Applied Palaeontology Robert Wynn Jones Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-40744-2 - Applied Palaeontology Robert Wynn Jones Index More information

Index

Page numbers set in italics refer to figures. calcareous algae (rhodophytes, Andromeda,75 chlorophytes and charophytes), 38 Angelina sedgwickii, 162 acantharians, 75 calcareous nannoplankton angiosperms, 13, 85 Acanthoceras,151 (haptophytes), 30 animals, 13–14 Acanthocircus dicranocanthos,75 diatoms (bacillariophytes), 26 Annularia,81 acanthodians, 192 dinoflagellates, 20 stellata, 80 Acaste, 161 silicoflagellates (chrysophytes), 25 anomalodesmatans, 124 downingiae, 156 Alnipollenites verus, 130 Anorthopygus orbicularis, 183 accommodation space, 297 Alveolinella quoyi, 52 Anostylostroma,101 acids, preparation of fossils, 16 Alveosepta,69 Antedon, 176 Acompsoceras,151 Amaltheus margaritatus, 146 anthracosaurs, 200 acritarchs, 44, 45 amber, 6 Antiguastrea flandrini,107 biostratigraphy, 45–6 Ambulocetus, 210, 212 antiliopterans, 173 Palaeozoic, 47 Ammobaculites exiguus, 54 Apectodinium,23 Proterozoic, 46 Ammodiscus, 54 apes, 213 Proterozoic/Palaeozoic, 46–7 anguillae, 52 apterygotes, 173 palaeobathymetry, 44, 45 Ammolagena clavata, 52 Aquilapollenites,87 palaeobiogeography, 44 ammonites, 141, 145 Arca biangula, 122 palaeobiology, 44 ammonoids, 139 Archaealveolina,69 Acritosia, 114 biology, 139 archaeocyathans, 98, 98,99 Acropora,105 biostratigraphy, 143, 146, 147, 148, 148 biostratigraphy, 99–100 Actiniscus,20 Mesozoic, 149–51 palaeobiology, 99 Actinocamax plenus, 154 Palaeozoic, 148–9 archaeognaths, 173 Actinomma,71 classification, 140–1 Archaeolithoporella,43 actinopterygians, 193 morphology, 139–40, 140 archaeology, 356–7 Actinostroma tyrelli,101 palaeobathymetry, 141 archaeostratigraphy, 357, 358 Actinostromarianina palaeobiogeography, 141–3 case histories lecompti, 101 palaeobiology, 141 Black Sea, 378–9 preasalvensis,101 amphibians, 14, 199 Boxgrove (Sussex), 373, 374,375,376 Actostroma damesini,101 biology, 199 Doggerland (North Sea), 377–8 adhesives, conservation of fossils, biostratigraphy, 201 Goat’s Hole (Paviland, Gower), 377 16 classification, 200 Littleton (Co. Tipperary, Ireland), 379, Aequipecten opercularis, 122 morphology, 199, 199 379,380 Ageleodus,198 palaeobiogeography, 201 London, City of, 380–1 agglutinating foraminiferans, 55 palaeobiology, 200 Massawa (Eritrea), 375 aggradation, 297 palaeoclimatology, 201 Mount Sandel (Co. Derry, Ireland), Aglaiocypris,170 Amphicoryna scalaris, 52 378 agnathans, 192 amphiesmenopterans, 173 Skara Brae (Orkney), 380 agnostides, 158 Ampyx, 159 Tyrolean Alps, 380 Agnostus, 161,162 linleyensis, 156 Westbury Cave (Somerset), 372–3 Agoniatites,148 Anabarites, 93, 95 conventional biostratigraphy Ajacicyathus, 100 trisulcatus,96 optically stimulated luminescence Akidograptus,186 Anadara, 131 (OSL), 360 Alcyonidium diaphanum,116 Anagymnotoceras varium, 149 palynology, 357 Aldanicyathus, 100 Anancus arvernensis, 360 vertebrate palaeontology, 357, 359, 360 Alethopteris,82 anapsids, 202 environmental archaeology, 362, 362 serli, 80 anarcestids, 145 Archaeopteryx, 203, 205 algae, 13 Anathyris, 114 Archeolithophyllum,42 acritarchs, 44 Anchispirocyclina,69 archosaurs, 204 Bolboforma,47 Ancylus fluviatilis, 374 Arctostroma contextum,101

421

422 Index

Ardipithecus, 274 Bathysiphon, 54 palaeobiology, 206 ramidus, 213, 274 batrachomorphs, 200 palaeoclimatology, 207 arenaceous foraminiferans, 55 bats, 211 Biscutum,32 Arenicolites, 219 Belemnitella mucronata, 154 Bithynia tentaculata, 374 Areoligera,23 belemnites, 151 bivalves, 119 Areostrophia,114 biology, 151 biology, 119–21 armoured fish, 192 biostratigraphy, 153, 154 biostratigraphy, 127, 128,129,132 Arnioceras semicostatum, 146 classification, 152 Cenozoic, 129, 131 arthropods, 13, 14, 155 morphology, 152 Mesozoic, 129 insects, 171 palaeobathymetry, 153 Palaeozoic, 129 ostracods, 162–3 palaeobiogeography, 153 classification, 121–4 trilobites, 155 palaeobiology, 153 epifaunal, 125 artiodactyls, 212 palaeoclimatology, 153 morphology, 120, 121, 122 asaphides, 159 Belgrandia marginata, 374 palaeobathymetry, 126 Asteriacites, 219 Beltanella,46 palaeobiogeography, 127 Asteroceras obtusum, 146 benthic foraminiferans associated with palaeobiology, 125–6, 126 Asterophyllites,81 hydrocarbon seeps, 228 palaeoclimatology, 127 equisetiformis, 80 study materials and methods, 228 blooms of dinoflagellates, 20 athyridides, 112 study results body fossils, 5 Athyris,114 abundance, diversity, dominance and Bohemograptus, 186 Atrypa, 115 equitability, 229 Bolboforma, 47, 47 reticularis, 110 proportion of epifaunal and infaunal biostratigraphy, 47 atrypides, 112 morphotypes, 230 palaeobiology, 47 Auriculatella,168 similarity index matrix, 229 Bolbozoe,168 Australopithecus, 274, 276 taxonomic composition, 229–30 bony fish, 193 afarensis, 210, 214, 275 Bergeroniellus, 162 Borelis melo, 52 anamensis, 214, 274 Bering land bridge, 262, 263 melo curdica,71 Beyrichoceras, 148 boring or cryptic bivalves, 125 Bachmannocena, 25 obtusum, 144 Bos primigenius, 360 bacillariophytes see diatoms Billingsella, 114 Bositra, 129 bacteria Bilotina yanagidai, 114 Bothriolepsis, 192 biology, 18 biogeography, 230 Botryococcus,41 biostratigraphy, 19–20 biosteering, 342 Braarudosphaera, 31, 32 Mesozoic, 20 biostratigraphy, 282 brachiopods, 108 Palaeozoic, 20 see also chemostratigraphy; stratigraphy biology, 109 Proterozoic, 20 correlation, 284, 285 biostratigraphy, 113–14, 115 Proterozoic/Palaeozoic, 20 definition, 1 Mesozoic, 114 classification, 18 petroleum exploration, 318 Palaeozoic, 114 classification of fossils, 13 determination of casing, coring and calciate, 111 cyanobacteria and stromatolites, 18 terminal depths, 318 classification, 111–12 morphology, 18, 18 monitoring stratigraphic position morphology, 109, 109, 110 palaeobiology, 19 while drilling, 318 palaeobathymetry, 113 Baculites, 151 post-well analysis and auditing, 319 palaeobiogeography, 113 Bairdia omanensis,169 petroleum systems analysis, 307 palaeobiology, 112–13 Bakunella, 170 resolution, 285 Brachiosaurus,205 Baltisphaeridium technologies, 285 bradoriides, 166 cerinum,46 graphic correlation, 285–6, 286 Brizalina mexicana, 52 ciliosum,46 ranking and scaling, 286 Bronchocarina, 113 pilosiusculum,46 zonation, 282, 284 bryophytes, 13, 77 primarium,46 biozonation, 282 bryozoans, 114 strigosum,46 birds, 14, 201 biology, 116 Banded Limestone Formations (BLFs), biology, 201 biostratigraphy 19 biostratigraphy, 207–8, 208 Cenozoic, 118 Barkerina,69 characterisation, 205 Mesozoic, 118 Basilosaurus, 210,212 classification, 202–6 Palaeozoic, 118 basin analysis, 314 morphology, 202, 202, 203 classification, 117 bathymetry, 224 palaeobiogeography, 206 morphology, 116, 116

