews,” 30, 109, 132, 154, 155, 156, Jaffa, 60, 96, 185, 299, 367, 386, 405, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 406 169, 176, 177, 183, 184, 187, 190, Jahoda, G., 145, 146 191, 194, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, Jamieson, K. H., 17 204, 205, 206, 208, 216, 245, 247, Jawlan. See Golan Heights 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 257, Jayyous, 271, 283 258, 261, 284, 290, 297, 311, 316, Jenin, 167, 227, 228, 233, 237, 238, 317, 318, 319, 322, 325, 330, 331, 241, 245, 249, 250, 254, 310 333, 344, 346, 349, 350, 355, 359,

Index 461

385, 386, 404, 405, 409, 410. See Kfar Saba, 195, 266, 270, 273, also Jewish; Jewish Israeli; Jews 300 Jews, 80, 81, 106, 138, 148, 155, Al-Khalaileh, E. A., 238 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, Khan Younis refugee camp, 60, 164, 166, 168, 169, 172, 176, 177, 113 179, 184, 197, 208, 245, 247, 248, Khleiﬁ, G., 113 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257, Khosla, D., 36 260, 261, 262, 264, 283, 297, 298, Khoury, J., 312 316, 318, 319, 320, 331, 341, 342, Kibbutz, 229, 234, 295. See also 344, 349, 354, 361, 362, 368, 411. Barkai; Ha’Shomer Ha’Tzair See also Jewish; Jewish Israeli; kindergarten, 183, 270, 309 “Jews” Kippi, 90 Johnson, D. W., 19 Kliener, V., 77 Johnson, R. T., 19 Klingman, A. S., 294 Jordan, 69, 70, 73, 85, 97, 102, 103, Kochav Ya’ir, 270, 271 107, 110, 111, 131, 181, 230, 238, Korkus, S., 274 239, 340, 374, 382 Kosovo, 77 Jordanian Sesame Stories, 103–106 Kosovar Sesame Street,49 journalism, 14, 17, 25, 49, 59 Kskevitky, E., 90 Joyce, N., 46, 187 Kufar Kara. See Kara village Judea and Samaria. See West Bank Kumar, A., 24, 375, 376 Juljul, 107 Kuttab, D., 72, 73, 74, 77, 89, 90, 93, justice, 2, 23, 27, 124, 126, 127, 132, 95, 96, 102, 103, 104, 112, 331, 133, 220, 240, 243, 244, 248, 250, 377, 378, 385, 396, 399 257, 258, 265, 269, 275, 311, 315, Kuwaiti Open Sesame,69 340, 346, 349, 350, 362, 372, 375, 376 Labor Party, 90, 98, 133, 197, 216, 242, 267, 274, 275, 276, 278–281, Kabaha, M., 238 284, 285, 286, 294, 297, 299, 306, Kabaha, R., 229 315, 321, 352, 354, 359, 366 Kabaha, S., 244 LaFree, G., 37, 38, 44 Kach, 267 La Guardia, A., 73 Kachins, 77 language, 84, 105, 116, 139, 158, 159, Kadima, 267, 306 164, 174, 175, 179, 189, 190, 194, Kahana, M., 267, 341, 342 197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 208, Kaldor, M., 396 209, 309, 318, 321, 341, 376, 377, Kanaaneh, R., 137, 265 379, 387, 389, 393, 395, 401 Kara village, 228, 235, 311, 318 Lapid, T., 267 Kareem, 90, 91, 93, 107, 108 Larkin, E., 19, 25 Kashmir, 77. See also India Lavi, T., 270 Kassem, F., 25 Lazarsfeld, P. F., 143 Katz, E., 17, 143 League of Arab States (LAS), 68, 129, Katzir, 228, 234 130–132, 138, 357, 358, 367 Kauff, M., 176, 332 Leavitt, L. A., 100 Kaufman, E., 351 Lebanon, 68, 69, 131, 239 Kehoe, S. A., 19, 25 Lederach, J. P., 11 Keltner, D., 198 legal, 5, 9, 98, 242, 269, 284, Keren, D., 108, 181 315 Kfar Kara. See Kara village legal, deﬁnition of children, 284–285

