History Newsletter Center for History of Physics & Niels Bohr Library & Archives

HISTORY NEWSLETTER CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS & NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES

Volume 49 (2017), Number 1

ON THE ORIGINS OF “WE ARE STARDUST” By Jacob Berkowitz

We’re all familiar with the term, made pop- in the atmosphere of a red giant star. With tailed description of technetium’s spectrum. ular by astronomer Carl Sagan, folk singer a half-life of only tens of thousands to sev- Technetium, element 43, was only isolated Joni Mitchell, and countless inspirational eral millions of years, astrophysicists quickly and identified in 1936, the first human made posters and billboards—we are stardust. Yet, surmised that the only way technetium, el- element, thus its name, Greek for artificial. how do we know that we’re stardust? Put ement 43, could be in the star as if it were Meggers was one of the world’s leading another way, what’s the observational evi- making the element—and by extension, spectroscopists and in 1948-1949 he spent dence that we’re made of elements forged most other elements of the Periodic Table. months painstakingly identifying techne- in dying stars (the topic of my tium’s spectral lines and atom- next book)? Part of it can be ic energy levels. found in the Niels Bohr Library & Archives of the American In- Meggers’ massive (more than stitute of Physics 100 linear feet) and detailed collection of correspon- I became interested in the dence—including letters from stardust origins question while his childhood and home mov- writing my previous book, ies—is in the AIP Niels Bohr The Stardust Revolution, which Library & Archives. I’d read chronicles the history of astro- Merrill’s correspondence with biology. When it comes to the Meggers, in the Merrill collec- discovery of the expanding tion at the Huntington Library universe, we’re quick to point in Pasadena. Now I wanted to astronomer Edwin Hubble’s Meggers’ perspective. I found iconic observations of galaxies gems. One in particular reaf- with greater and greater red- firms the value of basic physics shift the further away they are. research.

I think the observational evi- In a May 25, 1949 letter to Je- dence for our stardust origins suit Father Alois Gatterer, a was discovered by one of Ed- spectroscopist at the Vatican win Hubble’s Mount Wilson Ob- Observatory, Meggers wrote: servatory colleagues: Paul Wil- lard Merrill. Hubble provided “At present, I am making de- the observational evidence for scriptions of the arc and spark cosmic expansion, Merrill for spectra of artificial elements cosmic evolution. (Evolution in having atomic numbers 43 the way biologists, rather than Paul Merrill of Mount Wilson Observatory, courtesy of Emilio Segrè Visual Archives. and 61. We now have several astrophysicists, use the term). thousand new spectral lines So how did Merrill know how to spot tech- with wave lengths measured to +/-0.01A, In a nutshell, the observational clincher for netium in a star light years away? Here’s but it is doubtful if they ever have any prac- our stardust origins was Merrill’s 1951 de- where we come to the Niels Bohr Library & tical value.” tection—using a spectrogram, taken by the Archives. It was Merrill’s one-time Bureau newly minted Palomar telescope—of the of Standards (now NIST) colleague William This from the man who gave Merrill the eyes, short-lived radioactive element technetium Meggers who’d recently published a de- so to speak, to see our stardust origins.

AIP Member Societies: Acoustical Society of America • American Association of Physicists in Medicine • American Association of Physics Teachers • American Astronomical Society • American Crystallographic Association • American Meteorological Society • American Physical Society • AVS: Science and Technology of Materials, Interfaces, and Processing • The Optical Society • The Society of Rheology IN THIS ISSUE...

The American Institute of Physics’ History Programs are seeking to raise major gifts to build capacity by strengthening programs that currently have partial support and to ensure On the Origins of “We Are Stardust” 1 their sustainability for the long term. The programs include acquisition of the Wenner Collection, the Lyne Starling Trimble AAPT’s Committee on History & Philosophy in Physics 4 Science Heritage Public Lecture Series, Grants-in-Aid, Grants Anton Pannekoek (1873-1960): Marxist and Astronomer ...... 4 to Archives, and the Emerging Technologies Fund—all of which are instrumental in making widely known the human face of Stellar Year for Donations to the Niels Bohr Library ...... 7 science and the physical sciences’ impact on modern life. New Collection of USNS Kane Maiden Scientific Voyage Photographs ...... 8

Exhibits in the Library 10

New Staff at the Center for History of Physics 11 The Wenner Collection

Documentation Preserved 12 Goal: To acquire the rare books and archives in the David Wenner Collection, including 3,800 titles in the history of physics, highlighting Ptolemy, Galileo, Haygens, Halley, Newton, Laplace, and many more leading scientists. Friends of the Center for History of Physics ...... 17

Trimble Lectures AIP History Programs intend to use a portion of the funds toward fully endowing the Lyne Starling Trimble Science Heritage Public Lecture Series. The series was partially endowed at $100,000 from Professor Virginia Trimble, in memory of her father, who was an innovative chemist, and will be fully endowed at $500,000. The lecture series is an important public outreach initiative featuring prominent science historians and writers who aim to highlight the important roles that science plays in modern society and culture.

Grants-in-Aid & Grants to Archives The Grants-in-Aid and Grants to Archives programs fund research in the history of physics and allied sciences (such as astronomy, geophysics, and optics) and their humanistic interactions. These programs have assisted more than 250 scholars to produce dozens of publications and helped archives make 69 major collections available for research. The programs are partially funded by AIP and endowment income. The Institute aims to expand the programs and complete its endowment of these programs through this campaign.

Emerging Technologies The Emerging Technologies Fund allows AIP History Programs to keep current with digital technologies. The goal is to satisfy the growing demand for robust online, interactive resources and to make our collections more available to the global community of scholars and historians. New technologies will also enable staff to preserve and digitize the rarest, most fragile books and documents in AIP’s history collections.

2 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs AAPT’S COMMITTEE ON HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS to make a slight detour and visit the Harvard By Harvey S. Leff, Past-Chair, HPP, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona and Reed College University Archives.