Index 423

bryozoans (cont.) Cassidulina Cisalveolina,69 palaeobiogeography subglobosa, 52 cladiids, 177 palaeobiology, 117, 118 teretis, 52 cladistic analysis, 11–12, 12 Buccella tenerrima, 52 Caulostrepsis, 219 Cladocoropsis, 101 Buccinum, 135 Cavellina Cladophora caespitosa,106 Buliminia marginata, 52 boomeri, 169 Claraia, 127 buliminides, 59 gerryi, 169 aurita, 129 Bumastus barriensis, 156 huqfensis, 169 classification of fossils, 11 Burgess shale, 6 Cavitatus rectus,30 algae, 13 Burgundia Celyphus rallus,20 animals, 13–14 ramosa,101 Cenozoic key events, 259 bacteria, 13 trinorchii,101 End-Eocene mass extinction, 259 cladistic analysis, 11–12, 12 Bythoceratina, 166 End-Palaeocene mass extinction, 259 fungi, 13 evolution of grasses and grassland plants, 13 Caenholectypus serialis, 184 animals, 259 protozoans, 13 Calamites, 78,81 evolution of humans, 259 Cleistosphaeridium diversispinosum,23 suckowi, 80 Holocene mass extinction, 260 Cleothyridina, 113 Calamostachys,81 Pleistocene mass extinction, 260 Climacograptus,186 calcareous algae, biology, 38 Cepaea nemoralis, 374 wilsoni, 188 calcareous microfossils, 10 Cephalidiscus, 184 climate leaf analysis multivariate program calcareous nannofossils, 11 Cerastoderma edule, 120, 122 (CLAMP), 87 calcareous nannoplankton (haptophytes), ceratites, 141, 145 Closspollis,87 30 Ceratocyrtis,71 Cloudina, 93, 95, 96 biology, 30 Ceratostraeon flabellatum, 129 Clydoniceras discus, 147 biostratigraphy, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, Cervus elaphus, 360 clymeniids, 145 38 cetaceans, 212 Clypeaster martini, 182 Cenozoic, 34–7 Chamishella, 168 Clypeina jurassica,43 Mesozoic, 32–4 charophytes, 13, 38, 41 cnidarians, 13 classification, 31 Chasmops, 159 corals, 101 morphology, 30–1, 31 extensa, 156 coal mining, 349–51, 352, 353 palaeobathymetry, 31 Cheirurus, 161 coccolithophores, 30 palaeobiogeography, 32 Cheloniceras, 151 Cochlearites, 127 palaeobiology, 31 chemostratigraphy Coelodonta antiquitatis, 360 Calcarina spengleri, 52 see also biostratigraphy; stratigraphy Coelosporella,42 Calciodinellum carbon isotope stratigraphy, 286 Coenholectypus larteii,183 elongatum,22 oxygen isotope stratigraphy, 286 cold seeps, 19, 228 levantinum,22 strontium isotope stratigraphy, 286–7 benthic foraminiferans, 228 calcispheres, 21, 22 trace element stratigraphy, 287 abundance, diversity, dominance and Calocyclas bandyca,76 Chengjiang fauna, 7 equitability, 229 calpionellids, 72,76 chiropterans, 211 proportion of epifaunal and infaunal biostratigraphy, 77 chitinozoans, 187–9, 190 morphotypes, 230 palaeobiology, 76 biostratigraphy, 190 similarity index matrix, 229 Calyculus,32 palaeobiology, 189 study materials and methods, 228 Calymene, 156,161,161 Chlamys recondita, 122 taxonomic composition, 229–30 blumenbachi, 156 chlorophyll, 13 coleopterans, 173 Cambria,168 chlorophytes, 13, 38, 39 Collenia, 19–20 Cambrian evolutionary diversification, Choffatella,69 Colpophyllia stellata, 108 6 chondrichthyans, 192 Composita, 113, 115 camerates, 177 Chonetes, 115 ambigua, 110 Candona, 170 chrysophytes see silicoflagellates condensed sections (CSs), 298 Candoniella,170 Chuanbeiella, 168 conodonts, 193, 194 Caracomia arctica,22 Chuangia, 162 consolidation of samples and specimens, 9 Caridosuctor, 193 Chuangshania kursteni, 162 consolidants, 16 Carinaknightina braccinii, 169 Chuaria,46 Conulus, 183 carnivores, 211 Cibicidoides wuellerstorffi, 52 Conus, 134 Carpocanistrum azyx,76 cidaroids, 182 Cooksonia,78 Caspiolla,170 Cirroceras, 151 Copodus, 198

