WORKPAPBRS IN INDONBSIAN

LANGUAGBS.... AND CULTURBS

VOLUMS 9 - IRIAN JAYA

• . -' , ~ ..

• Cenderawasih University ~ and The Summer InstLtute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Culture WORKPAPBRS IN INDONESIAN

LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 9 - IRIAN JAYA

Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors

Cenderaw8sih University and

The Summer Institute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Cultu-re

J Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 9 - Irian Jaya

Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors

Printed 1991

Jayapura, Irian Jaya,

copies of this publication may be obtained from

Summer Institute of Linguistics P.O. Box 1800 Jayapura, Irian Jaya 99018 Indonesia

Microfiche copies of this and other pUblications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from .

Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A.

ISBN 979-8132-734 Prakata

Saya menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures , Volume 9 - Irian Jaya. Penerbitan ini merupakan bukti kemajuan serta keberhasilan yang dicapai oleh Proyek Kerjasama Universitas Cenderawasih dengan Summer Institute of Linguistics , Irian Jaya.

Buku ini juga merupakan wujud nyata peranserta para anggota SIL dalam membantu pengembangan masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan Irian Jaya khususnya. Selain berbagai informasi ilmiah tentang bahasa-bahasa daerah dan kebudayaan suku-suku setempat, buku ini sekaligus mengungkapkan sebagian kecil kekayaan budaya bangs a kita yang berada di Irian Jaya.

Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, diharapkan penulis-penulis yang lain akan didorong minatnya agar dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuan yang berguna bagi generasi-generasi yang akan datang dan untuk kepentingan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para peneliti dan tenaga teknis SIL yang telah berupaya serta bekerja keras sehingga buku ini dapat diterbitkan.

Saya mengharapkan semoga buku ini berguna bagi para ilrnuan, masyarakat akademis, para mahasiswa, pejabat pemerintah, dan masyarakat pembaca pad a umumnya.

Jayapura l Agustus 1991

Universitas Cenderwasih , vV------

Drs. August Kafiar, MA

i Preface

Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures is published by the Cooperative Programs between the Summer Institute of Linguistics and Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, Pattimura University in Maluku and Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya. Its purpose is to share some of the results of research projects conducted by these cooperative programs. On occasion the findings of other researchers are also included. Volume 9 in this series focuses on the Lakes Plain region of Irian Jaya.

Irian Jaya, Indonesia's eastern-most province is home to more than 250 diverse languages, many of which are still undocumented. One of the least known areas is the Lakes Plain, which lies in the flood plain of the Idenberg and Roufaer rivers. These languages are unique in several ways. Among these are the absence of phonemic nasals, and the presence of '' vokoids (possibly resulting from the coalescence of a vowel and consonant) which a.re represented in this volume by the symbols ,~, and 'e'. There are other 'surprises' as well.

The articles in this volume are preliminary descriptions of the sound patterns of four . Peter and Gudrun Dommel have reported on the Kaure language. Scott and Priscilla Jenison, Dave Martin and Lawrence and Kay McAllister have analyzed three related languages, Obokuitai, Sikaritai and Doutai respectively. It is hoped that the data presented in these papers will serve to increase understanding of the Lakes Plain and ,stimulate further res"earch.

The editors would like to express our deep appreciation for Cenderawasih University and the government of Indonesia. Their sponsorship and encouragement have made this research possible.

LaLani Wood Abepura, Irian Jaya June, 1991 A Language Map of The Lakes Plain

Sudirman Mts. 111~ ( (. rl ~ I ~ ~ '\. - BAOZI ~O NQPUX I) 1 ~ J ERIT~ ~ BUd)rman Mts.

