IN THIS ISSUE: Physics News February 2001 in 2000 NEWS Volume 10, No. 2 A Publication of The American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/apsnews

Council Statement Underpins APS New APS Prize Targets Education Lobbying Effort Under-30 Physicists The importance of improving and math education approved “However, we are only able to national science and math edu- in November is an important talk about things that are official The APS has established a new cation is especially apparent in first step in setting APS policy APS policy. The Council’s state- prize with a new mission: to rec- the wake of a new TIMSS report in this area, according to APS ment on K-12 science and math ognize the achievements and the showing marginal improvement Public Affairs Fellow Christina education gives us the authori- potential of a physicist under the in the science and math scores of Hood. zation to talk about and lobby for age of 30. Named the George E. US eighth-graders compared to “The APS Office of Public Af- these issues.” Valley, Jr. Prize in honor of a gener- their peers in other countries (see fairs deals with the federal The full text of the statement ous bequest from the estate of story, page 5). And the new APS government trying to promote follows: George E. Valley, Jr., the prize will Council Statement on K-12 science the interest of physics,” she says. be given every two years and will Policy Statement on carry with it a cash award of K-12 Science and $20,000, making it the largest single See WORLD CONGRESS on page 6 Mathematics Education prize that the Society gives. Delegates Convene at World Congress Nominations are now being so- In an age of rapid techno- George E. Valley, Jr. logical advances, a strong licited for the first recipient, who will educational program in science be chosen by a selection commit- was on the faculty at MIT from 1946 and mathematics is essential for tee consisting of the President and to 1974, was one of the founders the United States. Despite the two immediate past-Presidents of of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and was heroic efforts of many teachers the APS, as well as a chairperson to Chief Scientist of the Air Force in and the large investments of be elected by the APS Council. 1957-58. His areas of research in- school districts, in too many A fifth, non-voting, member of cluded: Artificial Radioactivity, Mass places we currently fail to pro- the committee will be George C. Spectroscopy, Cosmic Rays, design vide it. Too many citizens leave Valley, son of George E. Valley, Jr. of Radar Systems and invention of school without the scientific and, like his father, a physicist. The the SAGE Air Defense System. Val- literacy necessary to deal with Prize is open to candidates in any ley developed the idea for the prize new technologies, and their far- field of physics. The deadline for in discussions with then-APS Trea- reaching societal implications. submission of nominations to the surer Harry Lustig in the years Our country is not educating APS is July 1, 2001. Nominees must shortly before his death in 1999. enough technologically skilled be less than 30 years of age at the The prize was authorized by and knowledgeable workers, a time of their nomination. Further Council at its November meeting, Judy Franz, APS Executive Officer; Frank Franz, President of the University of details may be found on the APS and the bequest was received by Alabama, Huntsville; and member of the local organizing committee Christian situation that will compromise Thomsen attend the banquet of the Third World Congress of Physical Societies our competitive advantage in web site, http://www.aps.org, un- the APS shortly thereafter. “This in Berlin. See story, page 6. der the Prize and Awards button. is an exciting new direction for the See EDUCATION on page 3 George E. Valley, Jr. received his APS honors program,” commented PhD in physics from the University APS Treasurer Thomas McIlrath. of Rochester in 1939. He was “We anticipate receiving many out- Internal and External Reviews Address named a National Research Fellow standing nominations, and we in nuclear physics in 1940 and was hope the Prize will make an impor- Problems at Department of Energy Project Supervisor and senior staff tant difference to a young member of the Radiation Labora- researcher with great potential In the waning months of his ten- partment or be reconstituted outside tory at MIT from 1941 to 1945. He early in his or her career.” ure as Secretary of Energy, Bill the DOE. Richardson commissioned a presti- In an appearance on ABC’s gious panel to study the science and Nightline on December 21, Secretary security functions of the department. Richardson described the Hamre APS Creates Email Alias System Calling on the resources of a bi-parti- Commission’s charge as “to strike a bal- san mix of eminent scientists and ance for the new administration for Members experts in security, the study is being between science and security.” conducted by the Center for Strategic The commission has already held APS members who struggle with not sell such email address lists or and International Studies (CSIS). It is preliminary meetings, and members of constantly updating their email ad- allow them to otherwise be used for headed by John Hamre, President of the commission have visited some of John Hamre, President of CSIS dresses as they change employment commercial purposes,. CSIS and former Deputy Secretary of the national laboratories, which are the our scientific enterprise, have fallen will be pleased to learn that the So- To establish an email alias with Defense, and includes two former focus of much of DOE-sponsored re- on harder days”, and promised to ciety will now provide all active the APS, visit http://www.aps.org/ presidents of the APS. The panel is ex- search. At a reception at the National “use our best efforts to come up with members with an electronic mail memb/mailalias.html. (Have your pected to present its final report by April Academies in December, some of the recommendations for the new admin- alias to be used for forwarding email APS membership number handy.) of 2002. commission members commented on istration.” Burton Richter, Nobel-Prize to a personal email (target) account. Alternatively, members may call the Meanwhile, eleven distinguished what they hoped the commission winning former director of SLAC and The target account of the alias can APS Membership Department at scientists and science policy makers, as- would achieve. president of APS in 1994, thought that be changed at any time, allowing the (301) 209-2180. sembled under the aegis of the APS but Hamre called the current ar- “the system is badly broken. The com- member to switch email providers, acting as an independent group, have rangement, which involves a mission may be the last shot to fix it. employers or account names with- addressed concerns specific to the Of- quasi-independent agency within It’s either fix it or break it up.” out the need to notify multiple HIGHLIGHTS fice of Science in DOE, and, in a DOE, headed by Undersecretary Among the other members of the contacts of the new email address. document circulated widely on Capi- for Nuclear Security General John Hamre commission are former Senator Tracy Alinger, Director of Infor- tol Hill, have proposed alternative Gordon, “a sub-optimal solution to Howard Baker and former mation Technology, stresses that the organizational structures for the Office a serious problem”, and hoped that Representative Lee Hamilton, co- service is not an email account. Mes- should it either remain within the De- the commission could be helpful authors of the Baker-Hamilton report sages are not stored by the APS, but to the new Secretary of Energy as that studied security policies at Los rather passed through to an email John Hamre will be speaking well as to General Gordon. Alamos, and found that “the combined account specified by the member. at a special session on D. Allan Bromley, science advisor effects of the Wen Ho Lee affair, the “This allows a member to perma- Alan Chodos/APS Scientific Freedom and to President George Bush the elder recent fire, and the continuing swirl nently maintain an email address of Old Phys Rev’s Worth National Security at the APS Anything? and president of APS in 1997, re- around the hard-drive episode have [name]@mailaps.org, as long as that 5 John Ptak, proprietor of April Meeting in Washington, marked that the national labs, which devastated morale and productivity.” individual remains an APS member,” J. F. Ptak Science Books in DC April 28 – May 1, 2001. “used to be considered the gems of See DOE REVIEWS on page 6 she says, adding that the Society will Washington, DC says yes! 2 February 2001 NEWS

“Members in the Media” This Month in Physics History “Without quantum fluctua- “This is a beautiful develop- February 2, 1893: Edison Records First Sneeze on Film tions there would have been no ment that gives us much higher little wrinkles to grow into the confidence that we will soon de- The millions of viewers who structure we observe. It would tect gravitational waves,” flock to movie theaters every have been a pretty boring uni- —Rainer Weiss, MIT, on improved weekend to view the latest Holly- verse.” sensitivity of gravitational wave de- wood blockbusters rarely stop to —Fermilab astrophysicist Rocky tectors, AP Net, December 6, 2000 ✶✶✶ consider the technological roots Kolb, Dallas Morning News, De- of the entertainment industry we cember 11, 2000 ‘’There is no theoretical limit ✶✶✶ now take for granted. Although to their accuracy, which is one of many scientists and inventors ex- “Polygraphs are not scientific. the things that makes them such perimented with moving pictures They don’t belong in the same an exciting challenge.’’ in the latter part of the 19th cen- universe as science. They are an —Kurt Gibble, Yale University, tury, it was famed American emotional upset detector.” on possible improvements to atomic inventor Thomas Edison who pat- —Brad Holian, Los Alamos, clocks, USA Today, December 18,

