DOCSLIB.ORG

Spektakl – Granica – Ekran : Mur Berliński W Filmie Niemieckim

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spektakl – Granica – Ekran : Mur Berliński W Filmie Niemieckim Title: Spektakl - granica - ekran : mur berliński w filmie niemieckim Author: Marta Halina Brzezińska Citation style: Brzezińska Marta Halina. (2013). Spektakl - granica - ekran : mur berliński w filmie niemieckim. Praca doktorska. Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski UNIWERSYTET ŚLĄSKI W KATOWICACH WYDZIAŁ FILOLOGICZNY INSTYTUT NAUK O KULTURZE Marta Halina Brzezińska SPEKTAKL – GRANICA – EKRAN MUR BERLIŃSKI W FILMIE NIEMIECKIM Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem Prof. zw. dr. hab. Andrzeja Gwoździa Katowice 2013 Spis treści Wstęp .................................................................................................................................. 3 Część pierwsza Spektakl Między spektaklem kultury a spektaklem politycznym ................................................... 21 Rozdział 1 Budowa i upadek muru berlińskiego ............................................................. 30 1.1. Prolog ........................................................................................................................ 30 1.2. Publiczność, aktorzy i scena dramatu ........................................................................ 31 1.3. Wielkie monologi sceniczne ....................................................................................... 34 1.4. W stronę kulminacji ................................................................................................... 37 1.5. Zdobycie berlińskiej Bastylii ...................................................................................... 38 Rozdział 2 1989 – „Rewolucja telewizyjna” ................................................................... 46 Rozdział 3 Odgrywanie NRD i życie jako spektakl......................................................... 61 Część druga Granica Między granicą terytorialną a symboliczną ...................................................................... 81 Rozdział 4 Mur berliński w filmie niemieckim przed 1989 rokiem ................................ 91 Rozdział 5 Kino o granicy jako kino traumy ................................................................. 102 5.1. Ucieczki do wolności ............................................................................................... 112 Rozdział 6 Ramy przestrzeni prywatnej – figura niemieckiej rodziny .......................... 124 6.1. Miłość i mur ............................................................................................................. 139 6.2. Rodzice, dzieci i Stasi ............................................................................................... 142 6.3. Bunt młodych ........................................................................................................... 147 Część trzecia Ekran Między ekranem pamięci a ekranem historii .................................................................. 157 Rozdział 7 Praca pamięci ............................................................................................... 167 Rozdział 8 Medium pamięci, medium historii ............................................................... 182 8.1. Pamięć w polu historii. Przypadek Pałacu Republiki .............................................. 196 Rozdział 9 Ekran historii ................................................................................................ 207 9.1. Upadek muru berlińskiego, koniec wojny i ekranowi bohaterowie ......................... 216 9.2. Obraz w obrazie: nawiązania .................................................................................. 