462 Index

Lemish, D., 145 Maoz, I., 18, 25, 51, 112, 170, 174, Lemmer, G., 173, 176, 332 175, 333, 373, 392 lesbians. See homosexuals Maoz, Z., 396 Lesch, A., 135 Marcus, G., 59, 219, 220 Levy-Barzilai, V., 137 market forces, 398 Levy-Shiff, R., 294 Marshall, M., 36, 37, 38, 44, 77, 99 Lewin, K., 9 “martyrs”. See “terrorists” Lewis, B., 67, 104, 262 mass communication. See media Liberia, 372 Mastro, D. E., 251, 378 library, 71, 272, 315 Mazziotta, A., 176, 208, 248, 327 Lieberman, A., 268 McCauley, C., 366 Liebes, T., 143 McGoldrick, A., 17 life imprisonment, 301, 362 measures of public opinion, 41–42 Likert scale, 165, 408 media, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8–10, 12, 14, 15, 17, Likud, 267 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 31, 46, 48, Lindlof, T. R., 346 49, 50, 60, 66, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, linguistic identity, 37, 158–159, 189– 82, 98, 100, 110, 113, 134, 141, 190, 204, 208, 298, 389. See also 151, 178, 181, 186, 199, 209, 222, ethno-political identity 244, 262, 285, 286, 302, 317, 334, Lipsey, M. W., 19 343, 347, 365, 374, 375, 378, 383, Lis, J., 312 386, 387, 389, 390, 391, 393, 397, literacy, 15, 49, 50, 365, 378 398, 399, 400, 402, 403, 411 Litvak, M., 262 media contact. See mediated contact Litvak-Hirsch, T., 25 media coverage, 21. See also news Livingston, S., 17 media effects, 2, 9, 17, 22, 100, 141, Loewenberg, S., 22 186, 343, 347, 374 Lynch, J., 17 Media for Peace and Human Dignity, 3 media for peacebuilding, 12, 262–264, Ma’ale Adumim, 34 302–303, 334, 411. See also Maʿan Network, 113, 227 PeaceComm; peace communica- Macedonian Our Neighborhood,49 tion; peace communication Machsom Watch, 234, 241 practice MADA. See Arab Democratic Party media frequencies, 98, 134. See also air Mada al-Carmel, the Arab Center for space; radio frequencies Applied Social Research, 41, 148 media impacts, 2, 22 Maddy-Weitzman, E., 25, 173 media literacy, 378 MAFDAL (Miﬂaga Datit Leumit). See media of anthropology, 82–83 National Religious Party media system/s, 3, 14, 15, 74 Maginn, P., 27, 170, 173, 174, 175, media technology effects, 49–50 258, 333, 369 mediated contact, 5, 7, 8, 18, 30, 31, 45, Mahmood, C. K., 224 46, 47, 48, 59, 60, 67, 75, 89, 151, majority contact, 260, 321. See also 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, state-bearing nation contact 178, 187, 199, 203, 208, 219, 234, Maks, A. E. L., 133 245, 258, 263, 275, 279, 287, 301, Mali. See Azawad 303, 342, 347, 348, 351, 353, 364, Mancini, P., 3, 74 365, 371, 373, 376, 381, 391, 392, Mann, M., 50, 82, 333, 368 393, 394, 396, 400. See also para- Mano, W., 15 social contact; vicarious contact Mansell, R., 17 mediated contact effects, 5, 45, 46, 47, Maon Ha’Shalom, 96 48, 59, 67, 75, 168, 170, 175, 208,

Index 463

364, 373, 381, 392, 394, 396, 400. Moroccan, 285. See also Western See also mediated contact Sahara mediating artifact. See artifact Morocco, 69, 77, 79, 80. See also Meeussen, L., 285 Western Sahara Mekorot. See Israeli water company Morocco’s southern provinces. See Melone, S., 22, 24 Western Sahara memory, 51, 79, 137, 245, 297, Moros, 77 350 Moses family, 276, 277 Meretz, 267, 306 Moses, O., 276. See also Moses family Merrilees, C., 332 mosques, 99, 164, 231, 278, 282, 284, message effects, 20, 25, 49, 59, 72 286, 305, 308, 312, 314, 352, Messaris, P., 388, 389 361 Mester, C. S., 16, 23 Mossawa, The Advocacy Center for methodologies, 5–8, 17, 18, 38, 45, 59, Arabs in Israel, 316 65, 143, 145, 151, 221, 337, 342, multicultural education, 19, 27, 35 348 multiple mundane narratives, 6, 221. methods, 6, 8, 9, 19, 23, 28, 29, 42, 65, See also parallel narratives 71, 110, 145, 147, 148, 151, 164, multi-sited ethnography, 5, 6, 59, 215, 172, 250, 254, 302, 350, 362, 393, 219, 220, 275 394 multistate conflict, conflict form, 5, 43, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, 257, 44, 68, 112, 129, 136, 138, 168, 298 196, 253, 288, 294, 322, 326, 340, migration, 275, 325. See also forced 358, 372, 373, 394. See also Arab- migration Israeli multistate conflict; political Milhem, N., 311, 312 conflict militant, 99, 100 Muppets, 73, 75, 76, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, military, 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 50, 66, 107, 108, 111, 114, 156, 181, 189, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 82, 83, 99, 100, 387, 399 101, 102, 123, 124, 129, 131, 133, Murkus, A., 90 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 160, 170, music, 15, 90, 93, 382, 386 171, 233, 234, 240, 241, 244, 247, Muslim, 81, 86, 106, 118, 130, 136, 248, 251, 254, 256, 259, 260, 263, 137, 138, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164, 268, 278, 285, 301, 303, 312, 317, 166, 185, 190, 204, 245, 249, 251, 329, 337, 340, 349, 350, 356, 357, 252, 257, 261, 262, 265, 266, 284, 385, 400, 412. See also Israel 297, 308, 318, 319, 325, 326, 330, Defense Forces (IDF); soldier 349, 352, 354, 356, 359, 382 Mindanao. See Moros Myanmar. See Kachins minority contact, 259, 260. See also stateless nation contact; state Nabi Elyas, 271, 283 minority contact al-Nakba/the catastrophe, 133, 239. missiles, 132, 138, 289, 290, 291, 294, See also 1948 Arab-Israeli War 358, 359 Nakkara, S., 90, 154 Mizrachi, 90, 155. See also Sephardic narratives, 2, 6, 10, 12, 37, 43, 69, 96, mobile phones. See cell phones 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 112, 125, moderate ideological settlement, 266 127–133, 136, 137, 138, 140, 144, Moishe Oofnik, 90 171, 183, 196, 208, 210, 215, 217, monitoring, 24, 170, 173, 311 218, 220, 221, 222, 224, 229, 235, Moore, C. C., 128, 143 240, 253, 262, 263, 264, 265, 270, Moran, K., 71 272, 284, 288, 294, 297, 299, 301– Morely, D., 72 304, 311, 317, 326, 328, 340, 342,