ented one of the earliest motion Inc. ©1997 The Learning Company, ABC’s Nightline, December 21, 2000 picture cameras (which he called The kinetograph was developed by Thomas Edison. 2000. ✶✶✶ ✶✶✶ a kinetograph), using his inven- “For Fermilab, it’s a chance to tion to make short films to be back in sequence. In 1888, Edison be a success. Encouraged, “These are things that would cement its place in physics for the viewed with a companion inven- met with Muybridge to discuss add- Edison’s team began producing have been considered metaphys- next 20 years, based on what we tion: the kinetoscope. ing sound to his moving pictures. movies in a studio at his West ics when I was in grad school.” do in the next five. If we don’t Born in 1847 in Milan, Ohio, Muybridge declined, but Edison was Orange Laboratory, dubbed —Fermilab Director Mike succeed, we can’t claim that we Edison grew up in Port Huron, undaunted and set about inventing “Black Maria.” Essentially a large Witherell, on the possibility of ac- need to be here.” Michigan, evincing early on a his own motion picture machine. structure covered with tar paper, celerators detecting evidence for —John Womersley, Fermilab, on strong curiosity about the world “My plan was to synchronize the the studio featured a hole in the extra dimensions, LA Times, De- the possibility of finding the Higgs around him, and making new dis- camera and the phonograph so as ceiling to allow the sun to shine cember 28, 2000 Boson, LA Times, December 5, ✶✶✶ coveries through books and to record sounds when the pictures through and illuminate the stage. 2000. homemade experiments. In 1869, were made, and reproduce the two The entire building was built on when he was 22 years old, Edison in harmony,” he recalled in 1925. a set of tracks to enable Edison’s Bridging the Gap Between patented his first invention (the The basic concept of Edison’s ki- team to move it around as the sun electrographic vote recorder) and netograph and kinetoscope was to moved through the sky over the thereafter devoted his life to ac- employ a cylinder similar to those course of a day. Science and the Media cumulating more than 1,000 used in the phonograph, place it in- These films — which initially Two physics stu- different inventions, drawing on side a camera and then coat it with a lasted only a few seconds — were dents received a crash his own initiative and that of his light sensitive material. Every time a shown on kinetoscopes placed in course in science and employees at the Edison Manu- picture was taken, the cylinder ro- arcades around the county. For a the media when they facturing Company. tated slightly, taking another picture. nickel, patrons could view short spent ten weeks last By 1878, Edison had been The crude film was then processed films of circus performers, danc- summer as APS Mass granted a patent for a phono- and run through a viewer in slow ers or animals. Eventually the Media Fellows. The graph, and ten years later had motion. team produced a 15-minute APS program enables become interested in extending Serendipitously, it was about this thriller, “The Great Train Rob- physics students to that technology to include com- time that George Eastman intro- bery,” and went on to develop work full-time over bined moving pictures and sound. duced a new celluloid film which more that 2,000 other short films. Steven P. Mielke Blake Likins the summer as report- “I am experimenting upon an in- began to replace the old system of In 1913 Edison unveiled the first ers, researchers and production Working for a small local pa- strument which does for the eye using light sensitive plates and large talking motion picture, as well as assistants in mass media organiza- per had its advantages, especially what the phonograph does for the bulky cameras (which eventually led the first color motion picture, tions nationwide. Blake Likens, a since Likens arrived in Albuquer- ear, which is the recording and re- to the manufacture of the “Brownie” achieved by hand-painting each recent graduate of the University que at the time the story broke production of things in motion,” camera). In 1889, Edison ordered frame of a black and white film. of California, Berkeley, spent her about the missing hard drives at he wrote in 1888. Decades before some of the new film cut into long Since then the motion picture in- summer internship at the Albu- Los Alamos, along with ongoing Edison began his work on what strips. His assistant, William dustry has far outstripped these querque Tribune in New Mexico, coverage of the fires that broke would become the first Dickson, developed a sprocket sys- humble technological begin- while Steve Mielke, a graduate stu- out. “All the regular reporters kinetoscope and kinetograph, tem for a camera that would move nings, but it was the pioneering dent at the University of Toledo, were off covering the fires and the people were fashioning crude the film past the lens when turned advances of Edison and his crew spent last summer at CNN. missing hard drives, so I ended hand-drawn motion pictures, by a crank (the kinetography). In that provided the foundation for Likens was completing her un- up doing all the science report- similar to today’s animated car- order to view the films, Edison’s team all the technical developments dergraduate degree in astrophysics ing because everyone was busy toons. invented the kinetoscope. Edison that came after. at Berkeley when she mentioned covering the scandals,” she says. Eventually British photogra- applied for a patent on these inven- For more information about the her interest in pursuing a career in She wrote stories on topics in as- pher Eadweard Muybridge helped tions in 1891, which was granted six life and work of Thomas Edison, see science writing to some faculty tronomy, biology, ecology, pioneer a process in which a se- years later. http://www.hfmgv.org/histories/ members who suggested she apply physics, math, and health, as well ries of pictures would be taken of One of the first films Edison edison/invents.html. for the APS fellowship. She was as- as a controversial front page se- a subject in motion and then made was of a laboratory worker in signed to the Tribune in part ries on nuclear waste stewardship shown back in sequence. his Newark, NJ, laboratory, named Birthdays for February: because of her scientific back- at Sandia National Laboratories. Muybridge set up 700 cameras in Fred Ott, who acted out a sneeze on 11 J. Willard Gibbs (1839) ground: New Mexico is something “I got to travel all around the sequence to photograph a trotting February 2, 1893. The sound of the 14 Galileo Galilei (1564) of a physics and astronomy hub state, and learned a lot about the horse, which yielded a mere 60 sneeze was recorded on a phono- 18 Alessandro Volta (1745) because of Los Alamos and Sandia government role in science, so I seconds of motion picture when graph to be played back with the 19 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473) laboratories and the Very Large lucked out.” all the photographs were viewed film, and the experiment proved to 20 Ludwig Boltzmann (1844) Array (VLA) telescope. See MEDIA FELLOWS on page 3

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Sarachik*, City College of New York - CUNY Matter Physics), Steve White (Computational), Jerry Stephens, Controller and Assistant Treasurer NEWS February 2001 3 Ehlers to Reintroduce Controversial Science Education Bill This article was written for APS public or private, to hire some- educational activities. News by Richard M. Todaro. one to oversee the development The NSEA would amend the “[Ehlers] has a real When the House of Represen- of science education classroom 1950 law that established the Na- commitment to the issue tatives surprised even itself last curricula. tional Science Foundation (NSF) of science and math October and voted down a popu- “We oppose giving federal to include new grant programs lar bill to provide money and monies to private schools,” said related to improving SMET edu- education, and we hope personnel for elementary and Diane Shust, the manager of fed- cation. Chief among these is the we can work with him.” middle school science and math eral relations at NEA, who Master Teacher Grant Program, education, it represented a stun- oversees lobbying activity. “It was which provides federal money “We oppose giving ning display of the power of the the provision that provided [pri- directly to public and private federal monies to private country’s largest teachers’ unions. vate] schools with direct money. schools in order to hire a “mas- The defeat also set the stage for a That is a voucher.” ter teacher.” The master teacher schools.” further escalation in the battle When the vote came on Octo- would provide support to up to over school vouchers, with the ber 24, the bill got a simple 10 classroom teachers, and be —Diane Shust, bill’s chief architect, Rep. Vernon majority but failed to get a two- “responsible for in-classroom as- NEA Federal Relations J. Ehlers (R-MI), vowing to rein- thirds majority, the final tally sistance and oversight of troduce the bill in the first session being 215 to 156. Voting no were hands-on inquiry materials, Manager Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers (R-MI) of the new 107th Congress. Ehlers 140 Democrats, including 30 of equipment, and supplies, includ- is one of two members of the the 45 Democratic sponsors. ing supplying and repairing such quoted in the Nov. 10th edition of struck down state programs that House who hold PhD’s in phys- Moreover, of the 22 Democrats materials,” according to the text Science. provided public money to teach- ics, and is a Fellow of the APS. on the House Science Commit- of the bill. The bill provides $50 The NEA and other teachers’ ers of secular subjects in private Introduced by Ehlers in April tee, which had unanimously million a year to fund various union lobbyists were alerted and schools. The issue revolves 2000, the National Science Edu- cleared the bill in late-July, 10 grants, including the Master phones began ringing in the of- around the distinction between cation Act (NSEA) had 16 Teacher Grant Program. fices of Democratic House programs providing money to pri- original co-sponsors, a number “In the end, many of the After being introduced on members. vate schools for educational that grew to include 62 Republi- April 11th, NSEA was sent to the In the end, many of the Demo- materials and professional develop- cans and 45 Democrats by the Democratic members on House Committee on Science cratic members on the science ment, which are permitted, and time it was brought out of com- the science committee where, according to a knowledge- committee voted against the very programs providing money to pri- mittee and to the full House in voted against the very able source, it was bottled up for bill they had sponsored, thus en- vate schools to hire teachers. September. So confident were its bill they had sponsored.” several months because of Re- suring its defeat. Overall, only In the Science interview, Ehlers sponsors of overwhelming, bipar- publican opposition to a eight of the 22 Democrats on the disputed such a distinction on tisan passage that the bill was provision inserted by Rep. Lynn committee voted for the bill. the grounds that NSF includes fast-tracked under so-called sus- voted no, three voted “present” Woolsey (D-CA), providing Only 44 of 187 House Democrats private school teachers in train- pension of the rules, meaning the and one did not vote. money for the GO Girl program, voted for the bill. ing and curriculum development bill had to get a two-thirds ma- Ehlers introduced NSEA as which