When I arrived in College Park, I immedi- The mission of AAPT’s Committee on History sored a session, The History of Accelerator intelligence called Breakthrough Listen, its ately started looking through the massive & Philosophy in Physics (HPP) is to promote Physics. Gabriela Quiros, a reporter for KQED current observational status, early results amount of microfilm reels and microfiche interest in the history and philosophy of in San Francisco, spoke and showed the film, and plans for the future. cards that formed the SHMA. In some cases, physics among the Association members, “Homegrown Particle Accelerators,” tracing I was slightly disappointed by the amount of work towards the preservation and deep- the history of particle accelerator develop- Gerald Harp from the SETI Institute spoke on correspondence between Pannekoek and a ening of a historical perspective in physics ment—from Lawrence’s cyclotron at the “Radio SETI Observations at the SETI Insti- colleague. In the case of Russell, for exam- education at all levels, develop increased University of California, Berkeley to the Bev- tute.” He reviewed results from SETI search- ple, I only found a single exchange of letters sensitivity among members to the need to atron and beyond. es spanning decades of observing, and the where Pannekoek asks Russell for more de- preserve careful records of current happen- conclusions drawn to date. tail on data he had published, which he duly ings, and cooperate, as appropriate, with William Barletta, from USPAS, MIT and UCLA, provided. In many other cases, however, AIP’s Center for the History of Physics and spoke on “Focus on Invention: Accelerator there was a lot more than I had anticipated. APS’s Forum on the History of Physics. Here Developments in Lawrence’s Laboratory.” In the correspondence of Otto Struve, for Some of the microfilms used by Chaokang Tai at AIP. Photo courtesy of Chaokang Tai. are some of its recent activities. He outlined developments at the University example, I not only found letters with Pan- of California, Berkeley campus in the 1930s, nekoek, but also letters exchanged with Bart The HPP sponsored a session, The Cold War and at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Cen- Bok discussing the topics of the 1935 Har- at its Winter 2017 meeting in Atlanta, Geor- ter, in Menlo Park in the 1970s. These were vard Summer School where Pannekoek was gia. John Krige from the Georgia Institute Of precursors to the Large Hadron Collider. one of the teachers. Another great find was Technology spoke on “Atoms for Peace – Or a short clip shot by Leo Goldberg of Panne- for Proliferation.” He addressed the question, Herman Winick, from the SLAC National Ac- koek and Marcel Minnaert reading through a “Did Atoms for Peace make the world a safer celerator Laboratory, spoke on “Synchrotron proposal for the 1948 IAU General Assembly place, or did it contribute to the spread of Light Sources; Then and Now.” He discussed in Zurich. This was the first time I had ever nuclear weapons beyond U.S. control?” the 50+ synchrotron light sources now in seen moving images of Pannekoek. operation around the world, including facili- Krige’s colleague at Georgia Tech, Kristie ties in Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan. The most interesting correspondence I Macrakis, spoke on “Our Machine in Hava- found was that between Hertzsprung and na: The Cuban Missile Crisis and Espionage”. The HPP also co-sponsored a session with Pannekoek, which started all the way back She argued that it was not U-2 spy planes AAPT’s Committee on Space Science and Visit the American in 1907 when Pannekoek was working in that simply discovered the missiles, but Astronomy at the Summer 2016 meeting on Berlin as teacher in historical materialism for Laurence Marschall passing on unique historical material to Chaokang Tai at AIP. Photo courtesy of rather that the Central Intelligence Agency Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Association of Physics the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), Chaokang Tai. used intelligence from Cuban refugees and Teachers website at and lasted until the 1950s when they both subsequently verified the existence of medi- Andrew Siemion from the University of Cal- reached their 70th birthday. The early cor- astrophysics, so it was great to exchange problems, an indication that he was under um-range missiles on Cuba with the U-2 spy ifornia at Berkeley spoke on “Beyond the respondence mostly concerned research thoughts about parallel developments of no immediate threat. The most fascinating plane. Singularity: The Search for Extraterrestrial www.aapt.org topics, such as photographic plates of Aqui- astrophysics in Europe and the US and the story, however, revolved around Elsa van Technologies and the Break-through Listen la that Hertzsprung made for Pannekoek, or significance of Pannekoek’s work. Dien, a Dutch Jewish student of Pannekoek, At the AAPT Summer 2016 meeting in Sac- Initiative.” He elaborated on the 10-year, Pannekoek’s early naked eye measurements who received a scholarship in 1939 to finish ramento, California, the Committee spon- 100-million-dollar search for extraterrestrial of the periodicity of the Pole Star. Later on, I spent the second week of my research trip her doctoral research at Radcliffe College. however, as both become directors of their in Cambridge, MA, where I visited the Har- Before she could sail to the US, however, the own astronomical institutes, administra- vard University Archives, the MIT Archives, war broke out and she had to go into hiding. tive topics come more to the forth, like the and the Schlesinger Library on the History of After the war, she received another scholar- ANTON PANNEKOEK (1873-1960): MARXIST AND ASTRONOMER exchange of students, the founding of a Women in America. The most important cor- ship and worked at Harvard for two years. By Chaokang Tai, Ph.D. Candidate, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam national astronomy journal, or who should respondence I found at Harvard was the one After a short research trip to the Dominion be suggested as new member for the Royal exchanged between Harlow Shapley and Observatory near Vancouver, Canada, how- Academy of Sciences. Pannekoek, which spanned several decades ever, she was denied access back to the US I first learned of the AIP Niels Bohr Library & development of astronomy and astrophysics throughout Europe and the US. I was de- and contained letters about photographic as her visa had expired. With the help of a Archives when I was searching for correspon- during the first half of the twentieth century. lighted therefore, when I found out that, as The highlight of my trip to College Park plates to be taken at the Boyden Observa- young John F. Kennedy, the Harvard astron- dence of American astronomers with Dutch part of the Sources for the History of Modern was when I met with David DeVorkin of the tory, the 1935 Harvard Summer School, and omers tried unsuccessfully to obtain another astronomer and Marxist Anton Pannekoek In my search, I quickly found that Pannekoek Astrophysics, many of these letters were col- Smithsonian National Air and Space Muse- the Harvard Tercentenary celebrations the visa for her. (1873-1960). Much has already been written had many correspondences with prominent lected in microform format in a single repos- um and Laurence Marschall of Gettysburg following year, where Pannekoek received by historians on Pannekoek, but this litera- astronomers such as Henry Norris Russell, itory. This is a major advantage because the College. Marschal had studied Pannekoek in an honorary doctorate. There were also let- I am very grateful for the Grant-in-Aid pro- ture almost exclusively discusses his import- Harlow Shapley, Ted Dunham Jr., Ejnar Hertz- amount of letters exchanged and the topics detail himself in the 1980s, but his research ters written to Shapley by colleagues who vided by the Center for the History of Phys- ant role in the development of socialism in sprung, Karl Schwarzschild, and others. A discussed are often unclear in advance. From never led to a publication. He brought along were concerned that Pannekoek would be ics. It allowed me to find a wealth of infor- the first two decades of the twentieth centu- couple of Pannekoek’s main correspondents the Center for History of Physics, I received a his notes and letters that he received from targeted by the Germans during the Second mation that would have otherwise remained ry. Pannekoek’s equally important significant worked at Harvard, so their letters could be Grant-in-Aid that allowed me to travel to Col- students and family of Pannekoek, a wealth World War as a result of his communist back- outside of my reach and it has provided me contributions to astronomy are almost en- found at their University Archives. Most of lege Park and visit the Niels Bohr Library & of information that will greatly benefit my ground. Shapley was able to reassure them with a greatly enhanced understanding of tirely neglected. In my PhD research, I try to the other correspondence, however, was Archives to conduct my research. As an add- own research. DeVorkin, meanwhile, is an by showing them letters in which Pannekoek the astronomical community in the first half uncover what Pannekoek contributed to the spread out over many different universities ed bonus, this also made it possible for me authority in the field of early quantitative was still mainly concerned with astronomical of the twentieth century.

