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BURMA (MYANMAR) COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
BURMA (MYANMAR) COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 17 June 2011 BURMA (MYANMAR) 17 JUNE 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN BURMA FROM 16 MAY TO 17 JUNE 2011 Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON BURMA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 16 MAY AND 17 JUNE 2011 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.07 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY (INDEPENDENCE (1948) – NOVEMBER 2010) ................................................ 3.01 Constitutional referendum – 2008....................................................................... 3.03 Build up to 2010 elections ................................................................................... 3.05 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (NOVEMBER 2010 – MARCH 2011)....................................... 4.01 November 2010 elections .................................................................................... 4.01 Release of Aung San Suu Kyi ............................................................................. 4.13 Opening of Parliament ......................................................................................... 4.16 5. CONSTITUTION......................................................................................................... -
Aung San Suu Kyi (1945- )
Aung San Suu Kyi (1945 - ) Major Events in the Life of a Revolutionary Leader All terms appearing in bold are included in the glossary. 1945 On June 19 in Rangoon (now called Yangon), the capital city of Burma (now called Myanmar), Aung San Suu Kyi was born the third child and only daughter to Aung San, national hero and leader of the Burma Independence Army (BIA) and the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL), and Daw Khin Kyi, a nurse at Rangoon General Hospital. Aung San Suu Kyi was born into a country with a complex history of colonial domination that began late in the nineteenth century. After a series of wars between Burma and Great Britain, Burma was conquered by the British and annexed to British India in 1885. At first, the Burmese were afforded few rights and given no political autonomy under the British, but by 1923 Burmese nationals were permitted to hold select government offices. In 1935, the British separated Burma from India, giving the country its own constitution, an elected assembly of Burmese nationals, and some measure of self-governance. In 1941, expansionist ambitions led the Japanese to invade Burma, where they defeated the British and overthrew their colonial administration. While at first the Japanese were welcomed as liberators, under their rule more oppressive policies were instituted than under the British, precipitating resistance from Burmese nationalist groups like the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL). In 1945, Allied forces drove the Japanese out of Burma and Britain resumed control over the country. 1947 Aung San negotiated the full independence of Burma from British control. -
De Sousa Sinitic MSEA
THE FAR SOUTHERN SINITIC LANGUAGES AS PART OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DRAFT: for MPI MSEA workshop. 21st November 2012 version.) Hilário de Sousa ERC project SINOTYPE — École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected]; [email protected] Within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area (e.g. Matisoff 2003; Bisang 2006; Enfield 2005, 2011), some languages are said to be in the core of the language area, while others are said to be periphery. In the core are Mon-Khmer languages like Vietnamese and Khmer, and Kra-Dai languages like Lao and Thai. The core languages generally have: – Lexical tonal and/or phonational contrasts (except that most Khmer dialects lost their phonational contrasts; languages which are primarily tonal often have five or more tonemes); – Analytic morphological profile with many sesquisyllabic or monosyllabic words; – Strong left-headedness, including prepositions and SVO word order. The Sino-Tibetan languages, like Burmese and Mandarin, are said to be periphery to the MSEA linguistic area. The periphery languages have fewer traits that are typical to MSEA. For instance, Burmese is SOV and right-headed in general, but it has some left-headed traits like post-nominal adjectives (‘stative verbs’) and numerals. Mandarin is SVO and has prepositions, but it is otherwise strongly right-headed. These two languages also have fewer lexical tones. This paper aims at discussing some of the phonological and word order typological traits amongst the Sinitic languages, and comparing them with the MSEA typological canon. While none of the Sinitic languages could be considered to be in the core of the MSEA language area, the Far Southern Sinitic languages, namely Yuè, Pínghuà, the Sinitic dialects of Hǎinán and Léizhōu, and perhaps also Hakka in Guǎngdōng (largely corresponding to Chappell (2012, in press)’s ‘Southern Zone’) are less ‘fringe’ than the other Sinitic languages from the point of view of the MSEA linguistic area. -
