DOCSLIB.ORG

Concentrated Solar Power in India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Concentrated Solar Power in India Concentrating Solar Power in India Concentrating Solar Power in India 1 Concentrating Solar Power in India Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 15 2 Global CSP Overview ........................................................................................... 17 2.1 CSP Technologies ............................................................................................ 17 2.2 Existing Power Plants ....................................................................................... 20 2.3 Costs and forecasts .......................................................................................... 29 2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 36 3 Indian Electricity Market ..................................................................................... 37 3.1 Load growth .................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Electricity Regulation ........................................................................................ 39 3.3 Generation mix ................................................................................................ 42 3.4 Transmission and Distribution ........................................................................... 42 3.5 Approvals ........................................................................................................ 44 3.6 Issues ............................................................................................................. 44 4 India’s Solar Resources ....................................................................................... 45 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Available data for India .................................................................................... 46 4.3 India‟s solar resource in a global context ........................................................... 48 4.4 Comparison of sites across India ....................................................................... 50 4.5 Comparison of measured data with satellite data ................................................ 54 4.6 Effect on CSP system performance .................................................................... 57 4.7 Summary ........................................................................................................ 58 5 Enablers for CSP Deployment .............................................................................. 59 5.1 Renewable Energy Framework .......................................................................... 59 5.2 National Action Plan on Climate Change ............................................................. 60 5.3 Clean Development Mechanism ......................................................................... 60 5.4 India‟s coal tax ................................................................................................ 61 5.5 Solar Mission ................................................................................................... 61 5.6 State support .................................................................................................. 66 5.7 Industry capability ........................................................................................... 68 5.8 Summary ........................................................................................................ 70 6 Barriers to CSP Deployment ................................................................................ 71 2 Concentrating Solar Power in India 6.1 Previous identification of barriers and suggested actions ..................................... 72 6.2 Cost ................................................................................................................ 74 6.3 Financing ........................................................................................................ 78 6.4 Government policy ........................................................................................... 82 6.5 Approvals and land .......................................................................................... 85 6.6 Grid and services connection ............................................................................ 86 6.7 Technology shortcomings ................................................................................. 88 6.8 Solar data ....................................................................................................... 89 6.9 Manufacturing scale-up .................................................................................... 90 6.10 Matching business cultures ............................................................................. 91 6.11 Summary ...................................................................................................... 94 7 Developing Expertise, Research Exchanges and Secondments ........................... 95 7.1 Skills and expertise .......................................................................................... 95 7.2 Role of tertiary educational institutions .............................................................. 97 7.3 Exchange and collaboration programs ............................................................... 98 8 CSP pilot plants in India .................................................................................... 101 8.1 Background ................................................................................................... 101 8.2 New Pilot CSP systems ................................................................................... 