DOCSLIB.ORG

Resource Nationalism in the Persian Gulf: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Resource Nationalism in the Persian Gulf: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates Durham E-Theses Resource Nationalism in the Persian Gulf: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates GOHARI, NADIR How to cite: GOHARI, NADIR (2014) Resource Nationalism in the Persian Gulf: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11134/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Resource Nationalism in the Persian Gulf: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates Nadir Gohari PhD School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2014 1 Abstract: Natural resources have long been associated with strategic benefits and the potential to generate impressive economic wealth. Consequently, scarce and exhaustible natural resources have been moreover coveted given the prospects for even greater gains. However, competition over ownership rights to reserves can lead to tensions as well as conflict. Resource nationalism has been described as the case in which governments and/or ethnic groups lay claim to natural resources located within territorial boundaries for the purposes of ownership and control. This thesis examines the impact of resource nationalism on international relations and the shaping of geopolitics using the Persian Gulf countries of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates as case studies. It employs a multi-faceted approach in which components of resource nationalism are identified and expounded. The materials of focus are oil and gas, both of which are present across Persian Gulf region and are the primary generators of revenue for each case study. The thesis explores the dynamics of resource nationalism through various interpretations and manifestations, demonstrating its utilization in Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Additionally, derivations of respective implementations are reviewed such as economic entities and militarization. In this vein, existing and developing ethnic tensions are also assessed. Afterwards, further unexplored and unidentified usages of resource nationalism are additionally covered. The research concludes by providing conceptual solutions for the shortcomings of resource nationalism framework, recommendations for tactical management of deficiencies, and prospects for proliferation. 2 Table of Contents: Introduction................................................................................................................................... 13 Objectives of the Study: ............................................................................................................ 15 The Literature and Theoretical Debates: ................................................................................. 16 Framework of the Analysis: ...................................................................................................... 19 Organisation of the Project: ..................................................................................................... 21 Methodology: ............................................................................................................................ 22 Chapter 1: Foundations of Resource Nationalism in the Persian Gulf.................................. 26 Iran: .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Iraq: .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Kuwait: ..................................................................................................................................... 40 Saudi Arabia: ........................................................................................................................... 43 Bahrain: ................................................................................................................................... 48 Qatar: ........................................................................................................................................ 53 United Arab Emirates: ............................................................................................................. 57 Oman: ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Collective Regional Tensions: ................................................................................................. 65 Conclusion: .............................................................................................................................. 67 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework – The State, Nations, Nationalism, and Ethnicity ....... 68 Notion of the State: .................................................................................................................. 68 Nations and Nationalism: ........................................................................................................ 74 Paradigms of Nationalism: ....................................................................................................... 75 Modernism: ........................................................................................................................... 75 Idealism: ............................................................................................................................... 75 Materialism: .......................................................................................................................... 75 Constructivism: ..................................................................................................................... 76 Primordialism: ...................................................................................................................... 76 Ethno-symbolism: ................................................................................................................. 76 The Nation: ........................................................................................................................... 77 Homogeneity in Nations in Utilizing Nationalism as an Ideology: ...................................... 79 3 Nations and Nationalism with Respect to Resource Nationalism: ....................................... 81 Ethnicity: .................................................................................................................................. 82 Paradigms of Ethnicity: ........................................................................................................ 83 Primordialism: ...................................................................................................................... 83 Perennialism: ........................................................................................................................ 