Migration from Bengal to Arakan During British Rule 1826–1948 Derek Tonkin
Occasional Paper Series Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948 Derek Tonkin Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948 Derek Tonkin 2019 Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher Brussels This and other publications in TOAEP’s Occasional Paper Series may be openly accessed and downloaded through the web site http://toaep.org, which uses Persistent URLs for all publications it makes available (such PURLs will not be changed). This publication was first published on 6 December 2019. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2019 All rights are reserved. You may read, print or download this publication or any part of it from http://www.toaep.org/ for personal use, but you may not in any way charge for its use by others, directly or by reproducing it, storing it in a retrieval system, transmitting it, or utilising it in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, in whole or in part, without the prior permis- sion in writing of the copyright holder. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the copyright holder. You must not circulate this publication in any other cover and you must impose the same condition on any ac- quirer. You must not make this publication or any part of it available on the Internet by any other URL than that on http://www.toaep.org/, without permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-82-8348-150-1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 2 2. Setting the Scene: The 1911, 1921 and 1931 Censuses of British Burma ............................ -
Burma, Siam (Thailand), and the Philippines in World War Two History and Film
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol.5, No.6 Publication Date: June. 25, 2018 DoI:10.14738/assrj.56.4635. Derrah, R. (2018). Hidden Casualties: Burma, Siam (Thailand), and the Philippines in World War Two History and Film. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(6) 43-53. Hidden Casualties: Burma, Siam (Thailand), and the Philippines in World War Two History and Film Rick Derrah ABSTRACT This paper examines the World War Two in Burma, Siam (Thailand), and the Philippines and the reflection of .that history within films produced during the same time period. War films were produced all three of these countries during the war period, but, in general, focus almost exclusively on American or British characters as the heroes. There is also very little content dealing with the casualties suffered by the indigenous populations of these countries during the war. Keywords: History; World War Two; Film INTRODUCTION In society popular culture often shapes the perception of the past. These views of the past are sometimes adjusted to make the story more appealing to the projected audience and with the advent of movies this phenomenon has only accelerated. Theses views build upon and reinforce each other creating constructs which are widely known. Movies are often able to create their own reality by building on these common constructs. The view of the movie becomes the reality for many people and this is problematic because movies and other forms of popular culture are created with agendas beyond simply telling a story. These hidden agendas can be simply the story the version of the story the creator wishes to express or even the motivation to make the work profitable. -
Burma Is Founded and Buddhism Is Adopted
2007 - The junta adds a year to Suu Kyi’s house Timeline arrest. In reaction to the unexpected rise in fuel costs, 1057 - Burma is founded and Buddhism is adopted. Buddhist monks lead anti-government protests. The 1885 - Burma is annexed to British India. government kills 13 protestors and arrests thousands 1937-1948 - Burma is a colony of the British crown. of monks in the Saffron Revolution. 1942 - Japan invades and occupies Burma using the 2008 - The proposed constitution ensures a quarter of Japanese-trained Burma Independence Army, which parliament seats to the military and bans Aung San later becomes the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom Suu Kyi from running for office. Cyclone Nargis kills as League (AFPFL). many as 134,000. The government claims 92% voted 1945 - General Aung San leads the AFPFL and frees in favor of a referendum on the constitution despite Burma from Japan with help from the British. the humanitarian crisis of the cyclone. Aung San Suu 1947 - General Aung San and members of his Kyi’s house arrest is renewed. Activists receive government are assassinated by nationalist rival U Saw. sentences up to 65 years in closed trials. 1958-1960 - AFPFL party splits, resulting in the 2009 - Burma denies the existence of the Muslim formation of a caretaker government. Rohingya minority. Talks between the military junta 1960 - U Nu wins elections. His endorsement of and Suu Kyi begin again. Burma Buddhism and acceptance of separatism antagonizes 2010 - Election laws pass allowing the electoral the military. commission to be picked by junta. NLD plans to 1962 - Military coup led by General Ne Win abolishes boycott polls, but the National Democratic Front (NDF) the federal system and implements the “Burmese Way gains legal status and plans to run in elections. -
