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Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea ISSN: 0023-1959 Special Issue 2012 Harald Hammarström & Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.) History, contact and classification of Papuan languages Part One Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 THE KEUW ISOLATE: PRELIMINARY MATERIALS AND CLASSIFICATION David Kamholz University of California, Berkeley [email protected] ABSTRACT Keuw is a poorly documented language spoken by less than 100 people in southeast Cenderawasih Bay. This paper gives some preliminary data on Keuw, based on a few days of field work. Keuw is phonologically similar to Lakes Plain languages: it lacks contrastive nasals and has at least two tones. Basic word order is SOV. Lexical comparison with surrounding languages suggests that Keuw is best classified as an isolate. Keywords: Keuw, Kehu, Papua, Indonesia, New Guinea, isolate, description, classification 1 INTRODUCTION Keuw (ISO 639-3 khh, also known as Kehu or Keu) is a poorly documented language spoken by a small ethnic group of the same name in southeast Cenderawasih Bay. Keuw territory is located in a swampy lowland plain along the Poronai river in Wapoga distrct, Nabire regency, Papua province, Indonesia (see Figure 1 and 2). The Keuw are reported to be in occasional contact with the Burate (bti, East Geelvink Bay family), who live downstream near the mouth of the Poronai (village: Totoberi), and the Dao/Maniwo (daz, Paniai Lakes family), who live upstream in the highlands (village: Taumi). There is no known contact with other nearby ethnic groups, which include a group of Waropen (wrp, Austronesian) who live just south of the Burate (village: Samanui), and the Auye (auu, Paniai Lakes family), who live in the highlands along the Siriwo river. 1.1 PREVIOUS WORK Most previous sources for the Keuw language are unpublished. The earliest source is Moxness (1998), a short report based on discussions with a missionary to the Keuw which contains some historical and cultural background and 24 words. Whitehouse (n.d.) contains a 125-word list from the archives of SIL Papua, of which a few words are cited in Whitehouse (2006).1 Finally, Papua Pos Nabire (2011b) includes an amateur linguistic comment, stating ‘Sentences in their language always end with the letter “E”.’2 This probably refers to the – 243 – Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 Figure 1: The location of Keuw and surrounding languages. Adapted from SIL Indonesia map of the languages of Papua (2003). frequent nominal suffix -yo/-ye (see §3.2). Comparison of the data I collected with the two unpublished wordlists leaves no doubt that all come from the same language. For example, the word for sago is telye in Moxness, tɛli in Whitehouse, and télyò/télyè in my data; no other languages of the region have this word for sago. Comparison with my data indicates that Moxness’s list is mostly correct, while Whitehouse’s contains numerous mistranscriptions and errors. The inaccuracy of Whitehouse’s data is not surprising given his statement that ‘the handwriting is barely legible’ in the original (Whitehouse 2006:268). Because of its historical significance as the first report on Keuw, Moxness (1998) is reproduced (with permission) in §7. – 244 – Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 KABUP ATEN P. Kumbur P. Nutaberi P. Anggrameus PETA TG. Mangguar Napan KABUPATEN NABIRE Yaur Yeretuar Bawei i b P. Ikan Skala 1 : u g Y a u r g TELUK n a P. Kikir KECAMATAN NAPAN KABUPATEN N NAPAN . SARERA MANOKWARI S S Makimi . Legari Jaya S i r i i Legari II w o Nifasi o w i d KETERANGAN : n Legari III o Biha S S W . L G M Legari IV e i g r a a Batas Kabupaten KWATISORE S r g . e o M o PERWAKILAN KECAMATAN LEGARE s Batas Kecamatan a i r o E Jalan Penghubung IR B A KECAMATAN YAUR N Jalan Tanah Figure 2: Political map of Nabire regency, showing the coastline from Nabire to Samanui, Pupekebo Kipimomato and the course of the Siriwo and Poronai. FormerlyPupekuye available at <http://nabirekab.go.id/>. Sungai S Topo Bebotadi KEC. WANGGAR. B Urumusu u m i UWAPA Marga Jaya SP1 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT STUDYPaitapu i SP 2 m Aibore u Argomuly o B SP 3 Ibukota Kabupaten . My ownS data derives from three recorded elicioSIRIWOtation sessions (Sep.