SIKARITAI ~ BIRITAI OBOKDITAI\ PAPASENA •. RISA ...... 1 ) TAUSE'Rou~fae... I.....ru-o.~ ~ HOOP! TURU ~

Hulia

Key:

Hulia. Government Centers

sudirman Kts. Geographical Fea.tures

DCUTAI Langullge Na.mes

iv Workpapera in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Volume 9 - Irian Jaya

Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors

.TABLB OP CONTBNTS

KAURE PHONOLOGY

Peter R. & Gudrun E. Dommel 1 Summer Institute of Linguistics OBOKUITAI PHONOLOGY

D. Scott & Priscilla B. Jenison 69 Summer Institute of Linguistics

SIKARITAI PHONOLOGY

Dav·id L. Martin 91 -. R.B.M.U. International THB PROCBSS OF PHONOLOGICAL CHANGB IN DOUTAI

Lawrence and Kay McAllister 121 R.B.M.U. International

v THE PROCESS OF PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE IN DOUTAI

Lawrence and Kay McAllister

o. Introduction 1. Syllable Structure 1.1 Vocoid cluster interpretation

2. Phonemes 2.! Consonant allophonic rules 2.2 Consonant contrast 2.3 Vocoid allophones 2.4 Vocoid contrast 2.5 Semivowels

3. Suprasegmentals 3.1 Stress 3.2 Timing 3.3

4. Phonological processes 4.1 Vowel fluctuation / harmony 4.2 Loss of nasals 4.3 Loss of syllable closure 4.4 Creation of consonant clusters

Notes

References

Consultant's Note o. INTRODUCTION

The Doutai! language group of Indonesia is one of the most isolated in the world. Members of this group live in the Lakes Plain region of Irian Jaya, an area characterized by swamps, jungle, and unmapped terrain. The total popUlation of the DOll people is approximately 250.

Until recently, Doutai speakers were unaware-of the outside world. Interaction outside their own linguistic community was limited to the other nomadic Lakes Plain tribes and trading contacts with the highland Dani peoples of the Swart and Mulia

121 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures valleys. In the main, these people are still illiterate and. know little of the national language of Indonesia.

Linguistic research among the languages of northern Irian Jaya is still sparse. Voorhoeve (1975), in his Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist, gives overall language classifications, along with language territories. He gives the name Taori So to Doutai, and places it in the Central Lakes Plain Family. Other languages in this family, as listed by Voorhoeve, are Baburiwa (Kustera), Kwerisa, Taori-Kei (Kaiy), Aikwakai (5ikaritai), Papasena, and Weretai (Taiyeve). Duvle, the language spoken at Dagai and Weri, two villages west of Dou, is in this as well.

Like many languages unhampered by a writing system, Doutai has continued to change. This process has resulted in significant gaps in the expected patterning of the language, based on a comparison with other languages of (Foley, 1982). These gaps include certain vowel patterning, normal syllable closure, and all nasals. This latter is particularly unusual (Foley, 1982). The symbols-'i' and '~' are used, for lack o~ better symbols, to represent certain 'fricativeized' vocoids which -occur in several Lakes Plain languages. These vocoids will be explained in section 4.3.

This paper will begin with a description of syllable structure, phonemes and suprasegmentals, and follow with a discussion of the phonological changes taking place in Doutai2 •.

1. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

The Doutai syllable has the following structure:

A single or complex (dual) voc~lic nucleus occupying one mora of timing with an optional onset filled by a single consonant, comprises the Doutai syllable.

Cl any consonant (p,b,t,d,k,g,s,w,y)

C2 b , d [r], 9

VI any vowel

122 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai

V2 any [+hi] vowel (i,u) when VI [-hi] vowel

e3 indistinguishable phonetically as any particular consonant, this final consonant is realized only as friction on the previous vowel. Comparison with Sikaritai (Martin, this volume) and Obokuitai (Jenison, this volume) reveals that the original form is most likely to have been [k] or Cd] now merging with IiI and luI. In this paper, Ikl has been arbitrarily chosen to represent this closing consonant.