223 Zakończenie ................................................................................................................... 233 Bibliografia ..................................................................................................................... 239 Filmografia ...................................................................................................................... 255 Spis ilustracji ................................................................................................................... 262 2 Wstęp Mur berliński jest i go nie ma. 9 listopada przecina samo serce Berlina – szarpana rana w środku wielkiego miasta, zimnowojenna przepaść. 10 listopada staje się parkietem tanecznym, galerią sztuki, tablicą ogłoszeń, ekranem kinowym, kasetą wideo, muzeum, i jak określiła to kobieta, która sprzątała moje biuro « jedynie kupą kamieni ». 1 Robert Darnton, Berlin Journal 1989-1990 2 Rok 1989, wedle określenia Ralfa Dahrendorfa „annus mirabilis” , zajmuje w historii państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej miejsce wyjątkowe. Wydarzenia zwane metaforycznie „Jesienią Narodów”, „Jesienią Ludów” były punktem kulminacyjnym erozji systemu komunistycznego w regionie, zapoczątkowały zróżnicowane, złożone procesy 3 transformacji o charakterze politycznym i społecznym . Jednym z utrwalonych za pomocą mediów motywów zmiany roku 1989 był tzw. upadek muru berlińskiego, który posłużył za znak przemian, pokojowej rewolucji końca XX wieku. Sam mur (a raczej w dużej mierze jego obrazowe przedstawienia) stał się symbolem, budującym sensy nowego ładu politycznego i współtworzącym doświadczenie społeczne. Wybudowanie muru berlińskiego, jego obecność a potem zburzenie znalazło swoje odzwierciedlenie i komentarz w wielu tekstach kultury – od literatury, przez sztuki plastyczne po film, któremu chciałabym przyjrzeć się w mojej pracy. Interesowała mnie możliwość zobaczenia muru berlińskiego poprzez film niemiecki wyprodukowany po roku 1989, który to rok traktuję jako swego rodzaju cezurę. Kino niemieckie, szczególnie kino nowe z ostatnich dwudziestu lat, nie jest w Polsce jeszcze dobrze znane i opisane. Próby bilansu dokonane przez Ewę Fiuk w książce Inicjacje, 1 The Wall is there and it is not there. On November, it cut through the heart of Berlin, a jagged wound in the middle of a great city, the Great Divide of the Cold War. On November 10, it had become a dance floor, a picture gallery, a bulletin board, a movie screen, a videocassette, a museum, and, as the woman who cleaned my office put it,«nothing but a heap of stone». Cyt. za: Robert Darnton, Berlin Journal 1989-1990 , New York 1993, s. 74-75. 2 Cyt. za: Ralf Dahrendorf, Rozważania nad rewolucją w Europie , przeł. Maja Gottesman, Warszawa 1991, s. 8. 3 Literatura dotycząca roku 1989 w Europie jest obfita. Na potrzeby pracy proponuję źródła ujmujące transformację systemową w perspektywie ogólnej i porównawczej jak na przykład: Adama Burakowskiego, Aleksandra Gubrynowicza, Pawła Ukielskiego, 1989- Jesień Narodów , Warszawa 2009. 3 4 tożsamość, pamięć. Kino niemieckie na przełomie wieków oraz opracowania Magdaleny 5 Saryusz-Wolskiej Berlin: filmowy obraz miasta i Spotkania czasu z miejscem . Studia o 6 pamięci i miastach są właściwie jedynymi publikacjami na gruncie polskim, które (choć w sposób wybiórczy i przy okazji innych zagadnień) przybliżają tematykę podziału Niemiec w perspektywie wybranych filmów. Temat muru, choć obowiązkowy w tych ujęciach (podział i zjednoczenie Niemiec to bardzo ważny punkt niemieckiej i europejskiej przeszłości), to jednak nie występuje autonomicznie, pojawia się na marginesie lub w ramach innych rozważań. Kino niemieckie nie jest, jak zaznaczyłam, opisane w Polsce w dostatecznym stopniu i opracowania dotyczące filmów o murze są też, jak się