–Oct. 2011) in Nabire with SP 4 . iw Siriwo S ir S KABUPATEN Bomopai two Keuw speakers, both also fluentEpouwo in Papuan Malay: Jon (c. 35 years old, head of the Keuw 3 KABUPATEN PANIAI FAK-FAK Ororodo tribe) and Isak (c. 30 years old, headWaria of Keuw village). Isak is not fully fluent in Keuw, as a Ibukota Kecamatan Kec. Uwapa result of which I elicited most of the data from Jon. Several non-Keuw residents of Keuw Ugiyai Epomani village, who had accompaniedTa ra uJonto and Isak to Nabire, provided additional information about S. Dekiya Me Keuw culturenoa and life in the village. Jigikebo Elicitation was challenging.Jainoa Jon and Isak did their best, but clearly found the task somewhat Kunegi Lokdifficultodimi and confusing. Furthermore, Jon was the only fully fluent speaker present, and so Uganda Yotapoga Yageugi Paruto had no one to confer with. I was most successful at eliciting lexical items and getting KEC. IKRAR S. Idedua judgments on their pronunciationTa b aandikebo meaning. DespiteGopaya repeated attempts, I could not elicit Om ba more than one or two clauses, norTa couldmepa I elicit any pronouns or paradigms.IDAIKEBO A fivePugotadi-minuteII Megaikebo Pugotadi I Yegepepa Dogimani Ikrar Timepa Agebutu Ugapuga MOANAMANI Boduda Timepa Diyeugi BOMOMANI– 245 – KEC. KAMU Puwata Yatapuga APAGOMAKIDA Putapa Abaimaida II Deneioda Timepa Pona Sukikai Dineioda KEC. MAPIA Puwata I KEC. SUKIKAI Pinia U KABUPATEN FAK-FAK Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 text was recorded, which contains a few multiword clauses. Materials from these sessions will be made available at <http://lautgesetz.com/keuw/>. Before turning to the results of my elicitation sessions, I first summarize the history of the Keuw since contact, and what is known about their culture. 2 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE KEUW 2.1 CONTACT It is not known how long the Keuw have been in their present location. Labree (1959:20) mentions a group living along the Poronai that is plausibly identified as the Keuw: The population of Moor must have been much more numerous previously than it is now. One group has migrated to the Haarlem Islands, and – certainly not the least energetic among them – another group is said to have been drawn to the environs of the Warenai [Poronai] river, in the area between the Siriwo and Wapoga. On Moor it is generally held that this last group has grown into a warlike tribe, and since the parting was not on very good terms, no inhabitant of Moor is willing to help you search for these vanished relatives.4 The Moor are Austronesian speakers (mhz) who live on several islands in southeast Cenderawasih Bay. The Moor and other coastal groups still hold to this story of the origin of the Keuw, but there is no evidence for it (see §2.3). Nonetheless, it is likely that the story told to Labree refers to the Keuw, since no other group is known to have inhabited the named region. In 1989, following up on reports of an uncontacted tribe living in the lowland forests of the Poronai, a team of government officials located a group of about 60 Keuw (Papua Pos Nabire 2011b). A village named Keuw was soon created for them along the Poronai, in which fifteen Keuw families settled. Over the years, some families apparently returned to the forest, leaving about nine. Meanwhile, at some point in the 1990s, Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) missionaries started working in Keuw, converted the Keuw living there, and built a church (Moxness 1998; p.c. from Keuw village residents). – 246 – Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012 Part I ISSN: 0023-1959 Reports of the population of Keuw village vary. Official government statistics reported 85 residents in 2008, 43 male and 42 female (BPS Nabire 2009: 143), and 63 residents in 2011, 36 male and 27 female (BPS Nabire 2011: 26). A newspaper article from 2011 states that there are 49 residents (Papua Pos Nabire 2011a). According to the residents of Keuw village with whom I spoke, there are 20–30 ethnically Keuw residents, while non-Keuw make up at least half of the village. None of the ethnically Keuw residents are older than about 40. Several stories I was told gave conflicting explanations for the absence of an older generation: an outbreak of disease, flight from contact or missionization, murder by an outside group. Jon and Isak explicitly stated that they were orphaned at a young age and raised by non-Keuw. It is not known how many Keuw, if any, are still living in the forest. Jon and Isak said there were none, but it was not clear either that they were in a position to know, or that they would wish to reveal their presence. Jon and Isak are not educated or literate, but are quite comfortable using money, public taxis, cell phones, and so on. I was told that other Keuw rarely or never go to Nabire, are less familiar with modern technology, and speak little or no Papuan Malay. The name Keuw is said to be derived from Burate keβete ‘tree person’ (Papua Pos Nabire 2011b; p.c.
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