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A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine

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J^L, ..QjkJb\eu G«lV Cornell University Library ArV1797 A history of the growth of the steam-eng 3 1924 015 355 682 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924015355682 International Scientific Series. VOL. XXIV. iFronttspiece. j^^mi . Tbe Gseoian Idea of the STsm-EirQiirB, A HISTOEY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAl-ENGHE. BY EOBEET H. THUESTON, A.M., C.E. FBOFESSOB OF UECEAHICAL EHQINDBXiraa IN THE STEVENS INSTITnTE; OF TECH- SHIP- NOIiOSY, HOBOEBN, N. J. J MEMBER OF INSTITUTION OF ENQINEEES AND BUILDERS OF SCOTLAND, SOCdiTfl DES INO&NIEUBS CIVIL8, VEREIN DEUTSCHE INaENtRimE, 0B3TEBREICRISCHER INaENIEUB- DND ARCHTTEKTEN-VEREIN ; ASSOCIATE BRITISH IN- SIITUnON OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS, ETC. ETC. , FIFTH EDITION. LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TKBNCH, TBUBNEB & CO. LTD. PATEKNOSTBE HOUSE, OHABING CEOSS ROAD. 1895. f^he rights of tn/MsHtion and of reproduction are reserved} PEEFACE. This little work embodies the more generally interest- ing portions of lectures first written for delivery at the Stevens Institute of Technology, in the winter of 1871 -'72, to a mixed audience, composed, however, principal- ly of engineers by profession, and of mechanics ; it com- prises, also, some rnaterial ptepared for other occasions. The author has consulted a large number of authors in the course of his work, and is very greatly indebted to several earlier writers. Of these, Stuart' is entitled to particular mention. His " History " is the earliest deserving the name; and his "Anecdotes" are of ex- ceedingly great interest and of equally great historical value. The artistic and curious little sketches at the end of each chapter are from John Stuart, as are, usually, the drawings of the older forms of engines. Greenwood's excellent translation of Hero, as edited by Bennett Woodcroft (London, 1851), can be consulted by those who are curious to learn more of that interesting old Greek treatise. ' "History of the Steam-Engine," London, 1824. "Anecdotes of the Steam-Engine," London, 1829. ' vi PREFACE. Some valuable matter is from Farey,' wlio gives the most extended account extant of Newcomen's and Watt's engines. The reader who desires to know more of the life of "Worcester, and more of the details of his work, will find in the very complete biography of Dircks " all that he can wish to learn of that great but unfortunate inventor. Smiles's admirably written biography of "Watt gives an equally interesting and complete account of the great mechanic and of his partners ; and Muirhead ' fur- nishes us with a still more detailed account of his inven- tions. For an account of the life and work of John Elder, the great pioneer in the introduction of the now standard double-cylinder, or " compound," engine, the student can consult a little biographical sketch by Prof. Kankine, published soon after the death of Elder. The only published sketch of the history of the science of thermo-dynamics, which plays so large a part of the phi- losophy of the steam-engine, is that of Prof. Tait—a most valuable monograph. The section of this work which treats of the causes and the extent of losses of heat in the steam-engine, and of the methods available, or possibly available, to reduce the amount of this now immense waste of heat, is, in some "Treatise on the Steam-Engine," London, 182'?. ^ "Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worces- ter," London, 1865. ^ " Lives of Boulton and Watt," London, 1865. * " Life of James Watt," D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1859. " Me- chanical Inventions of James Watt," Loudon, 1854. PREFACE. vii respects, quite new, and is equally novel in the method of its presentation. It remained a long time unpublished,' and is only introduced here as furnishing so complete a finish to that part of the work