424 Index

Coquimba congestocostata, 171 Proterozoic, 20 biology, 26 coral reefs, 102,103 Proterozoic/Palaeozoic, 20 biostratigraphy, 28, 29 corals, 101 classification, 18 Cenozoic, 28 biology, 101–3 morphology, 18 Mesozoic, 28 biostratigraphy, 106, 107, 108 palaeobiology, 19 classification, 28 Cenozoic, 108 cycads, 82 morphology, 26, 27,28 Mesozoic, 107 Cycladophora,71 other applications, 30 Palaeozoic, 106 Cyclammina cancellata, 52 palaeobathymetry, 28 classification, 103–5 Cycloclypeus carpenteri, 52 palaeobiogeography, 28 morphology, 103, 104 Cyclocypris, 170 palaeobiology, 28 palaeobathymetry, 105 Cyclopyge, 161 palaeoclimatology, 28 palaeobiogeography, 106 cyclostratigraphy, 287 Dibunophyllum, 105 palaeobiology, 105 Cypraea, 134 Dicarinella,59 palaeoclimatology, 106 Cypria,170 Dicellograptus, 186 Corbiculopsis,129 Cyprideis, 165, 170 anceps, 188 Corbula regulbiensis, 122 pascagoulensis, 171 Dickinsonia,92 Cordaitanthus,82 subquadraregularis,171 Dicranograptus,186,187 Cordaites, 79 Cyrtograptus, 186 clingani, 188 angulostriatus, 80 murchisoni, 189 Dicranurus, 161 Cornuproteus,160 Cyrtoptera,71 Dicroidium,87 Cornuspira foliacea, 52 Cyrtospirifer, 115 Dictyoclostus, 115 Cornutella,71 Cytherella, 167 Dictyonella, 115 corynexochides, 158 Cytherissa, 170 Dictyonema, 186 Corynoides, 187 Cytheropteron, 166 flabelliforme, 188 Coskinolina balsillei,71 Cytherura, 165 Didymograptus, 186, 187 Coskinolinella,69 Cytrospirifer extensus, 110 bifidus, 188 Coskinolinoides,69 extensus, 188 Cosmoraphe, 219 Daghanirhyncia, 114 hirundo, 188 Costistricklandia lirata, 110 Dalmanites murchisoni, 188 Crania, 115 myops, 156 Dielesma, 114 Crendonites gorei, 148 Dama clactoniana, 360 Dilatispharera laevigata,44 Crepidolithus crassus,31 Daonella, 129 Dimetrodon, 202 crinoids, 175 de Geer land bridge, 262, 263 dinoflagellates, 20 biology, 176 deep infaunal bivalves, 125 biology, 20–1 biostratigraphy, 178, 179, 180, 181 deep marine environments, 226 biostratigraphy, 23–4 Mesozoic, 181 hydrothermal vents and cold Cenozoic, 24–5 Palaeozoic, 181 (hydrocabon) seeps, 226–7 Mesozoic, 24 classification, 176–7 oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), classification, 22 morphology, 176, 177, 178 226 morphology, 21, 21,22 palaeobathymetry, 178 submarine fans, 226–7 other applications, 25 palaeobiogeography, 178 Dehornella crustans, 101 palaeobathymetry, 23 palaeobiology, 177–8 Delops,160 palaeobiology, 22–3 crocodilians, 204 Deltodus, 198 palaeoclimatology, 23 Crocuta crocuta spelaea, 360 Dendrograptus, 187 palaeogeography, 23 Crucidenticula dendroids, 185 dinosaurs, 205 kanayae,30 Dendrophyra erecta, 54 dinoxanthin, 13 sawamurae,30 Dentalina flinti, 52 Diploceras, 151 Cruziana,218 Denticulopsis praelauta,30 Diplocercides, 193 cryptodonts, 124 depositional model, 348 Diplocraterion, 219 Cryptolucina,125 Derbyia diversa, 114 Diplodoselache, 198 Cryptophyllus diatropus,169 Deshayesites forbesi, 148 Dipterus, 193 Cryptoprora ornata,76 Desmophyllum cristagalli, 103 disaster biota, 19 cyanobacteria Dhrumaites, 149 distress codes, 8 biology, 18 Diabolepsis, 193 Dithecodendrum, 187 biostratigraphy, 19–20 diagnosis, 14 divergence, 12 Mesozoic, 20 diapsids, 204 Donazella,43 Palaeozoic, 20 diatoms (bacillariophytes), 10 Dorypygella,162

Index 425

Douvilleiceras mammillatum, 148 Euradagnostus, 162 foraminiferans, 13, 48, 67, 245 Durania borealis,133 eustacy, 297 see also benthic foraminiferans; larger eutrophic conditions, 22 benthic foraminiferans (LBFs) Echinoconchus, 113 even-toed ungulates, 211 biology, 48–9 echinoderms, 13, 14, 174 Everticyclammina,69 biostratigraphy, 62–3, 64 crinoids, 175 kelleri,70 Cenozoic, 63–7 echinoids evolution, 241–2 Mesozoic, 63 biology, 181 Cambrian evolutionary diversification, classification, 49–60 biostratigraphy, 179, 180,183 250 diversity trends through time, 245, 246, Cenozoic, 184 complex life, 248 247 Mesozoic, 183–4 evolution of flight, 253 applicability, 247 classification, 182 evolution of flowering plants, 257 Cenozoic, 247 morphology, 177, 178,181 evolution of forests, 253 Mesozoic, 246 palaeobathymetry, 182 evolution of grasses and grassland Palaeozoic, 246 palaeobiogeography, 182 animals, 259 morphology, 49, 49, 52, 54 Echinotiara, 183 evolution of humans, 259 palaeobathymetry, 61 Echioceras raricostatum, 146 evolution of life on land, 252 palaeobiogeography, 62 ecological evolutionary units, 242 evolutionary biotas, 242, 242 palaeobiology, 54, 60–1 edentates, 209 Cambrian, 242 palaeoclimatology, 62 ediacarians, 6, 91–2, 92,249 Mesozoic–Cenozoic, 243 Forbesciceras,151 biostratigraphy, 93 Palaeozoic, 243 forensic palynology, 17 palaeobiology, 92–3 evolutionary events, 242 forensic science, 30 Eggerella bradyi, 52 Mesozoic evolutionary diversification, Forresteria,151 Ekman transport, 308 256 fossils and fossilisation, 5 elephants, 212 multicellular life, 248–9 classification of fossils, 11 Elobiceras,151 Ordovician evolutionary diversification, algae, 13 Elphidiella arctica, 52 251 animals, 13–14 Elphidium crispum, 52 reefs, 250–1 bacteria, 13 engineering geology, 353 vertebrates, 251 cladistic analysis, 11–12, 12 case histories, 354–7 Exogyra latissima, 122 fungi, 13 Channel tunnel site investigation extinction, 241 plants, 13 (England), 354, 354 see also mass extinction events protozoans, 13 Project Orwell (Suffolk, England), 355 collection of fossils, general principles, Thames barrier site investigation Farsia, 162 7–8 (England), 354, 355 Fascistropheodonta, 114 codes of conduct, 8 Entobia, 219 Faujasia, 183 equipment, 8 Entomis,168 Favosites, 103 safety considerations, 8–9 entomopalynology, 18 Favusella washitensis,63 conservation of fossils, 16 environmental science, 355 feeding strategy, 223–4 curation of fossils, 16 environmental impact assessment, 355 Ferestromatopora parksi, 101 derivation of term, 5 environmental monitoring, 356 Fermoria,46 description of fossils, 14–15 environmental stress gradient, 348 first appearance datums (FADs), 282 naming problems, 14–15 Eocoelia, 114 fish, 14, 191 exceptional preservation of assemblages, Eodiscus, 161 biology, 191 6 Eoplectodonta, 115 biostratigraphy, 196–7, 197 Cenozoic, 7 Ephedra,83 Cenozoic, 198 Mesozoic, 7 ephemopterans, 173 Mesozoic, 198 Palaeozoic, 6–7 Epistacheoides,42 Palaeozoic, 198 Proterozoic, 6 Eponides repandus, 52 classification, 191 fossilisation process (taphonomy), 5–6 Equus, 210 morphology, 191, 192 likelihood of fossilisation, 5 Eucypris,170 palaeobiogeography, 195–6 preservation of fossils, 5 euechinoids, 182 palaeobiology, 194–5 identification of fossils, 14 Euhoplites lautus, 148 palaeoclimatology, 196 illustration of fossils, 15 Euhystrichoceras,151 Fissurina laevigata, 52 museology, 15 eukaryotes, 13, 248 Flemingites,81 preparation of fossils, 15 Eulepidina elephantiana,71 Flexicalymene, 159 chemical methods, 15–16 Euplectella aspergillum,96 Flosculinella bontangensis,71 mechanical methods, 15

