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WILC Vol9 Mcallister Optimized.Pdf WORKPAPBRS IN INDONBSIAN LANGUAGBS.... AND CULTURBS VOLUMS 9 - IRIAN JAYA • . -' , ~ .. • Cenderawasih University ~ and The Summer InstLtute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Culture WORKPAPBRS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 9 - IRIAN JAYA Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors Cenderaw8sih University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Cultu-re J Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 9 - Irian Jaya Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors Printed 1991 Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia copies of this publication may be obtained from Summer Institute of Linguistics P.O. Box 1800 Jayapura, Irian Jaya 99018 Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other pUblications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from . Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A. ISBN 979-8132-734 Prakata Saya menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures , Volume 9 - Irian Jaya. Penerbitan ini merupakan bukti kemajuan serta keberhasilan yang dicapai oleh Proyek Kerjasama Universitas Cenderawasih dengan Summer Institute of Linguistics , Irian Jaya. Buku ini juga merupakan wujud nyata peranserta para anggota SIL dalam membantu pengembangan masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan Irian Jaya khususnya. Selain berbagai informasi ilmiah tentang bahasa-bahasa daerah dan kebudayaan suku-suku setempat, buku ini sekaligus mengungkapkan sebagian kecil kekayaan budaya bangs a kita yang berada di Irian Jaya. Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, diharapkan penulis-penulis yang lain akan didorong minatnya agar dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuan yang berguna bagi generasi-generasi yang akan datang dan untuk kepentingan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para peneliti dan tenaga teknis SIL yang telah berupaya serta bekerja keras sehingga buku ini dapat diterbitkan. Saya mengharapkan semoga buku ini berguna bagi para ilrnuan, masyarakat akademis, para mahasiswa, pejabat pemerintah, dan masyarakat pembaca pad a umumnya. Jayapura l Agustus 1991 Universitas Cenderwasih , vV----------- Drs. August Kafiar, MA i Preface Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures is published by the Cooperative Programs between the Summer Institute of Linguistics and Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, Pattimura University in Maluku and Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya. Its purpose is to share some of the results of research projects conducted by these cooperative programs. On occasion the findings of other researchers are also included. Volume 9 in this series focuses on the Lakes Plain region of Irian Jaya. Irian Jaya, Indonesia's eastern-most province is home to more than 250 diverse languages, many of which are still undocumented. One of the least known areas is the Lakes Plain, which lies in the flood plain of the Idenberg and Roufaer rivers. These languages are unique in several ways. Among these are the absence of phonemic nasals, and the presence of 'fricative' vokoids (possibly resulting from the coalescence of a vowel and consonant) which a.re represented in this volume by the symbols ,~, and 'e'. There are other 'surprises' as well. The articles in this volume are preliminary descriptions of the sound patterns of four Lakes Plain languages. Peter and Gudrun Dommel have reported on the Kaure language. Scott and Priscilla Jenison, Dave Martin and Lawrence and Kay McAllister have analyzed three related languages, Obokuitai, Sikaritai and Doutai respectively. It is hoped that the data presented in these papers will serve to increase understanding of the Lakes Plain and ,stimulate further res"earch. The editors would like to express our deep appreciation for Cenderawasih University and the government of Indonesia. Their sponsorship and encouragement have made this research possible. LaLani Wood Abepura, Irian Jaya June, 1991 A Language Map of The Lakes Plain Sudirman Mts. 111~ ( (. rl ~ I ~ ~ '\. - BAOZI ~O NQPUX I) 1 ~ J ERIT~ ~ BUd)rman Mts. SIKARITAI ~ BIRITAI OBOKDITAI\ PAPASENA •. RISA ....... 1 ) TAUSE'Rou~fae... I.....ru-o.~ ~ HOOP! TURU ~ Hulia Key: Hulia. Government Centers sudirman Kts. Geographical Fea.tures DCUTAI Langullge Na.mes iv Workpapera in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 9 - Irian Jaya Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors .TABLB OP CONTBNTS KAURE PHONOLOGY Peter R. & Gudrun E. Dommel 1 Summer Institute of Linguistics OBOKUITAI PHONOLOGY D. Scott & Priscilla B. Jenison 69 Summer Institute of Linguistics SIKARITAI PHONOLOGY Dav·id L. Martin 91 -. R.B.M.U. International THB PROCBSS OF PHONOLOGICAL CHANGB IN DOUTAI Lawrence and Kay McAllister 121 R.B.M.U. International v THE PROCESS OF PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE IN DOUTAI Lawrence and Kay McAllister o. Introduction 1. Syllable Structure 1.1 Vocoid cluster interpretation 2. Phonemes 2.! Consonant allophonic rules 2.2 Consonant contrast 2.3 Vocoid allophones 2.4 Vocoid contrast 2.5 Semivowels 3. Suprasegmentals 