464 Index

346, 356–358, 360, 362, 369, 370, Nisbett, R., 378 373, 375, 376, 379, 381–383, 387, Noah, 107, 108, 289 388, 391, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407, nomad, nomadism, 79, 125 411, 412 nonformal education, 19, 88, 224, 374, Nashe Maalo. See Macedonian Our 391 Neighborhood nonpolitical-based beliefs, 19, 41, 171, Nasser, M., 402 369. See also stereotypes Nathanson, I., 143 non-state institution. See proto-state nation, 12, 15, 19, 30, 31, 78, 79, 80, Nordstrom, C., 41, 221, 333 82, 83–86, 96, 100, 101, 112, 119, Northern Ireland, 19, 147 123–127, 129, 130, 132, 135, 138, Northern Irish Sesame Tree,49 139, 140, 141, 148, 153, 161, 162, Northern Islamic Movement. See 164, 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 178, Islamic Movement 194, 196, 197, 198, 208, 219, 220, Nossek, H., 74 227, 240, 248, 250, 254, 256, 259, Al-Nour TV, 227 260, 262, 263, 265, 270, 272, 273, nursery school, 96, 113, 223, 224, 309, 284, 288, 298, 300, 303, 312, 313, 311 320–322, 328, 330, 334, 338, 339, Nusseibeh, L., 98, 103, 113, 396 342, 344, 345, 346, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, Obama, B., 405 360, 361, 362, 369, 370–372, 375, “occupation” game, 256, 360. See also 382, 384, 390, 398, 400, 402, 405, play 408 “occupied” Palestinian territories. See National Democratic Assembly, 306 Palestine nationalism, 5, 9, 83, 110, 124, 130, “occupied” Sahrawi territories. See 135, 138, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, Western Sahara 176, 304, 357. See also Arab Odeh, J., 218, 254 nationalism; Palestinian national- Ofran, H., 272 ism; Zionism Olmert, E., 267 National Religious Party, 267 Olneck, M. R., 19 nature, 38, 42, 65, 66, 131, 158, 162, online games, 383. See also electronic 171, 173, 217, 248, 260, 272, 279, games 286, 300, 308, 346, 361, 377, 389 Organization of Islamic Countries Nazareth, 228, 243, 287, 304, 309, 311 (OIC), 68, 129–132, 138, 357, negative peace, 42, 51 358, 367, 407 Negev, 267, 318 Oromia, 77 neighborhoods, 49, 90, 107, 108, 112, Ortiz, M., 18, 46, 169, 186 266, 269, 272, 273, 305, 318, 365 Oslo I Declaration of Principles. See Neisser, U., 124, 248 Oslo Peace Accords I Nelson, J. M., 397 Oslo II Israeli-Palestinian Interim Netanyahu, B., 407 Agreement on the West Bank and Netherlands, 110 the Gaza Strip. See Oslo Peace Nevo, B., 18 Accords II new(er) media, 12, 49, 50 Oslo Peace Accords I, 70, 99 New World Information and Oslo Peace Accords II, 70, 99, 234 Communication Order NWICO, 20 Østby, G., 41 New York, 20, 66, 71, 399 Our Home Party. See Yisrael Beitenu news, 2, 14, 17, 20, 25, 49, 66, 74, 100, outcome goals, 7, 10, 11, 12, 18, 21, 30, 247, 249, 280, 282, 285, 286, 296, 32, 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 352, 399. See also media coverage 47, 60, 61, 68, 77, 78, 95, 118,

Index 465

123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 140, Palestinian Liberation Organization 331, 339, 347, 349, 355, 357, 361, (PLO), 136, 269 364, 370, 371, 375, 376, 382, 392, Palestinian National Authority. See 404, 405, 411 Palestine Palestinian nationalism, 304 Pachten, M., 93 Palestinian Prisoner’s Day, 135 Padden, C., 186, 389, 390 Palestinian Sesame Stories, 102, 103– Pakistan, 36, 77, 131, 202 106, 107, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, Palestine, 1, 68, 77, 85, 96, 97, 117, 151, 152, 153, 154, 223, 414 110, 133, 148, 153, 162, 166, Palestinian Sesame Street, 1, 4, 16, 30, 167, 181, 185, 193, 202, 205, 43, 44, 45, 48, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 208, 223, 227, 234, 239, 240, 72, 75, 77, 80, 86, 88, 89, 95, 96, 249, 250, 251, 253, 257, 260, 98, 106, 113, 116, 140–142, 151– 271, 290, 297, 299, 315, 320, 154, 168, 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 325, 326, 329, 339, 340, 346, 181, 185, 186, 207, 209, 337, 347, 357, 376, 405, 406, 409 348, 371, 377, 389, 390, 396 Palestinian, 1, 4, 5, 8, 16, 21, 30, 33, 34, Palestinian television channels. See Al- 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 59, 60, 65, Amal TV; Amwaj TV; Farah TV; 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, Hebron TV; Al-Nour TV; Maʿan 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88– Network; Palestinian Broadcasting 119, 123, 124, 128–142, 144, 147, Corporation TV (PBC TV); Pece 148, 149, 151–160, 162, 163, 164, TV; Qalqilya TV; Al-Quds 166–170, 172, 174–177, 178, 179, Educational TV (AQTV); Al-Salam 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, TV; Watan TV 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, Paluck, E. L., 25 196, 197, 198, 199–208, 209, 210, Paolini, S., 188, 249, 349, 350 211, 215–220, 222, 223, 224, parallel narratives, 220, 221. See also 227–235, 237–245, 247–258, 260, multiple mundane narratives 262, 263, 265, 266, 268–272, parasocial contact, 46, 105, 117, 186, 274–278, 280–291, 294, 296–303, 209, 341. See also mediated 304–316, 318–334, 337, 338, 339, contact 340, 341, 342, 344–362, 365–367, parents, 60, 114, 142, 143, 151, 216, 370–387, 389, 390, 392, 394, 395, 232, 240, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403, 252, 254, 257, 267, 270, 273, 274, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 278, 279, 280, 282, 285, 286, 287, 411, 413, 414. See also Arab 290, 291, 294, 301, 306, 313, 317, Palestinian American Research Center, 319, 320, 323, 340, 341, 349, 350, 223 353, 354, 357, 358, 385, 393, 402 Palestinian Authority. See Palestine pay-riding, 131, 132 Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation peace, 1, 2, 4–13, 15–30, 32–35, 39, 40, TV (PBC TV), 72 42, 43, 45, 46, 48–52, 59, 60, 68, Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 89, 97, 99, 102, Research, 41, 133, 148 104, 105, 111, 112, 117, 125, 126, Palestinian Citizens of the Palestinian 128, 130, 140, 141, 148, 172, 187, Authority/Palestine. See 211, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, Palestinian 229, 243, 247, 249, 250, 251, 257, Palestinian in Israel. See Arab/ 258, 261, 262, 264, 265, 268, 269, Palestinian Israeli 272, 273, 274, 276, 278, 288, 294, Palestinian Israeli. See Arab/Palestinian 301, 302, 303, 325, 332, 333, 334, Israeli 337, 339–341, 346–349, 361, 362,