84 Constructivism: ..................................................................................................................... 85 Homogeneity and Harmony in Utilizing Ethnicity: .............................................................. 86 Ethnicity versus Race: ............................................................................................................. 87 Influential Factors and Features of Ethnicity: ...................................................................... 88 Groups: ................................................................................................................................. 88 Migration: ............................................................................................................................. 89 Indigeneity: ........................................................................................................................... 90 Religion: ................................................................................................................................ 90 Language: ............................................................................................................................. 91 Identity: ................................................................................................................................. 91 Unequivocal Terminology and Vagueness Clarified:............................................................. 92 The National and Ethnic Components of Resource Nationalism: ........................................ 93 Competition: ......................................................................................................................... 94 Conflict: ................................................................................................................................ 94 Civil War:.............................................................................................................................. 95 Resource Nationalism
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate
    Journal of Power, Politics & Governance June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 223-227 ISSN: 2372-4919 (Print), 2372-4927 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development Iran Nuclear Programme: Revisiting the Nuclear Debate Khurshid Ahmad Mir1 The trajectory of the nuclear program of Iran dates back to the 1950s. The nuclear programme of Iran was assisted by the west in general and the United States of America in particular as part of the Atoms for Peace program (Roe, 2007). The United States and Western European governments continued to support the Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The revolution of 1979 toppled the Shah of Iran (Iran Affairs, 2006). It was 1957 when Iran and The United States of America signed a civil nuclear co-operation agreement. The agreement was signed as a part of the U.S. Atoms for Peace program. As a confidence building measure Iran signed the Partial nuclear test ban treaty (PTBT) on August 9, 1963: and ratified it on December 23, 1963. And more importantly, in July 1968 Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and latter ratified it. Therefore, there was a marriage between the West and Iran and under the Shah regime, Iran initiated a series of motivated nuclear projects that relied on assistance and backing from the United States of America and Europe. The support from the west made it possible for Iran to launch a nuclear programme which presently seems a global concern. The revolution of 1979 in Iran brought a tremendous change in the policies of the Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E
    ROUNDTABLE: NONPROLIFERATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY The Threat of Nuclear Proliferation: Perception and Reality Jacques E. C. Hymans* uclear weapons proliferation is at the top of the news these days. Most recent reports have focused on the nuclear efforts of Iran and North N Korea, but they also typically warn that those two acute diplomatic headaches may merely be the harbingers of a much darker future. Indeed, foreign policy sages often claim that what worries them most is not the small arsenals that Tehran and Pyongyang could build for themselves, but rather the potential that their reckless behavior could catalyze a process of runaway nuclear proliferation, international disorder, and, ultimately, nuclear war. The United States is right to be vigilant against the threat of nuclear prolifer- ation. But such vigilance can all too easily lend itself to exaggeration and overreac- tion, as the invasion of Iraq painfully demonstrates. In this essay, I critique two intellectual assumptions that have contributed mightily to Washington’s puffed-up perceptions of the proliferation threat. I then spell out the policy impli- cations of a more appropriate analysis of that threat. The first standard assumption undergirding the anticipation of rampant pro- liferation is that states that abstain from nuclear weapons are resisting the dictates of their narrow self-interest—and that while this may be a laudable policy, it is also an unsustainable one. According to this line of thinking, sooner or later some external shock, such as an Iranian dash for the bomb, can be expected to jolt many states out of their nuclear self-restraint.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis.Pdf (7.518Mb)
    “Let’s Go Back to Go Forward” History and Practice of Schooling in the Indigenous Communities in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh Mohammed Mahbubul Kabir June 2009 Master Thesis Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway ‘‘Let’s Go Back to Go Forward’’ History and Practice of Schooling in the Indigenous Communities in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh Thesis submitted by: Mohammed Mahbubul Kabir For the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway June 2009 Supervised by: Prof. Bjørg Evjen, PhD. 1 Abstract This research deals with the history of education for the indigenous peoples in Chittagong Hills Tracts (CHT) Bangladesh who, like many places under postcolonial nation states, have no constitutional recognition, nor do their languages have a place in the state education system. Comprising data from literature and empirical study in CHT and underpinned on a conceptual framework on indigenous peoples’ education stages within state system in the global perspective, it analyzes in-depth on how the formal education for the indigenous peoples in CHT was introduced, evolved and came up to the current practices. From a wider angle, it focuses on how education originally intended to ‘civilize’ indigenous peoples subsequently, in post colonial era, with some change, still bears that colonial legacy which is heavily influenced by hegemony of ‘progress’ and ‘modernism’ (anti-traditionalism) and serves to the non-indigenous dominant group interests. Thus the government suggested Bengali-based monolingual education practice which has been ongoing since the beginning of the nation-state for citizens irrespective of ethnic and lingual background, as this research argued, is a silent policy of assimilation for the indigenous peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964