426 Index

fossils and fossilisation (cont.) global warming, 253 Heliolites, 103 principal groups, 17 Globator, 183 Helix, 139 micropalaeontology and palynology, Globigerina bulloides, 54 Helminthoida, 219 17–18 globigerinides, 59 Hemipneustes,183 representativeness of record, 6 Globosobucina, 114 Hesperorthis, 115 surface collection for microfossil Globotruncana ventricosa,63 Heteraster analysis, 9 Glomospira, 54 musandamensis,183 contamination issues, 11 Glossifungites, 218 oblonga, 183 lithology, 9–10 Glossopteris, 79, 86, 87 heterodonts, 124 sample size, 9 Glycymeris, 125 Heterostegina depressa, 52 sampling for specific microfossil glycymeris, 122 high-stand systems tract (HST), 297, 304–5 groups, 10–11 Glyphopneustes, 183 Hildoceras bifrons, 146 surface collection of macrofossils, 9 Glyptodon, 210 Hindeodus excavatus,198 trace fossils, 217–18 Glyptograptus, 186, 187 Hippocrepina, 54 biostratigraphy, 219–20 teretiusculus, 188 Hippopotamus amphibius, 360 palaeobiology, 218–19, 219 gnetophytes, 83 Hoeglundina elegans, 52 Frechites lacqueatus,149 Gnetum,83 Holaster planus,183 fucoxanthin, 13 goniatites, 140, 145 Hollinella benzartii,169 fungi, 13, 90, 90,91 goniatitids, 144 holotype, 14 biostratigraphy, 91 Goniopygus, 183 hominids, 213 palaeobiology, 91 Gonioteuthis quadrata, 154 Homo, 214, 276, 279 Gonipygus, 183 erectus, 210, 214, 277, 278,279 Gallowayan genetic stratigraphic Gorgonia, 101 ergaster, 214, 279 sequence, 297 Granomarginata evolution of humans, 259 gamma logs, 316 prima,46 floresianus, 214, 281 Garwoodia,19 squamacea,46 habilis, 210, 214, 276, 276 Gastrioceras carbonarium, 144 graptolites, 184 heidelbergensis,214,277, 278, 279, 280 Gastrochaenolites, 219 biology, 184 neanderthalensis, 210, 214, 277, 278, 279, gastropods, 134 biostratigraphy, 186–7, 187, 188, 189 280 biology, 134 classification, 185 rudolfensis, 214 biostratigraphy, 137–8, 138 morphology, 184, 184 sapiens, 210, 214, 277, 278, 280 Cenozoic, 139 palaeobathymetry, 185–6 Homoceras diadema, 144 Mesozoic, 138 palaeobiogeography, 186 Homolsomites bojarkensis, 151 Palaeozoic, 138 graptoloids, 185 Hoplites dentatus, 148 classification, 134–6 Graviacypris, 170 horizontal variation, 226–7 morphology, 134, 135, 136 gravity surveying, 314 Hormosina globifera, 52 palaeobiogeography, 136 greenhouse effect, 255 Horridonia horrida, 110 palaeobiology, 136 Grimsdalea magnaclavata, 130 Hunsruck slate, 6 palaeoclimatology, 137 Guembelitria,59 hyaline foraminiferans, 58 Gauthiericeras,151 Gussow’s principle, 307 Hyalinea balthica, 52 Gemellitheca,89 gymnolaemates, 117–18 Hybonoticeras beckeri,149 ‘geological fieldwork code’, 8 gymnosperms, 13, 81–4 hydrocarbon seeps see cold seeps geotopes, 8 hydrogen peroxide, preparation of fossils, Geragnostus,159 Halkieria, 94, 95 15 Gerronostroma, 101 Halobia, 129 hydrothermal vents, 227–8 Gervilleioperna,127 parthanensis, 129 Hygromia hispida, 374 Gigantoproductus giganteus, 110 Halyphysema, 54 Hylonomus, 202, 202 Ginkgo,82 tumanowiczii, 54 hymenopterans, 173 biloba, 79 Halysites, 103 Hyperammina friabilis, 52 huttoni, 80 Hamipollenites,89 Hyracotherium, 210, 212 Girvanella, 19–20 haptophytes see calcareous nannoplankton Hysteroceras, 151 global cooling, 253 hares, 211 Hysterolenus,162 global stratotype sections and points Harpes, 161 Hysterolites, 114 (GSSPs) Harpoceras falciferum, 146 Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura,23 Cenozoic, 289–97 Hattopsis, 183 Mesozoic, 289 heavy mineral stratigraphy, 287 Icaronycteris, 210 Palaeozoic, 288–9 Hedbergella planispira,59 ichthyoliths, 194, 195

Index 427

ichthyosaurs, 206 Jordanites lordi, 169 Lepidocyclina,71 Ichthyostega,193 Juresania omanensis, 114 Lepidodendron,78,78 Ilyocypris,170 aculeatum, 80 Impagidinium,23 Kamaenella,42 sternbergi, 80 Indricotherium, 212 Kameana,42 lepidosaurs, 206 Inoceramus labiatus,128 Karangatites evolutus, 149 Lepidosiren,193 insectivores, 211 Karrerulina conversa, 52 Lepidostrobus,81 insects, 171, 174 key biological events, 241 Leptagonia, 113 biology, 171 evolution and extinction, 241 Leptocycas gigas, 79 biostratigraphy, 174, 175 Knemiceras dubertreti, 150 Libycoceras, 151 classification, 173 Koninckopora,42 lichides, 159 morphology, 172,173 Konservat-Lagerstatten, 6 Lilliputianella globulifera, 168 palaeobiology, 173 Konzentrat-Lagerstatten, 6 Limnocythere, 170 palaeoclimatology, 174 Kootenia, 161 line of correlation (LOC), 285, 286 International Code of Botanical Krithe, 166 Lingula, 115 Nomenclature (ICBN), Krotovoa, 113 lingulate brachiopods, 111 14 K-strategy, 221 lingulinides, 111 International Code of Zoological Kurnubia,69 Lingulodinium machaerophorum,23 Nomenclature (ICZN), jurassica,70 Linoproductus kaseti,114 14 Lipmanella,71 invertebrates, 91 Labechia palliseri, 101 lissamphibians, 200 arthropods, 155 Labrospira jeffreysi, 54 Lissodus, 198 insects, 171 Labyrinthina,69 Lithiosperna, 127 ostracods, 162–3 Lacazina,69 Lithiotis, 127, 129 trilobites, 155 Lagena sulcata, 52 lithographic limestone, 6 chitinozoans, 187–9, 190 Lagerstatten, 6 Lithophyllum fasciculatum cnidarians, 101 lagomorphs, 211 Lithothamnium corallioides, echinoderms, 174 Lamarmorella,69 Lobatopteris,78 crinoids, 175 Langaia hornei,169 lobe-finned fish, 193 echinoids, 181 Larcopyle,71 Loganellus, 162 ediacarians, 91–2 larger benthic foraminiferans (LBFs), Lophelia,103 graptolites, 184 67–8 lophophorates, 13, 14 lophophorates see also benthic foraminiferans; brachiopods, 108 brachiopods, 108 foraminiferans bryozoans, 114 bryozoans, 114 biostratigraphy, 69–70 Lorenzinia, 219 molluscs Cenozoic, 71 Lotagnustus trisectus, 156 ammonoids, 139 Mesozoic, 70–1 Lotharingus,32 belemnites, 151 Palaeozoic, 70 low-stand fan (LSF), 297 bivalves, 119 palaeobathymetry, 69 low-stand prograding complex (LPC), gastropods, 134 palaeobiogeography, 69 297 tentaculitids, 154 palaeobiology, 69 low-stand systems tract (LST), palaeobiology, 91 last appearance datums (LADs), 284 297, 302–3 poriferans Laticarinina pauperata, 52 low-stand wedge (LSW), 297 archaeocyathans, 98, 98,99 Latimeria, 193 Lucina concinna, 122 sponges, 96, 96,97 Laveineopteris,82 Ludwigia murchisonae, 147 stromatoporoids, 100, 100 leaf margin analysis (LMA), 87 Lycopodium,81 small shelly fossils (SSFs), Leioceras opalinum, 147 Lymnaea peregra, 374 93–4, 94 Leiospheridia Lymnocythere, 165 Irania,162 gigantea,46 Isograptus,185,187 pellucida,46 Macanopsis, 219 Isoxys,168 simplex,46 Macrocephalites macrocephalus, 147 Izhella,19 Lejeunecysta,23 Macroneuropteris,82 Lenotropites caurus, 149 maerls Jaculella obtusa, 54 Lenticulina anaglypta, 52 magnetic surveying, 314 Jadammina macrescens, 54 Leonaspis deflexa, 156 magnetostratigraphy, 287–8 jawed fish, 192 Leonella granifera,22 Magniplicatina, 114 jawless fish, 192 leperditicopides, 166 Magnolia lobata, 80