466 Index

364, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 376, 378, 380, 381, 382, 386, 387, 38, 39 388, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 396, PeaceTech Lab, 3 397, 398, 399, 400, 404, 405, 407, peace zone/s, 13, 15, 17, 19, 141, 148, 411, 412. See also positive and 172, 187, 249, 251, 294, 325, 361, negative peace 386, 393 peacebuilding, 7, 11, 12, 21, 24, 33, 34, Pece TV, 227 43, 59, 60, 70, 71, 88, 95, 97, 99, perceptions, 30, 39, 41, 68, 97, 109, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 112, 116, 111, 125, 156, 160, 172, 175, 244, 117, 118, 141, 173, 198, 229, 262, 245, 259, 301, 330, 355, 365, 369, 263, 302, 303, 334, 337, 339, 340, 379, 389 343, 364, 367, 368, 371, 377, 382, performance, 9, 14, 15, 27, 65, 82, 360, 384, 392, 411. See also grassroots 361, 391, 399. See also theatre PeaceComm, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, persuasion, 67, 72 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, Pettigrew, T. F., 18, 29, 47, 75, 91, 93, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 96, 141, 170, 171, 173, 176, 258, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 332, 364 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, Philippines. See Moros 51, 59, 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 87, photography, 152, 241, 254, 291, 95, 100, 116, 117, 123, 128, 141, 323 144, 149, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, Piaget, J., 145, 146, 166, 409 202, 208, 219, 220, 221, 224, 244, Pilecki, A., 332 263, 264, 300, 303, 332, 333, 334, places of worship. See Abu-Obeida 337, 338, 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, Mosque; Al-Aqsa Mosque; 356, 363, 364, 367, 368, 369, 370, mosques; synagogues 371, 372, 373, 374, 376, 378, 381, play, 2, 15, 22, 33, 44, 47, 65, 69, 382, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 72, 73, 74, 76, 90, 91, 96, 98, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 104, 107, 108, 125, 143, 144, 400, 401, 402, 403, 411, 412. See 146, 152, 154, 164, 181, 182, 200, also peace communication 205, 207, 217, 219, 221, 238, 251, peace communication, 1, 4, 6, 10, 22, 252, 254, 256, 257, 260, 262, 265, 23, 24, 42, 45, 46, 52, 339, 364, 276, 277, 278, 280, 283, 291, 293, 375, 376. See also PeaceComm; 294, 297, 298, 301, 302, 303, 316, peace communication practice 318, 322, 327, 328, 331, 333, 338, peace communication practice, 10–16, 346, 349, 351, 353, 354, 357, 358, 46, 52, 376. See also peace com- 359, 360, 361, 367, 368, 374, 375, munication; PeaceComm 379, 383, 386, 402. See also peace education, 5, 9, 18, 19, 28, 220, games; electronic games; street 222, 223, 332, 373 games peace journalism, 17, 25, 49, 59 Pogrund, B., 220 peacekeeping, 3, 4 police, 138, 139, 200, 201, 204, 208, peacemaking, 11, 12, 47, 49, 70, 78, 97, 233, 241, 244, 247, 252, 254, 278, 98, 99, 100, 111, 141, 198, 229, 298, 305, 307, 309, 311, 312, 314, 249, 332, 340, 341, 369, 371, 373, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 323, 328, 382, 384, 411. See also elites; 346, 354, 355, 359, 375, 376, 379, grassroots 386, 408, 411 peace media. See PeaceComm; peace policy, 1, 9, 17, 20, 23, 28, 29, 41, 97, communication; peace 111, 112, 116, 126, 131, 133, 137, communication practice 141, 148, 198, 210, 216, 284, 371, Peace Now, 234, 265, 267, 268, 274 373, 379, 398, 410, 411