4 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 5 STELLAR YEAR FOR DONATIONS TO THE NIELS BOHR LIBRARY By Allison Rein, Assistant Director for Special Collections

The Niels Bohr Library & Archives was very ume focuses on thoughts and discussion on the history of the physical sciences. Some privileged to receive an important new col- the atmosphere, while the second focuses books, written for the general public and lection of books at the end of 2016. Dr. Sil- on variations in temperature, humidity, and focused on long ignored contributors to van (Sam) Schweber of Brandeis University, atmospheric electricity. The third volume, scientific discovery, like Hidden Figures: The a physicist and one of the most notable his- published in 1836, is quite rare, but the Li- American Dream and the Untold Story of the torians of physics in the country donated brary would love to have the complete set Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped over 700 books from his personal library. We one day. Win the Space Race by Margo Lee Shetterly are sorry to note that Dr. Schweber recently and The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the passed away. His influence in the history of The Niels Bohr Library contains thousands of Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the physics, however, will live on in this collec- rare books on the history of modern physics Stars by Dava Sobel received a great deal of tion, in his many writings, and through the and related fields. The bulk of the collection popular acclaim. Other books, like Inventing work of the many historians he mentored. was printed between 1850 and 1950. The Atmospheric Science: Bjerknes, Rossby, Wexler, collection ranges from the discovery of the and the Foundations of Modern Meteorology Please stay tuned for more about this collec- electron and the expanding universe to the by James Rodger Fleming and Reality Is Not tion as we start unpacking and adding the history of relativity and quantum theory. It What It Seems: The Journey to Quantum Grav- books to our catalog. includes such monographs as the 1846 Traité ity by Carlo Rovelli, received less media at- Complet de Magnétisme by Antoine César tention, but are no less important additions In addition to Dr. Schweber’s donation the Becquerel (Henri Becquerel’s grandfather), to the collection. library received a wide range of new mate- the 1918 and 1920 editions of Report on the rials this year, with the bulk of the resources Relativity Theory of Gravitation by A.S. Edding- In addition to purchases, the most essen- coming in from donations. Some of the pur- ton, the 1928 An Introduction to Crystal Anal- tial building of the book collection comes chases included such rare books as the Phys- ysis by Sir William Bragg, and 1839-1855 Ex- through donations. Being without a li- ical Atlas of Natural Phenomena by Alexander perimental Researches in Electricity by Michael brarian for most of 2016 put us behind on Keith Johnston, 1850, an early example of a Faraday. In addition to monographs, the cataloging these donations. Though most physical atlas that covers a range of topics in- Library also has extensive pamphlet collec- donations are no more than a few boxes, cluding: geophysics, hydrography, meteorol- tions, including an important collection the every new addition improves the range and ogy, botany, natural history and ethnology. relativity/anti-relativity disputes of the 1920s. comprehensiveness of our collection. We’re We also purchased the first two volumes of In 2002 the library microfilmed nearly 2,000 hoping to start modifying the collection pol- the three-volume set of Lehrbuch der Meteo- rare and brittle books to ensure the long- icy to improve our collections of some ne- rologie by Ludwig Friedrich Kämtz, published term preservation of this unique collection. glected topics. We are particularly looking The Niels Bohr Library & Archives at the American What type of books do we collect? in 1831 and 1832. Kämtz was a German phys- for donations of books about science policy, Institute of Physics continues to seek book dona- icist, considered to be one of the founders of The library focused the bulk of its purchas- science pedagogy and education, and in- tions. We are especially looking for books in our • Textbooks meteorology and geophysics. The first vol- ing on newly published books, especially dustrial physics. • Lab manuals and other instructional materials allied fields of rheology, crystallography, optics, • Instrument catalogs acoustics, meteorology, and physics in medicine. • Published correspondence Your book donations in these fields will help us • Biographies and history of science monographs with our goal of documenting and promoting the • Institutional histories history of the physical sciences and allied fields in • Conference proceedings the 19th and 20th centuries.

Successive editions of texts and conference proceedings are of particular importance to us.

Through collecting books that document the history of science, the Niels Bohr Library & Archives aims to preserve this valuable information for future generations and to provide access for researchers.

We appreciate your help in preserving historical documentation and we will reimburse shipping costs.

Please contact Allison Rein at [email protected] or [email protected] if you have any questions or books you wish to donate.

Phone: 301-209-3177

Niels Bohr Library & Archives • American Institute of Physics • 1 Physics Ellipse • College Park, MD 20740, USA Boxes of donated books awaiting cataloging. Photos by NBLA staff.

6 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 7 NEW COLLECTION OF USNS KANE MAIDEN SCIENTIFIC VOYAGE PHOTOGRAPHS By Bill Woodward, donor, & Audrey Lengel, AIP Photo Librarian

The Emilio Segrè Visual Archives recently ac- quired a new collection of over 200 photographic negatives taken in 1968 aboard the maiden scientific voyage of the USNS Kane, a 285 ft. oceanographic research and hydro- graphic survey ship. The negatives were donated by the photographer, Bill Woodward, currently the NOAA Integrated Ocean Ob- serving System (IOOS) ATN Network Coor- dinator, who was a member of the scientific team on that 4 month USNS Kane maiden voyage. Since 1968, these negatives were kept safe by Woodward in peanut tins, and are in remarkably good condition.

The scientific team on this voyage aboard the Kane was led by the noted authority on marine geology, Bruce Heezen, of the Lam- ont Geological Observatory. The cruise mis- Marie Tharp with Marty Weiss and Al Ballard in the recording lab. Team with bottom camera “Big Baduba”. sion was to gather evidence to help to “un- ravel the history of the Atlantic Ocean floor,” including the theory of continental drift. Dr. Heezen remarked accurately at the time that our results “will go down in history in the ex- ploration of the Atlantic Ocean.” Bruce Heezen & Marie Tharp watching the real-time Atlantic bottom seismic data on the plotter.

These newly-unearthed photographs of- fer a personal glimpse into life at sea on an historic scientific expedition, with shots of the ship, crew, and the fascinating array of tools—including the new, at the time, DEC PDP-8 computer—used to gather and pro- cess geological and geophysical data.

Staff at the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives are working to re-house, preserve, digitize, and catalog the full collection of negatives so they will be available to scholars of scientific history well into the future. Look for the full collection of photographs, available soon on our online photo database.

Explore more than 30,000 photos of scientists and their from ESVA at photos.aip.org

Bill Woodward with seismic hydrophone arrays. Early morning work on deck. All photos courtesy of Bill Woodward.