428 Index

mammals, 14, 208 Zanclian palaeoclimate, 274 Mesozoic key events, 255 biology, 209 Zanclian palaeogeography, 274, 274 End-Cretaceous mass extinction, biostratigraphy, 215, 216, 217 morphology, 209, 210, 211 258–9 classification, 209–14 palaeobiogeography, 215 End-Triassic mass extinction, 256–7 dispersal across northern North palaeobiology, 214 evolution of flowering plants, 257 Atlantic, 261, 261, 262 palaeoclimatology, 215 evolutionary diversification, 256 Bering land bridge, 263 Mammuthus, 210 Late Cretaceous mass extinction, 257 de Geer land bridge, 263 primigenius, 360 Metalegoceras, 149 Thulean land bridge, 262, 263–5 Mangashtia,69 metazoans, 13 evolution and dispersal in Marattia,82 Micracanthoceras microcanthum, 150 Oligocene–Holocene Old World, marginal marine environments, 225 Micraster 265, 266 Marginopora vertebralis, 52 coranguinum, 180, 183 Burdigalian–Langhian land mammal marine environments, 224 cortestudinarium, 180,183 evolution and dispersal, 269 Mariopteris,82 Micrhystridium tornatum,46 Burdigalian–Langhian palaeoclimate, nervosa, 80 Microdictyon, 94, 95 268–9 Marsipella arenaria, 54 microgranular foraminiferans, 58 Burdigalian–Langhian marsupials, 209 Micromitra, 115 palaeogeography, 268, 269 Marsupites, 178 micropalaeontology, 17–18 Chattian–Aquitanian land mammal testudinarius, 179, 180 microsaurs, 200 evolution and dispersal, 268 Marthasterites furcatus,32 Microtus gregalis, 376 Chattian–Aquitanian palaeoclimate, mass extinction events, 242, 243–4 Miliammina fusca, 54 267–8 causes Mimiosalenia, 183 Chattian–Aquitanian extrinsic, extra-terrestrial causes, 244 mineral exploration and exploitation, palaeogeography, 266, 268 intrinsic, Earth-bound causes, 244 348 early–middle Serravallian land Cenozoic events case histories mammal evolution and dispersal, End-Eocene, 259 East Grimstead quarry (Wiltshire, 270 End-Palaeocene, 259 England), 349, 351 early–middle Serravallian Holocene, 260 La Troya mine (Spain), 348, 349 palaeoclimate, 270 Pleistocene, 260 Pitstone quarry (Hertfordshire, early–middle Serravallian effects England), 349, 350 palaeogeography, 270, 270 recovery, 244 Minythyra,113 late Serravallian–Tortonian land selectivity, 244 Miogypsina globulina,71 mammal evolution and dispersal, Late Precambrian, 249 Miogypsinoides complanatus,71 272 Mesozoic events Miohippus, 210 late Serravallian–Tortonian End-Cretaceous, 258–9 Miraspis, 160 palaeoclimate, 271–2 End-Triassic, 256–7 Mirifusus,75 late Serravallian–Tortonian Late Cretaceous, 257 Mitrolithus jansae,32 palaeogeography, 271, 271 Palaeozoic events molluscs, 13 Messinian land mammal evolution Early Cambrian, 251 ammonoids, 139 and dispersal, 273 End-Ordovician, 251–2 belemnites, 151 Messinian palaeoclimate, 273 End-Permian, 254–5 bivalves, 119 Messinian palaeogeography, 273, 273 Late Cambrian, 251 gastropods, 134 Piacenzian land mammal evolution Late Devonian, 252–3 tentaculitids, 154 and dispersal, 275–6 periodicity, 245 monkeys, 213 Piacenzian palaeogeography and Mawsonia, 193 Monograptus, 184, 186, 187 palaeoclimate, 275, 276 maximum flooding surface (MFS), 297, 304 leintwardinensis, 189 Pleistocene–Holocene land mammal Mecaster, 183 sedgwickii, 189 evolution and dispersal, 279–81 medical palynology, 18 turriculatus, 189 Pleistocene–Holocene Megaceros giganteus, 360 Monotis, 127 palaeogeography and melissopalynology, 18 monotremes, 209 palaeoclimate, 276, 277, 278, 279 Melonis pompilioides, 52 Mortoniceras, 151 Rupelian land mammal evolution and Menabites, 151 motile epifaunal bivalves, 125 dispersal, 266 Merlina, 159, 161 multicellular life, 248–9 Rupelian palaeoclimate, 265 Merriline praedivergens, 198 Multiplicisphaeridum pilaris,45 Rupelian palaeogeography, 265, 267 Mesorbitolina Multispinula,23 Zanclian land mammal evolution and subconcava,70 Munstericeras, 148 dispersal, 274–5 texana,70 Murgella,69