encourages girls to go into The bill’s reversal of fortunes was programs. He also plans to rein- jority. H.R. 4271 last April, along with science education. Nevertheless, so stunning that it surprised even troduce the bill in the current But on October 23rd, just one two other bills designed to im- Ehlers, who spent nearly two the NEA. Lobbyist Joel Packard, Congress with no modifications. day before the scheduled vote, prove science and math years developing the bill in con- who admitted that his organization “I don’t see any reason to the National Education Associa- education. These were H.R. junction with educators and had not read the bill until Oct. 23rd, modify my position, and I resent tion (NEA), the American 4272, the National Science Edu- legislators, managed to get the said in the Science interview, “To be the last-minute effort to dis- Association of School Adminis- cation Enhancement Act, and bill brought to a floor vote. honest, we thought it would pass mantle [the bill],” Ehlers said in trators, and several other H.R. 4273, the National Science “Ehlers talked to enough and we’d have to take our case to the Science interview. influential teachers’ unions dis- Education Incentive Act. people and convinced [House the Senate.” Shust said that the NEA would covered a funding provision in The first two acts deal with sci- Science Committee Chair F. Shust said the problem was drop its opposition if Ehlers the bill that they consider to be ence, math, engineering, and James] Sensenbrenner [Jr., (R- not spotted because this educa- modifies the bill’s funding provi- unacceptable. This was the so- technology (SMET) education. WI)] that the bill should go to a tion-related bill didn’t follow the sion. called “master teacher” provision The third would amend the tax floor vote,” the source said. normal route and go to the House “There is a mechanism in the that directed the National Science code to provide tax incentives for The bill was voted unanimously Committee on Education and the current education law that could Foundation to make federal private companies and individu- out of committee on July 25th and Workforce. have been used and which we money available to any schools, als participating in SMET brought to the full House for a vote “I can assure you that if had hope will be used, when Mr. scheduled for Oct. 24th. gone through the usual commit- Ehlers reintroduces the bill, that The first sign of trouble came tee, everyone would have been provides the money through the rd Media Fellows, from page 2 on Oct. 23 when a Democratic alerted to this [language] much local education agency,” Shust aide noticed the master teacher sooner,” Shust said. said. The experience was so positive Ohio, in December 2000, and has provision language. Opponents of the bill insist She also praised Ehlers for his Likens still has strong interest in since transferred to the University “We were sitting around during that the master teacher provision overall efforts. eventually pursuing a career in sci- of California, Davis, to pursue his a lull in [unrelated] negotiations is a violation of the separation of “He has a real commitment to ence journalism, augmenting her PhD studies. Since his experience when I saw the language and said, church and state, as expressed in the issue of science and math prior experience writing for Berke- as an APS mass media fellow, his ‘Whoa! There’s a church-state en- the 1971 Supreme Court case of education, and we hope we can ley publications, as well as the Lunar future plans have wavered be- tanglement here,’” the aide said, as Lemon v. Kurtzman, which work with him.” Prospector, published by NASA tween a career in science broadcast Ames Research Center. For the time journalism and a more traditional being, however, she is focusing on career in physics, although he has Education, from page 1 graduate studies at Wesleyan Uni- yet to make a decision. “But no versity, expecting to complete her matter what I decide, ultimately an increasingly global environ- involve collaborative efforts of science and mathematics master’s degree in astronomy in the fellowship was an invaluable ment. Particularly in the college or university depart- teacher recruitment, retention 2002. “At that point, it’s a fork in experience. I learned a lot about physical sciences, too many ments of science and and professional status. the road,” she says. “Either I go on science and the media, and I re- students receive instruction mathematics with their depart- • Support efforts to increase the and pursue a PhD and research ca- ally enjoyed myself,” he says. “The from teachers insecure in their ments of education. participation and achievement reer, or I head towards science great thing about the program is subject area knowledge. • Recognize the critical impor- of under-represented groups writing. Either way, writing will al- that even if a fellow decides to stay Some progress is being made. tance of professional in the sciences, mathematics ways be a big part of what I do.” in physics, you still have scientists The efforts of experts in science, development activities for sci- and engineering to foster a Mielke had some prior experi- who know intimately how the mathematics, and education have ence and mathematics teachers, strong, diverse workforce. ence in writing and journalism. He media reports science, so it im- yielded appropriate learning particularly by increasing invest- • Provide incentives for partner- earned a master’s degree in English proves communication between standards that are being increas- ment in sustained in-service ships among the private from Kent State University, and the two communities.” ingly adopted by teachers and programs. sector, universities/colleges wrote several short articles on sci- The APS Mass Media Fellow- school districts around the coun- • Support sustained efforts to and school systems to develop ence and technology for local ship was established in November try as a first step toward develop and implement high quality educational programs. magazines based in northwest 1995 to improve public under- improvement. Yet further steps quality instructional materials • Support specific, targeted Ohio. But the APS fellowship was standing and appreciation of are necessary. To support a vision for science and mathematics. funding of national programs his first experience at a major broad- science and technology, and to of science and mathematics edu- • Increase research on how stu- to improve the quality of sci- cast news organization. He worked sharpen the ability of the fellows cation that ensures that all dents learn science and ence and mathematics, such as with producers and writers in the to communicate complex techni- students receive high quality in- mathematics, and develop and the Eisenhower Professional CNN features unit, assisting with cal issues to non-specialists. struction, the APS recommends disseminate strategies and Development Program. their projects, and also had the Priority is given to graduate stu- that policy makers: conditions that promote effec- • Encourage coordination of ef- chance to produce his own news seg- dents in physics or closely related • Enhance support for the tive teaching, learning and forts among federal agencies ment from start to finish: a feature fields, although applications are preparation of prospective sci- appropriate assessment. that provide support for K-12 on CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. also considered from outstanding ence and mathematics teachers, • Provide increased resources science and mathematics edu- Mielke received his MS in phys- undergraduates and postdoctoral particularly those programs that and incentives to enhance cation. ics from the University of Toledo, researchers. 4 February 2001 NEWS LETTERS

APS Should Be Neutral in Religion The Viewpoint by Freeman background is whether or not God Religious Insights Purely Metaphorical Dyson entitled “Science and Religion exists, and if I had to make a choice Stephen Brush’s thought pro- Being’ as the ‘real theory’ of the Uni- ematical education in Eighteenth can Work Together” (APS News, No- between six-day creation with god voking article scared the daylights verse? Are various Educational century England (in comparison vember 2000) makes a good point. and evolution without god, I would out of me in as much as it illus- Boards required to decide who is with the rest of Europe) by a mis- Science and religion should work to- choose the former. Furthermore, trates the extent to which human right by majority voting? This lack taken and slavish adherence to gether. However, I would like to whether “the scientific revolution error and lack of precision of of uniqueness of description alone Newton’s notation of ‘fluxions’ make a few observations. brings benefits to everybody rather thought can have potentially dire should be sufficient reason for re- tells us that people can do last- As a professing Christian, I see than widening the gap between rich consequences for large segments garding religious ‘insights’ (from ing damage to a whole generation no opposition between science and and poor” depends entirely, in my of mankind. The examples given whatever religion) to be regarded as if allowed to go unchallenged. religion, between the Bible and the mind, on belief in the existence of by Professor Brush of ‘creation- purely metaphorical in content, pos- The problem then has little to theory of evolution. God uses both God. ist’ thought and motivations must sibly valuable as illustrating the do with the obvious fallacies of general revelation (science) and I would like the APS to main- make us wonder how fragile hu- depth and complexity of the human creationism but about what special revelation (the Bible) to tain a neutral position on this man reason really is. psyche, but not directly to do with people can do in a democracy communicate with his creatures, matter, as has the Constitution of It does not seem reasonable to the nuts and bolts of the Universe. when a small bunch of commit- and there can be no contradiction the United States. These issues argue with people who have no The beauty of scientific theory lies ted people start hijacking the between them. Some Christians do should be worked out in the pri- wish to discuss matters with a in the fact that it is governed only by educational system by practising a better job of harmonizing these vate sector. modicum of logic. Another gap- the criteria of Occam’s Razor, predic- a form of intellectual intimidation revelations than do others. George A. Kuipers ing fallacy of many creationists tive power and the ability to and terrorism sustained by But the issue lurking in the Pittsford, New York (from the ‘Bible belt’) that Profes- withstand all experimental tests of spreading propaganda of the sor Brush does not discuss is that falsification designed specifically