8 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 9 EXHIBITS IN THE LIBRARY By Amanda Nelson, Archivist, and Sarah Cochrane, Assistant Archivist

Did you know that there are two exhibit cases in the Niels Bohr Library reading room that NEW STAFF AT THE CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS are changed out at least once a year to dis- By Amanda Nelson, Archivist, and Greg Good, CHP Director play some of the records, oral histories, photographs, and books from the Niels Bohr Li- brary & Archives? We choose topics or events We are pleased to announce that Sarah Cochrane was promoted in January to the position of happening in the physical sciences, both past and present, and use our collections to show Assistant Archivist in the Niels Bohr Library & Archives. Sarah has been part of the archives team how wide-ranging our archives and library as an archives assistant and project assistant since 2015, and we are thrilled to welcome her as are. March was Women’s History Month, so part of our full-time professional staff. She recently graduated from the University of Maryland the staff created a new exhibit called “Pio- iSchool with her MLIS. Sarah is now the archivist accessioning new collections and working neers in Physics Her-story” to recognize some of the women who have had an impact on with our AV collections, along with other archival tasks such as processing and digitizing. Her Sarah Cochrane their fields. While there were many to choose work from her time as an assistant on the expansion of our Array of Contemporary American from, we chose to highlight one woman Physicists (ACAP) into a more inclusive and interlinked resource now called the Physics History from each of AIP’s ten member societies. The Network (PHN) will be highlighted at a poster presentation with Archivist Amanda Nelson at women chosen represent society presidents, AIP Member Society Representatives. Photo by NBLA staff. this summer’s Society of American Archivists annual meeting. members, and honorary members. For each woman, the staff selected photographs, records, and books by and about the subject. We are pleased to welcome Emily Martin to the archives team as our new part-time Archives We also wrote short biographies, and in some Assistant. Emily has a BA in Russian history from George Mason University and is beginning a Emily Martin cases, pulled interesting quotes from oral his- dual Masters in Library Science and History at the University of Maryland in fall 2017. She will tory interviews that some of the women have given about their influences or why they be working on processing and describing collections, digitization projects, and adding new chose to go into their respective field. biographies and institutional histories to our PHN resource.

Additionally, the library and archives staff put The History Center welcomes Samantha Thompson and Stephen Neal as doctoral dissertation together a temporary showcase of archival fellows. They will be working for the rest of 2017 as part of the NASA-funded oral history project treasures for the AIP Member Society Rep- Samantha Thompson resentatives who attended the 2017 Annual on heliophysics. Samantha is a student at Arizona State University. Her dissertation examines Meeting of the Corporation in March. For this the development and promotion of electronic imaging devices in twentieth century astrono- exhibition, we pulled examples of photo- my, questioning how eager and willing scientists are to accept new technologies into their pro- graphs and archival materials for each Mem- fession. Stephen is a student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His dissertation centers on ber Society, including old member directo- ries, original constitutions, meeting minute the International Biological Programme of the 1960s and 1970s, an expansive and coordinated books, and brochures. During the brief exhi- Treasures selected from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives collections relating to the American Institutes of effort at ecological monitoring around the globe. bition, the Member Society representatives Physics’ ten Member Societies. Photo by NBLA staff. Stephen Neal could look around the reading room, ask staff The History Center also welcomes Dr. Gabriel Henderson as our new post-doctoral fellow/asso- questions, and see some of the societies’ his- ciate historian. Gabe will be with us for the next three years. He earned his Ph.D. from Michigan tories. State University and was for the last few years a post-doc at the University of Aarhus in Den- The staff enjoy showing off our collections mark. He is currently revising a book manuscript on the roles of U.S. geophysicists in environ- and giving people a glimpse into the types of mental policy in the 1960s and 1970s. At AIP he is developing an oral history project on climate collections we hold in the library and archives science, contributing to the NASA heliophysics oral history project, and helping to organize the that are available for their use. Over the sum- Gabriel Henderson mer, the library will be hosting two Society 2018 AIP Early Careers Conference for the History of Physical Science. of Physics Students interns who will be put- ting together a new exhibit. We’re interested Lastly, the History Center welcomes back Lance Burch, a student of Ron Doel’s at Florida State, in seeing how these budding physicists look who worked last year on the Teachers Guides on the History of Women and African Americans at our collections as they decide what they’d in the Physical Sciences. This year Lance is preparing a new AIP web exhibit on the voyage of like to showcase that they find interesting both in our reading room and with accom- the Vema, Columbia University’s oceanographic research vessel that explored marine geology panying social media and web outreach. The and paleomagnetism in the 1960s and 1970s. Lance Burch “Pioneers in Physics Her-story” exhibit will re- main on display until the next exhibit is ready for installation. Member Society Representatives visiting the Treasures of the Archives exhibit. Photo by NBLA staff.

10 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 11 Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archives. JPL Archive, MS 512-110, Three Mile Island nuclear power plant videotapes. Collection 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA dates: 1979-1990. Size: 3733 video cassettes.

DOCUMENTATION PRESERVED Voyager Project Office documents collection. Collection dates: Albert L. Myerson papers. Collection dates: 1942-circa 1989. Size: Compiled by Amanda Nelson, Archivist, Niels Bohr Library & Archives 1973-1990. Size: 1.2 cubic feet (4 boxes). 2 linear feet.

