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The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961) Nikolaos Biziouras Published Online: 14 Apr 2013
This article was downloaded by: [US Naval Academy] On: 25 June 2013, At: 06:09 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of the Middle East and Africa Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujme20 The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961) Nikolaos Biziouras Published online: 14 Apr 2013. To cite this article: Nikolaos Biziouras (2013): The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961), The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 4:1, 21-46 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.771419 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection -
Aspects of Tigrinya Literature
ASPECTS OF TIGRINYA LITERATURE (UNTIL 1974) BY HAILTJ HABTU Thesis submitted for the degree of M*Phil® at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London* June* 1981* ProQuest Number: 10673017 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673017 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to study the origin and deve lopment of Tigrinya as a written language-a topic that has so far received little scholarly attention. As time and the easy accessibility of all the relevant material are limiting factors,this investigation is necessarily selective. Chapter One takes stock of all available writing in the Tigrinya language frcm its beginning in the middle of the last century up to 1974. Chapter Two briefly investigates the development of writ ten Tigrinya to serve varying functions and ends and the general direction that its development took. Chapter Three provides a glimpse of the breadth and variety of literature incorporated in the Eritrean Weekly News published in Asmara by the British Information Services frcm 1942 to 1952. -
Read the Paper (Adobe PDF) (Chapter from "Unfinished Business
Background to war - from friends to foes Martin Plaut Introduction The war that broke out between Ethiopia and Eritrea on 6th May 1998, and was finally concluded by a peace treaty in the Algerian capital, Algiers, on 12th December 2000 can be summarised in a paragraph. The neighbouring states, previously on good terms, were involved in a skirmish at the little known border town of Badme. The town lies in an inhospitable area towards the western end of the one thousand-kilometer border separating the two countries, not far from Sudan. The initial clash escalated dramatically. The conflagration spiraled out of control, and resulted in all-out war along the length of border. The international community, including the United States, Rwanda, the Organisation of African Unity, the United Nations and the European Union attempted to end the hostilities. They met with little success. Eritrea made initial gains on the battlefield, including taking Badme, but the frontlines soon solidified. After a month of fighting President Bill Clinton managed to persuade both sides to observe a temporary truce in order to allow further diplomatic efforts. However, these failed to bear fruit, and in February 1999 Ethiopia successfully re-captured Badme. Despite heavy fighting in May that year, Eritrea was unable to re-capture the area. For almost a year diplomats unsuccessfully sought to end the conflict, but to little effect. In May 2000 a frustrated Ethiopia launched its largest offensive of the war, breaking through Eritrean lines in the Western and Central sectors, and advancing deep into Eritrean territory. Having re-captured Badme and other land it had lost, and under considerable pressure from the international community, Ethiopia halted its advance and both sides signed a cease-fire on 18 June 2000. -
Response to Eritrea: Initial REPORT
A Submission on the Initial Report of the Government of Eritrea (1999 -2016) To the African Commission for Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) 62nd Ordinary Session 25 April – 9 May 2018 By: Human Rights Concern – Eritrea (HRCE) [email protected] http://hrc-eritrea.org Table of Content Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Map of Eritrea ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary............................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 B. Background............................................................................................................................... 10 C. Rule of Law - Legal and Institutional Drive for Development - Establishing Political base 11 Transition of Provisional Government of Eritrea (PGE) .......................................................................... 11 EPLF/PFDJ 3rd Congress 1994; G15 Dissidents (2001) ............................................................................. 13 PGE, Constitution, National Assembly Elections....................................................................................... 16 1997 Ratified Constitution -