102 8.3 Existing overseas R&D facilities ....................................................................... 105 8.4 Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA), South-east Spain ........................................ 108 9 Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................... 112 References ............................................................................................................. 115 Appendix A International Exchange Rates ........................................................... 118 Appendix B Electricity Network Maps ................................................................... 120 3 Concentrating Solar Power in India 4 Concentrating Solar Power in India Executive Summary This report is an outcome of the AusAID Public Sector Linkages Program (PSLP) project, „Concentrating Solar Power in India‟. The report was commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE) with the cooperation of the Government of India Ministry for New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The aim of this report is to analyse the context, barriers and policy options for the growth of the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) industry in India, for use by government policy and program implementation staff in both countries. It may also be of interest to others such as CSP developers and investors. Global status of CSP CSP technologies use systems of mirrored concentrators to focus direct beam solar radiation to receivers that convert the energy to high temperature for power generation. There are four main configurations that are commercially available - Parabolic Trough, Linear Fresnel, Paraboloidal Dish and Central Receiver. Typically, this heat is transformed to mechanical energy through a steam turbine and then into electricity. CSP has advantages compared to photovoltaics as it can readily incorporate thermal energy storage and/or fossil fuel boosting to provide dispatchable power. The use of relatively „low tech‟ manufacturing methods for solar collector fields, together with the use of steam turbine technologies adapted from the existing thermal power generation industry, makes the prospect of continued, rapid scale-up of CSP capacity very feasible. Key features and status of the four main CSP technologies are summarised below. Annual Practical Power cycles Commercial Installed Technology solar to electricity Focus operating considered maturity generating efficiency type temperature capacity mid 2010 Linear 8 - 10% Linear 150 to Steam Rankine Medium 8 MWe Fresnel 400C Organic Rankine Parabolic 12 - 15% Linear 150 to Steam Rankine High 943 MWe troughs 400C Organic Rankine Central receiver 20 - 30% Point 300 to Steam Rankine Medium 38 MWe tower (concepts) 1200C Brayton (gas turbine) Parabolic 20 - 30% Point 300 to Stirling Engine Low 1.5 MWe dishes 1500C Steam Rankine Brayton (gas turbine) Concentrating solar thermal power project developments were limited for a long period following an initial period of growth in the 1980‟s. Since 2005, CSP project activities have recommenced and gained considerable momentum. The CSP sector is widely forecast to continue to grow at very high rates. This growth has been mainly in Spain and now increasingly in south-western USA and is linked to Feed-in Tariffs and Renewable Portfolio Obligations in those jurisdictions. 5 Concentrating Solar Power in India The International Energy Agency‟s Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems (SolarPACES) program is the umbrella under which the CSP community has worked together and shared information for many years, (see http://solarpaces.org/). This website has good overview information and a link to a project listing hosted by the National Renewable
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CSP Technologies
    CSP Technologies Solar Solar Power Generation Radiation fuel Concentrating the solar radiation in Concentrating Absorbing Storage Generation high magnification and using this thermal energy for power generation Absorbing/ fuel Reaction Features of Each Types of Solar Power PTC Type CRS Type Dish type 1Axis Sun tracking controller 2 Axis Sun tracking controller 2 Axis Sun tracking controller Concentrating rate : 30 ~ 100, ~400 oC Concentrating rate: 500 ~ 1,000, Concentrating rate: 1,000 ~ 10,000 ~1,500 oC Parabolic Trough Concentrator Parabolic Dish Concentrator Central Receiver System CSP Technologies PTC CRS Dish commercialized in large scale various types (from 1 to 20MW ) Stirling type in ~25kW size (more than 50MW ) developing the technology, partially completing the development technology development is already commercialized efficiency ~30% reached proper level, diffusion level efficiency ~16% efficiency ~12% CSP Test Facilities Worldwide Parabolic Trough Concentrator In 1994, the first research on high temperature solar technology started PTC technology for steam generation and solar detoxification Parabolic reflector and solar tracking system were developed <The First PTC System Installed in KIER(left) and Second PTC developed by KIER(right)> Dish Concentrator 1st Prototype: 15 circular mirror facets/ 2.2m focal length/ 11.7㎡ reflection area 2nd Prototype: 8.2m diameter/ 4.8m focal length/ 36㎡ reflection area <The First(left) and Second(right) KIER’s Prototype Dish Concentrator> Dish Concentrator Two demonstration projects for 10kW dish-stirling solar power system Increased reflection area(9m dia. 42㎡) and newly designed mirror facets Running with Solo V161 Stirling engine, 19.2% efficiency (solar to electricity) <KIER’s 10kW Dish-Stirling System in Jinhae City> Dish Concentrator 25 20 15 (%) 10 발전 효율 5 Peak.
