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Thesis (5.055Mb) THE INFLUENCE OF PARTHENIUS ON THE NEW POETS & HARICHAND SOMAROO DOCTOR OF LITERATURE Vbtkq;~ifG'Ias.ucd.r~ Vb tk~acaI{y if~ ab tk ~ ifq;arbu.n--'1{I~. PROMOTER: PROFESSOR K 0 MATIER DATE SUBMITTED: JANUARY 1996 11 DEDICATION To my parents, Mr and Mrs K S Gokul. for their support over all these years. in DECLARATION This dissertation has not been submitted for a degree at any other University. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to the following: my promoter, Professor K 0 Matier I for his helpful guidance, his positive and encouraging comments, and for his totally undogmatic approach in allowing me to proceed at my own pace and develop my hypothesis in a very personal fashion - all of which made my work an enjoyable and fulfilling experience; to my colleague and good friend, AlIan Botha, for whose invaluable help and advice I cannot express sufficient thanks; to the inter-library loan division of the University of Durban-WestviUe for their help in locating useful material; to the HSRC for their grant of Rl800 which helped towards the costs of this research; to my father I Mr K S Gokul, for his diligent proof-reading of my manuscript (little escapes his critical eye); to my wife, Prathisha, and daughter, Bhavna, for putting up with me in the process of my researchi and finally to my revered ex~ teacher and former colleague, Professor G Cipolla, for having had the insight to suggest the topic to me over a decade ago - it is sad that I was too lazy to take up his suggestion earlier. v ABSTRACT This thesis examines the influence of Partheni",' doctrine of erotiJaJ pathernat3 on the Neotenc epyLlion. His influence on Cinna has been readily acknowledged, but except for a feu) incidental and tentative references, little has been made of his role in determining important features of Neoteric poetry; in fact, many Leading scholars in the field fail even to mention him. A survey of the evolution of the epyllion in the Hellenistic UJorld shows a radical transformation of the CaLlimachean type by Euphorion and Partheni", in the late Alexandrian era. It is clearly the late Alexandrian epyLlion that became popular with the Neoterics, as the relevant works of Catullus and. what can be conjectured about the nature of the lost Neatenc epyllia suggest. There is a marked bias towards tragic love~stories, sensational and bizarre, often metamorphic and with ample scope faT emotional analysis and. a subjective treatment. These features closely parallel the tenor of Partheni",' summary of 36 love-stories in the Erotika Pathemata, his only .uhoLly extant work. While the coUection was dedicated to Comelius Gallus tvell after most of the Neateric epyllia were 'luritten, it is safe to assume that Parthenius preached his doctrine from the time of his arrival at Rome, as his widely acknowledged influence on Cinna's Zmyrna, perhaps the first Latin epyllion, seems to suggest. This thesis cannot pretend [0 defend Ross' extravagant claim that "without [Parthenius 'J timely arrival there could have been no New Poetry"; but it can attempt [0 illuminate Parthenius' central role in establishing the nature of the Neoteric epyllion. This study has been undertaken, then, in the belief that Partheni",' influence on the Neoterics and on the creation of a ne\v genre at Rome warrants closer scrutiny than has so far been attempted. Thus, it seeks to provide an alternate basis for the analysis of poems like 63 and 64, and heralds a possible shift from the emphasis on the autobiographical approach, .uhich, though undoubtedly valid, has been belaboured in recent years to the point of excess. AbbreYiated title: Erocika Pathemafa and the Neoteric Epyllion. VI JOURNALS CONSULTED AJPh American Journal of Philology. Baltimore. Antichthon Antichthon, Journal of the Australian Society for Classical Studies, Sydney. Arethusa Arethusa. A Journal of the wellsprings of Western man, Buffalo. BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London, London. Cl The Classical Journal, Athens, Georgia, USA. CPh Classical Philology, Chicago. CQ C lassical Quarterly, Oxford. CR Classical Review, Oxford. CW Classical World, Pittsburgh. Eranos Eranos. Acta Philologica Suecana, Uppsala. G&R Greece and Rome, Oxford. GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Hermes Hermes. Zeitschrift rur klassische Philologie, Wiesbaden. HSPh Harvard Studies in C lassical Philology, Harvard. lRS Journal of Roman Studies, London. Latomus Latomus. Revue d' etudes iarines, Bruxelles. LF Listy Filologicke. Praha, Naklad. VII Maia Maia . Rivista di ienerarure classiche. Bologna. Mnemosyne M nernosyne. Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Leiden. PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, Cambridge. Phoenix Phoenix. The Journal of the Classical Association of Canada, Toronto. Ramus Ramus. Critical studies in Greek and Latin Literature. Clayton, Victoria. SBAW Sitzungsberichte cler Bayerischen Akad. cler Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, Munchen. SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica, Firenze. TAPhA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Cleveland. WS Wiener Studien. Zeitschrift rur klassische Philologie unci Patristik, Wien. YClS Yale Classical Studies, New Haven. VIII TEXIS USED C atullus Quinn, K .