Examples:

V Iii 'pig' lal 'we I us' vv foul 'name' leil 'lazy' ev Itel 'fish' Idul 'bird' evv Ikeil 'snake' Ibail 'father' eev Ibgal 'river' eevv Ikdail 'big' ve likl 'pig' vve laikl 'stomach' eve Idukl 'grass' Isikl 'head'

1.1 VOCOID CLUSTER INTERPRETATION

The following chart illustrates the vocoid sequences noted to date in the .

As illustrated, all ambivalent vocoid clusters consist of a mid or low vowel gliding up to a high vowel.

123 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

+hi -hi +10 "":'10 i u e 0 a +hi i x x u x x -hi e x2 -10 0 x2 x2 10 a x2 x univalent sequence x2 ambivalent sequence

The Doutai language has -a high occurence of the following three ambivalent vocoid clusters:

ei leil Ceil 'lazy' Ipegeisel [pageise] 'the same' Is·eikl [se:i:] 'head' Ibdeikwal [bre:i:wa] 'hunting'

ai Itail [tail 'person' laipaiwal [aipaiwa] 'opposing' laikl [a:i:] 'stomach' Ikaikdiwal [kaidiwa] 'calling'

ou Iboul [bou] 'buttocks' Iboukol [bouko] 'tree stump' loukl COli] 'name' Idoukwal [doliwa] 'travel far'

Also ambivalent but of low occurence is the cluster:

oi Itogoil [tagoi] 'crooked' Ipoiwal [poiwa] 'move close'

124 The Process of Phonological Change ~n Doutai

Interpretation:

These vocoid clusters are interpreted as single segments constituting complex vocalic nuclei within the syllable for the following reasons:

i) The tone patterns of the contiguous vocoids parallel the tone patterns of single vowel syllables, not that of two (or more) syllable words. 1.e. the high V2 is never a unit of tone displacement.

Idoul [dou] 'short' *[do.u] Ipol [po] 'swollen' Ikodul [ko.du] 'sago pulp' Ikesail [ke.sai] 'older brother' *[ke.sa.i] -. Isatel [sa.tel 'fangs' Ibediol [be.di.o1 'but'

ii) These clusters receive one mora of timing. The univalent sequences receive two.

Igail [gai] 'hand' - [ga. i] Isiel [si.e] 'type of reed' Ipogoukl [pogO\:i] 'enemy' - [ po • go . 1:i ] Iboduol [bo.ru.o] 'later' Iboul [bou] 'buttocks' - [boo u] Ibaol [ba.o] 'sago fronds'

2. PHONEMES

Doutai has 14 phonemes: n1ne consonants Ip,t,k,b,d,g,s,y,wl and five vowels la,e,i,o,u,l. They are listed in the following charts.

125 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

CONSONANTS

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial Stops: vI p t k vd b d -g : vI s Semi-vowels: vd Y w

VOWELS

Front Central Back High i u Mid e 0 Low a

The normal phonetic quality of the phonemes are as follows:

Ip,t,kl are voiceless stops at the bila-bial, dental, and velar points of articulation;

Ib,d,gl are voiced oral stops at the bilabial, alveolar, and velar points of articulation;

lsI is an alveolar grooved spirant;

Iwl ~s a voiced labiovelar non-syllabic;

Iyl is a voiced palatal non-syllabic.

The vowels are:

IiI high front unrounded;

/el mid front unrounded;

/a/ low central unrounded;

101 mid back rounded;

luI high back rounded.

126 The Process of Phonological Change in Ooutai

2.1 CONSONANT ALLOPHONIC RULES

Rule 1: Imploded stop rule: voiced front stops :: are imploded word initial, i.e. Ibl and Idl become ['b] and ['d] word initial.

[+stoP] -back -> [+imploded] I i

Ibitol [ 'bito] 'cascado' Ibol [ 'bo] 'firewood' Idebisal [ , debisa] 'evil spirit' Idebol [ 'debo] 'sweet potato'

Idil [ I di 1 'red' Ibedil [ 'beri] 'mountain'

Rule 2: Optional backing I uvularization o.t velar stop: Unvoiced velar stops become even more backed (uvular) before a mid or backvowel. That is Ikl becomes [g] before la/, 101, or luI.

