Eritrea Assessment
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An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg. -
000000548.Sbu.Pdf
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Archaeological Investigation of the Buri Peninsula and Gulf of Zula, Red Sea Coast of Eritrea A Dissertation Presented by Amanuel Yosief Beyin to The Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology (Archaeology) Stony Brook University May 2009 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Amanuel Yosief Beyin We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. John J. Shea Associate Professor, Anthropology David J. Bernstein Associate Professor, Anthropology John G. Fleagle Distinguished Professor, Anatomical Sciences Steven A. Brandt Associate Professor, Anthropology University of Florida, Gainesville This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Archaeological Investigation of the Buri Peninsula and Gulf of Zula, Red Sea Coast of Eritrea by Amanuel Yosief Beyin Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology (Archaeology) Stony Brook University 2009 This dissertation reports the results of archaeological survey and excavations on the Buri Peninsula and Gulf of Zula, Red Sea coast of Eritrea. Its primary goals were to seek evidence for prehistoric human settlement, and to define the geological, chronological and cultural contexts of the sites. The Red Sea Coast of Africa is thought to be an important refugium for humans dispersing from the interior of East Africa into Arabia and the Levant. -
Language Ai As in ‘Aisle’ I’D Like to See the Këflun Mayet Ëfeullëgallō Room
© Lonely Planet Publications 378 www.lonelyplanet.com ETHIOPIAN AMHARIC •• Accommodation 379 u as in ‘flute’ but shorter Does it include kursënëm yicheumëral? ay as the ‘ai’ in ‘bait’ breakfast? Language ai as in ‘aisle’ I’d like to see the këflun mayet ëfeullëgallō room. Consonants Can I see a different lela këfël mayet ëchëlallō? THE ETHIOPIC SYLLABARY ch as in ‘church’ room? CONTENTS The unique Ethiopic script is the basis for g as in ‘get’ I leave tomorrow. neugeu ëhedallō the alphabets of Amharic, Tigrinya and gw as in ‘Gwen’ Ethiopian Amharic 378 Tigré. The basic Ethiopic syllabary has 26 h as in ‘hit’; at the end of a sentence it’s CONVERSATION & ESSENTIALS Pronunciation 378 characters; Amharic includes another seven, like a short puff of breath Hello/Greetings. tenastëllën (lit: ‘may you be Accommodation 379 and Tigrinya another five characters to kw as the ‘q’ in ‘queen’ given health’) Conversation & Essentials 379 cover sounds that are specific to those j as in ‘jump’ Hello. seulam (lit: ‘peace be with you’) Directions 380 languages. s as in ‘plus’ (never a ‘z’ sound) Hello. tadiyass (inf) LANGUAGE Health 380 The alphabet is made up of root characters sh as in ‘shirt’ How are you? deuhna neuh? (m) Emergencies – Amharic 380 representing consonants. By adding lines or z as in ‘zoo’ deuhna neush? (f) Language Difficulties 380 circles (representing the vowel sounds) to ny as the ‘ni’ in ‘onion’ deuhna not? (pol) LANGUAGE Numbers 380 these characters, seven different syllables r a rolled ‘r’ deuhna nachu? (pl) Shopping & Services 381 can be generated for each consonant (eg ha, ’ a glottal stop, ie a momentary closing I’m fine. -
A Mobile Based Tigrigna Language Learning Tool
PAPER A MOBILE BASED TIGRIGNA LANGUAGE LEARNING TOOL A Mobile Based Tigrigna Language Learning Tool http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i2.4322 Hailay Kidu University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract—Mobile learning (ML) refers to the use of mobile Currently many people visit Tigray - or hope to do so and handheld IT devices such as Personal Digital Assistants one day - because of the remarkable manner in which (PDAs), mobile telephones, laptops and tablet PC technolo- ancient historical traditions have been preserved. There- gies, in teaching and learning. Mobile learning is a new form fore anybody who wishes to visit or stay in Tigray and in of learning, using mobile network and tools, expanding Eritrea can learn the language for communication in for- digital learning channel, gaining educational information, mal class from schools, colleges or Universities. But there educational resources and educational services anytime, is no why that provides learning out of the formal class anywhere .Mobile phone is superior to a computer in porta- [2][3]. bility. This technology also facilitates the learning by your- Tigrigna is the third most spoken language in Ethiopia, self process. Learning without teacher is easy in this scenar- after Amharic and Oromo, and by far the most spoken in io. The technology encourages learn anytime and anywhere. Eritrea. It is also spoken by large immigrant communities Learning a language is different from any other subject as it around the world, in countries including Sudan, Saudi combines explicit learning of vocabulary and language rules Arabia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, with unconscious skills development in the fluent applica- tion of both these things. -
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Global and Planetary Change 72 (2010) 429–450 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global and Planetary Change journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloplacha Geologic setting of the Abdur Archaeological Site on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea, Africa Richard T. Buffler a,⁎, J. Henrich Bruggemann b, Berhane N. Ghebretensae c, Robert C. Walter d, Mireille M.M. Guillaume b,e, Seife M. Berhe f, William McIntosh g, Lisa E. Park h a Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA b Laboratoire d' Ecologie Marine, Université de la Réunion, B.P. 7151, 97715 St. Denis, LA Réunion, France c Department of Mines, P.O. Box 272, Asmara, Eritrea d Department of Geosciences, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, 17604, USA e Départment Milieux et Peuplement Aquatiques,UMR CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-IRD BOREA, -