to crudest nature among the non- Website Borders on Racism they seem to think that the Bible interrogate its validity. In the past, specialist public. A political/ is the only true authority about scientific theories (subsequently educational system which is un- Thank you very much for print- question their decision to publish the ‘facts’ that govern the Uni- shown to be invalid) have sometimes stable to such perturbations ing Dwight Walsh’s letter (“Help for this particular letter, which adver- verse and the beings that live in been propounded and defended surely needs to be looked at again Displaced Scientists,” APS News, tises a web site whose alarmist and it! Surely Hindu, Buddhist, Is- with religious zeal by misguided en- from a critical point of view, and December 2000), which brought to almost exclusively non-quantitative lamic, Mayan and a myriad other thusiasts. Some of them (eg. racial if necessary, redesigned to avoid my attention the fascinating content seems to run counter to the cultures past and present would supremacy of ‘aryans’, or Lysenko- egregious outcomes such as those website on US underemployment very ideals that the APS has recently have a thing or two say about ism) have even inflicted incredible mentioned. at http://www.zazona.com. As a Ca- enshrined in their mission state- such narrow-minded dogma- suffering on millions. The well- Anantanarayanan Thyagaraja nadian citizen currently doing ment. Indeed, the web site Mr. tism, and advance their own known instance of zealots harming UKAEA Fusion, Culham post-doctoral research here in the Walsh mentions seems to me (a vision of Creation and ‘Supreme the proper development of math- Science Centre, United Kingdom States (on a TN visa), I particularly male Caucasian of North American enjoyed the “severed head dripping descent) to border on racist. blood” graphics and the extensive, I would remind Mr. Walsh that almost completely anecdotal, evi- the H1 visa comes with time lim- VIEWPOINT… dence. its. Furthermore, the same NAFTA Although I have a great interest agreement which allows me to in fair labor practices, and certainly work in the States, allows him to Physics as Metaphor in a Novel by Penelope would not support the wholesale work in Canada - which, I believe, transfer of American jobs to foreign is in need of technical workers at Fitzgerald, Revisited economies, I must admit that the the moment. In any event, I’m cer- by Martin Goldstein web site seemed more concerned tain Mr. Walsh will be relieved to with communicating that a large know that I’m presently looking for Physical scientists who were in- able greatness. Not one of the strong partisan of Ernst Mach, who number of H1 visa holders were a permanent job - and that, despite trigued by Michael Frayn’s use of students would have wished believed an atom “is not a reality, it Asian, than with showing what the wonderful and informative years the uncertainty principle as a meta- to be anywhere else. They is just a provisional idea, so how impact the H1 visa has on the over- I’ve spent here in the States, that job phor in his award-winning play were at the Cavendish. we can say that it is situated in all job market. I heartily encourage will almost certainly be in Canada. Copenhagen may also be intrigued Equally evocative is her descrip- space?” says Flowerdew. the APS to use APS News to stimu- Brian King by the metaphoric use of an epi- tion of the medical practices in an The novel does not present a th late debate. However, I must NIST sode from the history of physics in early 20 century London hospi- naive view of faith, which is also a novel published by the late Brit- tal. Nonetheless, there are a few shown to have its aberrations. If Lane Will Be Missed ish author Penelope Fitzgerald. minor mistakes with regard to her one believes in the existence of The Gate of Angels, first pub- physics. For example, one of things not detectable by the senses, Neal Lane’s Back Page article on also as one of the few physicists lished in 1990, takes place in and Fairly’s colleagues, planning to rec- one could believe in ghosts as eas- the new security environment in whose first and last names are ana- around Cambridge University in reate the Michelson-Morley ily as angels, as one character does. the January APS News was insight- grams of one another. The new 1912. Its main protagonist is a experiment, refers to “the Nor is religious belief shown in a ful, forthright and very much to the administration would do well to young physicist, Fred Fairly, a Jun- Fitzgerald-Lorenz contradictions.” flattering light by the amusing his- point. He will be greatly missed in find someone with this rare at- ior Fellow of Angels College Fairly, lecturing on Gauss’s Theo- tory given of the uncompromising Washington, not only for his exem- tribute to succeed him. (formally called St. Angelicus), an rem, states, “The total normal antipope Benedictus XIII, who by plary service as head of the NSF and Andrew Warden, imaginary Cambridge college gravitational flux over any surface standing on principle prevented as Presidential Science Advisor, but Loco Road, Colorado whose founding in the 15th century, enclosing a mass is 4[pi]m.” [The the reconciliation of a schism in his according to the narrator, had been word “minus” should precede church for a generation. By the authorized by a real antipope, 4[pi]m.] Another faculty member novel’s end, Flowerdew senses that zero Benedictus XIII. As the novel anachronistically refers to “anti- his cause is lost, but, like gravity opens, Fairly has been doing re- matter,” a term that was not coined Benedictus, cannot admit it. He search and teaching at the until the 1930’s. urges Fairly to attend a lecture by Cavendish Laboratory for five As its title suggests, the novel is Hans Geiger, Rutherford’s assistant, years, at a time when J. J. Thomson concerned, among other things, on the difference between the Ru- was in charge of the lab. with forms of faith, religious and therford and Thomson models of Ms. Fitzgerald’s prose and close otherwise, as “the evidence of the atom, asking him to take good attention to historical detail deftly things not seen.” Indeed, early in notes, but is too skeptical about establishes the atmosphere of the the novel Fairly has faced the diffi- Rutherford’s “unobservable” atom place: cult task of telling his father, a to go himself. [T]he labs were over- minister in the Anglican Church, One does not need to be a crowded with research that he has lost his Christian faith: physicist to enjoy this novel, but it students, all of them left to “The only evidence we can get [for helps to have some acquaintance patch up their own appara- belief] is from our own senses and with the history of physics: to tus by trial and error, each of from the senses of other people know, from the vantage point of the them lucky if they could find who have gone before us.” end of the 20th century that Mach’s a little space, even on a single The novel is also concerned with program proved a sterile and un- table. The room at the very issues of faith in science, set dur- productive one. The triumphs of top of the building... was ing a period when there was a great 20th century physics came about cold because of the very nar- deal of controversy over because at least some physicists had row bore of the copper Rutherford’s “unobservable” atom. faith in the existence of things not heating pipes, which were Fairly longs to go to Manchester directly observable. Fairly’s rejec- supposed to avoid magnetic and work with Rutherford, but is tion of religious belief thus stands disturbance. Out of this actively discouraged by his col- in ironic contrast to his belief in the squalor had come indisput- league, Professor Flowerdew — a reality of atoms. NEWS February 2001 5

TIMSS Report Provides International Fall DNP Meeting Features th Comparisons in 8 -grade Science & Math Third Annual Outreach A new report finds that, com- the list of participating countries is ago, they did not improve their sci- pared to their peers around the not identical. In fact, the data shows ence scores. Neither white nor Program for Undergrads world, US eighth-grade students no absolute improvement in perfor- Hispanic US eighth-graders showed The fall 2000 meeting of the APS physics research. Interested students score above average in science gen- mance of US eighth-graders between improvement in either subject over Division of Nuclear Physics (DNP), submit an application consisting of a erally but only at the international 1995 and 1999, in either science or comparable US eighth-graders in the held in Williamsburg, Virginia, fea- research abstract and a brief summary average in physics, and are less likely math. 1995 study. tured a program of events designed of the student’s individual contribu- than their international peers to have The TIMSS-R data shows that in The report points out some dif- specifically for undergraduate stu- tion to a larger group effort. The best science teachers with a major or de- science, US eighth-graders outper- ferences in curriculum, teacher dents. The purpose of this (third qualifying students receive travel and gree in physics. formed their peers in 18 nations. preparation, and teaching practices annual) “Conference Experience for lodging awards, while others receive Educators, policymakers, propo- They performed similarly to their between the US and other countries, Undergraduates” (CEU) is to provide lodging awards and need to raise nents and critics alike of the nation’s peers in 5 nations, and they scored but warns that analysis of the data is a capstone conference experience for travel funds from their research K-12 education system have relied lower in science than students in 14 still preliminary and cautions against undergraduates who have conducted groups or home institution depart- on information from a series of in- nations. In math, the TIMSS-R re- assuming unwarranted correlations. research in nuclear physics, by pro- ments. Conference registration and ternational comparisons at various sults show that US eighth-graders US eighth-graders are less likely to viding them the opportunity to join banquet costs are covered for all stu- grade levels. Four years ago, the performed better than their peers in be taught math or science by a the larger professional community, dents. Student response has been Third International Mathematics 17 nations and performed similarly teacher with a major or main area of present their research, and participate very strong. Around 60 students at- and Science Study (TIMSS) pro- to students in 6 nations. Their scores specialty in math or physics, respec- in the conference activities. The CEU tended CEU98 and 99, and 80 vided results of a 1995 comparison were surpassed by those of students tively, but are as likely as their also enables the students to converse participated in CEU 