wydaje, proporcjonalnym odzwierciedleniem całości zainteresowania. W wypadku prac anglojęzycznych sytuacja wygląda nieco inaczej, o tyle że niemieckie filmy z murem w tle pojawiają się przy okazji odczytań związanych z 7 obecnością Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej w kulturze zjednoczonych Niemiec (chociaż znów – nie ma ich wiele). Tak jest w wypadku pracy Paula Cooke’a Representing East Germany since unification. From colonization to nostalgia 8, gdzie autor posiłkuje się metodologią badań postkolonialnych i z tej perspektywy ocenia również filmowe wyobrażenia dotyczące NRD, problematyki zjednoczeniowej i różne konfiguracje, w jakich się przejawiają (ujęcie nostalgiczności). Używam sformułowania „również” – bowiem nie film jest tu centrum i przedmiotem zainteresowania brytyjskiego autora, lecz jedynie środkiem do celu. Leonie Naughton natomiast, w znakomitej pracy That was the Wild East. 9 Film culture, unification and the «New» Germany , poświęcając swoją uwagę filmom, skupia się jednak na NRD – jej produkcji filmowej, śledząc nie tyle upadek muru, co sytuację po, czyli kino pozjednoczeniowe i relacje między Wschodem a Zachodem z dominującym spojrzeniem skierowanym w stronę wizerunku NRD jako punktu wyjścia rozważań. Perspektywa spojrzenia na NRD nie jako na beneficjenta zmiany, a 4 Zob. Ewa Fiuk, Inicjacje, tożsamość, pamięć. Kino niemieckie na przełomie wieków , Wrocław 2012. To kompendium oparte na dysertacji doktorskiej autorki, wskazujące najważniejsze motywy i kierunki. Jest nieco podobne w charakterze do antologicznych opracowań anglojęzycznych, o których piszę dalej (zakres, rozłożenie akcentów), stanowiąc, jak sądzę, ich ciekawe uzupełnienie i punkt do dyskusji. 5 Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska, Berlin: filmowy obraz miasta , Kraków 2007. 6 Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska, Spotkania czasu z miejscem . Studia o pamięci i miastach , Warszawa 2011. 7 Refleksja podejmowana jest głównie przez ośrodki w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii. 8 Paul Cooke, Representing East Germany since unification. From colonization to nostalgia , Oxford 2005. 9 Leonie Naughton, That was the Wild East. Film culture, unification, and the «New» Germany , Ann Arbor 2002. 4 poszkodowanego, znaczy w jakimś sensie obie te prace, w których podkreśla
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Die Berliner Mauer in Berlin-Mitte, Gartenstr
    21. Berliner Archäologentag am 17. Oktober 2018 Bewegte Zeiten – Archäologie in Berlin Martin-Gropius-Bau, Kinosaal Torsten Dressler Altstadt Spandau, Fischerstraße 33-34 Archäologische Untersuchungen und Dokumentation: Die Berliner Mauer in Berlin-Mitte, Gartenstr. 85-87/ Geländes des Nordbahnhofs Die archäologische Untersuchung und Dokumentation am ehemaligen Mauerstreifen in Berlin-Mitte, Gartenstraße 85-87 erfolgte im Vorfeld der geplanten Bebauung mit einem Wohn- und Geschäftshaus „Quartier am Nordbahnhof“ im Zeitraum von Mai bis August 2017. Auf dieser Fläche konnte insbesondere der Ausbau der DDR-Grenzanlagen von 1961 bis 1989 am Nordbahnhof bzw. ehemaligen Stettiner Bahnhof archäologisch nachgewiesen werden. Der Vortrag gliedert sich in die Vorstellung der festgestellten Befunde und Funde nach: (1) Vorphase mit Stettiner Bahnhof ab 1842 und Wohnbebauung Gartenstraße 85-87 (19./20. Jahrhundert) 1. Grenz-Ausbauphase vom 13. August 1961 bis 1965 (2) Abrissmaßnahmen für die Grenzsicherung 1966 bis 1974 (3) 2. Grenz-Ausbauphase von 1966 bis 1979 (4) 3. Grenz-Ausbauphase von 1980 bis 1989 (5) Mauerfall und Abbruch der Grenzanlagen 1989 bis 1990 Der Bau der Berliner Mauer entlang der dicht bebauten und bewohnten Bernauer Straße zwischen Berlin-Wedding (Westberlin) und Berlin-Mitte (Ostberlin) stellte eine radikale Zäsur der deutschen Teilung ab dem 13. August 1961 dar. Um die Welt gingen die Bilder der verzweifelten Menschen mit dem Sprung in die Freiheit aus den Fenstern der Grenzhäuser und über die ersten Grenzabsperrungen. Hier ist u.a. mit Ida Siekmann das erste Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer am 22. August 1961 zu beklagen. Die Anwohner auf der Ostseite der Bernauer Straße wurden zwangsumgesiedelt, ihre Häuser und Fenster zugemauert und anschließend abgerissen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fall of the Berlin Wall
