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Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Title Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau : Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms Author(s) Gebru, Robel Citation Issue Date Text Version ETD URL https://doi.org/10.18910/61440 DOI 10.18910/61440 rights Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms Robel Haile Gebru Ph.D (Anthropology) Thesis Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University December 16, 2016 The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms Robel Haile Gebru The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms By Robel Haile Gebru A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology of the Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University December 16, 2016 Certification The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Graduate School of Human Sciences at Osaka University a thesis titled “The Expansion of Sedentary Villages from Nabagade Valley to Qohaito Plateau: Intersecting Lineage, House and Community Paradigms” in fulfillment of the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Anthropology of the University of Osaka. ……………………………. Professor Eisei Kurimoto Supervisor ……………………………. Professor Satoshi Nakagawa Committee ……………………………. Professor Atsuro Morita Committee ……………………………. Professor Chihiro Shirakawa Committee December 16, 2016 Declaration and Copyright I, Robel Haile Gebru, declare that this thesis is my original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for similar or any other reward. ……………………. Signature December 16, 2016 This thesis is copyright material under the Berne convention, the copyright act 1999, and other intellectual and national enactment, in that behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealing for research or any acknowledged, without the written permission of the Directorate of Post-Graduate Studies, on behalf of both the author and Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University. Table of Contents Page No. List of Maps …………………………………………………………… i List of Diagrams …………………………………………………………… i List of Tables …………………………………………………………… i List of Plates …………………………………………………………… ii List of Abbreviation …………………………………………………………… iii Glossary of Indigenous Terms …………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………… xiii Preface …………………………………………………………… xvii Abstract …………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter Discourse on Lineage Segmentation, Concept of House and One:- Community Paradigm in Anthropology and Archaeology ………………………. 4 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………...................................... 7 1.2 Revaluating Lineage Theory: creating new analytical framework ……………………... 14 1.2.1. Political Overtone …………………………………………………………. 1 7 1.2.2. Lack of historical framework ……………………………………………… 20 1.2.3. Inappropriate assumptions ………………………………………………. 2 2 1.3 ‘Alternative’ or ‘complementary’ approaches: concept of house and community 26 paradigm ………………………………………………………………………………... 1.3.1. Overview ……………………………………………………....................... 2 6 1.3.2. House vs Lineage …………………………………………………………… 2 7 1.3.3. Approaches and advantages of House Studies ……………………………… 30 1.3. 4. Lineage and community ……..………………………………………. 34 1.3. 5.Community and Landscape Studies ………………………………………… 3 7 1.4 Research Design of the Dissertation…………………………………............................. 3 9 Chapter The Research Area: Social and Ecological Setting of Two:- Nabagade Valley and Qohaito Plateau ………………………………………… 50 2.1. Ecological Setting of the Research Area ………………………………………………. 52 2.1.1. Qohaito Plateau………………………………………………………………… 5 3 2.1.2. Nabagade Valley……………………………………………………………….. 5 6 2.2 The Saho ethnolinguistic group ………………………………………………………... 60 2.2.1. Language ………………………………………………………………………. 62 2.2.2. Ethnogenesis …………………………………………………………………… 6 5 2.2.3. Ethnic territory and settlement pattern ………………………………………… 6 9 2.2.4. Social Organization ……………………………………………………………. 7 4 2.2.5. Rituals and Rites of Passage …………………………………………………… 7 8 2.3 Previous Anthropological Studies on Saho ……………………………………………. 8 6 2.3.1. Ethnographic studies………………………………………………………… 8 7 2.3.2. Linguistic studies……………………………………………………………. 90 2.3.3. Other themes ………………………………………………………………… 91 2.4 Previous anthropological researches in the study area ………………………………… 93 Chapter Historical Outline and Socio-Political Context of Lineage Three:- Segmentation of the Feqat Harak clan ………………………………………………... 9 6 3.1 The Feqat Harak minimal lineage ……………………………………………………... 9 8 3.2 Genesis of the Feqat Harak ……………………………………………………………. 