2000. Participa- of fourth-, eighth-, and twelfth-grad- in 14 nations. international peers to be taught sci- with faculty and senior scientists from tion by women students has averaged ers around the globe. On December The TIMSS-R data also suggests ence by a teacher with a major or doctoral institutions about graduate around 32%, while that of minority 5, the US Department of Education’s that US eighth-graders performed degree in biology, chemistry, or sci- school opportunities. students has averaged around 5%. National Center for Education Sta- worse in science and math in 1999 ence education. US students are The CEU was conceived and or- The CEU2000 events included tistics released preliminary results than US fourth-graders (presumably asked to explain the reasoning be- ganized in order to welcome two student research poster ses- of the TIMSS-Repeat (TIMSS-R) including many of the same stu- hind their science lessons, and to undergraduate students who had sions, a welcome breakfast, a CEU study, conducted in 1999 on dents) did in 1995, when compared conduct experiments or practical some research experience into the nuclear physics seminar, and a eighth-graders. to a group of 17 nations that partici- investigations, more often than the larger nuclear physics community to graduate school information ses- According to the report, US pated in the same two assessments. international average. The US share their work and meet with their sion, with representatives from eighth-graders performed slightly According to acting commissioner of eighth-graders are more likely to peers. over 20 graduate schools and above the international average of 38 education statistics Gary Phillips, begin doing their math or science The CEU is sponsored by the NSF laboratories. Additionally stu- nations in both science and math. “This finding validates the results of homework during class, and to work and several DOE accelerator labo- dents went on the DNP Jefferson In the 1995 study, US eighth-grad- the previous 1995 study that after independently on worksheets or ratories, including the Los Alamos, Lab tour and the Friday evening ers had tested above the the fourth grade, students in the texts in lessons, than the interna- Lawrence Berkeley, Argonne, Oak banquet. The CEU homepage is international average in science but United States fall behind their inter- tional average. They also spend less Ridge, Jefferson, and Brookhaven http://physics.westmont.edu/ below the average in math, com- national peers as they pass through time than their international peers Labs. Students qualified to partici- ceu2000 where there is more infor- pared to students in 41 participating the school system.” doing math or science homework or pate in the CEU program include mation about the program, including countries. Direct comparisons of While black US eighth-graders studying outside of school. any that have participated in ex- many photos of the event. international standing cannot be improved their math scores over the —Audrey T. Leath, AIP Public In- perimental or theoretical nuclear —Warren Rogers made between the two years because black eighth-graders of four years formation Division

How Much Are Those Old Phys Rev’s Taking Physics onto the Worth, Anyway? Putting Green The office of many a senior fac- Champion golfer Tiger dents have ulty member features shelf after Woods is a physics lesson in ac- classes and green shelf of ancient volumes of tion, and Sandra Harpole wants laboratory ex- the Physical Review, stretching back to prove it. Harpole, a physics periences that sometimes into the 1940’s and 50’s. professor at Mississippi State incorporate When said faculty member retires University, hopes that someday, science and those volumes are often given away just like Woods, one of her stu- mathematics. or simply thrown out. And yet dents will win a championship For one lab, some of them have a well-estab- Tiger Woods of their own — maybe with a the students lished market value, according to little help from physics. Harpole visited Taylor Made Adidas’ John Ptak, proprietor of J. F. Ptak runs a summer program for 6th manufacturing plant to learn how Science Books in the Georgetown to 8th graders called “Science on science and engineering are in- section of Washington, DC. the Green,” that teaches kids volved in design and testing of “We are probably the largest sell- about golf, as well as physics, golf equipment. ers of used, out-of-print, scarce, math and engineering. Students determined the unobtainable and non-existent Harpole received funding for coefficient of restitution of the books in science and mathematics” the program from the United golf balls (which influences says Ptak, “not to mention manu- Alan Chodos/APS John Ptak looks through one of the journals of yesteryear. States Golf Association. She says how fast the ball will go when scripts, reprints, journals, maps “Science on the Green” gives hit by a club) and tried hitting and prints.” Maryland. He has “many hun- has hundreds of items for sale, in- students, who might otherwise balls with and without A visit to Ptak’s establishment at dreds, if not over a thousand” older cluding as one example a first not think of golf as a sport or as dimples, showing them the re- the corner of 33rd and (appropri- volumes of the Physical Review for edition of Schiff’s book on quan- a science career, a new perspec- sult of good golf ball ately enough) Volta Streets in sale, and the price depends on tum mechanics, complete with its tive. “Many students are totally engineering (dimples on a golf Washington tends to support his what’s in them. For example, the original dust jacket. Ptak is sell- unaware of the many opportuni- ball create controlled turbu- claim. The floor-to-ceiling shelves issue dated April 1, 1948, contain- ing it for $75, whereas the dust ties in science, mathematics, lence as the ball flies, reducing are crammed with volumes both ing the famous paper by Alpher, jacket reveals that it fetched engineering and technology that the amount of drag on the old and fairly recent, jostling each Bethe and Gamow, sells at a pre- $5.50 in 1949 when it was new. exist. They do not picture women ball—allowing it to go fur- other for space. Books and journals mium compared to other numbers Ptak thinks most of his items and minorities as scientists or ther). Harpole says, “the sway precariously in tall piles in the in the same volume. Other issues are real bargains. “Baseball cards engineers or think of science students were just amazed at corners, and occasionally come on display date back to the early or comic books of this vintage and engineering careers in in- the difference the dimples skidding down across the floor. years of the 20th century, some and in this condition would sell dustries such as golf.” made.” Prints and maps line walls and fill bearing the signature of Clinton for ten times as much,” he says. The program runs for two “They all want to come cabinets. Other artifacts, such as an Davisson of the Davisson-Germer “Anyone with a job can afford weeks during the summer, with back next year,” says Harpole. artificial skeleton, a microscope and experiment. In those days the what I sell.” follow-up sessions throughout Still, she points out that just a set of test tubes, pop up in odd Physical Review printed only about Those who are interested in the school year. “Students spend knowing about the science of places. a hundred pages a month, and the Ptak’s wares but who are not each morning learning how to the game may not make any- Ptak prefers to buy books, jour- research articles were sandwiched within striking distance of play golf, about golf course de- one a better player. “No matter nals, pamphlets and other material between ads for books and equip- Georgetown can browse and sign and management, and golf how well you understand the in large lots. He then “mines” them ment in the front and back. shop on the web at http:// etiquette,” Harpole says. But these physics,” she says, “ you still for the fraction that has resale Ptak is particularly proud of www.thesciencebookstore.com. students are teeing up more than have to practice.” value. These are stored both in his collection of books and jour- And he is eager to hear from golf balls. Each afternoon the stu- —Inside Science news team Georgetown and in a warehouse nals on quantum mechanics and physicists with books or jour- that Ptak maintains in nearby quantum electrodynamics. He nals they might want to sell. 6 February 2001 NEWS

INTERNATIONAL DESK Langer, Lerch Foster Closer Ties with Indian Scientists Last October, then-APS President own ground stations or land lines. Narasimha, and a number of senior James Langer (University of California, Lerch and Langer stressed that be- faculty have been engaged in such Santa Barbara), and APS Director of fore the APS can discuss possible discussions with the Committee on International Affairs Irving Lerch vis- effective solutions to the problem, International Security and Arms ited institutes and university physics the Indian Physics Association (IPA) Control of the US National Academy departments in three major Indian and other education and research of Sciences and there was consider- cities: Mumbai (formerly Bombay), institutes must catalog their needs able interest expressed about the Bangalore and New Delhi. and capabilities. Lerch believes that attitudes within the US physics com- In the aftermath of the Indian and the remedial distribution of CD- munity concerning India and Pakistani nuclear tests in May 1998, ROMs will probably be the best Pakistan’s entrance into the nuclear there was concern that the punitive alternative in the short run, pend- club. To date, the Indian physics impediments enacted by the Con- ing the advent of a wide-band community has not developed an in- gress to prevent the spread of nuclear national network in India. dependent reservoir of nuclear weapons might undermine long- Another issue is the net flow of policy expertise capable of affecting time scientific collaboration to the students and technically trained government decisions, further ham- detriment of the US and both India people from India to the US. “The pered by the fact that most Indian and Pakistan. Through the medium of Indians recognize the importance of physicists are government employ- a visit that would be informal, collegial this, even though to some extent they ees who find it difficult to oppose or and unofficial, and by participating in are in competition with us,” says Lerch, even question government policy in private discussions and scientific ex- pointing to the fact that the US brings this area. “Scientists are essentially changes, it was hoped that Langer and in critical talent which India badly wards of the state, as they are in so- Ranjit Nair, President of the Centre for the Philosophy and Foundations of Science in New