Summerised G.C.R. Compelled
A Global Study Country report On Yemen Submitted to: Gujarat Technological University Guided By: Dr. N. M. Munshi Prof. S. A. Munshi Prof. L. T. Dharmwani Prepared By: MBA Second Year Students Group 11-20, Batch: 2011-2012 Through N. R. Vekaria Institute of Business Management Studies,Junagadh. 1 INDEX SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. OVERVIEW OF YEMEN 3 – 20 2. INTRODUCTION OF SECTOR 21 – 26 3 STUDY ON HEALTHCARE SECTOR 27 – 52 STUDY ON INFRASTRUCTURE 4 53 – 79 SECTOR STUDY ON PHARMACEUTICAL 5 80 – 109 SECTOR 6 CONCLUSION 110 - 113 2 Overview Of Yemen 3 1. Demographic profile of Yemen Religion Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two principals Islamic religious groups; 53% of the Muslim population is Sunniand 45% is Shi'a according to the UNHCR. Sunnis are primarily Shafi'i but also include significant groups of Malikis and Hanbalis. Shi'is are primarily Zaidis and also have significant minorities of Twelver Shias and Musta'ali Western Isma'ili Shias (see Shia Population of the Middle East). 4 Health care Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. Total expenditures on health care in 2004 constituted 5% of gross domestic product. In that same year, the per capita expenditure for health care was very low compared with other Middle Eastern countries—US$34 per capita according to the World Health Organization. According to the World Bank, the number of doctors in Yemen rose by an average of more than 7% between 1995 and 2000, but as of 2004 there were still only three doctors per 10,000 persons. -
Ethiopia Eritrea Somalia Djibouti
COUNTRY REPORT Ethiopia Eritrea Somalia Djibouti 3rd quarter 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 40 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, USA Hong Kong Tel: (44.171) 830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.171) 499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 Electronic delivery EIU Electronic Publishing New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 London: Moya Veitch Tel: (44.171) 830 1007 Fax: (44.171) 830 1023 This publication is available on the following electronic and other media: Online databases CD-ROM Microfilm FT Profile (UK) Knight-Ridder Information World Microfilms Publications (UK) Tel: (44.171) 825 8000 Inc (USA) Tel: (44.171) 266 2202 DIALOG (USA) SilverPlatter (USA) Tel: (1.415) 254 7000 LEXIS-NEXIS (USA) Tel: (1.800) 227 4908 M.A.I.D/Profound (UK) Tel: (44.171) 930 6900 Copyright © 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. -
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics Andrew Dickensy 10 August 2016 I document evidence of ethnic favoritism in 164 language groups across 35 African countries using a new computerized lexicostatistical measure of relative similarity between each language group and their incumbent national leader. I measure patronage with night light lu- minosity, and estimate a positive effect of linguistic similarity off of changes in the ethnolinguistic identity of a leader. Identification of this effect comes from exogenous within-group time-variation among lan- guage groups partitioned across national borders. I then corroborate this evidence using survey data and establish that the benefits of fa- voritism result from a region's associated ethnolinguistic identity and not that of the individual respondent. yYork University, Department of Economics, Toronto, ON. E-mail: [email protected]. I am indebted to Nippe Lagerl¨offor his encouragement and detailed feedback throughout this project. I thank Matthew Gentzkow and two anonymous referees for helpful sugges- tions that have greatly improved this paper. I also thank Tasso Adamopoulos, Greg Casey, Mario Carillo, Berta Esteve-Volart, Rapha¨elFranck, Oded Galor, Fernando Leibovici, Ste- lios Michalopoulos, Stein Monteiro, Laura Salisbury, Ben Sand, Assaf Sarid and David Weil for helpful comments, in addition to seminar participants at the Brown University Macro Lunch, the Royal Economic Society's 2nd Symposium for Junior Researches, the PODER Summer School on \New Data in Development Economics", the Canadian Economics As- sociation Annual Conference and York University. This research is funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. All errors are my own. 1 Introduction Ethnolinguistic group affiliation is a salient marker of identity in Africa. -
Essays on the Economics of Ethnolinguistic Differences
Essays on the Economics of Ethnolinguistic Differences Andrew C. Dickens A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ECONOMICS YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL 2017 c Andrew C. Dickens, 2017 Abstract In this dissertation, I study the origins and economic consequences of ethnolinguistic differences. To quantify these differences, I construct a lexicostatistical measure of linguistic distance. I use this measure to study two different outcomes: ethnic politics and cross-country idea flows. I then take the economic importance of ethnolinguistic differences as given, and explore the geographic foundation of these differences. In chapter 1, I document evidence of ethnic favoritism in 35 sub-Saharan countries. I use lexi- costatistical distance to quantify the similarity between an ethnic group and the national leader’s ethnic identity. I find that a one standard deviation increase in similarity yields a 2 percent in- crease in group-level GDP per capita. I then use the continuity of lexicostatistical similarity to show that favoritism exists among groups that are not coethnic to the leader, where the mean ef- fect of non-coethnic similarity is one quarter the size of the coethnic effect. I relate these results to the literature on coalition building, and provide evidence that ethnicity is a guiding principle behind high-level government appointments. In chapter 2, I use book translations data to capture cross-country idea flows. It has been conjectured that income gaps are smaller between ancestrally related countries because they com- municate more ideas. -