102 3.3 Lineage Segmentation of the Feqat Harak ………………………................................ 10 8 3.4 Post-lineage Segmentation Period ………………………………….......................... 118 3.5 Community Interaction and New Spatial Configuration ……………………………… 1 22 Chapter The Spread of Sedentary Villages from the Nabagade Four:- Valley to Qohaito Plateau ……………………………………………………… 1 31 4.1 Early Andal ……………………………………………………………………………... 1 35 4.2 Expansion in the Valley ………………………………………………………………… 1 40 4.3 Valley to Plateau Expansion ……………………………………………........................ 1 52 4.4 Dispersal of Settlement and Aftermath …………………………………………………. 15 9 Chapter Architectural Diversity of Feqat Harak across the Five:- Valley and Plateau …………………………………………………….............. 1 66 5.1 Dwelling Type 1: Galba (Cave) ……………………………………………………….. 1 71 5.2 Dwelling Type 2: Agudo ……………………………………………………………….. 1 77 5.3 Dwelling Type 3: Nahsa ……………………………………………………………….. 1 81 5.4 Dwelling Type 4: Mereba’e…………………………………………………………….. 1 92 Chapter Multivariate Qualitative and Quantitative Interpretation of the Data of Six:- Sedentary Villages in the Nabagade Valley and Qohaito Plateau ………………. 199 6.1 Qualitative Analysis………………………………………………………………….. 204 6.1.1 Shifting Ethnicities …………………………………………………………... 205 6.1.2 Types of Settlement Expansion ……………………………………………… 20 8 6.2 Quantitative Analysis ………………………………………………………………... 2 23 6.3 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………... 2 27 Chapter Conclusion: The Rise of Complex Communities and Landscape Dynamics ……………….. 2 31 Seven:- Appendix ……………………………………………………………. ……………. 246 Reference ……………………………………………………………………………. 249 List of Maps Map 2.1: Topographic Map the Research Area Map 2.3: Tribal territory of the Saho showing every tribe’s access to the highland and the sea Map 2.2: Distribution of Villages in the Nabagade Valley List of Diagrams Diagram 3.1 Maximal and Minimal Lineages groups of the Saho, depicted from the genealogical tree of my host family Diagram 3.2: Genealogical chart of the Feqat Harak lineage group, and the segmentation history of the lineage Diagram 4.1: Routes of Valley to Plateau expansion Diagram 5.1: Floor plan of rock shelter dwelling in Digdigta Diagram 5.2: Agudo compound in Nabagade Valley Diagram 5.3: Nahsa homestead in the village of Meraba’e Diagram 5.4: Mereba’e compound in Wekeiro List of Tables Table 4.1: Sample villages in Garadaf settlement center with number of families and agricultural plots i Table 4.2: Early Enda Abdela villages in Qohaito Plateau and inhabitants Table 4.3: Summary of the six military raids (atrocities) that took place in Qohaito Plateau Table 5.1: Family type and livestock possession in Qohaito Plateau Table 5.2: Sample of family conditions in Wekeiro List of Plates PLATE 1: Settlement Pattern and distribution in valley and Plateau Fig. 1: Rock shelter outcrop in Qohaito Fig. 2: Agoh (infant animal room) in rock shelter Fig. 3: Household and agriculture field in the Valley Fig. 4: Dispersed homesteads in Qohaito (Mereba’e) Fig. 5: Cliff dwelling and nucleated houses in Eshika Fig. 6: Nucleated Settlement in the village of Wekeiro PLATE 2: Architectural Types among the Feqat Harak Fig. 1: Living floor of Rock shelter dwelling Fig. 2: Animal hut in Nabagade Valley (Sebulale village) Fig. 3: Residential hut (human use) Plate Fig. 4: Hut extension in nahsa (Subiraso Village) ii Fig. 5: Residential nahsa with abur extension (Mereba’e) Fig. 6: Mereba’e (bungalow) in Wekeiro village PLATE 3: Nahsa and home garden in the Valley and Plateau Fig. 1: Abandoned nahsa and garden in Sabulale Village Fig. 2: Abandoned nahsa and garden in Andal Fig. 3: Nahsa and garden in Gurubtiya Village Fig. 4: Nahsa and garden in Mereba’e Village List of Abbreviation CAD:- Century AD CARP:- Cultural Asset Rehabilitation Project CCP:- Central Cattle Pattern CPT:- Central Place Theory ELF:- Eritrean Liberation Front EPLF:- Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front GAME:- German Archaeological Mission to Eritrea IDP:- Internally Displaced People NME:- National Museum of Eritrea UNESCO:- United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization iii Glossary of Indigenous Terms Abur:- is part of the domestic space in galba, agudo and nahsa kind of dwellings specialized for housing infant animals. Agani:- Literally means highland or mountains, and the term is sometimes used to refer to the highland or mountain dwellers of the Saho communities. Agoh:- is part of the domestic space in galba, agudo and nahsa dwellings types specialized for keeping adult animals. Agudo:- Literally means a hut, and is the second dwelling type
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