+stoP ] r+uvularl v {+back --> l+voiced -front ] /- ( -voicing Examples:

lokul [oku] -> [ogu] "peak" Ibokol [-boko] -> [bog01 "with" Ibikal [bika] -> [bika] "paddle"

Rule 3: Lenition I weakening of stops: all stops, with the exception of It/, may experience lenition under certain conditions:

a) Ibl fluctuates with [e], IgI and Ikl fluctuates with [~J intervocalically.

+stop -alve -> v v +vd

127 I~ Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Examples:

Ikobal [koba] - [kosaJ 'fetish' Isobogul [sobogu] - [sosou] . 'bone' lokul [oku] [ogu] [o~u] 'peak' Iwikyakukl [w:i:jak~] - [w:i:jag~] 'fruit bat' Ibokol [boko] - [bogo] - [bo§o] 'with'

b) Idl becomes the liquid [r] or [I] intervocalically.

[+ alVeOj + stop -> [+ flap] Iv V

Ibedil [beri] 'mountain' Ikeidiwal [keiriwa] 'clearing' Ipudadowil [ purarowi.] - [pula:lowi] 'baby boy' lodual [orua] - [olua] 'mother'

c) Ipl fluctuates with [~] and [f] both word initial and medial.

+ stoPl - fr -> [+ fric] [ - vd j

Ipil [pi] - [I?i] - [fi] 'sago' Ipapoul [papou] - [f3a!'ou] - [fafou] , cockroach' Ikapetol [kapeto] - [ka~eto]- [kafeto] 'repeat'

Rule 4: Syllable closure Rule: Syllable final Ikl is manifested as [j] when the CVC syllable is followed by Iyl or a vowel within the word boundary.

j CVCy ICI -> + pal CVCV + vd + fric' /

128 The Process of Phonological 'Change in Dontai .

Examples:

Idokukl + I-yal [dokaja} 'my heel' Iwabikl + I-yakel [wabijake] 'to be happy' Ikikakal [kijaka] 'other side' losukal [osaja] 'knee' Isikl + 1-01 [s:i.jo] 'his boat' Ibakukl + I-edol [bakajero] 'our arms'

The voiced alveopalatal stop Idl may fluctuate freely with this voiced palatal fricative, if no morpheme ,boundaries are lnvolved.

++ pal fric [+ vd

Examples:

Ibikdiwel [bidiwe} - [bijiwe} 'very deep' Ikegikdil [kegidi] - [kegiji] 'tight'

But:

Ikeik + diwal [kei.di.wa] - [ ke i . j i . wa ] 'being cold' Ikuk + da/ [ky.da] - [ka. ja] 'with wood'

2.2 CONSONANT CONTRAST

Ipl VB Ibl Ipol [po} 'swollen' Ibol [ 'bo) 'firewood'

Ipokul [poku} 'enemy' Ibokul [ 'boku] 'small'

Ikapetol [kapeto] 'repeat' - [kafeto] Ikebesil [kebesil 'clothes'

129 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

/tl VB Idl /tai/ [tail 'person' /dai/ [dai] 'rainbow'

/tik/ [til 'taro' /dik/ [di] 'type of tree'

/pati/ [pati] 'cockroach' /padi/ [pari] 'feces'

/kl vs /gl /ko/ [ko] 'type of bird' /go/ [go] 'chest'

/kodi/ [kori] 'broken' Igodi/ [gori] 'neck'

Although word initial contrasts are clear, word medially the distinction between the phonemes Ikl and/g/ may disappear, depending on the particular clan.