    5/3/2016 THE PEACE MOVEMENT: HOW INFORMAL NETWORKS RESULTED IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE GDR & THE CHURCH’S INVOLVEMENT TESS MARSHALL WHAT IS THE BERLIN WALL? • Border between East and West Germany • After World War II German territories split into four “allied occupation zones” • West Germany: Democratic Republic – Occupied by British, American and French sectors • East Germany – Controlled by the German Democratic Republic (Soviet Union) • Berlin also separated this way although it was in East Germany • Joint occupation began in 1945 www.flickr.com 1 5/3/2016 WHY WAS THE WALL BUILT? • Between 1945 and 1961 almost 3 million refugees fled from East to West Germany – Most were young, educated workers • July 1961 over 30,000 fled • August 12 more than 2,400 people fled – Largest number recorded in one day – Later that day Premier Khrushchev gave orders to the GDR to close the border • Two weeks later a barbed wire and concrete fence was built • After this it was impossible to travel from East to West Germany without passing through checkpoints • Families and friends were separated, jobs were lost THE WALL AND ITS BEGINNING • The Wall was steadily made more durable • Between the borders was the “Death Strip”– an area where GDR officials could patrol for and shoot escapees • Some tried to escape immediately • Ida Siekmann was the first death in attempted escape – Lived on a road that ran along the border – Jumped out of her window but died on impact idasiekmann.blogspot.com 2 5/3/2016 ANALYSIS OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT AND MONDAY DEMONSTRATIONS • No
    [Show full text]
  • Wallmaps.Pdf
    S Prenzlauer Allee U Volta Straße U Eberswalder Straße 1 S Greifswalder Straße U Bernauer Straße U Schwartzkopff Straße U Senefelderplatz S Nordbanhof Zinnowitzer U Straße U Rosenthaler Plaz U Rosa-Luxembury-Platz Berlin HBF DB Oranienburger U U Weinmeister Straße Tor S Oranienburger S Hauptbahnhof Straße S Alexander Platz Hackescher Markt U 2 S Alexander Plaz Friedrich Straße S U Schilling Straße U Friedrich Straße U Weberwiese U Kloster Straße S Unter den Linden Strausberger Platz U U Jannowitzbrucke U Franzosische Straße Frankfurter U Jannowitzbrucke S Tor 3 4 U Hausvogtei Platz U Markisches Museum Mohren Straße U U Spittelmarkt U Stadtmitte U Heirch-Heine-Straße S Ostbahnhof Potsdamer Platz S U Potsdamer Platz 5 S U Koch Straße Warschauer Straße Anhalter Bahnhof U SS Moritzplatz U Warschauer Mendelssohn- U Straße Bartholdy-Park U Kottbusser Schlesisches Tor U U Mockernbrucke U Gorlitzer U Prinzen Straße Tor U Gleisdreieck U Hallesches Tor Bahnhof U Mehringdamm 400 METRES Berlin wall - - - U Schonlein Straße Download five Eyewitnesses describe Stasi file and discover Maps and video podtours Guardian Berlin Wall what it was like to wake the plans had been films from iTunes to up to a divided city, with made for her life. Many 1. Bernauer Strasse Construction and escapes take with you to the the wall slicing through put their lives at risk city to use as audio- their lives, cutting them trying to oppose the 2. Brandenburg gate visual guides on your off from family and regime. Plus Guardian Life on both sides of the iPod or mp3 player. friends.