Index 467

policy-relevant beliefs, 111, 210, 216, preventing conflict reoccurance. See 411 post-conflict resolution political beliefs, 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 33, 34, sustainment 41, 47, 49, 60, 97, 98, 111, 112, Previs, U., 266, 275, 305, 307 148, 149, 208, 209, 211, 216, 287, prison, 34, 112, 132, 134, 135, 256, 332, 340, 348, 369, 370, 371, 373, 281, 282, 374, 379, 407, 408 379, 380, 381, 382, 394, 401, 411, prisoner/s. See Palestinian Prisoner’s 412 Day; prison political communication, 6, 9, 13, 14, production, study, 65, 66, 144 25, 347 propaganda, 37, 49, 109 political conflict, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, proto-state, 227, 234, 263, 303, 340, 18, 19, 26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 386 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 67, public opinion, 11, 17, 25, 34, 41, 47, 68, 77, 78, 93, 97, 100, 111, 112, 127, 128, 143, 148, 264, 361, 388 123, 131, 132, 136, 170, 171, 172, public relations, 103, 378 173, 176, 196, 253, 260, 288, 301, Punamaki, R.-L., 218, 254 332, 340, 348, 349, 365, 367, 368, 369, 371, 373, 389, 390, 393, 395, Qabaha, G., 238 396, 403, 410. See also armed Qabaha, M., 241 conflict Qabaha, Z. M. D., 232, 238, 244 political-economic, 39, 74, 273, al-Qaʾima al-ʿArabiyya al- 340 Muwahhada. See United Arab List political minority, 105 Qalqilya TV, 227 political socialization. See socialization quality of life settlement, 265, 266, 272, politicide, 28, 31, 301, 362, 368. See 273 also cultural genocide; genocide; Al-Quds. See Jerusalem Holocaust; spaciacide Al-Quds Educational TV (AQTV), 66, polysemy, 143. See also Fiske, J. 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 89, 93, 98, 102, popular communication, forms and 113, 227, 331, 340, 341, 374, 383, genres, 14 396, 398, 399 Popular Front for the Liberation of Al-Quds University, 70, 72 Palestine (al-Jabha al-Shabiyya li- Quota, S., 218, 254 Tahrir Fliastin) Martyr Abu Ali Mustapha list, 232 Raabe, T., 264, 409 positive peace, 42, 43, RA’AM-TA’AL-MADA, 306 397 Ra’anana, 300, 301, 332 postcolonial, 20 race, 84, 174, 251, 373. See also ethno- post-conflict resolution sustainment, political identity 11, 12, 97 racial features, 37, 130, 171, 174, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 398 218, 254, 270, 290 radio frequencies, 227. See also air Pratto, F., 30, 375 space; media frequencies prayer, 164, 282 Rafah, 113 prejudice, 2, 12, 26, 29, 30, 47, 48, 91, Ramallah, 66, 70, 71, 73, 103 97, 130, 131, 138, 143, 148, 168, Ramasubramanian, S., 378 171, 173, 188, 191, 197, 198, 248, Rarick, J. R. D., 25, 30, 31, 172, 373 251, 259, 264, 332, 355, 368, 371, Ras al-Tira, 265, 268, 280, 284 389, 394, 409, 410. See also Raviv, A., 294 attitudes reception study. See audience reception pre-kindergarten, 238, 309 analyses

468 Index

Rechov Sumsum/Sharaʿa Simsim. See Said, E., 250 Israeli Sesame Street Salah, R., 304, 308, 313 recrimination, 51. See also empathy Al-Salam TV, 227 and reconciliation effects Salamon, J., 106 reflexivity, 41, 171, 176, 218, 219, 221 Salem, W., 220 refugee, 99, 133, 233, 377, 393 Salomon, G., 25, 249, 333, 369, 373 refugee camp, 60, 113, 238, 378 Sandouka, R., 91 Rehan, 228, 231, 234, 241, 242, 243, satellite, dish, channels, 113 245, 248, 250, 319 Saudi Arabia, 3, 69, 138, 193, 288, 289 Reicher, S., 369 Sayare, S., 399 religion, 84, 174, 185, 194, 354. See Scham, P., 220 also ethno-political identity; sect schemas. See frames; grid religious school, 270, 280 schemas, theories of. See Neisser, U. residential secure space, “MAMAD,” Schiappa, E., 46, 341 291. See also shelter Schlesinger, P., 143, 145 rhetoric, 23, 79, 126, 127, 248, 385 school. See class; grade level; Ribak, R., 143 kindergarten; nursery school; pre- Richardson, J., 133 kindergarten; religious school Rinnawi, H., 74 Schudson, M., 13 Road 585, 228 Schultz, K. A., 10 Road 596, 234 Scud, 131, 293. See also Scud missile; Road 611, 234, 242 missiles Robben, A., 41, 221, 333 Scud missile, 290 Robinson, R., 198 sea. See Gaza Sea Robinson, S. N., 136 seam line, 233, 234, 243, 268, 346 rockets, 294, 358, 375, 407, 410, 411 Search for Common Ground (SFCG), 3, Rodriguez, C., 17, 22, 24, 26, 27, 333, 49, 172 375, 398 Second Lebanon War. See 2006 War Rogers, E. M., 14, 17 Second Palestinian Intifada. See “Al- Rokeach, M., 30, 149, 168, 170, 174, 175 Aqsa Intifada” Romney, A. K., 128, 143 sect, 84, 130. See also ethno-political Rosen, Y., 25, 29, 348, 369, 373 identity; religion Rosenstock, I. M., 9 sectarian divisions/sectarianism, 130, Ross, L., 378 147, 410 Ross, M., 98 security, 73, 84, 85, 86, 110, 124, 125, Roth, K., 73 127, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, Rouhana, N. N., 48, 136 220, 229, 243, 250, 270, 272, 275, Roy, S., 85, 133, 240 276, 277, 282, 284, 285, 297, 298, Rubin, M., 188, 249, 349 304, 308, 312, 315, 319, 340, 352, Rummel, R. J., 396 358, 362, 372, 375, 381, 395 Russia. See Chechnya sedentarization, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 126, Russian, 189 360. See also forced Rustad, S. A., 41 sedentarization Segal, J. M., 135 Sagi, A., 294 Seiter, E., 145 Saguy, T., 30, 176, 259, 321, 332, 348, self-efficacy effects, 19, 50–51, 59 375 self-efficacy training messages. See self- Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. efficacy effects See Western Sahara self-reflexivity. See reflexivity Sahrawi, 79, 80, 86, 126 semantic differential scale, 164, 168