Galileo Project records. Collection dates: September 1977-February 1988. Size: 1.7 cubic feet. Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and Our report of new collections or new finding aids is based on our regular survey of archives and University Archives. Stanford, CA 94305, USA other repositories. Many of the collections are new accessions, which may not be processed, and Earth Observing System records. Collection dates: 1988-1990. we also include previously reported collections that now have an online finding aid available. Size: 1.66 cubic feet (5 boxes). Growing pains of physics at Stanford. Collection dates: 2011. Size: Video recording: 2 video files. To learn more about any of the collections listed below, use the International Catalog of Sources Ulysses Project records. Collection dates: August 1977-December for History of Physics and Allied Sciences at www.aip.org/history/icos. You can search in a variety 1988. Size: 18.3 cubic feet. Oral history interview with Arthur Bienenstock. Collection dates: of ways, including by author or by repository. 2014 February 19 and May 25. Size: Transcript: 108 pages. Audio Surveyor Project documents collection. Collection dates: 1966- recording: 2 audio files. Please contact the repository mentioned for information on restrictions and access to the 1971. Size: 0.3 cubic feet (12 folders). collections. Sheldon Breiner photograph collection. Collection dates: 1955- Mars Pathfinder collection. Collection dates: 1975-1998 (bulk 1987- 2008. Size: 14541 megabyte(s) (8267 computer files). 1997). Size: 26.3 cubic feet. Donald Leland Carpenter memoirs. Collection dates: 2007. Size: 1 Titan Mars 1973 collection. Collection dates: 1968-1972. Size: 0.9 megabyte. cubic feet (21 folders). Oral history interview with Theodore H. Geballe. Collection dates: NEW COLLECTIONS Bruce C. Murray collection. Collection dates: 1975-1982. Size: 0.75 2013-2014. Size: Transcript: 147 pages. cubic feet. Stanley Hanna papers. Collection dates: 1938-2002. Size: 24 linear American Philosophical Society. Library. 105 South Fifth Street, Geoffrey Chester papers. Collection dates: 1964-2014. Size: 5 cubic William H. Pickering committee organizations collection. feet (16 cartons). Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA feet. Collection dates: 1962-1970. Size: 1.03 cubic feet (22 folders). Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology website Britton Chance papers. Collection dates: 1913-2010. Size: 275.5 Cornell University Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics William Hayward Pickering records. Collection dates: February collection. Collection dates: 2010-2013. Size: 923 megabytes (2,153 files). linear feet. photographs. Collection dates: 1950-2005. Size: 7.6 cubic feet (12 1970 - March 1989. Size: 5.7 cubic feet. drawers of negatives; 125 volumes of photographs with index). William A. Little papers. Collection dates: 1967-1996. Size: 7.5 linear feet. Earth Science Projects collection. Collection dates: 1970-1991. Size: California Institute of Technology. Institute Archives. 1201 East Sidney Kaufman papers. Collection dates: circa 1930-2007. Size: 2.5 4.5 cubic feet (15 boxes). Oral history interview with William F. Miller. Collection dates: California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA cubic feet. 2009 July 10 - August 5 Size: Transcript: 161 pages. Audio recording: Project Helios documents collection. Collection dates: 1969-1986. 5 audio files. Nicholas Tschoegl papers. Size: 9 storage boxes. Robert C. Richardson papers. Collection dates: 1965-2013. Size: 50 Size: 1.2 cubic feet (4 boxes). cubic feet. Glen E. Meyers Stanford class notes. Collection dates: 1956-1962. Rochus E. Vogt papers. Size: 47 linear feet. Viking Project correspondence records. Collection dates: 1968- Size: 2.75 linear feet. 1976. Size: 4 cubic feet. Dartmouth College. Rauner Special Collections Library. Hanover, Oral history interview with Helen Quinn. Collection dates: 2014 Case Western Reserve University. Kelvin Smith Library. Special NH 03755, USA Viking Project records. Collection dates: 1969-1977 Size: 2 cubic October 07. Size: Transcript: 58 pages. Audio recording: 1 audio file. Collections. 11055 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-7151, USA feet. Oral history interview with William P. Davis. Collection dates: 1997 Oral history interview with Burton Richter. Collection dates: 2014 Cleveland Rocket Society collection. Collection dates: 1929-1965. February 19. Size: 2 sound cassettes (2 hours). May 5-8. Size: Transcript: 87 pages. Audio recording: 2 audio files. Size: 3.26 linear feet. National Academy of Sciences. 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Millet Morgan papers. Collection dates: 1937-2000. Size: 70.5 linear Washington, DC 20418, USA Gravity Probe B records. Collection dates: 1983-2008. Size: 44.75 Charles Baldwin Sawyer papers. Collection dates: 1913-1970 (bulk feet (47 boxes). linear feet (31 boxes). 1930-1960). Size: 47.94 linear feet. NRC Committee on Atmospheric Sciences records. Collection dates: 1959-1983. Size: 1.25 linear feet. Musical Acoustics Research Library (MARL) records. Collection dates: Institute for Advanced Study. Shelby White and Leon Levy 1956-2007. Size: 59.4 linear feet (138 manuscript boxes 3 card boxes). Cornell University. Carl A. Kroch Library. Division of Rare and Archives Center. 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA Project Mohole records. Collection dates: 1958-1966. Manuscript Collections. 2B Carl A Kroch Library, Ithaca, NY Stanford University Radio Astronomy Institute records. Collection 14853, USA Otto Neugebauer papers. Collection dates: 1917-1990 (bulk 1921- dates: 1965-1978. Size: 3 linear feet. 1955). Size: 13.25 linear feet (14 boxes). Pennsylvania State University. Libraries. Special Collections Norman Baker student papers. Collection dates: circa 1952-1959. Division. University Park, PA 16802, USA Stanford University School of Earth Sciences records. Collection Size: 3 cubic feet. dates: 1893-2005. Size: 18.75 linear feet. George W. Brindley papers. Collection dates: 1934-1983. Size: 5 Wilder Bancroft papers. Collection dates: 1896-1953. Size: 10.9 cubic feet. linear feet. (continued on page 14)