3.1 Stress 3.2 Timing 3.3 Tone 4. Phonological processes 4.1 Vowel fluctuation / harmony 4.2 Loss of nasals 4.3 Loss of syllable closure 4.4 Creation of consonant clusters Notes References Consultant's Note o. INTRODUCTION The Doutai! language group of Indonesia is one of the most isolated in the world. Members of this group live in the Lakes Plain region of Irian Jaya, an area characterized by swamps, jungle, and unmapped terrain. The total popUlation of the DOll people is approximately 250. Until recently, Doutai speakers were unaware-of the outside world. Interaction outside their own linguistic community was limited to the other nomadic Lakes Plain tribes and trading contacts with the highland Dani peoples of the Swart and Mulia 121 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures valleys. In the main, these people are still illiterate and. know little of the national language of Indonesia. Linguistic research among the languages of northern Irian Jaya is still sparse. Voorhoeve (1975), in his Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist, gives overall language classifications, along with language territories. He gives the name Taori So to Doutai, and places it in the Central Lakes Plain Family. Other languages in this family, as listed by Voorhoeve, are Baburiwa (Kustera), Kwerisa, Taori-Kei (Kaiy), Aikwakai (5ikaritai), Papasena, and Weretai (Taiyeve). Duvle, the language spoken at Dagai and Weri, two villages west of Dou, is in this language family as well. Like many languages unhampered by a writing system, Doutai has continued to change. This process has resulted in significant gaps in the expected patterning of the language, based on a comparison with other languages of New Guinea (Foley, 1982). These gaps include certain vowel patterning, normal syllable closure, and all nasals. This latter is particularly unusual (Foley, 1982). The symbols-'i' and '~' are used, for lack o~ better symbols, to represent certain 'fricativeized' vocoids which -occur in several Lakes Plain languages. These vocoids will be explained in section 4.3. This paper will begin with a description of syllable structure, phonemes and suprasegmentals, and follow with a discussion of the phonological changes taking place in Doutai2 •. 1. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE The Doutai syllable has the following structure: A single or complex (dual) voc~lic nucleus occupying one mora of timing with an optional onset filled by a single consonant, comprises the Doutai syllable. Cl any consonant (p,b,t,d,k,g,s,w,y) C2 b , d [r], 9 VI any vowel 122 The Process of Phonological Change in Doutai V2 any [+hi] vowel (i,u) when VI [-hi] vowel e3 indistinguishable phonetically as any particular consonant, this final consonant is realized only as friction on the previous vowel. Comparison with Sikaritai (Martin, this volume) and Obokuitai (Jenison, this volume) reveals that the original form is most likely to have been [k] or Cd] now merging with IiI and luI. In this paper, Ikl has been arbitrarily chosen to represent this closing consonant. Examples: V Iii 'pig' lal 'we I us' vv foul 'name' leil 'lazy' ev Itel 'fish' Idul 'bird' evv Ikeil 'snake' Ibail 'father' eev Ibgal 'river' eevv Ikdail 'big' ve likl 'pig' vve laikl 'stomach' eve Idukl 'grass' Isikl 'head' 1.1 VOCOID CLUSTER INTERPRETATION The following chart illustrates the vocoid sequences noted to date in the Doutai language. As illustrated, all ambivalent vocoid clusters consist of a mid or low vowel gliding up to a high vowel. 123 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures +hi -hi +10 "":'10 i u e 0 a +hi i x x u x x -hi e x2 -10 0 x2 x2 10 a x2 x univalent sequence x2 ambivalent sequence The Doutai language has -a high occurence of the following three ambivalent vocoid clusters: ei leil Ceil 'lazy' Ipegeisel [pageise] 'the same' Is·eikl [se:i:] 'head' Ibdeikwal [bre:i:wa] 'hunting' ai Itail [tail 'person' laipaiwal [aipaiwa] 'opposing' laikl [a:i:] 'stomach' Ikaikdiwal [kaidiwa] 'calling' ou Iboul [bou] 'buttocks' Iboukol [bouko] 'tree stump' loukl COli] 'name' Idoukwal [doliwa] 'travel far' Also ambivalent but of low occurence is the cluster: oi Itogoil [tagoi] 'crooked' Ipoiwal [poiwa] 'move close' 124 The Process of Phonological Change ~n Doutai Interpretation: These vocoid clusters are interpreted as single segments constituting complex vocalic nuclei within the syllable for the following reasons: i) The tone patterns of the contiguous vocoids parallel the tone patterns of single vowel syllables, not that of two (or more) syllable words. 1.e. the high V2 is never a unit of tone displacement. Idoul [dou] 'short' *[do.u] Ipol [po] 'swollen' Ikodul [ko.du] 'sago pulp' Ikesail [ke.sai] 'older brother' *[ke.sa.i] -. Isatel [sa.tel 'fangs' Ibediol [be.di.o1 'but' ii) These clusters receive one mora of timing. The univalent sequences receive two. Igail [gai] 'hand' - [ga. i] Isiel [si.e] 'type of reed' Ipogoukl [pogO\:i] 'enemy' - [ po • go . 1:i ] Iboduol [bo.ru.o] 'later' Iboul [bou] 'buttocks' - [boo u] Ibaol [ba.o] 'sago fronds' 2. PHONEMES Doutai has 14 phonemes: n1ne consonants Ip,t,k,b,d,g,s,y,wl and five vowels la,e,i,o,u,l.
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