• Catullus . The Poems, London, [1970]1977 (Reprint with corrections). The Ciris Fairclough, H .R., Virgil It Aeneid V II-XII and che Minor Poems, Loeb C lassical Library. London, [1918]1954. Parthenius Gaselee, S., Parthenius: Love Romances and Poetical Fragments, Loeb Classical Library. London, [1916]1955. IX CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1 CHAPTER TWO 17 CHAPTER THREE 50 CHAPTER FOUR 95 CHAPTERRVE 141 CHAPTER SIX 179 WORKS CONSULTED \CITED 222 1 CHAPTER ONE Alexandrian influence on the New Poetry has long been a leading theme of Neoteric scholarship. In fact, its treatment has been so exhaustive that it may appear unlikely that the horizons of Catullan scholarship would be appreciably broadened by its further investigation. This notwithstanding, I believe that there is an aspect of Hellenistic influence on Neoteric poetry which demands fuller analysis and comment. My thesis will focus, therefore, on this particular development of Hellenistic poetry and assess the nature and extent of its influence on a specific genre of the New Poetry. A major figure in the culmination of the foregoing development and in its transmission at Rome was Parthenius of Nicaea. Despite this, his influence on the New Poetry has been largely ignored. Wendell Clausen (1964:188) was amongst the first to draw attention to this neglect: I do not know why those who have written recently on the New Poetry make so little of him. Quinn in his The Catullan Revolution (1959), Wimmel in his KalliT1Ulchos in Rom (1961), Fordyce in his edition ofCatullus (1961), unless I am mistaken, do not mention him. In the three decades since Clausen's estimate, the situation has hardly changed. There have been incidental references and the occasional, tentative article on the topic, but classical scholarship has still failed to illuminate Parthenius' role. 2 Doubtless the eschewal of any sustained investigation of Parthenius' influence is due primarily to the paucity of information, both external and internal, on the poet himself; the loss of Neoteric literature· with the exception, of course, of the Catullan corpus and a few Neoteric fragments· has imposed further constraints. Yet sufficient evidence can be gleaned from the relevant poems of Catullus to substantiate reasonable conjectures about the nature and extent of Parthenius' influence. Sadly. the loss of the latter's Metamorphosis precludes the elaboration of these details to an extent that may otherwise have been possible. However I a comparison of the drift of the extant Erotika Pathemata with the relevant poems of Carullu5 and the titles of the lost Neoteric epyllia (in so far as their titles reflect their contents) reveals striking parallels with Parthenius. Despite problems of chronology (parthenius' work was dedicated to Cornelius Gallus well after Catullus' death), I will attempt to prove that the more sustained poetic endeavours of Catullus and his coterie reveal a conformity with Parrhenian doctrine that can hardly be fortuitous. It is very likely that the Erocika Pachemaca represents the tenor of Parrhenius' poetical canon which he expounded to the New Poets from the time of his first appearance at Rome. Although there is no consensus about the date of his arrival, the assumption even of the latest possible date is early enough to suggest that he exerted a formative influence on the New Poets from the very outset of their careers (Pfeiffe" 194330-1). 3 In the absence of much of Neoteric literature, it has become traditional to regard Catullus' work as representative of the New Poetry. The validity of conceptualizing the literary precepts of an entire movement on the basis of evidence supplied by a single member (although the leading member. in all likelihood) may justifiably be challenged. Despite the defects of this approach, however, it would be captious to reje,ct in its entirety a stance adopted for centuries on firm ground. For the internal evidence, too, corroborated by sound scholarship, points conclusively to the cohesion and esprit de corps which characterized a movement whose members Quinn describes as "sharing like ideas on poetry and life" (1977:xiii). The leading Neoteric scholars, then, continue to adopt the traditional approach, even though it is not without its detractors. As already intimated, however I this thesis will attempt, as far as possible, to assess Parthenius' influence on some of Catullus' fellow~poets, too, and will also briefly evaluate the Ciris, traditionally regarded as N{'"Oteric in conception, in the light of the theme of erotika pathemata. Such an approach will serve to counter any charge of quasi-reductivism levelled at a study which attempts to highlight a feature of the New Poets by recourse to the only member whose work still survives.
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