12 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 13 Oral history interview with George A. Thompson. Collection University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University Archives. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archives. McLean lab, MS 8, Joanne Malkus Simpson papers. Collection dates: 1951-1964. Size: dates: 2016 January 27. Size: Transcript: 50 pages. Audio recording: 1408 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 0.25 linear feet (1 box). 1 audio file. Andrew V. Granato papers. Collection dates: 1954-2013. Size: 3.0 Elizabeth T. Bunce papers. Collection dates: 1947-1989. Size: 5.5 Athlestan Frederick Spilhaus papers. Collection dates: 1942-1998. David Locke Webster, Albert A. Bartlett, and George W. cubic feet. linear feet (2 boxes plus oversized material and photographs). Size: 0.25 linear feet (1 box). Wheelwright, III correspondence concerning Dr. William Duane. National Center for Supercomputing Applications clippings file. Collection dates: 1954-1970. Size: .02 linear feet (6 items). Collection dates: 1978-2000. Size: 5.5 cubic feet. James Luyten papers pertaining to Henry Stommel. Collection dates: 1952-1993. Size: 0.75 linear feet (2 boxes). Oral history interview with Robert L. White. Collection dates: 2015 National Center for Supercomputing Applications subject file. September 24-29. Size: Transcript: 103 pages. Audio recording: 2 Collection dates: 1978-2000. Size: 28.3 cubic feet. audio files. NEW FINDING AIDS University of Texas at Austin. Center for American History. University State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives, 420 Archives. Austin, TX 78713, USA Capen Hall, Amherst Campus, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA American Philosophical Society. Library. 105 South Fifth Street, Pennsylvania State University. Libraries. Special Collections Karl Gordon Henize papers. Collection dates: 1964-1967. Size: 1 foot Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA Division. University Park, PA 16802, USA Herbert A. Hauptman papers. Collection dates: 1915-2014. Size: and 5 inches. 19.4 linear feet (31 manuscript boxes, 7 half manuscript boxes, 1 flat Conference on Science Manuscripts records. Collection dates: Pennsylvania State University Eberly College of Science records. box, 2 map case folders). William H. Jefferys papers.Collection dates: 1977-2004. Size: 14 feet 1958-1964. Collection dates: 1881-2011. Size: 107 linear feet, 45 video cassettes. and 3 inches. 8 ledgers. Delaware County Institute of Science minutes and papers. Tufts University. Tisch Library. Archives and Special Collections. Collection dates: circa 1833-1873. Size: 1 microfilm reel. Pennsylvania State University Environmental Acoustics Medford, MA 02155, USA University of Washington. University Archives. Mailstop #0-10. Laboratory records. Collection dates: 1972-1979. Size: 1 cubic foot. Seattle, WA 98195, USA Etienne François Dutour letters. Collection dates: 1744-1756. Size: Tufts University Electro-Optics Technology Center records. 26 items. Pennsylvania State University Materials Research Laboratory Collection dates: 1986. Marcia Baker papers. Collection dates: 1980s. Size: 0.36 cubic feet (1 records. Collection dates: 1949-1996. Size: 7 cubic feet. box). Daniel Freehauff astronomical calculations. Collection dates: 1778 and 1779. Size: 2 volumes (circa 317 pages). Forrest J. Remick papers. Collection dates: 1956-1005. Size: 126 University of California, Berkeley. The Bancroft Library. Berkeley, Robert A. Brown papers. Collection dates: 1965-2007. Size: 5 cubic feet linear feet. CA, 94720-6000, USA (5 boxes). George Ellery Hale papers. Collection dates: 1882-1937. Size: 100 microfilm reels. Elizabeth L. Scott papers. Collection dates: circa 1951-1988. Size: J. G. Dash papers. Collection dates: 1963-2003. Size: 4.98 cubic feet (5 Smithsonian Institution. National Air and Space Museum. 185 linear feet (148 cartons, 1 oversize folder). boxes and 3 sound tape reels). History of Science Society archives. Collection dates: 1935-1986. Archives Division. MRC 322, Washington, DC, 20560, USA Size: 57 linear feet. Conway B. Leovy papers. Collection dates: 1961-2010. Size: 3 cubic feet National Air and Space Museum Space History Interview Project University of California, San Diego. Mandeville Special (4 boxes). Michael Jacobs meteorological observations made for the records. Collection dates: (circa 1985-1995). Size: Interviews with 42 Collections Library. 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Franklin Institute. Collection dates: 1839-1865. Size: 0.25 linear feet individuals. Seth Neddermeyer papers. Collection dates: 1930s-1970s. Size: 4.17 (230 items). Ford A. Carpenter papers. Collection dates: 1935-1944. Size: 1.5 linear cubic feet (4 cartons and 1 tube). feet (2 archives boxes, 1 shoebox, 4 oversize folders, 1 art bin item). Rittenhouse family papers. Collection dates: 1774-1932. Size: circa Stanford University. Department of Special Collections and Anthony Qamar papers. Collection dates: circa 1960s-2007. Size: 3.56 40 items. University Archives. Stanford, CA 94305, USA Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.Collection cubic feet (4 boxes). dates: 2005-2012 (bulk 2005-2007). Size: 683.0 gigabyte(s), 39 digital Joseph Winlock letterbook. Collection dates: 1857-1875. Size: 1 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation collection of Steve Allen objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files. Fred L. Ribe papers. Collection dates: 1954-2005. Size: 1.18 cubic feet volume (340 pages). photographic files. Collection dates: circa 1960-1985. Size: 17 linear (2 boxes). feet (25 manuscript boxes, 5 cartons). Hans Reissner papers. Collection dates: 1881-1984. Size: 4 linear feet (6 archives boxes and 5 oversize folders.) University of Washington Department of Atmospheric Sciences California Institute of Technology. Institute Archives. 1201 East Stanford University, School of Engineering, Dean’s Office records. Cloud and Aerosol research group records. Collection dates: 1984- California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Collection dates: 1915-1998 (inclusive), 1925-1955 (bulk). Size: 20 Bruno Zimm papers. Collection dates: 1941-2001. Size: 7.6 linear 1999. Size: 1.05 cubic feet (3 boxes). linear feet (20 boxes). feet (19 archives boxes). Frank B. Estabrook papers. Collection dates: 1966-2004. Size: 3.1 University of Washington Department of Atmospheric Sciences linear feet (8 boxes). records. Collection dates: 1947-1997. Size: Circa 21.47 cubic feet. University of California, Berkeley. The Bancroft Library. Berkeley, University of Chicago. The Joseph Regenstein Library. Department CA, 94720-6000, USA of Special Collections. 1100 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA National Academy of Sciences. 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Carol M. Washington, DC 20418, USA Oral history interview with Elizabeth Rauscher. Collection dates: Arthur Holly Compton papers. Collection dates: 1918-1964. Size: 3 Newman Library. Special Collections Department. P. O. Box 90001, 2012. Size: Transcript: 94 pages. linear feet (6 boxes). Blacksburg, VA 24062-9001, USA NRC Committee on Polar Research records. Collection dates: 1955- 1968. Size: 14 linear feet. Otto Stern papers. Collection dates: circa 1888-1969. Size: 5 cartons, Frank L. Robeson papers. Collection dates: 1899-1952. Size: 7.6 cubic 1 volume, 1 oversize box, 1 oversize folder (circa 8.25 linear feet). feet (6 boxes). (continued on page 16)

14 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 15 University of California, San Diego. Mandeville Special Hans G. Dehmelt papers. Collection dates: 1989-1990. Size: circa FRIENDS OF THE CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS Collections Library. 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 0.42 cubic feet.

Oceanography: [videorecording] / the making of a science: Boris Abbott Jacobsohn papers. Collection dates: 1946-1965. Size: We gratefully acknowledge the support of many Friends whose contributions have helped to preserve and make known the history people, institutions and discovery. Collection dates: 2000. Size: 4.4 circa 7 feet. of physics and allied sciences. This list is our public acknowledgment of Friends who contributed in 2016 to the Center for History of linear feet (11 archives boxes); 256 gigabytes (108 digital files). Physics. Patrons contributed $2,500 or more; Sponsors contributed $1,000 to $2,499; Colleagues contributed $500 to $999; Associates Fred Henry Schmidt papers. Collection dates: 1940-1988. Size: circa contributed $250 to $499; and Members up to $249. Bookplate donations honor or memorialize a colleague while supporting the 18 cubic feet. purchase or conservation of rare books. * Designates our Physics Heritage Donors, who have given each year for the past seven years or University of Chicago. The Joseph Regenstein Library. more. ‡ Designates a recently deceased donor. If you would like to join the Friends in supporting the Center for History of Physics, Department of Special Collections. 1100 East 57th Street, Edward A. Stern papers and oral history interviews. Collection please write to us at: One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843, call 301-209-3006, e-mail [email protected], or visit our Chicago, IL 60637, USA dates: 1973-1997. Size: circa 1.19 cubic feet and 25 sound cassettes. web page at https://donate.aip.org/helphistory.