“We Are the Prisoners of Our Dreams:“ Long-Distance Nationalism and the Eritrean Diaspora in Germany
“We are the Prisoners of our Dreams:“ Long-distance Nationalism and the Eritrean Diaspora in Germany Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Bettina Conrad aus Simmern/Hunsrück Hamburg, April 2010 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Juli 2010 Copyright Bettina Conrad, 2012 Content __________________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements iv Illustrations vi Abbreviations viii Glossary ix Introduction 1 The absent diaspora (or how I came to research “Eritrea Abroad”) 2 Researching “Eritrea Abroad”: chances and challenges 8 Some relevant themes and research questions 15 Conceiving the Eritrean diaspora: key terms and concepts 17 Overview and organisation 24 Chapter 1: From Exile to Diaspora: A Short History of the Eritrean Refugee Community in Germany 28 Of nationalism and exile: a background note on the beginnings of the Eritrean struggle 26 Early years of exile in Europe: before the EPLF, before “Unity in Diversity” 34 Eritreans for Liberation and the EPLF’s struggle for domination at home and abroad 40 Mass-flight and mass-mobilization: building the EPLF’s “infrastructure of absorption” 44 Adi ertra abroad: life in exile and the need for community 51 Beyond adi ertra: mobilising international solidarity and financial support 54 Free at last: going back or staying on? 60 i Chapter 2: “A Culture of War and a Culture of Exile.” Young Eritreans in -
Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA
The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Title Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau : Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms Author(s) Gebru, Robel Citation Issue Date Text Version ETD URL https://doi.org/10.18910/61440 DOI 10.18910/61440 rights Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms Robel Haile Gebru Ph.D (Anthropology) Thesis Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University December 16, 2016 The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms Robel Haile Gebru The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms By Robel Haile Gebru A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology of the Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University December 16, 2016 Certification The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Graduate School of Human Sciences at Osaka University a thesis titled “The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms” in fulfillment of the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Anthropology of the University of Osaka. ……………………………. Professor Eisei Kurimoto Supervisor ……………………………. Professor Satoshi Nakagawa Committee ……………………………. Professor Atsuro Morita Committee ……………………………. Professor Chihiro Shirakawa Committee December 16, 2016 Declaration and Copyright I, Robel Haile Gebru, declare that this thesis is my original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for similar or any other reward. -
The Ethiopian – Eritrean Border Conflict
46 Articles Section The Ethiopian – Eritrean Border Conflict Jean-Louis Péninou Introduction of July 1900 between Italy and Ethiopia. This accord A lot has already been written in the news media delineates the central and western parts of the concerning the current Eritrean-Ethiopian war. Eritrean-Ethiopian border. This is where border Nevertheless, one should not lose sight of the fact incidents occurred on the 6, 9 and 12 May 1998. that this conflict is, from the beginning, a war about From west to east, starting from the trijunction with borders. It maybe that, as the situation appears to the Sudanese border at Khor Um Hagger, the deteriorate between the two countries, the border Ethiopian-Eritrean border follows the Tekezze river problems will be put to one side for a while and more up to the junction with the Maieteb river, then by a fundamental objectives will, unfortunately, be found straight line to join the Mereb river at Mai Ambessa. to justify a full scale war. However, one day or Then the border follows the Mareb, through most of another, and the sooner the better, border the central highlands. When the Mareb is joined on demarcation will have to take place along the its right side by the Belessa river, the border parties’ c.1,000km-long common border. It seems follows the Belessa. Thereafter, the border is, likely that some kind of international arbitration or eastwards, fixed by the Muna river. All these rivers mediation will be necessary in order to prepare the are well marked, in a mountainous landscape. -