    [Show full text]
  • The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 by Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke August 2011
    Special CWIHP Research Report The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 By Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke August 2011 Forty-four years after the Berlin Wall was built and 15 years after the East German archives were opened, reliable data on the number of people killed at the Wall were still lacking. Depending on the sources, purpose, and date of the studies, the figures varied between 78 (Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations in Salzgitter), 86 (Berlin Public Prosecution Service), 92 (Berlin Police President), 122 (Central Investigation Office for Government and Unification Criminality), and more than 200 deaths (Working Group 13 August). The names of many of the victims, their biographies and the circumstances in which they died were widely unknown.1 This special CWIHP report summarizes the findings of a research project by the Center for Research on Contemporary History Potsdam and the Berlin Wall Memorial Site and Documentation Center which sought to establish the number and identities of the individuals who died at the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989 and to document their lives and deaths through historical and biographical research.2 Definition In order to provide reliable figures, the project had to begin by developing clear criteria and a definition of what individuals are to be considered victims at the Berlin Wall. We regard the “provable causal and spatial connection of a death with an attempted escape or a direct or indirect cause or lack of action by the ‘border organs’ in the border territory” as the critical factor. In simpler terms: the criteria are either an attempted escape or a temporal and spatial link between the death and the border regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with J.D. Bindenagel
    Library of Congress Interview with J.D. Bindenagel The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR J.D. BINDENAGEL Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: February 3, 1998 Copyright 2002 ADST Q: Today is February 3, 1998. The interview is with J.D. Bindenagel. This is being done on behalf of The Association for Diplomatic Studies. I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. J.D. and I are old friends. We are going to include your biographic sketch that you included at the beginning, which is really quite full and it will be very useful. I have a couple of questions to begin. While you were in high school, what was your interest in foreign affairs per se? I know you were talking politics with Mr. Frank Humphrey, Senator Hubert Humphrey's brother, at the Humphrey Drugstore in Huron, South Dakota, and all that, but how about foreign affairs? BINDENAGEL: I grew up in Huron, South Dakota and foreign affairs in South Dakota really focused on our home town politician Senator and Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey. Frank, Hubert Humphrey's brother, was our connection to Washington, DC, and the center of American politics. We followed Hubert's every move as Senator and Vice President; he of course was very active in foreign policy, and the issues that concerned South Dakota's farmers were important to us. Most of farmers' interests were in their wheat sales, and when we discussed what was happening with wheat you always had to talk about the Russians, who were buying South Dakota wheat.
    [Show full text]
  • 50Th Anniversary of the Berlin Wall
    Berlin Brats Alumni Association Newsletter August 2011 Volume 7, Issue 1 Wreaths laid down in front of a preserved segment of the Berlin Wall near the memorial site at Bernauer Strasse in Berlin on August 13, 2011 in Berlin. Berlin marks the 50th anniversary of the construction of the Berlin Wall on Saturday. AFP 50th Anniversary of the Berlin Wall Berlin marks 50th Wall anniversary with minute of silence Agence France-Presse 9:15 pm | Saturday, August 13th, 2011 These included Ida Siekmann, 58, the first known Berlin Wall victim who fell to her death when jumping to the West from BERLIN—Berlin on Saturday marked the 50th anniversary of the day the third story of a building on August 22, 1961. the Berlin Wall started to go up with a memorial service and a minute And Chris Gueffroy, 20, the last victim, shot dead on February of silence in memory of those who died trying to flee to the West. 6, 1989 — nine months before the Wall fell — while trying to German President Christian Wulff, Chancellor Angela Merkel, who swim across a canal. grew up in the East, and Berlin mayor Klaus Wowereit attended a The Wall was born in the early hours of Sunday August 13, nationally televised commemoration followed by a ecumenical 1961, a day chosen by East German authorities as that most church service at a chapel built where the Wall stood for 28 years. likely to catch people by surprise as they enjoyed a Flags flew at half mast on the Reichstag (parliament) and church bells summer day off.