Index 429

museology, 15 odonatans, 173 Pachycyrtella omanensis, 113 conservation of fossils, 16 Offaster pilula, 183 Pachydiscus neubergicus,150 curation of fossils, 16 Ogygiocaris, 161 Paedumias, 161 preparation of fossils, 15–16 Olenellus lapworthi, 156 Paladin, 161 Mya truncata, 122 Olenus, 161 Palaeoaplysina, 42, 43 Mylodon, 210 gibbosus, 156 palaeobathymetry, 224, 239 myodocopides, 167 oligostegnids, 21 interpretation of extant species, 224 Myophorella clavellata, 122 oligotrophic conditions, 22 interpretation of extinct species, 225 Myriophyllia rastelliana,107 Omphalocyclus macroporus,70 palaeobiogeography, 230, 239–40 Mytiloperna,127 Onnia gracilis, 156 Cenozoic, 236–7 Mytilus edulis, 122 operation likely to damage (OLD) sites of Mesozoic, 234, 234, 235, 236 interest, 8 Palaeozoic, 222, 231, 231, 232, 233, 234, 234 Namacalathus,96 Opercilina complanata, 52 palaeobiology, 221 naraoiides, 158 Operculinella cumingi, 52 definition, 1 nasselarians, 73 Operculodinium discrimination between environments natural selection, 242 centrocarpum,23 deep marine environments, 226 Nautellipsites,148 israelianum,23 marginal marine environments, 225 nectrideans, 200 Ophiomorpha, 219 marine environments, 224 Neitheia dutrigei,129 opisthobranchs, 135 non-marine environments, 224 nektobenthic bivalves, 125 opokas, 26 shallow marine environments, 225, Nemagraptus,186 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), 226 gracilis, 188 360 life strategy, 221 Nematosphaeropsis,23 Orbitolina sefini,70 quantitative and other techniques, 239 Neoceratodus,193 Orbitolinopsis,69 palaeobathymetry, 239 Neochonetes arabicus,114 Orbitopsella,69 palaeobiogeography and Neoharpoceras, 151 Orbulina universa, 49, 67 palaeoclimatology, 239–40 Neoiraqia,69 Ordovician evolutionary diversity, 7 palaeoclimatology, 237, 239–40 neopterans, 173 organic-walled microfossils, 11 Cenozoic, 238 Neorbitolinopsis,69 Oridorsalis umbonatus, 52 Mesozoic, 238 Neosyringostroma logansportense,101 origin of life, 247–8 Palaeozoic, 237 Neotlingaster,183 Origmatosphaeridium rubiginosum,46 palaeocopides, 166 Neotollia, 151 orthides, 112 Palaeodictyoconus,69 Neoveryhachium carminae,45 Orthograptus, 187 arabicus,70 Nereites, 218 Orthonotocythere, 168 Palaeodictyon, 219 Nerinea,139 Orthoretiolites, 187 palaeoecology, 221 Neseuretus,159 Orthotetes, 115 interpretation on basis of analogy, 221 neuropteridans, 173 osteichthyans, 193 uniformitarianism, 221 Neuropteris,82 ostracods, 162–3 interpretation on basis of functional gigantea, 80 biology, 163, 164, 166 morphology, 223 Nisusia,162 biostratigraphy, 168–9 life position and feeding strategy, Nitzschia porteri,30 Cenozoic, 170–1 223–4 nodosariides, 59 Mesozoic, 169–70 palaeoenvironmental interpretation of non-marine environments, 224 Palaeozoic, 169 Pleistocene–Holocene British Isles, Normapolles,87 classification, 166–7 363 North American land mammal ages morphology, 165, 166, 166 bathymetric distribution data, 363 (NALMAs), 215 palaeobathymetry, 167–8 biogeographic distribution data, 363 Nothofagus,87,88 palaeobiogeography, 168 study results Notodendrodes antarctikos, 54 palaeobiology, 167 Anglian, 365 Nucula similis, 122 palaeoclimatology, 168 Beestonian, 364 Nummoloculina,69 Ostrea Cromerian, 364, 364 Nummulites edulis, 122 Devensian, 369, 371 fichteli,71 lunata, 128 Flandrian, 372 gizehensis,48 otoliths, 194, 195 Hoxnian, 365, 366 globulus,71 Ovalveolina,69 Ipswichian, 369, 370 oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), 226 Pastonian, 363 obstruction upwelling, 309 Oxynoticeras oxynotum, 146 Saalian, 365, 367, 368 odd-toed ungulates, 212 Oxytropidoceras, 151 palaeoheterodonts, 124

430 Index

Palaeoloxodon antiquus, 360 Patella, 134 geophysical techniques, 313–14 palaeontology, relationship to biology and Pavlovia pallasioides, 148 integrated techniques, 314 geology, 2 Pecopteris,78 operational biostratigraphy, 318 Palaeostachya,81 polymorpha, 80 petrophysical logging technologies, palaeotaxodonts, 124 Pecten duplicatus, 122 315–16 Palaeozoic key events, 249 Pectinatites pectinatus, 148 health, safety and environmental issues, Cambrian evolutionary diversification, Pediastrum,41 316 250 Pelosina, 54 environmental impact assessment, Early Cambrian mass extinction, 251 arborescens, 54 317–18 End-Ordovician mass extinction, Peltoceras athleta, 147 environmental monitoring, 317 251–2 pelycosaurs, 204 pressure prediction, 317 End-Permian mass extinction, 254–5 Peneroplis planulatus, 52 site investigation, 316–17 evolution of flight, 253 pentamerides, 112 well-site operations, 317 evolution of forests, 253 Pentamerus, 115 micropalaeontological characterisation evolution of life on land, 252 oblongus, 110 of mudstone cap-rocks, 311, 312 evolution of reefs, 250–1 Pericyclus, 148 study results, 311, 311,312 evolution of vertebrates, 251 peridinin, 13 palaeontological inputs Late Cambrian mass extinction, 251 Perigeyerella raffaelae, 114 biostratigraphy and Late Devonian mass extinction, 252–3 Peripatus,94 chronostratigraphy, 307 Ordovician evolutionary diversification, Peripyramis,71 lithological prediction, 308 251 Perisphinctes plicatilis, 149 palaeobathymetry, 307–8 Palorbitolina,69 perissodactyls, 211 palaeobiogeography, 308 lenticularis,70 permeability, 310 palynofacies, 309, 309 palynology, 17, 18 Pernambugia tuberosa,22 thermal maturity indication, 309, 310 entomopalynology, 18 Peroniceras, 151 play components, 306 forensic palynology, 17 Petalobrissus, 183 cap-rocks, 310 medical palynology, 18 Petrianna,168 reservoir-rocks, 310 melissopalynology, 18 petroleum exploration case histories source-rocks, 306, 308 palynomorphs, 11 Middle East systems, 306, 307 Parabolina spinulosa, 162 biostratigraphy, 337–8 systems analysis, 306, 307 Paracambria,168 cap-rocks, 337 traps, 312 Paracoskinolina,69 geological setting, 333, 334, 335, 336 reservoir exploitation, 316 Paradoxides, 161,162 integrated studies, 338, 340, 341, 341, biosteering, 342 davidus, 156 342, 343, 344, 345, 346 integrated reservoir description, Paradoxostoma, 166 palaeoenvironmental interpretation, 341–2 Paraepiphyton,19 338, 339 testing, 316 Parafissurina lateralis, 52 petroleum geology, 336 source-rock depositional modelling, Paragloborilus,95 reservoir-rocks, 336 308 Paraglossograptus, 187 source-rocks, 336 Black Sea model, 309 Parahoplites nutfeldensis, 148 North Sea Indian Ocean model, 309 Parallelostroma,101 biostratigraphy, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, upwelling models, 308 Paramys, 210 327, 328, 329 stratigraphic control, 312 paraneopterans, 173 cap-rocks, 320 cap-rocks, 313 Parascutella,182 geological setting, 319, 320 reservoir-rocks, 313 Parastromatopora libani,101 integrated studies, 326, 330, 331, 332, source-rocks, 312 Paratrochammina challengeri, 52 333 petroleum reservoir exploitation case paratype, 14 palaeoenvironmental interpretation, histories, 343 Paripterus,82 326, 330 Andrew field (North Sea), 346–7 Parkinsonia parkinsoni, 146 reservoir-rocks, 320, 321 Cusiana field (Colombia), 343 Parodiceras,148 source-rocks, 319 Sajaa field (Sharjah, United Arab parsimony analysis, 12 petroleum geology, 306 Emirates), 347 Parurgonia,69 exploration techniques, 313 Valhall field (North Sea), 347–8 Parvincingula,75 chronostratigraphy and Pfenderina,69 haeckeli,76 palaeoenvironmental phacopides, 159 jonesi,76 interpretation, 318 Phacops accipitrinus, 156 papulata,76 drilling technologies, 314–15, 315 Phaeodarians, 75 vera,76 geological techniques, 313 Pharciceras, 148