Delhi, introducing James Langer as the Jagadis Chandra Bose Lecturer for 2000. Lerch could help to assure the Indian needs at a time when it is trying to build cialist countries,” says Lerch, who physics community that it remains a an independent technology base in cit- views this as a major problem. APS plans to continue to work with in the region, most notably air pol- valued partner in the international en- ies like Bangalore. “Yet they’re reluctant Both Lerch and Langer believe selected contacts within the Indian lution, overpopulation and terprise. to impede these exchanges because that they were successful in the cen- physics community to develop and transportation. However, he was Of pressing concern to the Indian they feel the mobility of scientific tal- tral purpose of their mission: to pursue grass-roots discussions on heartened to find that the level of scientific community is electronic ac- ent is more important than their invigorate contacts and explore is- a variety of issues such as obstacles scientific research remains world- cess to journals, particularly the lack immediate needs.” sues of mutual concern between the to scholarly exchange and the im- class in several institutions, of on-line access. While the most im- Langer and Lerch were drawn in two scientific communities. In fact, pact of the technology embargo on particularly in the area of con- portant universities and institutions to casual discussions on issues of the APS intends to explore further Indian-US scientific collaboration. densed matter physics, and have such access, most lack broad- safeguards and arms control during joint APS/IPA activities, such as jun- Langer, who visited India sev- concluded that “collegial scientific band Internet connections. India has their visit to the National Institute ior and senior scientist short-term eral years ago, confessed to being interaction” between the two coun- no national network, and hence ma- of Advanced Studies (NIAS). The exchanges, and possibly workshops somewhat distressed at “the sense tries “is as important today as it has jor institutions must maintain their Institute Director, Roddam or similar scientific forums. And the that some things are getting worse” ever been.” APS Reps Attend Third World Congress of DOE Reviews, from page 1 Physical Societies in Berlin The full Baker-Hamilton report is Clinton; Martha Krebs, former Direc- On December 15 and 16, 90 that not all was well with the international exchange. IUPAP is available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/ tor of the DOE Office of Science; W. delegates representing 40 national public face of the physical sci- the only instrument for providing library/bakerham.html. Carl Lineberger, University of Colo- and regional physical societies as- ences. While government physicists with a structured forum The independent group of scien- rado, and past chair of DOE Basic sembled in Berlin for the third investment in science in the in- for strategic planning in the inter- tists was headed by Nobel Laureate Energy Sciences Advisory Committee; World Congress of Physical Soci- dustrialized nations remains national arena. Agreements for the Robert C. Richardson of Cornell (no Albert Narath, former director of eties. It was convened by both the strong, and public confidence in next generation of accelerators and relation to the former Secretary) and Sandia National Laboratory; and European Physical Society and the scientists remains high, enroll- the need for broad based consen- contained two members of the Hamre George H. Trilling of Berkeley, then German Physical Society (DPG), ments in physics—especially in sus on research priorities makes Commission, Richter and William President-elect (and now President) of with EPS President Sir Arnold the universities and colleges—is IUPAP indispensable as interna- Happer of Princeton, a former director the APS. Wolfendale presiding. Wolfendale in general decline. tional facilities augment national of the DOE Office of Energy Research is the former Astronomer Royal of American Institute of Physics programs in the pursuit of frontier (since renamed the Office of Science). the United Kingdom and a past- Executive Director Marc Brodsky research. Richardson’s December 14 letter to CSIS Study Participants president of the Institute of Physics. gave a well-received presentation Wolfendale introduced the most members of Congress accompanying Howard Baker, former senator from The last Congress was held in To- on the new science spots being pro- controversial topic: brain drain, not the group’s “discussion paper” pointed Tennessee kyo in 1995. duced by AIP for television. APS only in the third world, but also in out that “the US physics community is Robert Barker, former assistant to the secretary of defense for atomic The event was timed to coin- President James Langer chaired the Western and East-Central Europe. deeply concerned about the future of anergy cide with the conclusion of the sessions on physics education and He saw the continuing drain of sci- scientific research supported by DOE”. William Bratton, former New York City centennial of the advent of quan- gave a talk outlining some of the entific talent from East-Central The group’s first alternative considers a police commissioner tum theory by Max Planck, who current APS initiatives. There was Europe, the Former Soviet Union proposal “to elevate the Director of the D. Allan Bromley, former director of OSTP, Professor of Sciences, Yale published his revolutionary tract consensus that teacher education and other countries as a threat to DOE Office of Science to the rank of University in the Annalen der Physik on De- is an essential element in improv- their future scientific integrity and Under Secretary for Science and En- Robert Bryant, former FBI deputy di- cember 14, 1900. To honor this ing physics education in the recovery. He charged that Ameri- ergy, with additional responsibilities as rector seminal event in the history of secondary schools. An interesting can and — to a lesser extent — Science Advisor to the Secretary.” James Clapper, former director, De- fense Intelligence Agency 20th century physics, the del- feature of this discussion was the European practices bordered on The second alternative is “to create France Cordova, former NASA chief egates to the Congress were apparent commonality of problems the predatory and suggested that a ‘National Institutes of Science and scientist invited to a Jubilee session in the in both the developing and indus- governments importing talented Advanced Technology’ (NISAT) within Charles Curtis, former deputy sec- Schauspielhaus in the center of trial countries. However, the most scientists contribute financially to a cabinet-level department in analogy retary of energy Jamie Gorelick, former deputy attor- Berlin and near to the venue of the intractable problem in the develop- their countries of origin. Richter to the National Institutes of Health ney general World Congress. The German ing countries of Africa, Latin took strong exception, pointing out within the Department of Health and Lee Hamilton, former representative Minister for Science and Research, America and Asia was government that many of the problems in West- Human Services. NISAT would include from Indiana Edelgard Bulmahn, addressed an indifference to the role of science ern Europe were self-inflicted and the DOE science and energy programs John Hamre, president of CSIS, former deputy secretary of defense open meeting attended by scien- in education. that it would be damaging to in- together with other agencies such as William Happer, former director of tists, students, and numerous APS Executive Officer Judy troduce artificial impediments to the National Institute of Standards and energy research at DOE non-scientists. This was followed Franz presented a talk on the im- free exchange. He also pointed out Technology (NIST) and would “form Miriam John, vice president, Sandia by scientific addresses by Nobel portance of national governments that the mobility of scientists was the major part of a new 21st Century National Laboratories Anita Jones, former director of de- Laureates Klaus von Klitzing and to the health of physics research essential to the economic develop- Department of Commerce.” fense research and engineering, Claude N. Cohen-Tannoudji. and education in each country and ment of the nations of the Readers interested in the complete DOD The delegates convened in the the role of physical societies in pro- Asia-Pacific region and to Europe discussion paper can view it at http:// William Madia, director, Oak Ridge Magnus-Haus, a recently restored moting physics to governments itself. www.aps.org/apsnews/doescience.pdf. National Laboratory Michael May, former director, 18th century structure in the and the general public. The role of In the final session of the con- Others in the group proposing these Lawrence Livermore National center of Berlin, which serves as the International Union of Pure and ference, a number of resolutions alternatives were: James S. Langer of Laboratory DPG’s Berlin headquarters. The Applied Physics was discussed by were presented and discussed. the University of California, Santa Bar- Burton Richter, Nobel Laureate, pro- meeting focused on three themes: Burton Richter, a former APS These resolutions will undergo edi- bara, then President of APS; Martin fessor of physical sciences, Stanford University public understanding of physics, president and currently president torial review and then be circulated Blume, Editor-in-Chief of APS and James Schlesinger, former secretary raising the profile of physics in of IUPAP. He described the role to the conference participants for former Deputy Director of Brookhaven; of defense, former secretary of en- the schools, and the strengthen- of the commissions and special their approval. APS will make these Sidney Drell of the Stanford Linear Ac- ergy, former CIA director ing of physical societies. Driving working groups in planning ma- available on the web when they are celerator Center; John H. Gibbons, William Webster, former FBI director, former CIA director the Congress was a recognition jor new facilities and invigorating finalized. former science advisor to President NEWS February 2001 7 ANNOUNCEMENTS