Albert Einstein papers. Collection dates: 1921-1954. Size: 0.25 linear Edwin A. Uehling papers. Collection dates: 1925-1984. Size: 28 feet (1 box). linear feet. PATRONS James L. Smith* John L. McClure* Yoichiro Nambu papers. Collection dates: 1917-2009. Size: 43 linear University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory records. Morrel H. Cohen Spencer R. Weart* Hendrik J. Monkhorst feet (86 boxes). Collection dates: 1930-1973. Size: circa 0.21 cubic feet. Russell J. Donnelly ‡ Philip E. Nielsen Robert & Sarah Newcomb ASSOCIATES William & Janice Parker University of Washington Department of Astronomy records. Elizabeth Roemer ‡ Stephen Chase & Margaret Ayres William F. Pickard* University of Texas at Austin. Center for American History. Collection dates: 1952-1972. Size: 1 folder. Benjamin B. Snavely Sunanda Basu John S. Price University Archives. Austin, TX 78713, USA David Berley Quyangi Qi SPONSORS Joseph P. Bevak* Don D. Reeder Frank Norman Edmonds Jr. papers. Collection dates: 1950-1986. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Carol M. James R. Clynch* George F. Bing* R. G. Robertson* Size: 14 linear feet. Newman Library. Special Collections Department. P. O. Box Hans Frauenfelder* Derek Boyd Nancy G. Roman* 90001, Blacksburg, VA 24062-9001, USA Roderick M. Grant* David C. Cassidy* Gregory J. Ronan Robert N. Little papers. Collection dates: 1935-1986. Size: 3 inches. Brian J. Kiefer Jack H. & Rita Colwell* Carl Rosenfeld John W. Townsend papers. Collection dates: 1949-1990. Size: 5 Victor W. Laurie John Cook* Luther W. Smith* cubic feet. John B. & Patricia N. Pegram Peter Cziffra* James Stone University of Washington. University Archives. Mailstop #0-10. Gordon P. Riblet* Eleanor C. Dahl Takao Tanikawa Seattle, WA 98195, USA Keith Runge* H. Frederick & Linda Dylla* Richard D. Taylor* Browse or search the finding aids at Virginia Trimble G. G. Eichholz Sam B. Trickey Joost Businger papers. Collection dates: 1957-1976. Size: 8 linear feet. Theodore T. Wall* Richard M. Elrick Jean-Francois S. Van Huele history.aip.org/ead Eri Yagi Guy T. Emery* Motoi Wada Philemon Edwards Church papers. Collection dates: circa 1932- William E. Evenson* Adrienne H. Wootters 1966. Size: 3 feet. COLLEAGUES Alexander L. Fetter George O. Zimmerman William T. Bridgman Kenneth W. Ford* William F. Brinkman Paul Forman MEMBERS Marc H. Brodsky* Edwin Fuller* Koichi Abe Ralph L. Burnham Wendy W. Fuller-Mora* Louis W. Adams* Edward K . Conklin Theodore & Frances H. Geballe* Lewis E. Agnew Check out the Lyne Starling Trimble Science Heritage Public Lectures series at Loyal Durand* Joshua N. Goldberg* Mercedes M. Agogino Larry & Judith East Gordon L. Goodman* Michele L. Aldrich+ Sandra M. Faber Nancy Greenspan* Moorad Alexanian www.aip.org/history-programs/physics-history/trimble-lectures Bernard Gottschalk* James E. Hammerberg* David J. Allard Bill Hassinger Shaun Hardy* Lawrence Alquist Warren Heckrotte Charles H. Holbrow Gordon Wood. Anderson* John L. Heilbron Rush D. Holt R. Joseph. Anderson Kenneth R. Hogstrom* Charles E. Horton Philip W. Anderson Judy C. Holoviak* David W. Ignat Lowell L. Anderson* Bruce A. Kowert Charles F. Kennel Anonymous Donor Alan D. Krisch Kern Kenyon* Michael W. Arenton* Arlo U. Landolt* Toichiro Kinoshita* Dewayne A. Backhus James S. Langer Rikio Konno* George J. Baier Harry Letaw* Michael A. Kriss William A. Bardeen Dan McCammon Louis J. Lanzerotti* Marcia Frances Bartusiak The Lyne Starling Trimble Science Heritage Public Lecture Series features prominent science historians and writers who highlight Rex D. Pendley* Marvin Litvak Irene Beardsley & Dan Bloomberg* the important roles that science plays in modern society and culture. Robert K. Rader Jill Marshall Leonard C. Beavis Steven R. Riedhauser* Christopher H. Marshall* Frederick D. Becchetti Stephen L. Shapiro John C. Mather John Bechhoefer Gary W. Sjolander* David K. McCarthy* (continued on page 18)