Unemployment and Social Disorder During the British Colonial Period in Eritrea (1941-1951)
14th Meeting of the African Economic History Network Barcelona, 18-19 October 2019 Unemployment and Social Disorder during the British Colonial Period in Eritrea (1941-1951) Temesgen Tesfamariam Beyan (PhD) Senior Researcher, Research and Documentation Center Asmara, Eritrea Lecturer College of Business and Social Science Adi-keih, Eritrea Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper investigates a connection between unemployment and social disorder that characterized British colonial rule in Eritrea between 1941 and 1951. Using the archives of labor of the British period, this article examines the causes of social disorder that galvanized the British period in Eritrea. Based on the archival documents, the article argues that public insecurity and social disorder that troubled Eritrea during British colonial period was largely the outcome of socio-economic conditions that resulted in mass unemployment due to: one, the dissolution of the colonial army institution; two, the destruction of the manufacturing industries; and three, the importation of labor from neighboring countries of British colonies. With the annihilation of Italian colonialism from Eritrea, British colonial system, which was already losing its appetite for maintaining its colonies elsewhere came into Eritrea with no agenda of capitalist expansion. Consequently, it caused massive laid-off labor, which as a result hatched social groups such as migrant workers, brigands and vagabonds. On this backdrop, the current paper offers an alternative explanation to the sources of public insecurity and social disorder that emerged during the brief British colonial era in Eritrea. 1 1. Introduction Having defeated Italian colonial forces in Eritrea, British Forces occupied the country in April 1941 as part of the Allied Forces military advancement of WWII campaign. -
Notes on Nationalism and Resistance in Eritrea, 1890-1940
NO MEDICINE FOR THE BITE OF A WHITE SNAKE: NOTES ON NATIONALISM AND RESISTANCE IN ERITREA, 1890-1940 By Tekeste Negash, University of Uppsala ?,'atl.: Cif/..::.,J fl 'l,,~'J: o...-}· '?' 1JJ'J: flt1 nlr-.: ~('l. rrJ.,: 7i 1'" (7Ti()': OH;" 7 ~tI. '), 1 Y '1-', tU, rr,: a:tf'l fP: ;Mi'!: till: tU. d- -n I'::., ')', ? -/'I'rrt . 'r7 ~: {'.q'('+ t'I /il (P: 1:"1 ~f ,<qTJC: ~ U r, ?l ?9?-::f'"r(? 1';+, IltN.,-;FIMJ PTJ: }7C: 0--11-; 'n~z.tJ'7~·: CTTI tll.·, r: lrT:"7 9>: .,,? ~';t-'CUT77";": huv tl1 W:~~ /I 'j•• : ;::.0 (ur.; 'f t.. ~' tF .cm .. >. '} S:'-j- "H? .'l'1-, fl (10 7 "7~";' 91: ~ trI: :t'1'/r/>: Y'nn l.:~:pTJ; -j7~vl-' 71 ~/r,H.PTJ' fT+fltfl: ~ tlt.=t: :' n>-, W-t+ >'e-;:-pv: .st Frutf/;.: ~l/u I'l"q:; I lf~h'~'C:(h'';'tt-n)!JIt+ 9.ol.l=f·'·; }'~·I· vo~·~· 7-11 y,-J,: ">l SH? y: "117: '"7, w. Jorfk.fU c ·./,;-i ),~+:: n1'l.-t.'1: 4:11.. "/1: 7... ·~·y-t? er(, xcp. n V.=?=<F1: OH'.: ?'''71.J. 1lc+t, C 'tu c..~li:r-: e'l &l.:P Te 'l' h-j-~'t.:·· n 7 IlnrH-r, fJ;""ril- 'i'G>-pT): Z. t1' 'f: fl.. tz 61': 11 ~ 1'1 rr ar. HtTTJ'J I ~?: n ~ 1'-11 t;'tI'~?: l/I'b Itv'+ 'O~ a,. 1'07 *1 f"=t:: ~ /)4>: ~,. 9. + q' G sz,.:t:, n 4" rrc: pv : :o, lf :./. ;., ~ ~ '7 il~ n ~ 'l 9( \n '1: n. -
Mikael Hasama Raka 1984