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics ONLINE APPENDIX
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics ONLINE APPENDIX Andrew Dickensy For publication in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics yBrock University, Department of Economics, 1812 Sir Issac Brock Way, L2S 3A2, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (email: [email protected]). 1 A Data Descriptions, Sources and Summary Statistics A.1 Regional-Level Data Description and Sources Country-language groups: Geo-referenced country-language group data comes from the World Language Mapping System (WLMS). These data map information from each language in the Ethnologue to the corresponding polygon. When calculating averages within these language group polygons, I use the Africa Albers Equal Area Conic projection. Source: http://www.worldgeodatasets.com/language/ Linguistic similarity: I construct two measures of linguistic similarity: lexicostatistical similarity from the Automatic Similarity Judgement Program (ASJP), and cladistic similar- ity using Ethnologue data from the WLMS. I use these to measure the similarity between each language group and the ethnolinguistic identity of that country's national leader. I discuss how I assign a leader's ethnolinguistic identity in Section 1 of the paper. Source: http://asjp.clld.org and http://www.worldgeodatasets.com/language/ Night lights: Night light intensity comes from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). My measure of night lights is calculated by averaging across pixels that fall within each WLMS country-language group polygon for each year the night light data is available (1992-2013). To minimize area distortions I use the Africa Albers Equal Area Conic pro- jection. In some years data is available for two separate satellites, and in all such cases the correlation between the two is greater than 99% in my sample. -
The Politics of Language in Eritrea: Equality of Languages Vs
The Politics of Language In Eritrea: Equality Of Languages Vs. Bilingual Official Language Policy Redie Bereketeab The Nordic Africa Institute Uppsala, Sweden Email: [email protected] Redie Bereketeab is a researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppala, Sweden. He holds PhD in Sociology from the Department of Sociology at Uppsala University, Sweden. He has written several articles and book chapters. He is also the author of Eritrea: The Making of a Nation, 1890-1991, the Red Sea Press (2007), and State Building in Post-liberation Eritrea: Challenges, achievements and potentials, Adonis & Abbey Publishers (2009). Acknowledgement I am indebted to Kidane Hagos and Phyllis O’Neil therefore I extend my thanks to both. I will also extend my thanks to the anonymous reviewers. Abstract The article analyzes the discourse of politics of language in Eritrea. It argues that the language debate in Eritrea over equality of languages and bilingual official language policy is more about power relations than about language per se. It relates to politics of identity that derive from the construction of two identity formations as understood by political elites. Equality of languages is based on ethnic identity, whereas official language is based on the construction of supra-ethnic civic identity. According to the constructivist bilingual official language Arabic and Tigrinya are supposed to represent two different socio-cultural identity formations, notably, Islamic-Arabic and Christian-Tigrinya. Consequently, the official language policy debate could be construed to derive from politics of power relation where two groups of elites supposedly representing the two identity formations are engaged in power competition reflecting real or imaginary socio-cultural cleavage of respective identity. -
The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho People of Eritrea, in Spite of Their Important Role During the Eritrean Struggle for Independence
Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Education Centre for Peace Studies The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho people of Eritrea, in spite of their important role during the Eritrean Struggle for Independence Romodan Abdellah Esmail Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation: SVF-3901 University of Tromsø, Norway June 2015 Foreword This thesis is written as a completion to the Master of Peace and Conflict Transformation at the University of Tromsø, Norway. The research focuses on structural violence against the Saho people of Eritrea, a cultural minority group. There is very little information about the Saho people in general and about structural violence on the Saho people in particular. Moreover, under the contemporary despotic government of Eritrea, minority voices become unheard and even forbidden. Their suffering as well has become unrecognized. From these perspectives and as a member of the population being studied, the topic was initiated and selected by myself. The main intention of the research is to hopefully give a reader deeper insight and understanding about the overall situation, mainly the question of structural violence, on the Saho people under the current regime of Eritrea. The full scope of the research is the Saho people therefore it has mainly relied on understandings and narrations of the Saho people. As a true revealing task, the research has chosen to link a human rights and justice perspective to the topic, in line with the research field. Since the current situation of the Saho people are products of pre independence historic processes, as a background, pre independence history of the Saho people has been covered.