as, in the opinion of the author, to justify its presentation. Among other works which have also been of great assistance to the author, and will be found, perhaps, equally valuable to some of the readers of this little trea- tise, are several to which reference has not been made in the text. Among them the following are deserving of " special mention : MeCulloch's Mechanical Theory of Heat," a short but thoroughly logical and exact mathe- " matical treatise ; Cotterill's Steam-Engine considered as a Heat-Engine," a more extended work on the same sub- ject, which will be found an excellent companion to, and commentary upon, Eankine's " Steam-Engine and Prime Movers," which is the standard treatise on the theory of the steam-engine. The works of Bourne, of HoUey, of Clarke, and of Forney, are standards on the practical every-day matters of steam-engine construction and man- agement. The author is almost daily in receipt of inquiries which indicate that the above remarks will be of service to very many young engineers, as well as to many to whom the steam-engine is of interest from a more purely scientific point of view. ' " On a New Type of Steam-Engine,'' etc. A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1811. Journal of tlie Franklin Institute, 1877. — ; . OOI^TENTS. CHAPTER I. The Steam-Enchne as a Simple Machini!. PASS Section I. ^Tbb Fesiod of SPEotriATiON—Hbeo to Woecester, b. o. 200 to A.D. ITOO 1 IntrodTictioii—the Importance of tlie Steam-Engine, 1 ; Hero and his Treatise Heroes on Pneumatics, 4 ; Engines, b. c. 200, 8 ; William of Malmesbury on Steam, A.D. 1150, 10; Hieronymus Cardan on Steam and the Vacuum, 10; Malthesius on the Power of Steam, a. d. 1571, 10 ; Jacob BesBon on the Generation of Steam, A. D. 1578, 11 ; Bamelli^s Work on Machines, a. 3>. 1588, 11 ; Leonardo da Vinci on the Steam-Gun, 12 ; Blaeco de Garay's Steamer, A. s. 1648, 12 ; Battista della Porta's Steam-Engine, A. d. 1601, 18 ; Florence Biyault on the Force of Steam, A.i>, 1608, 15 ; Solomon de Causes Apparatus, A. d. 1615, 16 ; Giovanni Branca^s Steam-Engine, A. ». 1629, 16; David Eamseye's Inventions, a.d. 1630, 17; Bishop John Wilkins's Schemes, A. d, 1648, 18 ; Eircher's Apparatus, 19. Section II. ^Thb Fibst Period op Application—Wobcestee, Papin, and Savebt 19 Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, a. d. 1663, 19 ; Worcester's Steam Pumping-Engines, 21 ; Jean Hautefeuille's Alcohol and Gunpowder Engines, A.D. 1678, 24; Huyghens's Gunpowder-Engine, a. d. 1680, 25; Invention in Great Britain, 26 ; Sir Samuel Morland, A. d. 1688, 27 ; Thomas Savery and his Engine, A. d. 1698, 81 ; Desaguliers's Savery Engines, a. d. 1718, 41 ; Denys Papin and his Work, a.d. 1675, 45; Papin's Engmes, a.d. 1685-1695, 50; Pa- pin^s Steam-Boilers, 51. CHAPTER n. The Steam-Engine as a Train of Mechanism. ^E Modern Type op Engine as developed by Nbwcomen, Beighton, and Smeaton 55 Defects of the Savery Engine, 55 ; Thomas Newcomen, A. D. 1705, 57 ; the Newcomen Steam Pumping-Engine, 59 ; Advantages of Newcomen's Engine. 60 Potter's and Beighton's Improvements, a. d. 1718-'18, 61 ; Smeaton's Newcomen Engines, a.d. 1775, 64; Operation of the Newcomen Engine, 65; Power and Economy of the Engine, 69; Introduction of the Newoomen Engine, 70. — ;;; X CONTENTS. FAOE CHAPTER III. The Development of the Modern Steam-Engine. Section I. James Watt and his Inventions 7fl James Watt, Ms Birth and Parentage, 79 ; his Standing In School, 81 ; he learns his Trade in London, 81 ; Beturn to Scotland and Settlement in Glasgow, 82 ; the Newcomen Engine Model, 83 ; Discovery of Latent Heat, 84 ; Sources of Loss in the -Newcomen Engine, 85; Facts experimentally determined by Watt, 86 ; Invention of the Separate Condenser, 87 ; the Steam-jacket and other Improvements, 90 ; Connection with Dr. Roebuck, 91 ; Watt meets Boulton, 93 Matthew Boulton, 93 ; Boulton^s Establishment at Soho, 95 ; the Partnership of Boulton and Watt, 97 ; the Kinneil Engine, 97 ; Watt's Patent of 1769, 98 Work of Boulton and Watt, 101 ; the Rotative