From the book FUTURE LIFE AND OCCULT BEINGS by Mikael Hasama Raka (124 pages, 1984) 1 From the book FUTURE LIFE AND OCCULT BEINGS by Mikael Hasama Raka (124 pages, 1984) From the book FUTURE LIFE AND OCCULT BEINGS by Mikael Hasama Raka 124 pages, 1984 CHAPTER ONE SOCIETY AND CULTURE SOCIETY Before the Italian occupation, Eritrea was divided into several free districts maintaining different names. For the sake of unity, Italy gave it the name of Eritrea, after the Roman term for the Red Sea, Mare erythraem. Eritrea has an area of roughly 119,000 square kilometres. Its 800-kilometer-long coastline stretches from Ras Dumeira in the south to Ras Kassar in the north. Eritrea is divided into three main zones: (a) highland, (b) middleland, and (c) lowland, with over 220 large and small islands in the Red Sea. Its peculiar geographical conformation favoured free mass migration into the region, from various directions, before the colonial era, and, consequently, different races of people have either passed through or settled here in the past. Its strategic position as a base for communication with the outside world attracted the attention of great powers at all periods, and the country has always been the victim of its geographic location. The present population is the mixture of various ethnic groups of Semito-Hamatic origin that came from different parts over the centuries, settled in the country, and mingled together. They profess Christian and Muslim religions and have nine different languages, the mostly widely used of which are Tigre and Tigrigna, of Gheez origin, a Semitic language. -
Nationalism and Secession in the Horn of Africa a Critique of the Ethnie Interpretation
Nationalism and Secession in the Horn of Africa A Critique of the Ethnie Interpretation Dominique Jacquin Thesis submitted for the PhD in International Relations London School of Economies and Politicai Science University of London 2 Abstract This thesis seeks to assess the relevance of existing theories about the origins of nationalism and investigate more specifically the claixn that nationalism is rooted in ethnicity. It does so by examining the cases of Eritrea and Somaliland, which proclaimed their independence in May 1991 after seceding from the states to which they were formerly united. Having explained in the introduction why International Relations needs to take a closer look at the causes of nationalism, the second chapter proceeds to review some of the main theories about the origins of nationalism. It retraces the history of the primordialist-modernist debate, discusses the main contentions of the ethnonationalist approach and presents some of the factors singled-out by recent scholarship as propitious for the emergence of nationalism. Given that most of the theories about the origins of nationalism presented in chapter two centre on Europe, chapter three surveys the literature on the rise of nationalism in Africa in order to determine whether any additional factors need to be considered before analysing Eritrea and Somaliland. Chapter three also includes a discussion of the anthropological literature on ethnicity in Africa and questions the ethnonationalist claim that ethnie groups are pre-modern. Using as a framework the factors identified previously, chapter four offers a historical account of the emergence of nationalism in Eritrea. Chapter five does the same for the case of Somaliland. -
LAND DISPUTES Berweeen VILLAGES in the HIGHLAND of ERITREA: the CASE of GUAQUAT and GEDDELE VILLAGES
LAND DISPUTES BErWEEEN VILLAGES IN THE HIGHLAND OF ERITREA: THE CASE OF GUAQUAT AND GEDDELE VILLAGES .. ~ Y . t,l • 1.;-, I "" HABTEAB w. GHEBREAB August 2004 . ~ '. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in social science in the Faculty of Human Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. Declaration I, Habteab Werede, declare that this thesis is my own work. Any work done by other persons has been properly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in the Department of Sociology in the Faculty of Human Science at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. Abstract This thesis is an examination into the problem of land disputes between villages in the highland (kebessa) area of Eritrea. Through a case study ofthe dispute between the villages of Guaquat and Goddele, which are located in the district of Mereta Keih, Southern Zone, this study explores the causes, nature and consequences of land disputes and the mechanisms by which they are settled. It interprets the land dispute by placing it within its historical, social, and political contexts and in the land tenure systems in the area, establishing the complex nature of the case study in particular and land disputes in the highland in general. In this area of the country, where the society is made up of settled peasant cultivators, the village is the basic land owning-community in which land is communally owned. For almost all of rural Eritreans land remains the sole means of subsistence, hence the means of life. Yet, over the decades, because of high population density land resource became extremely scarce.