/kreko/ [kareko] 'little. finger' /pgou/ [pagou] 'enemy'

/keiki/ {keiki] 'one' [keigi]

/bakik/ (bak:i:] 'body' [bagi]

/t/ vs /sl /ta/ [tal 'person' /sa/ [sa] 'go' /tgadi/ (tagari] 'ant' /sgadi/ [sagari] 'new'

/kapeto/ [kapeto] 'repeat' /gdaso/ [garaso] 'empty'

2.3 VOCOID ALLOPHONES

Doutai has a regular five-vowel system /a,e,i,o,u/ typical of New Guinea languages (Foley, 1986:52). The high IiI has an allophone, ell.

130 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai

Rule 5: Weakening high vowel rule: the voiced high open front unrounded vowel occurs when the immediately preceding syllable contains an (i].

'- [ i ] -->

Ikediyil [keriYlJ 'yellow' leiyiwal [eiYlwa] 'being lazy' Isigidikodil [ s iglr3:j or i] 'many' /bodikyiwal [bOr3:jlwa] 'dancing'

2.4 VOWEL CONTRAST

Doutai vowels can be described as follows:

Iii Voiced high close front unrounded vowel occurs as a single morpheme, word initially, medially and word finally.

Iii [ i] , I ' , 'me' lidiwal [irawa] 'requesting' Ibikal [bika] 'paddle' Ibadil [ 'bari] 'seedling'

lei Voiced mid open front unrounded vowels occurs word initially, medially and word finally.

ledil [eri) 'word' Itebil [tebi] 'child' Ideisel [deise] 'middle'

lal Voiced low open central unrounded vowel occurs as a single morph~me, word initially, medially, and word finally.

lal [a] 'we', 'us' labil [abi] 'wild sweet potato' Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Isadol [saro] 'moon' Idebisal {debisa\ 'evil spirit'

101 voiced mid occurs as a single morpheme, word initially, medially and finally.

101 [0 ] 'here' lodul [odu] 'clan' Isoku/' [soku] 'boy' Isutol [ButO] 'axe'

luI Voiced high close back rounded vowel occurs word medially and finally.

Itudal [tura] 'mouse' Ikodul [koru] 'sun'

Minimal or near-minimal pairs exist for all suspicious vowel pairs.

IiI VB leI lidiwal (irawa] 'requesting' lebisal [ebisa] 'smell'

Idil [di] 'red' Itel [te1 'fish'

Ipibikl [pibiJ 'earthquake' Ipedikl [peri] 'pandanas' leI vs lal ledil [eri] 'word' labil [abi] 'wild sweet potato'

Itel [tel 'fish' Ital [tal 'person'

Isedil [seri] 'man' Isadil [sari] 'good'

132 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai

lal vs 101 ladial [aria] 'shadow' lodial Coria] 'only'

Isa/ [sa] 'arrow barbs' /so/ (so] 'dry' -. Isgadil [sagari] 'new' Isgodil [sagori] 'cleared (land) ,

Ibikal [bika] 'paddle' Ibitol [bito] 'scabies'

101 vs lui Isol [so] 'dried' Isul [suI 'tree kangaroo'

Idobal [doba1 'spider' Idudel [dure) 'basket'

Idakol [dakoJ 'marrow' Idakul [daku] 'earlier'

2.5 NON-SYLLABLE VOCOID INTERPRETATION

All high vocoids are interpreted as vowels when they occur as the nucleus of the syllable:

Iii [i] , I ' , 'me' Isikl [si] 'boat' Idul (du] 'grass' Isail [sail 'blood' Isadil (sari] 'good' Ikukeil [kukei] 'chicken'

They are interpreted as consonants when they occur in the onset of the syllable:

Iya.ki.ya.kil [yakiyaki] 'greeting' Ike.di.yi/ [kediYl] 'yellow'

133 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Iwa.dil [wari] 'water' IO'.wil [owi] 'intestines'

Non-syllabic vocoids have been interpreted as consonants for the following reasons:

a) Being non-syllabic, the semi-vowels parallel the occurence of other consonants.