Index 469

Semetko, H. A., 24, 375, 376 extremist ideological settlement; semiotics, 65, 67, 74, 142, 144, 145. See moderate ideological settlement; also Bakhtin, M.; Eco, U. quality of life settlement separation barrier, 132, 133, 134, 229, Settlement Watch, 274. See also Peace 230, 237, 240, 241, 243, 266, 269, Now 271, 272, 274, 284, 286, 290, 294, settlers, 243, 270, 272, 273, 274, 276, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 315, 320, 349 352, 356, 359, 408 Shaked, 228, 234, 250 “separation” game, 298, 360. See also Shalabi, V., 396, 397 play Shannon, C. E., 60 Sephardic, 185. See also Mizrachi Sharaʿa Simsim. See Palestinian Sesame Serbia. See Kosovo Street Servaes, J., 14, 17, 333 Shas, 267 Sesame Street, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16, 19, 21, Sheffer, G., 21 30, 34, 41, 43–45, 47–49, 59, 60, Sheleg, Y., 266 65, 67–72, 74–78, 80, 82, 85, 86, shelter, 139, 290, 291, 293, 294, 297, 87, 88–90, 92, 95, 96, 98–106, 356, 358, 359, 390 110, 113, 116, 117, 123, 127, 128, Shepler, S., 25 140, 141, 142, 144, 151, 152, 154, Shidlouvski, B., 230 158, 159, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, Shilo, I., 90 175, 176, 177, 178, 181, 186, 188, Shinar, D., 17 189, 190, 195, 196, 199, 207, 209, Shinui, 267 211, 215, 219, 222, 224, 227, 229, Shisana, O., 387 230–232, 244, 247, 250, 251, 257, Shochat, L., 19, 25, 175 258, 263, 265, 275, 278, 288, 297, shooting back method, 254, 255, 292, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 316, 317, 293, 324. See also photography 327, 329, 330, 334, 337, 339, 340, “shooting” game, 328. See also play 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 356, 363, shopping, 237, 266, 305 364, 365, 368, 370, 371, 374, 376, Shragai, N., 276 377, 382, 383–385, 387, 389, 390, Silverstone, R., 46 392, 394, 396, 397, 399, 400, 402. Sim, A., 16 See also American Sesame Street; Sinai, 276 Egyptian Sesame Street; Israeli Sinai Peninsula. See Sinai Sesame Stories; Israeli Sesame Singhal, A., 14, 17 Street; Jordanian Sesame Stories; Six-Day War. See 1967 War Kosovar Sesame Street; Kuwaiti Sluka, J., 223 Open Sesame; Northern Irish Al-Smadi, Y., 109, 382 Sesame Tree; Palestinian Sesame smiley scale for children, 165. See also Stories; Palestinian Sesame Street; Likert scale South African Sesame Street social, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, Sesame Workshop, 3, 19, 21, 30, 43, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 48, 67, 69, 71, 74, 75, 78, 88, 93, 39, 40, 41, 46, 50, 59, 60, 66, 68, 95, 98, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 70, 72, 74, 76, 79, 82, 83, 85, 88, 109, 110, 142, 172, 330, 342, 343, 89, 91, 93, 94, 100, 101, 105, 106, 364, 374, 383, 384, 385, 387, 389, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117, 118, 123, 390, 395, 397 124, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, settlement, 34, 81, 99, 133, 134, 147, 139, 144, 147, 155, 164, 170, 171, 193, 234, 242, 265, 266, 267, 268, 177, 185, 186, 188, 198, 202, 209, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 252, 257, 258–260, 263, 264, 299, 290, 299, 300, 408. See also 301, 303, 328, 333, 337, 339, 341,