Military Competition Between Allied Forces and Japan: a Case Study on Mandalay Campaign in Myanmar (1942-1945)
1,886 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 Military Competition between Allied Forces and Japan: A Case Study on Mandalay Campaign in Myanmar (1942-1945) Thin Thin Aye* Abstract: This paper discusses the military competition between Allied Forces and Japan in Mandalay, and the situation of Mandalay during the Second World War. Mandalay is located in upper Myanmar and the center of the communications between lower and upper Myanmar. The British occupied Mandalay in the end of 1885. Since that time the princes and his followers attacked the British. In 1930s, Myanmar nationalists joined with the Japanese fought for British. In 1942, due to Myanmar fell under Japan, Allied forces left for Myanmar. In 1945, Allied Forces tried to reoccupy Myanmar. On 17 May 1945, after the fall of Mandalay, the Japanese retreated from Myanmar. The campaign between the Allied Forces and Japan in Myanmar was ended. In this paper examines military competition of Allied Forces and Japan in Mandalay, and the situation of Mandalay during the Second World War. Keywords: Japanese Forces, Allied Forces, Myanmar Nationalist Movement, Mandalay —————————— —————————— Introduction To study the Myanmar history, the British occupied his paper discusses the military competition between Myanmar in 1885, the Japanese occupied in 1942, the British Allied Forces and Japan in Mandalay, and the situation reoccupied in 1945. In these wars were brought about military Tof Mandalay during the Second World War. Mandalay, competitions between Allied forces and Japanese forces. It can ancient royal city was founded in upper Myanmar by King be found that these military competitions were usually ended Mindon in 1853. -
Sumi Tone: a Phonological and Phonetic Description of a Tibeto-Burman Language of Nagaland
Sumi tone: a phonological and phonetic description of a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland Amos Benjamin Teo Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters by Research (by Thesis Only) December 2009 School of Languages and Linguistics The University of Melbourne Abstract Previous research on Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the extreme northeast of India, has found it to have three lexical tones. However, the few phonological studies of Sumi have focused mainly on its segmental phonology and have failed to provide any substantial account of the tone system. This thesis addresses the issue by providing the first comprehensive description of tone in this language. In addition to confirming three contrastive tones, this study also presents the first acoustic phonetic analysis of Sumi, looking at the phonetic realisation of these tones and the effects of segmental perturbations on tone realisation. The first autosegmental representation of Sumi tone is offered, allowing us to account for tonal phenomena such as the assignment of surface tones to prefixes that appear to be lexically unspecified for tone. Finally, this investigation presents the first account of morphologically conditioned tone variation in Sumi, finding regular paradigmatic shifts in the tone on verb roots that undergo nominalisation. The thesis also offers a cross-linguistic comparison of the tone system of Sumi with that of other closely related Kuki-Chin-Naga languages and some preliminary observations of the historical origin and development of tone in these languages are made. This is accompanied by a typological comparison of these languages with other Tibeto-Burman languages, which shows that although these languages are spoken in what has been termed the ‘Indosphere’, their tone systems are similar to those of languages spoken further to the east in the ‘Sinosphere’. -
Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems
Sino-Tibetan numeral systems: prefixes, protoforms and problems Matisoff, J.A. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems. B-114, xii + 147 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. DOI:10.15144/PL-B114.cover ©1997 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), Thomas E. Dutton, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with re levant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board. -
A Basic Vocabulary of Htoklibang Pwo Karen with Hpa-An, Kyonbyaw, and Proto-Pwo Karen Forms