Iya.ki.ol 'greeting' Ita.ki.al ' sky' Ike.di.yil 'yellow' Ike.di.kel 'speak' Iwa.dil 'water' Isa.dil 'good' lo.wil 'intestines' lo.dul 'crocodile'

b) Iyl and Iwl are distinct from IiI and luI in that they have definite friction and are never a unit of tone displacement.

c) Interpreting the non-syllabic high vocoids as vowels would give rise tQ undesirable sequences of up to five -vowels.

lo.wi.a.dil */ouiaril 'under' Iwou.wal */uouual 'barking'

In the neighboring language, Duvle, cognates have Ivl for Iwl in some words.

Doutai: Duvle: Iwekobal Iveigobal 'peanuts' Iweikl lovell 'ear' Iwiksikl Ivisul 'star'

3. SUPRASEGMENTALS

3.1 STRESS

stress, often manifested"by length, is found on the first syllable of the word. As such, it is not ernie.

134 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai

3.2 TIMING

Doutai has word timing, that is, the same time is used for long and short words, causing short words to sound lengthened and longer words to sound jumbled.

, ~ 3.3 TONE

There are two level ernie tones in Doutai, and two tone glides: high ('), low (~), fall (~) and rise (~). Nouns, pronouns and adjectives have inherent tone, while the tone of verb stems and affixes is grammatically determined.

3.3.1 TONE CONTRAST

These tones and glides are contrastive on monosyllabic words.

L H F R Isal Isel Isal Igal 'breath' 'hard' 'barb' 'pandanus core'

Idul Ikukl Ikul /ku "'~ 'bird' 'tree' 'cassowary' 'weak' Ikeil Ibeikl Ikeikl Ikeil 'snake' 'no' 'thorn' 'pounded bark'

Ipail Ibaikl Idaikl Ibaigl , is' 'branch' 'dog' 'father'

Ipral Ipral Iprul Iprol 'ground' 'left' Iwasp' 'frog'

The following six combinations occur on two-syllable words: L/L; H/H; HILi LIB; H/F; and FIB. No R glides have been found in tWG syllable words.

L/L lowil 'family' L/L Isadil 'flower' L/L Isadol 'parang'

H/H ladil 'rope' H/H Ipadil 'feces'

135 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

H/H Iteipol 'thick' H/H Ikobal 'magic'

ElL Isedil 'man' H/L Idebol 'sweet potato' B/L lowil 'stomach' ElL Isadil 'good'

H/F Isadol 'moon' H/F Ibadil 'seedling' H/F Isedil 'matoa' Hlp Ipogul 'wasp' ElF lodul 'crocodile'

LIB Ideisel 'middle' L/H Idobal 'spider' L/H lowil 'ashes' L/H lodul 'clan' LIE logukl 'shaft

FIE Iwebol 'mouth' FIB Isokul 'boy'

4. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

4.1 VOWEL HARMONY

As with most oral languages, there is much variation in pronunciation. No words are" , set in cement.' In particula"r I the high vowels IiI and luI fluctuate quite freely, with preference given to the unrounded IiI. lodual - lodial [orua] - [oria] 'red fruit' Igodul - Igodil [goru] - [gori] 'neck' Iborukl - Iborikl [bor:i:) - (bor1:i] 'nose' Iwisukl - Iwisikl [wis\:l] - [wisi] 'star'

I koruwa I ~ Ikoriwal 'to whistle' Igorusowal - Igorisowal 'excuse'

136 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai

Ipuruwal - Ipuriwal 'to bathe' Ikeborusawa/- Ikeborisawal 'to teach'

4.2 LOSS OF NASALS

There are no nasals in Doutai. This contradicts the usually accepted universal. However, this lack of nasals is not restricted to Doutai. The two other languages analyzed in the Centr'al Lakes. Plain family have this same phenomenon.

In the wordlists taken by Voorhoeve (1975), the only nasals in the Central Lakes Plain language group were found in Aikwakai (Sikaritai) and Papasena. According to Martin (this volume), no nasals now exist in Sikaritai. In Papasena, words with nasals elicited by Voorhoeve now manifest imploded bilabial stops.