    DANCE OF SWORDS: U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA, 1942-1964 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce R. Nardulli, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn _______________________ Adviser Professor David Stebenne History Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081949 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081949 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The United States and Saudi Arabia have a long and complex history of security relations. These relations evolved under conditions in which both countries understood and valued the need for cooperation, but also were aware of its limits and the dangers of too close a partnership. U.S. security dealings with Saudi Arabia are an extreme, perhaps unique, case of how security ties unfolded under conditions in which sensitivities to those ties were always a central —oftentimes dominating—consideration. This was especially true in the most delicate area of military assistance. Distinct patterns of behavior by the two countries emerged as a result, patterns that continue to this day. This dissertation examines the first twenty years of the U.S.-Saudi military assistance relationship. It seeks to identify the principal factors responsible for how and why the military assistance process evolved as it did, focusing on the objectives and constraints of both U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Education and Indigenous Peoples in Norway. International Survey on Adult Education for Indigenous Peoples
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 458 367 CE 082 168 AUTHOR Lund, Svein TITLE Adult Education and Indigenous Peoples in Norway. International Survey on Adult Education for Indigenous Peoples. Country Study: Norway. INSTITUTION Nordic Sami Inst., Guovdageaidnu, Norway.; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 103p.; For other country studies, see CE 082 166-170. Research supported by the Government of Norway and DANIDA. AVAILABLE FROM For full text: http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/pdf/Norway.pdf. PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Access to Education; Acculturation; *Adult Education; Adult Learning; Adult Students; Colleges; Computers; Cultural Differences; Culturally Relevant Education; Delivery Systems; Dropouts; Educational Administration; Educational Attainment; *Educational Environment; Educational History; Educational Needs; Educational Opportunities; Educational Planning; *Educational Policy; *Educational Trends; Equal Education; Foreign Countries; Government School Relationship; Inclusive Schools; *Indigenous Populations; Language Minorities; Language of Instruction; Needs Assessment; Postsecondary Education; Professional Associations; Program Administration; Public Policy; Rural Areas; Secondary Education; Self Determination; Social Integration; Social Isolation; State of the Art Reviews; Student Characteristics; Trend Analysis; Universities; Vocational Education; Womens Education IDENTIFIERS Finland; Folk
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2018 Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006552 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Baghdadi, Nima, "Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979)" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3652. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3652 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DYNAMICS OF IRANIAN-SAU DI RELATIONS IN THE P ERSIAN GULF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX (1920-1979) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Nima Baghdadi 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International Relations and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Nima Baghdadi, and entitled Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________ Ralph S. Clem __________________________________ Harry D.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Policies and Indigenous Peoples in Taiwan
    Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki Finland SOCIAL POLICIES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN TAIWAN ELDERLY CARE AMONG THE TAYAL I-An Gao (Wasiq Silan) DOCTORAL THESIS To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in lecture room 302, Athena, on 18 May 2021, at 8 R¶FORFN. Helsinki 2021 Publications of the Faculty of Social Sciences 186 (2021) ISSN 2343-273X (print) ISSN 2343-2748 (online) © I-An Gao (Wasiq Silan) Cover design and visualization: Pei-Yu Lin Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] ISBN 978-951-51-7005-7 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-7006-4 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2021 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores how Taiwanese social policy deals with Indigenous peoples in caring for Tayal elderly. By delineating care for the elderly both in policy and practice, the study examines how relationships between indigeneity and coloniality are realized in today’s multicultural Taiwan. Decolonial scholars have argued that greater recognition of Indigenous rights is not the end of Indigenous peoples’ struggles. Social policy has much to learn from encountering its colonial past, in particular its links to colonization and assimilation. Meanwhile, coloniality continues to make the Indigenous perspective invisible, and imperialism continues to frame Indigenous peoples’ contemporary experience in how policies are constructed. This research focuses on tensions between state recognition and Indigenous peoples’
    [Show full text]
  • Iran and the Gulf Military Balance - I
    IRAN AND THE GULF MILITARY BALANCE - I The Conventional and Asymmetric Dimensions FIFTH WORKING DRAFT By Anthony H. Cordesman and Alexander Wilner Revised July 11, 2012 Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 2 Acknowledgements This analysis was made possible by a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation. It draws on the work of Dr. Abdullah Toukan and a series of reports on Iran by Adam Seitz, a Senior Research Associate and Instructor, Middle East Studies, Marine Corps University. 2 Cordesman/Wilner: Iran & The Gulf Military Balance, Rev 5 7/11/12 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure III.1: Summary Chronology of US-Iranian Military Competition: 2000-2011 ............................... 8 CURRENT PATTERNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF US AND IRANIAN MILITARY COMPETITION ........................................... 13 DIFFERING NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 17 US Perceptions .................................................................................................................................... 17 Iranian Perceptions............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Israeli Strategy Vis-À-Vis the Us Foreign Policy in the Iran Nuclear Deal