Asian and African Languages and Linguistics No.4, 2009 A Basic Vocabulary of Htoklibang Pwo Karen with Hpa-an, Kyonbyaw, and Proto-Pwo Karen Forms Kato, Atsuhiko (Osaka University) Htoklibang Pwo Karen is one of the dialects of Pwo Karen. In this dialect, the two Proto- Pwo tones that come from Tone1 of Proto-Karen have merged. Such a dialect has not been reported so far. This paper presents the phonemic system and a basic vocabulary of this dialect. For each vocabulary item, its corresponding forms in the Hpa-an dialect, Kyonbyaw dialect, and Proto-Pwo Karen are also shown. Keywords: Pwo Karen, Karenic languages, Tibeto-Burman 1. Introduction 2. Htoklibang Pwo Karen 3. Notes to the basic vocabulary 4. Basic vocabulary of Htoklibang Pwo Karen 5. Summary 1. Introduction I read the following from Man Lin Myat Kyaw (1970:22-23) and developed an inter- est in the language spoken by the people called the Htoklibang: There are people who speak mixing Pwo Karen and Sgaw Karen in the villages of Thahton prefecture such as Winpa, Kyaikkaw, Danu, Kawyin and in the villages of Bilin township such as Wabyugon, Kyibin, Inh- palaung, Alugyi, Alule, Nyaungthaya, Shin-in, Shatthwa, Winbyan, Phowathein, Thaybyugyaun. They are called Htoklibang by the other eastern Karens. [Man Lin Myat Kyaw 1970:22-23; in Burmese] (underlined by Kato) In December 2007, I visited the village of Alule (/Pa˘l´ul´e/ in Burmese), located in the Bilin Township, Mon State, Myanmar (Burma), and researched the language used there. The exact location of the Alule village is 17◦15’N, 97◦09’E (see Map 1). -
Myanmar Languages | Ethnologue
7/24/2016 Myanmar Languages | Ethnologue Myanmar LANGUAGES Akeu [aeu] Shan State, Kengtung and Mongla townships. 1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Akha [ahk] Shan State, east Kengtung district. 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 563,960. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Aka, Ak’a, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Dialects: Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. More Information Anal [anm] Sagaing: Tamu town, 10 households. 50 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern. Comments: Non- indigenous. Christian. More Information Anong [nun] Northern Kachin State, mainly Kawnglangphu township. 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchve, Fuch’ye, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu. Dialects: Slightly di㨽erent dialects of Anong spoken in China and Myanmar, although no reported diഡculty communicating with each other. Low inherent intelligibility with the Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Lexical similarity: 87%–89% with Anong in Myanmar and Anong in China, 73%–76% with T’rung [duu], 77%–83% with Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish. Comments: Di㨽erent from Nung (Tai family) of Viet Nam, Laos, and China, and from Chinese Nung (Cantonese) of Viet Nam. -
West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen Phonology1
Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS Vol. 11.1 (2018): 47-62 ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52420 University of Hawaiʼi Press WEST-CENTRAL THAILAND PWO KAREN PHONOLOGY1 Audra Phillips Payap University [email protected] Abstract West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen (Karenic, Tibeto-Burman) is one of several mutually unintelligible varieties of Pwo Karen found in Myanmar and Thailand. This paper represents an updated version of a phonological description (Phillips 2000). The study includes a comparison of the phonologies of Burmese Eastern Pwo Karen (Hpa-an and Tavoy) and the Thailand Pwo Karen varieties, West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen and Northern Pwo Karen. While the consonant inventories are similar, the vowel inventories exhibit diphthongization of some nasalized vowels. Also, some former nasalized vowels have lost their nasalization. This denasalization is most pronounced in the Burmese Eastern Pwo Karen varieties. Moreover, these varieties have either lost the two glottalized tones, or are in the process of losing them, while this process has only begun in West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen. In contrast, all six tones are present in Northern Pwo Karen. Keywords: Karenic, Pwo Karen, phonology, nasalization, diphthongization, denasalization ISO 639-3 codes: kjp, pww, pwo 1 Introduction The Pwo Karen branch of the Karenic subgroup of the Tibeto-Burman language family is comprised of several mutually unintelligible language varieties. These varieties include Western, Eastern, and Htoklibang Pwo Karen in Myanmar (Kato 2009) and West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen (WCT Pwo) and Northern Pwo Karen (N. Pwo) in Thailand (Dawkins & Phillips 2009a).2 In addition, the intelligibility status of other Pwo Karen varieties of northern Thailand, which are found in northern Tak, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, and Chiang Rai provinces, are not as certain (Dawkins & Phillips 2009b).