The American Institute of APS UNDERGRADUATE PHYSICS Physics and the US Department STUDENT COMPETITION of State Announce: ▼ AIP State Department Science Fellowship 2001 APKER AWARDS Are you a scientist with an interest in foreign policy? This is a For Outstanding Undergraduate Student Research in Physics new opportunity to utilize your technical expertise to support the Endowed by Jean Dickey Apker, in memory of LeRoy Apker work of the US Department of State, and to be actively involved in the foreign policy process. AIP is now accepting applications for DESCRIPTION QUALIFICATIONS reprint of a research publication candidates to serve a one- to two-year Fellowship term in the State Two awards are normally made • Students who have been or senior thesis (unbound) Department, commencing in the fall of 2001. each year: One to a student at- enrolled as undergraduates at 4. A 1000-word summary, written by the student, describ- REQUIREMENTS: tending an institution offering a colleges and universities in the Physics PhD and one to a stu- United States at least one ing his or her research ✶ PhD or equivalent research experience in physics or related field. dent attending an institution not quarter/semester during the year 5. Two letters of recommenda- ✶ Membership in one or more of AIP’s Member Societies. offering a Physics PhD preceding the JUNE 15, 2001 tion from physicists who know ✶ Familiarity with, or experience in, scientific or technical aspects • Recipients receive a $5,000 deadline. the candidate’s individual con- of foreign policy. award; finalists $2,000. They • Students who have an excel- tribution to the work submitted ✶ US citizenship. also receive an allowance for lent academic record and 6. The nominee’s address and ✶ Fellowship contingent upon receipt of security clearance before travel to the Award presen- have demonstrated excep- telephone number during the starting term. tation. tional potential for scientific summer. BENEFITS: • Recipients’ and finalists’ home research through an original

✶ One- to two-year stipend of $49,000 annually and benefits pro- institutions receive $5,000 and contribution to physics. FURTHER INFORMATION vided by AIP. $1,000, respectively, to sup- • Only one candidate may be See http://www.aps.org/praw/ ✶ Other costs associated with assignment paid by host bureau at port undergraduate research. nominated per department. apker/descrip.html State Department. • Recipients, finalists and their APPLICATION PROCEDURE

APPLICATION MATERIALS REQUIRED: home physics departments The complete nomination pack- DEADLINE ✶ Submit Resume and Letter of Intent to the address below. Please will be presented with plaques age is due on or before June 15, Send name of proposed candi- discuss your interest in and suitability for the position. or certificates of achievement. 2001 and should include: date and supporting information ✶ Arrange to have three Letters of Reference sent directly to the The student’s home institution 1. A letter of nomination from by JUNE 15, 2001 to: Dr. Alan address below. Letters should address the candidate’s scientific is prominently featured on all the head of the student’s aca- Chodos, Administrator, Apker competence, and the education, experience and attributes that awards and news stories of the demic department Award Selection Committee; The qualify the candidate for this position. competition. 2. An official copy of the American Physical Society; One • Each nominee will be granted student’s academic transcript Physics Ellipse, College Park, DEADLINE: a free APS Student Member- MD 20740-3844; Telephone: ✶ 3. A description of the original All application materials MUST BE POSTMARKED BY APRIL ship for one year upon receipt contribution, written by the stu- (301) 209-3268, Fax: (301) 209- 15, 2001 for Fellowship commencing in fall 2001. of their completed application. dent such as a manuscript or 3652, email: [email protected]. ✶ All application materials must be submitted to the address below: American Institute of Physics One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740-3843 ATTN: Audrey T. Leath COMMITTEE MEMBERS For more information, please see our web site at http:// www.aip.org/mgr/sdf.html or contact Audrey T. Leath at *See committee reports at http://www.aps.org/exec/bylaws/apptctes2001.html [email protected] or 301-209-3094. *COMMITTEE ON CAREERS FELLOWSHIP COMMITTEE: NOMINATING COMMITTEE: Curtis AND PROFESSIONAL DEVEL- Myriam P. Sarachik (Chair), William Callan, Jr. (Chair), Susan OPMENT: Arthur Hebard (Chair), Bardeen, Patricia Mooney, J. D. Walecka Coopersmith, Michael Turner, Gabriel Joanna Batstone, Thomas Donnelly, COMMITTEE ON INTERNA- Aeppli, Virginia Brown, Bunny Clark, Y2K APS Fellowship David Elmore, Leonard Feldman, TIONAL FREEDOM OF Charles Duke, James Langer, Clifford Heather Galloway, Vernita Gordon, SCIENTISTS: Daniel Mattis Surko, Ellen Zweibel Nomination Deadlines James Kaufman, Rajinder Khosla, (Chair), Hugh DeWitt, Andreas *PANEL ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS: Anthony Nero For submittal information see: http://www.aps.org/fellowships Albrecht, Nabil Amer, Anne Kernan, William Frazer (Chair) James Tsang, *AUDIT COMMITTEE: J. Dirk Noemie Benczer Koller, Keh-Fei Liu, John Ahearne, Roberta Saxon, DIVISIONS International Walecka (Chair), Robert Callender, Jianping Lu, Vladimir Zelevinsky, Myriam Sarachik, Stephen Berry, Astrophysics ...... 05/01/01 Physics ...... 04/02/01 L. Craig Davis David Ernst, Bernard Feldman Howard Birnbaum, Robert Cahn, L. Atomic, Molecular, Industrial and Applied COMMITTEE ON COMMITTEES: *COMMITTEE ON INTERNA- Craig Davis, John Doyle, William Optical ...... 03/31/01 Physics ...... 02/20/01 Zachary Fisk (Chair), Curtis Callan, TIONAL SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS: Edelstein, William Evenson, E. M. Biological Physics ...... 04/02/01 Education ...... 04/15/01 Jr., Philip Bucksbaum, E. Dan David Ernst (Chair), Peter Barnes, Garmire, Martin Goldman, Lisbeth Chemical Physics ...... 02/15/01 Dahlberg, Jerry Gollub, Leon Karl Erb, Thomas Ferbel, D. R. Green, Gronlund, Lawrence Krauss, Fred Computational TOPICAL GROUPS Lederman, Andrew Lovinger, Gloria Octavio Obregon, Saul Oseroff, Lamb, Michael Riordan, Ivan Physics ...... 04/14/01 Few Body Systems .. 04/10/01 Lubkin, Helen Quinn, Virginia Kennedy Reed, Daniel Mattis, Bruce Schuller, Lawrence Schwartz, Rob- ert Richardson Condensed Matter ...... PAST Precision Measurement Trimble Barrett, David Lockwood Fluid Dynamics ...... 02/15/01 Fund. Const...... 04/02/01 COMMITTEE ON CONSTITUTION INVESTMENT COMMITTEE: Tho- *PHYSICS POLICY COMMITTEE: Polymer Physics ...... 04/15/01 Instruments and AND BYLAWS: James McGuire mas McIlrath (Chair), Myriam P. Robert Richardson (Chair), Bary Laser Science ...... 04/02/01 Measurement ...... 04/02/01 (Chair), Lynn Knutson, Edward Sarachik, Charles Duke, Estia Barish, William Brinkman, Jerome Friedman, Bob Guenther, Beverly Materials Physics ...... 02/15/01 Shock Compression . 04/02/01 Gerjuoy, Raymond Orbach, Kenneth Eichten, Judy Franz, Robert Lourie Hartline, Stephen Holmes, Martha Nuclear Physics ...... 04/02/01 Gravitation ...... 04/02/01 Stanfield, Stephen Wallace *COMMITTEE ON MEETINGS: Krebs, Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Particles & Fields ...... 04/02/01 Magnetism and Its COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION: Ri- Mary Ann Sweeney, Samuel Bader, Burton Richter, Lee Riedinger, Jr., T. Physics of Beams ..... 03/15/01 Applications ...... 04/02/01 chard Saenz (Chair), Robert Clark, Thomas Cohen, Judy Franz, Kate Venkatesan, Gerold Yonas, William Plasma Physics ...... 04/02/01 Plasma Astrophysics .. 04/02/01 E. Dan Dahlberg, Martin Gelfand, Kirby, Thomas McIlrath, Melvyn Frazer Statistical and Nonlinear Paul Hickman, Theodore Hodapp, Shochet, David Tanner *PUBLICATIONS OVERSIGHT FORUMS Physics ...... 04/02/01 Leon Lederman, Helen Quinn, Ken- *COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP: COMMITTEE: Mark Riley (Chair) Physics & Society ..... 04/02/01 neth Krane, Jack Wilson, Kenneth William Herrmannsfeldt (Chair), Heller Martin Blume, Thomass McIlrath, History of Physics ..... 04/02/01 APS GENERAL ...... 06/01/01 Ron Armale, Lee Bernstein, Philip EXECUTIVE BOARD: George Trill- Bucksbaum, William Cummings, Judy Franz, David Aspnes, Beverly ing (President), William Brinkman, Judy Franz, D. R. Hamann, Kathleen Berger, Paul Ginsparg, Chris Quigg, Myriam Sarachik, James Langer, McCloud, Bernard Meyerson Katepalli Sreenivasan, Ronald Walsworth Nomination Deadlines Extended Martin Blume, Philip Bucksbaum, E. *COMMITTEE ON MINORITIES: Dan Dahlberg, Judy Franz, Jerry Pamela Lucas (Chair), Ricardo *COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS Submittal information at www.aps.org under the Prize and Awards button. Gollub, Arthur Hebard, Stephen Alarcon, Bunny Clark, Jim Gates, OF WOMEN IN PHYSICS: Alice Holt, Leon Lederman, Gloria Mary Mandich, Stephen McGuire, White (Chair), Elizabeth Beise, Bar- OTTO LAPORTE AWARD ...... Deadline: 02/15/01 Lubkin, Thomas McIlrath, Helen Fernando Ponce, Herman White, bara Jones, Cynthia Keppel, Dongqi Quinn Michael Williams Li, Cha-Mei Tang, Megan Urry, FLUID DYNAMICS PRIZE ...... Deadline: 02/15/01 Bruce West, David Wolfe 8 February 2001 NEWS THE BACK PAGE

Physics, Power and Defense in the 21st Century by George A. Keyworth, II In this new digital age we live in, do contribute. Instead it is technol- II, the new digital infrastructure is it is no longer the ability to do work ogy—digital technology—that is opening up new opportunities for “The use of nuclear that matters but, rather, how fast you driving that change. exploitation. Nevertheless, informa- weapons is more do it. And the same logic will shape What might a digital defense look tion warfare is not a discontinuity. probable now than at any how we think about defense in this like? First, electronics will play a big The last real discontinuity in de- time since World War II.” new era. part, just as it has in shaping what fense was the nuclear weapon. I In just a decade or two, the world we mean today when we speak of suggest to you that the discontinu- has changed: Different dynamics, the modern military. One particular ously-derived digital defense will In the now-famous speech he different rules, and different chal- dividend electronics will yield is in result from displacing the nuclear delivered on March 23, 1983, Presi- lenges. It is the reduction of the precision targeting, that elusive part- weapon. This is not, by any means, dent Reagan took a bold step to both many barriers to new entrants that ner to precision delivery. This is to imply that nuclear weapons can, challenge the Soviets further, and to so uniquely characterizes the indus- possible now, on a full-time, global- or will, go away. What I do mean is launch us on a path to eventually re- trial era. coverage scale, using distributed that the overarching role that nuclear duce our reliance upon nuclear Those barriers stem, largely, from satellites and multi-spectral sensors. weapons played in the cold war is weapons. He began what became the the very factors that define the in- Space-based surveillance systems diminishing. That role has been Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI— dustrial economy, especially from have comprised the backbone of changing for a long time. Star Wars by its critics. He called economies of scale and regulations America’s military intelligence for