The nearby group of the Turu Family Isolate also has no phonemic . However, ' ••. there is evidence .•. from the Poi dialect ••. that Turu once had a word final nasal consonant. This word final nasal was dropped in the Iau dialect and apparently caused the nasalization of the phoneme la/. In Iau, the nasalized lal interacts with imp~osive voiced stops to cause free fluctuating nasal allophones' (Bateman, 1982). From this we can infer that, while nasals did at one time exist in some of the languages of this region, the process of phonetic change has eliminated them and replaced them (perhaps) with imploded voiced stops.

" • 3 LOSS OF SYLLABLE CLOSURE

Again, an examination of related languages shows clearly the pace of phonological change. In Doutai, no clear phonetic syllable closure now exists. All that remains of previous consonant closure is (over) constriction and friction on high vowels Iii and lui. That this constriction is evidence of an historical syllable closure can be seen by comparing Doutai with Sikaritai (Martin, this volume). The following examples show that the high vowels in Doutai have absorbed original alveolar and velar closures. Sikaritai final consonants are only now beginning their move into the vowel; friction and the consonant can both be heard.

137 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Sikaritai Idikl [dig] 'pig' Doutai likl [ig] 'pig'

Sikaritai Ikitl [kid] 'banana' Doutai Ikidikl [kri] 'banana' -. Sikaritai Itikbal [tigba] 'yellow wood' Doutai Itikbal [tiba] 'yellow wood'

Sikaritai Ibkitewal [bagidowa] 'shoot a bow' Doutai Ibokidikdiwal [bokridiwa] 'shoot a bow'

Some speakers of Doutai maintain a remnant of a closed syllable in the following word:

Idukwikl [d1:lwi] 'mosquito' - [d\:1gwi]

Doutai speakers, as well of those from neighbouring languages, find the closed syllables in Indonesian difficult to pronounce. If the final consonant cannot be elim~nated, an extra syllable will be added. Rumput 'grass' becomes rupu; beras 'rice' becomes berasi.

It is interesting to follow the movement toward loss of syllable closure in the Central Lakes Plain languages. Sikaritai has been analyzed as have limited syllable closure, with Idl and Igl only,· but following all vowels. A recent wordlist taken from Papasena shows it to be similar to Sikaritai, although Voorhoeve'·s wordlist has no syllable closure.

In Voorhoeve' s wordlists·, Baburiwa and Kwerisa have no syllable closure. Taori Rei word closure is found only with the phoneme Ik/, and Weretai records only one syllable closure with It/. However, recent wordlists taken at these two villages indicate there is no syllable closure, but, as in Doutai, only the 'fricative' [i] (Iii) and lui. The neighbouring language, Duvle, has been analyzed as having no syllable closure. Iau, of the Turu Family Isolate, has word closure with Ipl only (Bateman, 1982) .

These 'fricative' [i] (Iii) and [1:1] (lui) are a central Lake Plain language phenomenon. Word lists recently taken show these

138 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai phones in Sikaritai (Aikwakai), Taori-So (Doutai), Kaiy (Taori­ Kei)_, Papasena, and Taiyeve (Weretai). This sound is also heard in Iau, of the Turu Family Isolate.

Duvle, the neighbouring language to Doutai, does not have the 'fricative' vowels. However, it does have contrast between Iii and Ill, and lui and luli in Duvle however, the latter sounds are represented by one grapheme eventhough they are contrastive, because the occurence of lui are rare.

4.4 LABIALIZATION

In general, the semivowel Iwl and high vowel lui can be distinguished by their phonetic variation and by their position in syllabic onset and nucleus respectively. (Section 2.5) However ••.

Rule 6: Labialization rule: lui is in the process of labiaLizing as a Iwl when contiguous to a consonant.