16 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 17 Stephen A. Becker Michael E. Fisher Christine A. Hlavka Mark B. Moffett* Alan Rogers Bertram & Lynne Stries Arthur Bienenstock Philip C. Fisher* Lillian H. Hoddeson Bernhard P. Molldrem Edward J. Rojek* Harry Stuckey* Ignacio & Jennifer Birriel Allen Flora* Rosamond Hooper-Hamersley Jagadeesh Moodera & Geetha Berera Robert Rolewicz Roger H. Stuewer Steven R. Bleier Patrick Folz John L. Hubisz Kurt R. Moore* Kenneth L. Rose* Folden B. Stumpf* John David Bohlin Kenneth Fowler* James S. Jarratt* Robert A. Morse Lawrence G. Rubin* Jean H. Swank Charles A. Bordner* Eduardo H. Fradkin David C. Johannsen Eduardo R. Mucciolo Roy Rubinstein Harvey D. Tananbaum Timothy H. Boyer Gustave C. Fralick Robert L. Johnson Mark R. Mueller* Robert Sahakyan Frank R. Tangherlini Matthew Briggs & Brenda E. Dingus Albert J. Franco Michael D. Jones* George P. Mueller* Akira Sakai Joseph S. Tenn* Donald W. Brill William G. D. Frederick Lawrence W. Jones* John S. Muenter* Richard H. Sands George Tessler* John C. Browne Laurence W. Fredrick Kevin M. Jones Djafar Mynbaev Roberta P. Saxon* David R. Thiessen Stephen G. Brush* Klaus Fritsch Richard R. Joyce Mark Nagumo* Philipp G. Schmelzle Deborah Toll William. Burdett Mary Katharine Gaillard* H. J. Juretschke* Anthony V. Nero Robert and Barbara Schneider* George H. Trilling Patricia V. Burke* Robert T. Garcia Thomas Kelsall Dwight E. Neuenschwander Jack Schneps* Carol-Ann Tripp Bruce C. Burkey Neil Gehrels Ray E. Kidder Richard J. Noer* Alan Schoenfeld Alvin W. Trivelpiece Earl F. Burkholder Michael L. George Charles H. King* Marilyn E. Noz Melvin J. Schwartz Benjamin M. W. Tsui* Nancy A. Burnham* Sam H. Ghaleb Paul I. Kingsbury Mary Jo Nye Brian B. Schwartz* William L. Unger Stephen H. Burns* Ivar Giaever* M. B. Kirkham Jan H. J. Oelering Jerry A. Selvaggi Bjarne E. Ursin William T. Buttler Owen Gingerich Miles V. Klein* Goetz H. Oertel Jan V. Sengers* Zenaida Uy Warren E Byrne* Joseph A. Giordmaine Adrienne and Rocky Kolb J. George O’Keefe Frederick D. Seward* Michael Vaughn* Andrew C. Campbell Maurice Glicksman Victor Korenman* Robert Olness Wesley Shanholtzer Robin & Antoinette Verdier* Bartley L. Cardon Robert P. Godwin* Thomas A. Koster* Catherine O’Riordan Alan E. Shapiro* Ronald J. Versic* Mary C. Cavallaro Alfred S. Goldhaber Paul Kozlowski Dennis L. Orphal Yitzhak Y. Sharon James P. Wade William C. Cavallo Albert Goldstein* Raymond L. Kozub William H. Orttung* Joel F. Sherman David L. Wallach Joseph Cerny* Joel E. Gordon John Kronholm* Geraint & Ruth Owen* Joseph C. Shields* Ronald A. Walton Thomas M. Christensen* Howard Gordon Roger O. Ladle* Chrys E. Papadopoulos Richard S. Silberglitt Peter J. Wanderer Kurt Christoffel Leon Gortler* Michel L. Lapidus G. W. Paxton Ronald K. Smeltzer Robert L. Warasila Donald D. Clayton* Harvey A. Gould James D. Larson Neil K. Perl* Lary R. Smith Charlotte Ward James A. Cole* Clemence R. Graef Robert G. Lauttman Peter Pesic* Eugene R. Smith* George D. Watkins* Robert C .Cook* Walter T. Grandy A. C. Lawson* Michael Plett James L. Snelgrove* Bill Weaver* Ruth Schwartz Cowan Richard W. Granville William J. Layton Donald E. Powers Arnold L. Snyder* William R. Wheeler Patrick Crane Thomas Greenslade Harvey S. Leff Monroe S. Z. Rabin Daniel I. Sober John A. & Rebecca White Stephen Craxton* Edward L. Grissing Garry Levman Stephen J. Rant Siavash H. Sohrab Stephen H. White Julian C. Cummings Thomas H. Groves* David R. Lide R. Ronald Rau Charles M. Sommerfield* Ralph M. Wilcox* William T. Dannheim Sol M. & Rosemarie Gruner* Donald H. Liebenberg Richard T. Rauch Lee R. Sorrell Donald Wilke* Teymour Darkhosh William J. Gunning* John Litke Joseph Reader Cherrill M. Spencer James G. Williams Jan & Lynn W. Dash Rajendra Gupta* Chelcie B. Liu George Redlinger Philip A. Stahl Paul P. Woskov Luis de la Pena William C. Guss C. D. Livengood* Antonio Redondo Frieda A. Stahl* Bradford L. Wright* Robert L. De Zafra* Blanca L. Haendler John M. Livingood Robert P. Redwine Robert W. Standley* Louise G. Young Kenneth G. Demers Gerhard E. Hahne Peter N. Lombard Randolph A. Reeder* Richard Stephens* Glenn R. Young Samuel Denham Melvyn L. Halbert* John H. Lowenstein T. Douglas Reilly Frank Stern* Lawrence Younghouse Dolores C. Derrington Bertrand I. Halperin Chris Lubicz-Nawrocki William A. Reupke Donald T. Stevenson Clyde S. Zaidins* Stanley Deser Joseph H. Hamilton Thomas Lucatorto Stanley W. Rhodes James R. Stevenson* Carl R. Zeisse* Joseph Di Rienzi Philip W. Hammer David D. Lynch* Stephen & Diane L. Richter Janet T. Stewart Albert Zeller Alexander K. Dickison Jorgen L. Hansen* Tim Lynch John S. & Diana W. Rigden* Louis T. Steyaert Walter B. Zimmerman Paul & Eleanor W. Dickson Wesley H. Harker* Maura & Michael Mackowski* Richard A. Robie James H. Stith* John W Zwart* Allen C. Dotson Marguerite Harning Mark L. Maiello* Howard K. Rockstad* Ian E. Stockdale* Richard J. Drachman* Rodney E. Harrington Stephen P. Maran Philip Lewis Dreike Alan W. Harris* Vincent M. Martinek Timothy E. Eastman Frederick A. Harris* John V. Martonchik* Robert S. Ehrlich Raymond W. Hasse Frederick J. Mayer Theodore L. Einstein Michael Hauser Robert B. McKibben Fred T. Erskine* Jo N. Hays* John A. McKinney Donald C. Faust, Jr. Jeffrey C. Hecht* John L. McKnight Steven R. Federman* Otto Heinz Jonathan Mersel Richard B. Feren Leon Heller Horst Meyer Make sure to follow us on Facebook and Twitter at @AIPhistory and @HistoryPhysics Joe & Jean L. Ferguson Dennis C. Henry Robert C. Michaelson Richard J. Field George A. Herbert John Michel* Robert W. Field Thomas W. Hickmott Ronald E. Mickens Carl C. Fields Arthur N. Hicks Herman L. Miller Arvel L. Fincher Jeanne Hladky W. E. & Sharon Moerner

18 History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 www.aip.org/history-programs www.aip.org/history-programs History Newsletter | Volume 49, No. 1 19 Center for History of Physics Nonprofit Org. American Institute of Physics U.S. POSTAGE One Physics Ellipse PAID College Park, MD 20740-3843 College Park, MD Permit No. 2321

HISTORY NEWSLETTER A Publication of the American Institute of Physics

Staff Members This newsletter is a biannual publication of the Center for History of Gregory A. Good, Director, Center for History of Physics Physics, American Institute of Physics, One Physics Ellipse, College Melanie Mueller, Director, Niels Bohr Library & Archives Park, MD 20740; phone: 301-209-3165; e-mail: [email protected] or nbl@ Chip Calhoun, Digital Archivist aip.org. Editor: Gregory A. Good. The newsletter reports activities of Sarah Cochrane, Assistant Archivist the Center for History of Physics and Niels Bohr Library & Archives, Nathan Cromer, Graphic & Web Designer and other information on work in the history of the physical sciences. Gabriel Henderson, Associate Historian Stephanie Jankowski, Senior Administrative Support Any opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the Audrey Lengel, Photo Librarian views of the American Institute of Physics or its Member Societies. Emily Martin, Archives Assistant This newsletter is available on request without charge, but we wel- Sean McEnroe, Digitization Assistant come donations (tax deductible) to the Friends of the AIP Center for Amanda Nelson, Archivist History of Physics (www.aip.org/donate). The newsletter is posted on Allison Rein, Assistant Director of Special Collections the web at www.aip.org/history-programs/history-newsletter.