Index 431

Phillipsia gemmulifera, 156 poriferans, 13 Pterotrigonia, 129 phosphatic microfossils, 10 archaeocyathans, 98, 98,99 pterygotes, 173 Phycodes, 219 sponges, 96, 96,97 Ptilograptus, 187 pedum,95 stromatoporoids, 100, 100 ptychoperiides, 158 phycoerythrin, 13 porosity, 310 pulmonates, 136 phylactolaemates, 117, 118 Posidonia, 129 Punctospirifer, 113 Phyllacanthus,182 Potamius conicus, 139 punctuated equilibrium, 137 Phyllograptus, 187 Praealveolina,69 Pupilla muscorum, 374 phylogenetics, definition, 1 tenuis,70 Purella antiqua,96 Phymatolithon calcareum Praeparvicingula,75 Pycnoctenion,198 Phymechinus,183 Praerhapidionina delicata,71 Pyrgo murrhina, 52 phytoliths, 85 Preaglobotruncana,59 pyrrophytes, 13 Pictonia baylei, 148 primates, 213 Pyxidinopsis psilata,25 Pierolapithecus catalunicus,213 Pristiograptus, 186 Pinna affinis, 122 proboscideans, 212 Qasimia,89 placental mammals, 209 Proconsul, 210 Quadracythere, 166 placoderms, 192 productides, 112 quaternary dating methods, 288 Plagiostoma hoperi, 129 Productus productus, 110 Quenstedtoceras lamberti, 147 Planolites, 219 proetides, 159 Quinqeuloculina seminulum, 52 Planorbis planorbis, 374 progradation, 297 Planorotalites pseudomenardii,67 prokaryotes, 13, 247–8 rabbits, 211 plants, 13 Promillepora pervinquieri, 101 Radimella biology, 77 Proraster, 183 confragosa, 171 biostratigraphy, 88 prosobranchs, 134 wantlandi,171 Cenozoic, 89–90 proteinaceous foraminiferans, 71 radiolarians, 10, 13, 71 Mesozoic, 89 Proterozoic key events biology, 71 Palaeozoic, 88–9 evolution of complex life, 248 biostratigraphy, 75–6 classification, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83 evolution of multicellularity, Cenozoic, 76 angiosperms, 85 248–9 Mesozoic, 76 bryophytes, 77 Late Precambrian mass extinction, classification, 71–5 gymnosperms, 81–4 249 morphology, 71, 72 phytoliths, 82,85 origin of life, 247–8 palaeobathymetry, 75 pteridophytes, 78 Proteus palaeobiogeography, 75 morphology, 77 protists see algae; protozoans palaeobiology, 75 palaeobiology, 86 Protohertzina,95 palaeoclimatology, 75 palaeoclimatology, 87–8 protozoans, 13 radiometric dating, 288 palaeogeography, 86–7 calpionellids, 72,76 Radnoria,160 spores and pollen, 85–6 foraminiferans, 48 Rancho La Brea tar pit, 6 platycopides, 167 radiolarians, 71 Rangifer tarandus, 360 Platysolenites,62 Psammosphaera parva, 54 Raphiophorus play fairway analysis, 314 Psaronius, 79,82 ray-finned fish, 193 Plectonotus derbyi,138 Pseudochoffatella,69 red tides, 20 Plectostroma salairicum,101 Pseudocyclammina,69 Redlichia,162 plesiosaurs, 206 Pseudofrenolepsis,82 redlichiides, 158 Pleuroceras spinatum, 146 Pseudogibbithyris arabica, 114 reefs, evolution of, 250–1 Pleurograptus,186 Pseudohalorites arabicus, 149 Reginaites, 151 linearis, 188 Pseudomonotis ovata, 129 relative humidity, conservation of fossils, Pleurostomella acuminata, 52 Pseudorotalia schroeteriana, 52 16 Pleurotomia,148 Pseudosternocypria, 170 Remopleurides,159 Plicirhyncia, 115 Pseudunio, 125 girvanensis, 156 podocopides, 167 Psiloceras planorbis, 146 Renalcis,19 Poecilizontes,137 Psilonichnus, 218, 219 Reophax subfusiformis, 54 polycystines, 73 pteridophytes, 13, 78 reptiles, 14, 201 Polymorphopteris,78 pteriomorphs, 124 biology, 201 Polysphaeridium zoharyi,23 Pteroperus, 193 biostratigraphy, 207–8, 208 porcelaneous foraminiferans, pteropods, 135 classification, 202–6 58 pterosaurs, 205 morphology, 202, 202, 203, 204

432 Index

reptiles (cont.) scleractinian corals, 104, 105 small shelly fossils (SSFs), 93–4, 94 palaeobiogeography, 206 Scrippsiella regalis,22 biostratigraphy, 95 palaeobiology, 206 Scutellum, 161 Palaeozoic, 96 palaeoclimatology, 207 constatum, 156 Proterozoic, 95–6 reptilomorphs, 200 sea chervil, 116 palaeobiology, 95 resistivity logs, 316 sediment compaction, 297 Smilodon, 210 Reticuloceras sediment supply, 297 snowball Earth, 19 bilinigue, 144 seismic surveying, 313 Sobolewia, 148 reticulatum, 144 Selaginella,81 Solenoparia,162 Retispora lepidophyta,89 Selenopemphix,23 Solenopleura, 162 retrogradation, 297 Selenoplitis, 159 Solenopleuropsis, 162 Rhabdammina faunas, palaeoenvironmental Septirhyncia, 114 Solenopora,97 interpretation, 57 sequestrants and chelating agents, Solgerites, 151 dynamic factors, 58 preparation of fossils, 15 Somalirhyncia, 114 geological age, 57 Seriocrinus, 178 sonic logs, 316 geological setting, 57 seymouriamorphs, 200 Soom shale, 7 other physico-chemical factors, 58 shallow infaunal bivalves, 125 South American land mammal ages sedimentary regime, 58 shallow marine environments (SALMAs), 215 water depth, 57 carbonate environments, 226 Speetoniceras inversum, 151 Rhabdinopora, 187 clastic environments, 225 Spenobaiera paucipartita, 79 Rhabdopleura,184,184 Shangsiella, 168 Sphenodiscus, 151 Rhamphorhyncus, 203 sharks and allied forms, 192 sphenodontids, 206 Rhaxella,97 Sharpeiceras, 151 Sphenophyllum,81 Rhipidomella,113 shelf-margin systems tract (SMST), emarginatum, 80 Rhizocorallium, 219 297 Sphenopteris,82 rhodophytes, 13, 38, 39 shelf-margin wedge (SMW), 297 alata, 80 rhynchonellides, 112 Shumardia, 159 Spiniferites,23 Ristola,75 pusilla, 162 cruciformis,25 robertinides, 59 Shuqaia mirabilis,23 Rocella hudsoni, 101 spiny sharks, 192 gelida,30 zuffardi, 101 Spiraloconulus,69 vigilans,30 Sigaloceras calloviense, 147 Spirifer striatus, 110 rodents, 211 Sigillaria,81 Spiriferellina, 113 Rosalina bradyi, 52 mamillaris, 80 cristata, 110 rotaliides, 59 persica,89 spiriferides and spiriferinides, 112 r-strategy, 221 Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri, 52 Spirillina vivipara, 52 rudists, 121, 131 siliceous microfossils, 10 Spirocyrtis,71 biostratigraphy, 133 silicoflagellates (chrysophytes) Spirophthalmidium acutimargo, 52 palaeobathymetry, 131–3 biology, morphology and classification, Spiroplectella earlandi, 52 palaeobiogeography, 133 25, 25 Spiroraphe, 219 rugose corals, 103, 104 biostratigraphy, 26, 43 sponges, 96, 96,97 Rugosochonetes,113 Cenozoic, 26, 44 biostratigraphy, 97 hardrensis, 110 Mesozoic, 43–4 Cenozoic, 98 Palaeozoic, 43 Mesozoic, 97 Saccammina classification, 39–41 Palaeozoic, 97 alba, 54 morphology, 39, 40, 41 palaeobiogeography, 97 sphaerica, 52, 54 palaeobathymetry, 41–2 palaeobiology, 97 sphaerica var. anglica, 54 palaeobiogeography, 26, 42 palaeoclimatology, 97 Saccocoma,178,178 palaeobiology, 26, 41 Spongodiscus,71 Saccodendron, 54 palaeoclimatology, 42 Sporogonites, 78 Sahelanthropus tchadensis,213 Simeonella brotzenorum, 167 Spriggina,92 sarcopterygians, 193 Simplorbitolina,69 spumellarians, 73 Sargentina woutersi, 169 Sinograptus, 187 Stacheoides,42 Satorina,69 Siphogonuchites,95 Stegosaurus, 203,205 Schizophoria, 113, 114 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Steineria somaliensis, 101 resupinata, 110 8 stenolaemates, 117–18 Schizosphaerella,31 Skolithos, 218, 219 Stephanoceras humphresianum, 147