Engine, 108 ; the Patent of 1781, 104 ; the Expansion of Steam—its Economy, 105 ; the Double-Acting Engine, 110; the "Compound" Engine, 110; the Steam-Hammer, 111; Parallel Mo- tions, the Counter, 112 ; the Throttle-Valve and Governor, 114 , Steam, Vacu- um, and Water Gauges, 116 ; Boulton & Watt's Mill-Engine, 118 ; the Albion Mill and its Engine, 119 ; the Steam-Engine Indicator, 123 ; Watt in Social Life, 125; Discovery of the Composition of Water, 126; Death of James Watt, 128 Memorials and Souvenirs, 128. Section II. The Contempokabibs of James Watt 18? William Murdoch and his Work, 132 ; Invention of Gas-Lighting, 1S4 ; Jon- athan Hornblower and the Compound Engine, 185 ; Causes of the Failure of Hornblower, 187; William Bull and Eichard Trevithick, 138 ; Edward Cart- wright and his Engine, 140. CHAPTER IV. The Modern Steam-Engine. The Second Pebiod of Appitcation—1800-1850—Steam-Looomotion on Eail- BOADS .... 144 Introduction, 144; the Non-Condensing Engine and the Locomotive, 147 Newton's Locomotive, 1680, 149 ; Nathan Bead's Steam-Carriage, 150 ; Cugnot's "teaTO-Carriage, 1769, 151 ; the Model Stoam-Carrlage of Watt and Murdoch, Oliver 1784, 153 ; Evans and his Plans, 1786, 153 ; Evans's Oruktor Amphlbolis, 1804, Eichard Trevithick's 157 ; Steam-Carriage, 1802, 159 ; Steam-Carriages of Grifttths others, and 160 ; Steam-Carriages of Goldsworthy Gurney, 1827, 161 Steam-Carriages of Walter Hancock, 1831, 165; Eeports to the House of Com- 1831, the Introduction mons, 170 ; of the Eailroad, 172 ; Eichard Trevithick's Locomotives, 1804, 174 ; John Stevens and the Eailroad, 1812, 178 ; WilBam Hedley's Locomotives, 1812, 181 ; George Stephenson, 188 ; Stephenson's KiU- ingworth Engine, 1813, 186 ; Stephenson's Second Locomotive, 1815, 187 ; Ste- phenson's Safety-Lamp, 1815, 187 ; Eobert Stephenson & Co., 1824, 190 ; the Stockton & Darlington Engine, 1825, 191 ; the Liverpool & Manchester Eail- road, 1826, 193 ; Trial of Competing Engines at Eainhill, 1829, 195; the Eocket the Novelty, and 198 ; Atmospheric Railways, 201 ; Character of George Ste- ;; CONTENTS.
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  • Introduction: a Manufacturing People

    Introduction: a Manufacturing People

    1 Introduction: a manufacturing people ‘It will be seen that a manufacturing people is not so happy as a rural population, and this is the foretaste of becoming the “Workshop of the World”.’ Sir James Graham to Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis, 31 August 1842 ‘From this foul drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilise the whole world. From this filthy sewer pure gold flows. Here humanity attains its most complete development and its most brutish; here civilisation works its miracles, and civilised man is turned back almost into a savage.’ Alexis de Tocqueville on Manchester, 1835 ritain’s national census of 1851 reveals that just over one half of the economically active B population were employed in manufacturing (including mining and construction), while fewer than a quarter now worked the land. The making of textiles alone employed well over a million men and women. The number of factories, mines, metal-working complexes, mills and workshops had all multiplied, while technological innovations had vastly increased the number of, and improved the capabilities of, the various machines that were housed in them. Production and exports were growing, and the economic and social consequences of industrial development could be felt throughout the British Isles. The British had become ‘a manufacturing people’. These developments had not happened overnight, although many of the most momentous had taken place within living memory. By the 1850s commentators were already describing Dictionary, indeed, there is no definition whatever this momentous shift as an ‘industrial revolution’. relating to this type of phenomenon. Is it, therefore, The phrase obviously struck a chord, and is now really a help or a hindrance to rely on it to describe deeply ingrained.