    [Show full text]
  • Johannes Fried, Historian of the Middle Ages. a Tribute
    JOHANNES FRIED, HISTORIAN OF THE MIDDLE AGES. A TRIBUTE John Van Engen Johannes Fried is a sympathetic colleague, a gentle man, and a humane friend. He is also, and no less, a passionate historian and an engaged conversationalist on all things historical and human. Born in Hamburg during the War (1942), he studied History under Peter Classen at Heidelberg (as well as German philology and polit- ical science). Through all his years as a professor, first briefly at Cologne, then for twenty-seven years at Frankfurt, he has lived in Heidelberg with his inseparable companion, intellectual partner, and devoted wife Sigrid. Fried’s dissertation, com- pleted in 1970 and published in 1974, explored the emergence of a class of univer- sity-trained lawyers (“Juristenstand”) as judges and administrators in north Italian cities. This book, based on numerous documents, with the key term in its title ech- oing a distinct class early modern German society, identified that point in medieval urban society when the new learning of Bologna and the schools first intersected with a new political class in the Italian communes, this evident from the late twelfth century onwards. That intersection of university and society, of learning with life or practice, would remain a central theme in Fried’s subsequent work, if explored in all differing variations. Following Classen’s too early death, Fried edited a volume of his selected essays as well as his “Doktorvaterʼs” important studies on “Learning and Society”, a subject Classen had taken up amidst battles over university govern- ance and curriculum waged during the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • US Army, Berlin, 1961-1994
    COLD WARRIORS, GOOD NEIGHBORS, SMART POWER: U.S. ARMY, BERLIN, 1961-1994 Rex A. Childers A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2015 Committee: Beth A. Griech-Polelle, Advisor Marc V. Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Bill Allison Michael E. Brooks © 2015 Rex Childers All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor The end of the Cold War and the manner in which it was “won” by the Allied nations ignited debate over the utility of military power as a source of American leadership in the new unipolar world. A popular theme arose, that a new form of state power, soft power, had the capacity to achieve America’s interests as it prepared to enter the 21st century. The idea that expensive and dangerous technologies could be replaced by investments in peaceful means of influence, wielded by America’s foreign policy professionals to foster a new cooperative spirit in the world, was naturally attractive. The United States could be relieved of much of its global military presence and reduce its military’s intrusions upon foreign people and their cultures. This dissertation challenges the assumption that the impact of military stationing in the Cold War was limited to hard power. In the case of the U.S. Army in Berlin, the unit and its members practiced civic, social, cultural, and political behaviors that meet the criteria of the post-Cold War branded term, soft power. In their daily interactions with Berliners, they exercised the full spectrum of foreign policy smart power tools, as Cold Warrior defenders of West Berlin and in compliance with U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Berliner Mauer Und Innerdeutsche Grenze Bestandsverzeichnis Aus Der Bibliothek Der Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung
    Berliner Mauer und innerdeutsche Grenze Bestandsverzeichnis aus der Bibliothek der Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung In der Nacht zum 13. August 1961 begann die Abriegelung der Grenze zu den Berliner Westsektoren durch das SED-Regime. Mit einem Großaufgebot an Einsatzkräften von Volks- und Grenzpolizei sowie Betriebskampfgruppen der SED wurden Verbindungs- straßen aufgerissen, Spanische Reiter und Stacheldrahtverhaue errichtet und der öffentliche Nahverkehr zwischen den beiden Stadtteilen dauerhaft unterbrochen. In den folgenden Tagen und Wochen wurden die provisorischen Stacheldrahtsperren unter scharfer Bewachung durch DDR-Grenzposten mit einer Mauer aus Hohlblock- steinen und Betonplatten ersetzt. Walter Ulbricht hatte sein Ziel erreicht. Der letzte noch offene Fluchtweg in den Westen war geschlossen und die bis dahin stetig wachsende Fluchtbewegung aus der DDR gestoppt. Die Berliner Mauer existierte über 28 Jahre lang und wurde zum Symbol für das menschenverachtende Regime in der DDR-Diktatur und zum Symbol der Deutschen Teilung und des Kalten Krieges. Die Mauer stand zudem für die Unerbittlichkeit eines Regimes, das auch vor Todesschüssen auf Flüchtlinge nicht zurückschreckte. Die vorliegende Bibliographie umfasst sämtliche Monographien, Broschüren und audiovisuellen Medien aus dem Bestand der Stiftungsbibliothek, die sich dem Themenkomplex Berliner Mauer und innerdeutsche Grenze widmen. Das Verzeichnis ist in folgende Rubriken gegliedert: Mauerbau und Vorgeschichte ● Leben mit der Mauer ● Innerdeutsche Grenze ● Flucht und Opfer der Mauer/innerdeutschen Grenze ● Grenze und Fluchtbewegung vor 1961 ● Gedenkstätten und Erinnerung ● Ausreise Mauerbau und Vorgeschichte 3 x durch den Zaun. Bonn: Büro Bonner Berichte, 1963. Signatur: F 9591 13. August 1961. Bonn: Kuratorium Unteilbares Deutschland, 1961. Signatur: F 9963 13. August 1961. 2., überarb. Aufl. Bonn: Gesamtdt. Inst., 1986. (Seminarmaterial des Gesamtdeutschen Instituts).