Index 433

Sternotaxis planus, 180 Strophomena grandis, 110 Tetrarhyncia tetraedra, 110 Stichocapsa,75 strophomenides, 112 Texanites, 151 Stichocorys delmontensis,75 Stylodictyon sinense, 101 Thalassinoides, 219 Stictostroma,101 submarine fans, 226–7 Thalassiosira Stigmaria,81 Succinea onlonga, 374 fraga,30 ficoides, 80 Sulcathyris arabica, 114 praefraga,30 Stiphrothyris, 115 Sulcella arabica, 169 sira,30 Stoliczkaia, 151 synapsids, 204 Thamnastraea, 105 storage and display cabinets, conservation synonymy, 14 Thecidea, 115 of fossils, 16 syntypes, 14 therapsids, 204 stratigraphy systematic palaeontology, 1, 11 Thoracosphaera,24 see also biostratigraphy; algae, 13 heimii,22 chemostratigraphy animals, 13–14 Thulean land bridge, 262, 262, 263–5 cyclostratigraphy, 287 bacteria, 13 Thylacosmilus, 210 heavy mineral stratigraphy, 287 cladistic analysis, 11–12, 12 thysanurans, 173 magnetostratigraphy, 287–8 fungi, 13 Timulocyathus,100 petroleum exploration plants, 13 Tissotia,151 biostratigraphy and protozoans, 13 Titanites giganteus, 148 chronostratigraphy, 307 systems tracts, 297–8 Tornoceras, 148 chronostratigraphy and carbonate sequences, 303, 304, 305 Torquatisphinctes, 149 palaeoenvironmental high-stand systems tracts (HSTs), trace fossils, 217–18 interpretation, 318 304–5 biostratigraphy, 219–20 operational biostratigraphy, 318 low-stand systems tracts (LSTs), palaeobiology, 218–19, 219 quaternary dating methods, 288 302–3 transgressive surface (TS), 297, 303 radiometric dating, 288 maximum flooding surfaces (MFSs), transgressive systems tract (TST), 297, sequence stratigraphy, 297 304 303 carbonate, 298, 300, 303, 304, 305 mixed sequences, 303, 304, 305 traps, 6 general and clastic, 298, 299 palaeontological characterisation, 301, Tretaspis,159 mixed sequence, 298, 303, 304, 305 301, 302 Triceratops, 205 seismic facies analysis, 298 sequence boundaries (SBs), 301 Trigonia sequences, definitions, 297 transgressive surfaces (TSs), 303 clavellata, 122 systems tracts, definitions, 297–8 transgressive systems tracts (TSTs), costata, 122 timescales, 288 303 Trigonocarpus, 80,82 Cenozoic, 289, 296,297 trilobites, 155 Mesozoic, 289, 294, 295 tabulate corals, 103, 104 biology, 155 Palaeozoic, 288–9, 289, 290, 291, taphonomy, 5–6 biostratigraphy, 160, 161, 162, 162 293 likelihood of fossilisation, 5 classification, 158–9 Streblodus, 198 preservation of fossils, 5 morphology, 156, 156,158 Striatopodocarpus fusus,88 Taphrhelminthopsis, 219 palaeobathymetry, 159–60 stromatolites Tasmanites tenellus,46 palaeobiogeography, 160 biology, 18 taxonomy see systematic palaeobiology, 159 biostratigraphy, 19–20 palaeontology Triloculina trigonula, 52 Mesozoic, 20 Tectatodinium,23 Trimerus delphinocephalus, 156 Palaeozoic, 20 tectonism, 297 Trinucleus, 161 Proterozoic, 20 Teichichnus, 219 fimbriatus, 156 Proterozoic/Palaeozoic, 20 temnospondyls, 200 Triplesia, 115 classification, 18 tentaculitids, 154 Tritaxis challengeri, 52 morphology, 18 biostratigraphy, 155 Trochammina palaeobiology, 19 palaeobiology, 154 inflata, 54 Stromatopora,101 Terebratula pacifica, 54 Stromatoporella perannulata,101 maxima, 110 Trochurus, 161 stromatoporoids, 100, 100 sella, 114 Trupetostroma saintjeani, 101 biostratigraphy, 100–1 terebratulides, 112 Trypanites, 218, 219 Mesozoic, 101 Terebratulina lata, 110 Tsvetkovites varius, 149 Palaeozoic, 101 Teredolites, 218, 219 Tuberculodinium vancampoe,23 palaeobathymetry, 100 Tetragraptus, 187 Tubiphytes, 42, 43 palaeobiogeography, 100 tetrapods, 14 Tubipora,101

434 Index

Tulites subcontractus, 147 Valserina,69 Virgulinella fragilis,48 Turrilites, 151 Valvata antiqua, 374 Viviparus diluvianus, 374 Turritella, 134 Vediproductus, 114 Tylothyris,113 Vekshinella stradneri,32 Warburgella Tyrannosaurus, 203,205 Vellamo, 115 water, preparation of fossils, 15 Venericardia borealis, 126 Waulsortian mounds, 19, 42 Uintacrinus, 178 Venus casina, 122 Weichselia,89 socialis,179,180 vertebrates, 190 Welwitschia,84 Ungdarella,42 amphibians, 199 Wetzeliella,23 uniformitarianism, 221 evolution, 251 whales and dolphins, 212 Unio,125 fish, 191 Whiteinella archaeocretacea,63 Uptonia jamesoni, 146 mammals, 208 Wondersella athersuchi,63 upwelling, 308 palaeobiogeography, 190 Ursus deningeri, 360 palaeobiology, 190 Yoldia,129 Uvigerina bradyana, 52 palaeoclimatology, 191 reptiles and birds, 201 Zaphrentis, 105 Vailian sequence, 297 vertical variation, 227–8 Zonocypris, 170 Valdanchella,69 Virgataxioceras, 149 Zoophycos, 218, 219