470 Index

351, 352, 373, 378, 379, 384, 394, 265, 266, 270, 274, 276, 284, 285, 395, 400, 401, 412 286, 289, 290, 297, 298, 299, 300, social conﬂict, 9, 91, 170, 412 302, 303, 304, 308, 311, 312, 313, social distance scale, 164 315, 319, 321, 322, 323, 325–331, social media, 15, 24, 50 333, 334, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, social movements, 5, 9, 14, 30 345, 346, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, socialist/s. See Kibbutz 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, socialization, 1, 5, 128, 260–262, 301– 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370–372, 302, 313, 329, 331–334, 338, 356, 373, 374–376, 381, 382, 385, 386, 357, 363, 367, 383, 390 387, 389, 390, 392, 396, 398–400, social-psychology, 7 402, 403, 404, 405, 409–411 socioeconomic, 17, 21, 31, 93, 258, state-bearing nation, 12, 31, 83, 85, 86, 351, 365, 374 100, 101, 119, 123–127, 129, 130, socio-psychological effects. See media 132, 135, 138, 140, 178–180, 197, effects 198, 206, 208, 219, 259, 260, 265, soldier, 131, 160, 184, 200, 204, 216, 272, 273, 284, 288, 298, 303, 312, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 257, 266, 313, 321, 328, 334, 339, 342–346, 276, 288, 289, 297, 319, 320, 325, 351–353, 355, 357–362, 369, 371, 346, 349, 359, 366, 374, 376, 379, 372, 375, 382, 384, 390, 398, 400, 383, 384, 385, 407. See also Israel 402, 408 Defense Forces (IDF); military state-bearing nation contact, 260 Sollenberg, M., 77 stateless nation, 12, 30, 68, 99, 100, Solomon, Z., 270 101, 112, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, South Africa, 77, 387, 397 127, 132, 139, 140, 147, 148, 152, South African Sesame Street, 387 153, 161, 162, 169, 171, 172, 174, South Ossetia, 77 176, 192, 193, 197, 206, 208, 219, Southern Islamic Movement. See 227, 240, 248, 254, 259, 262, 263, Islamic Movement 265, 270, 320, 322, 330, 334, 339, Southern Triangle. See Triangle 342, 343, 344, 346, 349, 350, 351, space, 26, 48, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 99, 352, 355, 356, 357, 360, 362, 371, 100, 101, 107, 126, 134, 171, 220, 372, 375, 382, 390, 398, 405, 407, 238, 270, 291, 294, 298, 301, 309, 408 313, 328, 329, 357, 358, 360. See stateless nation contact, 259 also air space state minority, 101, 123, 124, 126, 127, spaciacide, 301. See also cultural 132, 135, 139, 140, 169, 195, 200, genocide; genocide; Holocaust; 201, 206, 219, 235, 259, 260, 270, politicide 300, 304, 311, 312, 313, 319, 321, Spanish, 71, 80, 185 322, 323, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, Spanish Sahara. See Western Sahara 331, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346, 350, Spruyt, H., 82, 84, 85, 333 351, 353–355, 359, 362, 366, 371, state, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 372, 375, 382, 389, 400, 402, 404, 20, 21, 27, 36–41, 44, 51, 65, 68, 405, 406, 411 70, 74, 76–81, 82–87, 88, 89, 97, state minority contact, 259 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 110– stereotypes, 1, 5, 8, 30, 41, 43, 47, 109, 112, 119, 123–136, 138, 139, 140, 111, 148, 149, 159, 160, 163, 168, 145–148, 160, 166, 167, 169, 171, 170, 176, 177, 190, 191, 196, 197, 176, 182, 185, 191, 193, 195, 196, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 216, 197, 206, 208, 219, 224, 227, 235, 218, 224, 244, 247, 248, 249, 258, 239, 240, 243, 248, 249, 251, 253, 273, 285, 286, 315, 317, 318, 319, 254, 256, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 320, 321, 323, 331, 345, 349, 352,

Index 471

354, 355, 368, 369, 377, 378, 379, Tel Aviv University, 223 380, 381, 382, 388, 411. See also television, 1, 14, 15, 48, 65, 66, 69, 70, nonpolitical-based beliefs 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 88, 90, 101, Stern, Y., 131 102, 103, 108, 110, 114, 115, 119, Stockholm International Peace 140, 143, 168, 181, 182, 184, 188, Research Institute (SIPRI), 3 209, 210, 223, 227, 229, 254, 257, strategic communication, 6, 9 258, 262, 285, 299, 316, 322, 327, street games, 152, 257 341, 342, 345, 350, 365, 383, 394, stress, 100, 218, 294, 314. See also 396, 397, 400, 401 post-traumatic stress disorder television frequencies, 227. See also air (PTSD) space; media frequencies; radio structural inequality. See structural frequencies violence terrorism/freedom ﬁghting, 37, 44, 78, structural-material effects. See media 138, 139, 272, 282, 312 impacts terrorist attack. See suicide bombings structural violence, 31, 32, 39, 49, 85, “terrorists,” 78, 131, 136, 139, 183, 100, 104, 126, 132, 135, 248, 253, 191, 192, 194, 229, 256, 274, 276, 297, 298, 349, 355, 358, 360, 372, 278, 280, 281, 282, 285, 288, 290, 375, 397, 398 297, 298, 299, 308, 309, 310, 312, subaltern, 83 317, 319, 346, 352, 359, 374, 375, subtitles, 113. See also dub 376, 383, 386 Sudan, 68, 69, 77 Terzis, G., 17, 22, 24, 35, 333 suicide bombers. See suicide bombings text, 10, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, suicide bombings, 104, 309, 310, 409, 74, 75, 76, 77, 88, 89, 91, 92, 411 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 105, 106, summative impact evaluation, 20 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, summative outcome evaluation, 20 123, 126, 140, 141, 142, 143, sustaining peace. See post-conﬂict 144, 145, 149, 153, 154, 156, resolution sustainment 157, 158, 159, 168, 175, 177, Sutton, A., 51 178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, Sutton, S. M., 20 186, 187, 188, 189, 194, 196, Sweidan, I., 107 199, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, symbolic communication, 248, 349. See 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, also Burke, K. 219, 244, 251, 257, 299, 300, 330, synagogues, 266, 274 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, Syria, 68, 69, 130, 131, 138, 239, 266 346, 347, 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, Syrian, 138 366, 367, 370, 378, 379, 386, 389, 391, 394, 400, 401 TA’AL. See Arab Movement for theatre, 14, 15, 51 Renewal Tian, Q., 186, 202, 381 Takalani Sesame. See South African Tibet, 77 Sesame Street Tibi, A., 306 Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace, 41 Toft, M. D., 134 Tamir, P., 101 Tollefsen, A. F., 41 Tawil-Souri, H., 134, 229 Tonton, 107 Taylor, B. C., 346 Totry, M., 136, 238, 243, 244, 259, 326 Tehranian, M., 17 tradition, 9, 14, 24, 36, 65, 91, 140, Teichman, Y., 148, 190, 191 163, 183, 205, 234, 328, 332, 333, Tel Aviv, 34, 66, 70, 71, 101, 130, 185, 364, 365, 382, 394, 401 195, 223, 299 transcription, 164, 209