    [Show full text]
  • The Credibility of Public and Private Signals: a Document-Based Approach
    The CrEDIBILITY OF Public AND Private Signals: A Document-Based ApprOACH ∗ Azusa Katagiri AND Eric Min Nanyang TECHNOLOGICAL University AND Center FOR INTERNATIONAL Security AND Cooperation, StanforD University April 24, 2018 AbstrACT Crisis bargaining literature has predominantly used formal and qualitative methods to de- bate the relative efficacy of actions, public words, and private words. These approaches have overlooked the reality that policymakers are bombarded with information and struggle to adduce actual signals from endless noise. Events are therefore more effective than any diplo- matic communication in shaping elites' perceptions. Moreover, while ostensibly \costless," private messages provide a more precise communication channel than public and \costly" pro- nouncements. Over 18,000 documents from the Berlin Crisis of 1958-1963 reflecting private statements, public statements, and White House evaluations of Soviet resolve are digitized and processed using statistical learning techniques to evaluate these claims. Results indicate that costly actions have greater influence on White House beliefs than either public or pri- vate statements; that public statements are noisier than private statements; and that private statements have a larger effect on evaluations of resolve than public statements. ∗Authors' e-mails: [email protected] and [email protected]. Names are in alphabetical order. We thank Ken Schultz, Jim Fearon, Scott Sagan, Justin Grimmer, Janet Box-Steffensmeier, Jeffrey Friedman, Robert Gulotty, and the participants of the 2015 Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology (Rochester, NY), 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (San Francisco, CA), 2017 Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (Baltimore, MD), and 2017 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association (Chicago, IL) for their thoughtful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • 140 Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961 – 1989
    August 2017 Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke 140 Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961 – 1989 Fugitives who were either shot, suffered a fatal accident or took their own lives at the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989; individuals from the East and the West who did not intend to flee but were killed or suffered a fatal accident on the border grounds Name Born Died Circumstances of death 1961 Ida Siekmann 23.08.1902 22.08.1961 Killed in an accident while trying to escape. Günter Litfin 19.01.1937 24.08.1961 Shot dead while trying to escape Roland Hoff 19.03.1934 29.08.1961 Shot dead while trying to escape Rudolf Urban 06.06.1914 17.09.1961 Died as a result of injuries incurred while trying to escape Olga Segler 31.07.1881 26.09.1961 Died as a result of injuries incurred while trying to escape Bernd Lünser 11.03.1939 04.10.1961 Fatally wounded under fire while trying to escape Udo Düllick 03.08.1936 05.10.1961 Drowned under fire while trying to escape Werner Probst 18.06.1936 14.10.1961 Shot dead while trying to escape Lothar Lehmann 28.01.1942 26.11.1961 Drowned while trying to escape Dieter Wohlfahrt 27.05.1941 09.12.1961 Shot as an escape helper while supporting others in their escape attempts Ingo Krüger 31.01.1940 11.12.1961 Drowned while trying to escape Georg Feldhahn 12.08.1941 19.12.1961 Drowned while trying to escape 1962 Dorit Schmiel 25.04.1941 19.02.1962 Shot dead while trying to escape.
    [Show full text]