->

Examples:

ludikl [wr:i:] 'up' ludidiwal [wririwa] 'walking' Isuaril [swari] 'torch' Isuariwal [swariwa] 'returning' Iduwil [dwi] 'bark of' Itowakodel [twakore] 'when'

This labialization effect is seen most commonly when lui follows Ik/:

/kuai/ [kwai] 'path' Ikuikl [kw:i:] 'liquid' Ikual [kwaJ 'breadfruit' Ikuiwal [kwiwa] 'ladling water'

139 Workpapers ~n Indonesian Languages and Cultures

The change, however, is still in process, and a few examples can still be found of Ikul which contrast with Ikw/:

Ikuawal 'continually raining' -/kwawal 'killing' Ikuwakel 'weak' Ikwakel 'speared'

It is interesting to note that cognates in Duvle are written with luI. Jenison, working with Obokuitai of. this same language family (this volume) has posited no semi-vowel Iwl at all. However, cognates with Sikaritai are written with a Iw/. The labialization influence is coming in from the northwest, perhaps because of contact with Indonesian speakers. Doutai speakers who have ties with the Duvle tribe tend to use luI, while speakers whose main contact is with the groups living along the Mamberamo River use Iw/.

All four of these languages also have the rare three' consonant sequence [kwr] which may be analyzed as [kur] or [kwr]. Duvle has written these as the former and Sikaritai as the latter.

NOTES

1. The Dou people live in one main village ~n Kabupaten Jayapura, Kecamatan Mamberamo Hulu, at the base of the central highlands where the Toli river flows out into the Lakes .Plain flats. Language work on the Doutai language is also expected to benefit the Weri and Kaiy people, of Taiyeve and Kaiy respectively. These two groups are fluent in Doutai as well as their language. Total speakers would then be estimated at 500.

2. We acknowledge the assistance of Eunice Pike and Margaret Hartzler, both of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, in this analysis of Doutai data.

140 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai

REFERENCES

Pike, Eunice. 1964. The Phonology of New Guinea Highland Languages. American Anthroplogist:

Foley, William A. 1986. The of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Voorhoeve, C.L. 1975. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist, Preliminary Classification, Language Maps, Wordlists. Pacific Linguistics Series B No. 31. S.A. Wurm (ed.) Canberra: Linguistic Circle of Canberra.

Greenburg's universals 1977

Bateman, Janet. 1991. Iau Segmental Phonology: Nusa. Jakarta: Atma Jaya University

Jenison, Scott. Obokuitai Phonology. (this volume).

Martin, David L. 1991. Sikaritai Phonology. (this volume).

Murdoch, Charlotte. Duvle Phonology. (unpublished)

CONSULTANT NOTE:

Certain problems (or possibilities of reanalysis) exist in this paper. Unfortunately, as McAllisters are no longer resident in Indonesia, the final word 'on this language may be a long time coming, hence the current printing.

The first problem is the lack of tone markings on all examples. This lack robs the reader of his chance to affirm in -his mind the analytical choices made by the writers.

The second problem involves the syllable structure analysis, specifically the positing of initial consonant clusters. In earlier drafts of this paper, the writers felt that these clusters operated according to an Alpha Vowel Rule. They state: 'Nowhere in Doutai do two contiguous syllables contain the same vowel, if the first [syllable] is unaccented'. A further

141 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures constraint was the confinement of cluster formation within morpheme boundaries.

A change in this position was forced when an across-the­ board first syllable stress analysis was adopted. However, it is my opinion that the. overwhelming lack of two contiguous syllables containing the same vowel (even though it is not a total absence) points to a pattern in, this language which is best not ig~ored. Further investigation, in fact, may well reveal factors which will either disprove the stress rule, or give clues to the assimilation of these apparently paradoxical factors.

A third problem involves the tone analysis, which posits rising glides only on monosyllabic words. If a tone (or any phonological segment) is to be given ernic status, it should ideally have widespread distribution in all environments. This is not always the case, of course, but obvious lacks are a warning that all may not be in order with the analysis. Further investigation is needed.

Margaret Hartzler May, 1991

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