    ULB- LUISS Double Degree Master’s Degree in International Relations, Major in: Political violence and Security Practices ( ULB) Geopolitical Scenarios and Political risk (LUISS) Master’s dissertation: THE ISRAELI STRATEGY VIS-À-VIS THE US FOREIGN POLICY IN THE IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL SUPERVISORS Prof. Christian Olsson (ULB) Prof. Giuseppe Scognamiglio (LUISS) CANDIDATE Michela Muscau (638382) CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. Gregory Alegi (LUISS) 0 1 Alla mia famiglia, A Davide e a mio Padre, a chi non smette di credere. 2 TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................................................................................... II ACRONYMS/ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ........................................................................................................................... III SUMMARY. ............................................................................................................................................................................. I INTRODUCTION. .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: PREMISES AND THEORY. .......................................................................................... 5 METHODOLOGY. ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of Iran's Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons
    INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY REPORT Highlights of Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons By David Albright with Sarah Burkhard and the Good ISIS Team August 25, 2021 Iran’s Perilous Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons chronicles the Islamic Republic of Iran’s effort to acquire nuclear weapons. It started slowly, building to a crash nuclear weapons program in the early 2000s to create five nuclear weapons and an industrial complex to produce many more. Under international pressure, fearful of military attack, the program was driven to downsize and deeper secrecy. Nonetheless, Iran remains on the brink of becoming a nuclear weapons power; its nuclear material production capabilities stronger than ever, its weaponization capabilities lurking under the surface. But just how close did Iran get to nuclear weapons during its crash program and how close is it today? Up until the events of a cold, clear night in January 2018, the world could only guess. In a dramatic nighttime raid, the Israeli Foreign Intelligence Service Mossad broke into a warehouse in Tehran and seized a large cache of documents detailing Iran’s darkest and long- denied secret. The Amad Plan, the codename for its crash nuclear weapons program, was far larger and made much more progress than previously known. Containing many top secret details, the seized documents offer unprecedented insights into Iran’s progress—and the hurdles it faced in building nuclear weapons. With what Iran learned about building nuclear weapons during the Amad Plan, combined with its subsequent accomplishments, the Islamic Republic has developed a sophisticated capability to make nuclear weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • Forces of History: American-Iranian Diplomacy 1949-1953
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2000 Forces of history: American-Iranian diplomacy 1949-1953 James H. Hippensteel The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hippensteel, James H., "Forces of history: American-Iranian diplomacy 1949-1953" (2000). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5205. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5205 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY Hie University ofMONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check " Yes" or "No" and provide signature * * Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. THE FORCES OF HISTORY: AMERICAN-IRAMAN DIPLOMACY, 1949-1953 by James H. Hippensteel B.A. The University o f Montana, 1996 presented in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for die degree o f Master of Arts The University o f Montana 2000 Approved by: DearvGraduateSc to o l 5-31- 2M«> Date UMI Number: EP40669 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The guality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • European Charter for Regional Or Minority Language
    Your ref. Our ref. Date 2006/2972 KU/KU2 ckn 18 June 2008 European Charter for Regional or Minority Language Fourth periodical report Norway June 2008 Contents Preliminary section 1. Introductory remarks 2. Constitutional and administrative structure 3. Economy 4. Demography 5. The Sámi language 6. The Kven language 7. Romanes 8. Romany 1 Part I 1. Implementation provisions 2. Bodies or organisations working for the protection and development of regional or minority language 3. Preparation of the fourth report 4. Measures to disseminate information about the rights and duties deriving from the implementation of the Charter in Norwegian legislation 5. Measures to implement the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers Part II 1. Article 7 Objects and principles 2. Article 7 paragraph 1 sub-paragraphs f, g, h 3. Article 7 paragraph 3 4. Article 7 paragraph 4 Part III 1. Article 8 Educations 2. Article 9 Judicial authorities 3. Article 9 paragraph 3 Translation 4. Article 10 Administrative authorities and public service 5. Article 10 paragraph 5 6. Article 11 Media o Article 11 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph a o Article 11 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph b o Article 11 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph c o Article 11 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph e o Article 11 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph f o Article 11 paragraph 1 sub-paragraph g o Article 11 paragraph 2 7. Article 12 Cultural activities and facilities 8. Article 13 Economic and social life Preliminary section 1. Introductory remarks This fourth periodical report describes the implementation of the provisions of the European Charter for regional or minority languages in Norway.
    [Show full text]