Eritrea: the Siege State
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The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961) Nikolaos Biziouras Published Online: 14 Apr 2013
This article was downloaded by: [US Naval Academy] On: 25 June 2013, At: 06:09 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of the Middle East and Africa Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujme20 The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961) Nikolaos Biziouras Published online: 14 Apr 2013. To cite this article: Nikolaos Biziouras (2013): The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961), The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 4:1, 21-46 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.771419 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection -
Making the Case for Ethiopian Civilization Tseggai Isaac
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 59 Article 7 Number 59 Fall 2008 10-1-2008 Making the Case for Ethiopian Civilization Tseggai Isaac Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Isaac, Tseggai (2008) "Making the Case for Ethiopian Civilization," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 59 : No. 59 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol59/iss59/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Isaac: Making the Case for Ethiopian Civilization Isaac 99 Making the Case for Ethiopian Civilization TseggaiIsaac [email protected]. "Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and civilize me." From The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, 1967, p. 487. Introduction The word "civilization" is defined by scholars and commentators in ways that are too general and imprecise. To some, it is a concept that implies sophisticated and refined life. Mark Twain's Huck Finn, a wayward youth, enjoyed free- spirited and unkempt life in the bushes and could not stand joining the society of learning, family, church, community and state. What Huck dreaded in fact is the exact definition of civilization given by scholars such as Matt Melko. According to Melko, civilization represents a "large and complex culture, usually distinguished from simple culture by greater control of environment, including the practice of agriculture on a large scale and the domestication of animals" Melko, 2007). -
Aspects of Tigrinya Literature
ASPECTS OF TIGRINYA LITERATURE (UNTIL 1974) BY HAILTJ HABTU Thesis submitted for the degree of M*Phil® at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London* June* 1981* ProQuest Number: 10673017 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673017 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to study the origin and deve lopment of Tigrinya as a written language-a topic that has so far received little scholarly attention. As time and the easy accessibility of all the relevant material are limiting factors,this investigation is necessarily selective. Chapter One takes stock of all available writing in the Tigrinya language frcm its beginning in the middle of the last century up to 1974. Chapter Two briefly investigates the development of writ ten Tigrinya to serve varying functions and ends and the general direction that its development took. Chapter Three provides a glimpse of the breadth and variety of literature incorporated in the Eritrean Weekly News published in Asmara by the British Information Services frcm 1942 to 1952. -
The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 24 Number 2 Article 7 Winter 1999 The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Wendy Pitcher Wilson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Wendy P. Wilson, The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community, 24 N.C. J. INT'L L. 451 (1998). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol24/iss2/7 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/ vol24/iss2/7 COMMENT The Deportation of "Eritreans"from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community I. Introduction After Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia in 1993, the two countries publicly enjoyed a peaceful and supportive relationship.' On May 6, 1998, however, fighting began between the two nations in a conflict over their common border.2 They engaged in six weeks of hostilities, including air attacks, -
Read the Paper (Adobe PDF) (Chapter from "Unfinished Business
Background to war - from friends to foes Martin Plaut Introduction The war that broke out between Ethiopia and Eritrea on 6th May 1998, and was finally concluded by a peace treaty in the Algerian capital, Algiers, on 12th December 2000 can be summarised in a paragraph. The neighbouring states, previously on good terms, were involved in a skirmish at the little known border town of Badme. The town lies in an inhospitable area towards the western end of the one thousand-kilometer border separating the two countries, not far from Sudan. The initial clash escalated dramatically. The conflagration spiraled out of control, and resulted in all-out war along the length of border. The international community, including the United States, Rwanda, the Organisation of African Unity, the United Nations and the European Union attempted to end the hostilities. They met with little success. Eritrea made initial gains on the battlefield, including taking Badme, but the frontlines soon solidified. After a month of fighting President Bill Clinton managed to persuade both sides to observe a temporary truce in order to allow further diplomatic efforts. However, these failed to bear fruit, and in February 1999 Ethiopia successfully re-captured Badme. Despite heavy fighting in May that year, Eritrea was unable to re-capture the area. For almost a year diplomats unsuccessfully sought to end the conflict, but to little effect. In May 2000 a frustrated Ethiopia launched its largest offensive of the war, breaking through Eritrean lines in the Western and Central sectors, and advancing deep into Eritrean territory. Having re-captured Badme and other land it had lost, and under considerable pressure from the international community, Ethiopia halted its advance and both sides signed a cease-fire on 18 June 2000. -
The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981
The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in African Studies (Research) Michael Weldeghiorghis Tedla Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Jon Abbink Prof. Dr. Robert J. Ross Leiden, the Netherlands August, 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures, Tables and Maps ............................................................................... v List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments.................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement and Rationale .............................................................................. 1 Research Questions and Scope of the Study .............................................................. 4 Theoretical Considerations ........................................................................................ 4 Methodology ............................................................................................................. -
An Inter-State War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000)
LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE An Inter-state War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000) Alexandra Magnolia Dias A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2008 UMI Number: U501303 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U501303 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 v \& & > F 'SZV* AUTHOR DECLARATION I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Alexandra Magnolia Dias The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without prior consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I understand that in the event of my thesis not being approved by the examiners, this declaration will become void. -
Response to Eritrea: Initial REPORT