One way it began to change was upon the scientific community, who George A. Keyworth, II designed, above all, to ensure capi- decades. Like mainframe computers, with the introduction of indepen- had given us nuclear weapons, to tal stability. With those barriers now though, their application was lim- dently guided warheads on a now give us the technical means to a predictable circumstance. Similarly, falling, look at the changes around ited. Now, with distributed trendline of increasing precision. make them obsolete. we seem to assume today that a de- us, even though the transition from surveillance—highly redundant, Together, they led to a fundamental He viewed our continued reliance feated Soviet Union, no longer even an industrial economy to a digital mutually supporting sensing plat- change in nuclear deterrence, and es- upon nuclear weapons, as a long- in existence and with the residue of economy has just begun. forms—space-based surveillance pecially in the way we viewed term basis for our defense, as flawed. its military machine in collapse and There is no finer example of will inevitably expand to provide tac- stability. Stability, in nuclear deter- He viewed a strategy of deterrence chaos, should serve as the validat- America’s post World War II preemi- tical support, and the means for rence, is as fundamental as the that placed civilians at risk, indistin- ing basis for arms control treaties that nence than IBM. Yet the speed with better decision-making at all levels likelihood of a nuclear attack being guishably from soldiers, as morally precede modern China, the end of which Microsoft, Oracle, and Intel of operation. initiated. The less the incentive to flawed, founded on principles that the cold war and even the PC. left IBM in the dust offers us a initiate a first strike, the more stable were inconsistent with our heritage. What could, today, meet the ob- glimpse of just how fast moving and the deterrence. He could never take seriously Rob- jective Ronald Reagan had in renewing is this new economy. And “With the ability to At the outset of the cold war, and ert McNamara’s often quoted cliché embarking on a path to reduce reli- the Internet, which is but the first respond and adapt to a for three decades thereafter, the con- that “deterrence is a condition, not ance upon nuclear weapons? What step in the conversion of the analog wide variety of threats, dition known as MAD, or mutual a strategy.” What he learned from the can affect the likelihood that nuclear infrastructure of the industrial age with a highly-leveraged assured destruction, resulted in a many issues that confronted him in weapons may be used in Kashmir, to the digital infrastructure needed rather stable form of deterrence, re- strategic modernization, especially or by terrorists against us? What can in the digital age, is increasing the technology, one can begin ferred to as counter-value deterrence. the conditions for stability, con- replace nuclear weapons in the force pace. Look at how rapidly Cisco, a to think realistically of a However, with the introduction of vinced him that deterrence had structure that will ensure our secu- communications company but one defense that goes beyond precision-guided, multiple warhead become too fragile to endure. rity in the new digital age that we born digital, surpassed each and ev- nuclear weapons.” missiles in the mid-1970's, another While the SDI was effective in have embarked upon? ery one of the great telephone form of deterrence emerged, known restoring counter-force deterrence to I suggest that our next-generation equipment companies. And look at as counter-force deterrence. its more stable alternative, counter- defense will depend upon two pri- how tiny Finland, by embracing ev- There is enormous technological In the former, high-value targets value deterrence, the basic problem mary technologies. One can be erything digital, has been reborn as potential here that can be exploited. such as cities would bear the brunt remains: that morally, nuclear deter- extrapolated from current experience one of the world’s more sophisticated In sensors, for example, combining of a nuclear attack; in the latter ver- rence is a wrong basis for security and is the kind of continuous, global and successful economies. computing with transducers contin- sion, missiles targeted missiles. and, practically, it fails to draw upon surveillance that can be achieved with With the barriers of the industrial ues to yield performance Superficially, one might view this as the strengths of a democracy. a distributed satellite network. The economy in remission, resulting in breakthroughs, like the high-resolu- progress. But this newer form of Paul Nitze has stated recently that other, more embryonic, is the technol- revitalized global competition, one tion Synthetic Aperture Radar that counter-force deterrence was less the very successful role that nuclear ogy of short-pulse, high-power lasers can get a glimpse of what Charles General Atomics flew recently on its stable in that there was, conceivably, deterrence has played for half a cen- that can replace today’s speed-of-sound Darwin documented in Origins of the Predator unmanned aircraft. And more rationale for preemption. And tury is simply finished. He argues armaments with speed-of-light equiva- Species. Perhaps we have simply re- there is tremendous potential to use by the late 1970’s, it became obvi- that he cannot conceive of any cir- lents. The destructive mechanism here turned to what is more natural, and the massive computing power of a ous that the Soviet Union was cumstance in which the use of is impulse, rather than thermal, and the the industrial age was less so. distributed surveillance network to exploiting this potential instability nuclear weapons can serve our na- effect is both extraordinarily effective In nature, nothing is more impor- process complex algorithms for im- with a nuclear force structure de- tional interests. And he is right. and difficult to counteract. tant for survival than a species’ ability age enhancement, recognition, or signed for preemption. Look for a moment at some of Combined with the precision tar- to adapt. And time and time again, data synthesis for decision support, Today all this sounds pretty arcane, the other realities. One is that deter- geting and overall intelligence that is what is defining the survivors and even simulation. or perhaps irrelevant, to most of you. rence is based upon a more than capabilities of a distributed surveillance in the digital economy. Microsoft, Another area that will be impor- But history will reveal that the cold war half-century old technology, at the system, a radically new and effective Oracle and Intel learned how to tant is electronic countermeasures was a time of enormous hazard, and top of its S-curve, where we have military capability can result. With the adapt and it was a major factor in (ECM). With radar, stealth technol- one that challenged the comprehen- made only marginal improvements ability to respond and adapt to a wide their success. Each has been threat- ogy changed the name of the game, sion of a democratic society. No one in the last 30 years. Third-world variety of threats, with a highly-lever- ened, time and again, and each reducing the reflected signal levels has described this dilemma better than economies, from Pakistan to India and aged technology, one can begin to think responded in a manner that made to a level where canceling them ac- Freeman Dyson, one of the truly great especially China, are catching up. The realistically of a defense that goes be- the company stronger. tively became feasible. Such mathematical physicists of our time, in adjuncts of deterrence, arms modern- yond nuclear weapons. The industrial age saw military computing-intensive approaches his book Weapons and Hope. He de- ization on the right and arms control Nearly 20 years ago, it was these forces structured in much the same can be extended beyond radar, even scribes two kinds of citizens, soldiers on the left, can no longer prove effec- same two technologies that justified way as the economy—and similarly to passive sensing systems such as and civilians, and he describes how tive in preventing the use of nuclear a new look at ballistic missile defense. resistant to change. That shouldn’t infrared. And active cancellation is differently they will, inevitably, view the weapons. In fact, in the light of recent In spite of the passage of time, and be surprising. Inevitably, both a but one example of a rich area of conditions for peace. Totalitarian sys- nuclear sword-rattling by India and Pa- with so much progress in other areas, nation’s defense and economy are technological opportunity in ECM. tems are led by soldiers, while kistan, and in spite of non-proliferation only marginal attention has been paid driven by largely the same factors, The trend toward increasing pre- democracies are led by civilians. efforts, the use of nuclear weapons is to these two key areas of defense tech- and by the same technologies. Then cision will continue; the trend In 1981, and as result of a massive more probable now than at any time nology, especially with impulse lasers. what is before us in defense? toward more and better real-time Soviet buildup of offensive-capable since World War II. But it is time to once again take an in- It took a decade or more before information will continue; delivery nuclear capability, the US responded Moreover, we seem to have a de- ventive approach to how we rebuild we accepted the fact that our systems will get faster and more com- with the Reagan administration’s stra- fense policy that assumes that, our decaying military. economy was in a condition of dis- plex to detect; and, in missions, rapid tegic modernization program. In perhaps 20-50 years from now, George A. Keyworth is former continuous, irreversible change. And strikes will continue to displace fixed parallel, it undertook a dramatic new China will have a nuclear deterrent presidential science advisor to Ronald we now generally accept the fact that engagements. approach to arms control, one that fo- that will inevitably challenge our Reagan, and chairman of the Progress and it is not simply the post cold-war or Just as wireless communication cused upon reducing the specific kinds own. Reminiscent of a deer in one’s Freedom Foundation. Adapted from a talk the global economy that has caused opened up tremendous opportuni- of missiles that were most destabiliz- headlights, one can only wonder given at the 2000 Industrial Physics Forum the change, although those factors ties for interception in World War ing, the Soviet SS-18s. why steps aren’t taken to avoid such in San Diego last November.

APS News welcomes and encourages letters and submissions from its members responding to these and other issues. Responses may be sent to: [email protected].