472 Index

translation, 151, 199, 401. See also Vassiliadou, M., 17, 24, 35, 333 back-translation vicarious contact, 46, 105, 245. See also transportation, 268 mediated contact Tredoux, C., 259, 373 video games, 254. See also electronic Triangle, 228, 230, 234, 235, 242, 244, games 304, 307, 311, 312, 315, 326 Vidmar, N., 30, 149, 168, 170, 174, triangulation, 137, 152, 245, 279, 282, 175 286, 341, 361, 401, 405, 410 Viso, A. F., 17, 24, 375 Troester, R., 16, 23 visual communication, 389 Tropp, L. R., 18, 29, 91, 170, 171, 173, visual media. See visual communication 176, 208, 248, 251, 258, 327, 332, Vivian, J., 210, 259, 331 364 Vollhardt, J. R., 25, 30, 31, 172, 373 Troyna, B., 27, 258, 333, 366 truth and reconciliation committees, Wadi Ara/Northern Triangle. See 51. See also empathy and recon- Triangle ciliation effects Wadi al-Rasha, 265, 268, 271, 280 Turner, R. N., 117 Wagner, U., 29, 30, 92, 170, 173, 174, tweens, 61, 361, 396, 404, 406, 408, 175, 176, 258, 332, 348, 366 409, 410, 411 “wall.” See separation barrier Tzur, S., 90 Wallensteen, P., 39 Walter, B. F., 36 Umm al-Fahm, 60, 167, 199, 200, 201, “war” games, 328, 360. See also play 217, 228, 235, 268, 304, 305, 307, war of attrition, 131 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, War of Independence, 230. See also 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 1948 Arab-Israeli War 326, 327, 328, 329, 348, 353, 355, Warshel, Y., 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 359, 377, 380, 402, 404 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, underground media. See alternative 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, media 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 59, 80, UNESCO, 3, 15, 19, 20, 72, 73, 399 82, 85, 86, 95, 100, 101, 103, 104, UNICEF, 96, 387 105, 110, 134, 138, 140, 145, 170, United Arab List, 306 175, 222, 223, 224, 262, 266, 283, United Nations (UN), 15, 19, 20, 68, 300, 302, 313, 329, 333, 334, 343, 84, 86, 96, 129, 130, 133, 231, 347, 348, 363, 368, 369, 371, 376, 233, 358, 399 378, 382, 384, 386, 392, 395, 396, United States, 3, 15, 73, 95, 132, 171, 399, 400 174, 181, 187, 223, 269, 273, Watan TV, 113, 227 290, 293, 332, 351, 374, 385, water, 82, 98, 99, 100, 130, 133, 134, 405, 407 137, 139, 233, 234, 268, 299, 307, United States Institute of Peace, 3, 15 312, 329 United Torah Judaism, 267 weapons, 3, 131, 246, 282, 294, 312, University of California at San Diego, 358. See also bombs; chemical and 223 biological warfare; guns; missiles; University of Haifa, 223 rockets; Scud UNRWA, 96, 133, 233, 265, 269, Weaver, W., 60 272 Weber, M., 78, 82, 85, 160, Uppsala Conﬂict Data Program 312 (UCDP), 38, 39, 40 Wedell, G., 17 Ushpiz, A., 269 Weil, A., 145, 146, 166, Uvin, P., 28, 31, 32, 370 409

Index 473

Weimann, G., 37, 79, 312 women, 90, 107, 162, 169, 204, 224, Weisglass, D., 273 225, 237, 242, 243, 244, 305, 308, Weiss, M. A., 130 310, 314, 318, 320 Wertsch, J. V., 328 world system, modern, 76–81, 82, 124, West Bank, 34, 59, 68, 70, 73, 80, 81, 98, 127, 386. See also international 113, 130, 135, 136, 141, 147, 193, Wright, S. C., 176, 208, 248, 251, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237, 327 240–241, 242, 243, 244, 247, 250, Wucherpfennig, J., 39, 97, 98, 125 265, 266, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 297, 300, 314, 340, 358, 377 Ya’bad, 228 West Baqa, 228 Yahadut Ha’Tora. See United Torah West Barta’a, 60, 166, 228, 229, 230, Judaim 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 241, Yaker, A., 108 242, 243, 244, 251, 252, 309, 326, Yamit, 276 346, 350, 351, 410. See also Yehuda, S., 148 Barta’a; East Barta’a Yemen, 69 “West Jerusalem”/“western Yerushalayim. See Jerusalem Jerusalem,” 68, 135, 314. See also Yiftach Ya Simsim. See Kuwaiti Open Jerusalem Sesame Western Sahara, 77, 80. See also Yisrael Beitenu, 216, 267 Morocco Yom Kippur War. See 1973 War White, 77, 169, 174, 251, 351, 371, Younis, N., 28 398. See also White Anglo Saxon youth, 19, 175, 229, 313, 395, 396, 410 Protestant American (WASP) youth-generated media, White Anglo Saxon Protestant 396 American (WASP), 351, 371, 374. youth media. See youth-generated See also White media Whitten-Woodring, J., 3 Wilkins, K., 14, 17, 144, 333 Zafrir, H., 148 Wilson, S. J., 19 Ze’evi, R., 267 Wimmer, A., 26, 29, 83, 126, Zhou, S., 46, 279 333 Zimbabwe Inter-Africa News Agency Winn, C., 37, 79, 312 (ZIANA), 20 Wolbrum, D., 72, 95, 384, 385, Zimmerman, B., 132 399 Zionism, 109, 110, 130, 131, 132, 229, Wolf, A. T., 130 240, 311, 357 Wolfsfeld, G., 17, 100, 285 Zones K, M and L, 99