A Submission on the Initial Report of the Government of Eritrea (1999 -2016) To the African Commission for Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) 62nd Ordinary Session 25 April – 9 May 2018 By: Human Rights Concern – Eritrea (HRCE) [email protected] http://hrc-eritrea.org Table of Content Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Map of Eritrea ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary............................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 B. Background............................................................................................................................... 10 C. Rule of Law - Legal and Institutional Drive for Development - Establishing Political base 11 Transition of Provisional Government of Eritrea (PGE) .......................................................................... 11 EPLF/PFDJ 3rd Congress 1994; G15 Dissidents (2001) ............................................................................. 13 PGE, Constitution, National Assembly Elections....................................................................................... 16 1997 Ratified Constitution -
World Bank Document
Public Disclosure Authorized THE GOVERNMENT OF ERITREA MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINES Public Disclosure Authorized ASMARA POWER DISTRIBUTION AND RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Report Including Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) Public Disclosure Authorized January 2004 FILE COP Executive Summary Introduction The Ministry of Energy and Mines of the State of Eritrea has requested the World Bank and other donors to finance the Asmara Power Distribution (Voltage Conversion and Rehabilitation) and Rural Electrification Project. IVO Power Engineering Limited of Finland and Electrowatt Engineering Ltd of Switzerland conducted the Feasibility Study in 1998. According to this study it was found that the present power distribution system in Asmara, which is 40-50 years old, is incapable of meeting additional loads, power failures and voltage fluctuations are frequent and losses are unacceptably high. Thus the main motive is to alleviate the acute weakness and shortcomings of the old distribution networks in Greater Asmara. A latest estimate of the electrification level in rural Eritrea is 3% and the poverty level is around 70%. As modem energy and in particular electricity is a requirement to stimulate rural development and eradicate poverty, an intense government and donor support is required to change the way of life of the rural people and meet the Millennium Development Goals. This is the driving force behind the rural electrification component of the project. The Ministry of Energy and Mines has requested the World Bank (WB) and other bilateral development partners to finance the project. It reached an understanding with the WB mission to take the responsibility to conduct an Environmental and Social Assessment of the proposed project, which is a requirement for appraisal. -
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tie Sudan, and Yemen*
Bull. Org. mond. Santg 1956, 14, 1-117 Bull. Wld Hith Org. BILHARZIASIS SURVEY IN BRITISH SOMALILAND, ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA, TIE SUDAN, AND YEMEN* NAGUIB AYAD, M.D., B.M.S. Consultant, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Alexandria, Egypt Deputy Director, Bilharziasis Control Section, Egyptian Ministry of Health Manuscript received in February 1955 SYNOPSIS A survey of bilharziasis and its vectors in certain countries of north-east Africa and of the Red Sea area, carried out between December 1951 and February 1952, is described within the frame- work of a review of the somewhat scattered and incomplete informa- tion already available on this subject in the literature. Clinical inquiry and microscopic examination of random stool and urine specimens were used to obtain data on the endemicity of the disease, and many samples of suspect mollusc vectors of Schistosoma haema- tobium and S. mansoni were collected from varied habitats and sub- sequently classified. A section on malacology discusses the difficulties of systematization of the African freshwater snails. The need for a fuller investigation of human incidence, particularly in the inland and highland districts, is stressed, and the author suggests measures for the control of vectors, sanitation of water channels, prophylaxis of the disease, health education and legislation, and biological and chemical research. He draws the conclusion that the future economy of these countries depends upon the joint efforts of the physician, the malacologist, the chemist, and the engineer in controlling the spread of bilharziasis from the highly endemic areas to regions where its incidence is still slight. Between December 1951 and February 1952, the author visited British Somaliland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan, and Yemen, as part of the WHO-sponsored bilharziasis survey programme initiated in 1949. -
ERITREA COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
ERITREA COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 17 August 2011 ERITREA 17 AUGUST 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN ERITREA FROM 15 JULY 2011 TO 17 AUGUST 2011 Useful news sources for further information Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.04 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY ................................................................................................................. 3.01 From British rule to national independence (1949 to 1993) .............................. 3.01 Domestic political developments (1991 to 1997) ............................................... 3.04 International and domestic developments (1998 to March 2011) ..................... 3.08 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (APRIL 2011 - AUGUST 2011) ............................................. 4.01 Protests in Ethiopia ............................................................................................. 4.01 International relations .......................................................................................... 4.03 Narbo volcanic eruption ...................................................................................... 4.06 5. CONSTITUTION ......................................................................................................... -
The Case of Eritrean- Ethiopian Border Dispute
International Journal of Social Inquiry Volume 7, Number 1, 2014, pp. 63-78 Understanding African Relationships: The Case of Eritrean- Ethiopian Border Dispute Kieran E. Uchehara1 Abstract Boundary disputes are among the most explosive international flashpoints. They frequently correlate with militarised interstate disputes and are more likely to lead to high-intensity conflict compared to other forms of friction. The Eritrea-Ethiopia peace process remains stalled a decade after the arbitral award by the Boundary Commission and several years after awards by the Commission. To this end, I analyse primary and secondary sources and assesse why arbitration by the commissions did not produce the desired outcome. This paper examines the Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute from 1998 to the present and explains the case while searching for solutions. In detail, the analysis first sheds light on the dispute as well as previous attempts at settlement. Second, a new theoretical approach is introduced in the form of conflict resolution theory. Finally, an analysis of the peace process in light of this theoretical tool is used to offer a prognosis of the future. Keywords: Eritrean, Ethiopian, Border Dispute, Attempted Settlements, Boundary Commission Introduction Boundaries are natural or artificial separations or divisions between adjoining properties that show their limits. They are used to establish private and public ownership by determining the exact location of the points, at which one piece of land is distinguishable from another. They are also used to mark the functional and jurisdictional limits of political subdivisions. The setting of boundaries is a characteristic of the modern era in history, during which centralized states started to emerge–those that required both protection against attacks and definition of their populations.