    [Show full text]
  • Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power Low-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market
    AGENCY/PHOTOGRAPHER ASSOCIATED PRESS ASSOCIATED Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power Low-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market By Sean Pool and John Dos Passos Coggin June 2013 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power Low-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market By Sean Pool and John Dos Passos Coggin May 2013 Contents 1 Introduction and summary 3 6 reasons to support concentrating solar power 5 Concentrating solar power is a proven zero-carbon technology with high growth potential 6 Concentrating solar power can be used for baseload power 7 Concentrating solar power has few impacts on natural resources 8 Concentrating solar power creates jobs Concentrating solar power is low-cost electricity 9 Concentrating solar power is carbon-free electricity on a budget 11 Market and regulatory challenges to innovation and deployment of CSP technology 13 Low-cost policy solutions to reduce risk, promote investment, and drive innovation 14 Existing policy framework 15 Policy reforms to reduce risk and the cost of capital 17 Establish an independent clean energy deployment bank 18 Implement CLEAN contracts or feed-in tariffs Reinstate the Department of Energy’s Loan Guarantee Program 19 Price carbon Policy reforms to streamline regulation and tax treatment 20 Tax reform for capital-intensive clean energy technologies Guarantee transmission-grid connection for solar projects 21 Stabilize and monetize existing tax incentives 22 Further streamline regulatory approval by creating an interagency one-stop shop for solar power 23 Regulatory transparency 24 Conclusion 26 About the authors 27 Endnotes Introduction and summary Concentrating solar power—also known as concentrated solar power, concen- trated solar thermal, and CSP—is a cost-effective way to produce electricity while reducing our dependence on foreign oil, improving domestic energy-price stabil- ity, reducing carbon emissions, cleaning our air, promoting economic growth, and creating jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Solar Power
    The Economics of Solar Power Solar Roundtable Kansas Corporation Commission March 3, 2009 Peter Lorenz President Quanta Renewable Energy Services SOLAR POWER - BREAKTHROUGH OR NICHE OPPORTUNITY? MW capacity additions per year CAGR +82% 2000-08 Percent 5,600-6,000 40 RoW US 40 +43% Japan 10 +35% 2,826 Spain 55 1,744 1,460 1,086 598 Germany 137 241 372 427 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008E Demand driven by attractive economics • Strong regulatory support • Increasing power prices • Decreasing solar system prices • Good availability of capital Source: McKinsey demand model; Solarbuzz 1 WE HAVE SEEN SOME INTERESTING CHANGES IN THE U.S. RECENTLY 2 TODAY’S DISCUSSION • Solar technologies and their evolution • Demand growth outlook • Perspectives on solar following the economic crisis 3 TWO KEY SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES EXIST Photovoltaics (PV) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Key • Uses light-absorbing material to • Uses mirrors to generate steam characteristics generate current which powers turbine • High modularity (1 kW - 50 MW) • Low modularity (20 - 300 MW) • Uses direct and indirect sunlight – • Only uses direct sunlight – specific suitable for almost all locations site requirements • Incentives widely available • Incentives limited to few countries • Mainly used as distributed power, • Central power only limited by some incentives encourage large adequate locations and solar farms transmission access ~ 10 Global capacity ~ 0.5 GW, 2007 Source: McKinsey analysis; EPIA; MarketBuzz 4 THESE HAVE SEVERAL SUB-TECHNOLOGIES Key technologies Sub technologiesDescription
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Hawaiian Electric Companies’ Energy Agreement One-Year Progress Update
    Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Hawaiian Electric Companies’ Energy Agreement One-Year Progress Update n October 2008, the Hawaiian Electric Companies joined the Governor of Hawaii; the Hawaii Department of Busi ness, Economic Development and Tourism; and Office of Consumer Advocacy in an energy agreement Ias part of the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative. The agreement – the most aggressive such effort in the nation – aims to move Hawaii decisively away from imported oil for electricity and ground transportation toward diverse, local renewable energy and energy efficiency. Our goal is energy and economic security for Hawaii and reduced greenhouse gas emissions responsible for the climate change to which our islands are especially vulnerable. Making the needed investments now can provide more stable energy costs in the long-run. It will require unprecedented cooperation and commitment among individuals, businesses, institutions and government. We need unity of purpose through good and bad times, success and setbacks, no matter whether oil prices go up and down. This list summarizes some key actions by the Hawaiian Electric Companies in cooperation with others after only one year. Increased Renewable Portfolio Standards (Act 155 - 2009) Hawaiian Electric Companies supported placing into law an increased renewable energy requirement of 40 percent of electric sales by 2030 and a new Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard. New HCEI proposals submitted to the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission (PUC) • Feed-In Tariff (FIT): Creates standard rates to ease the process for private developers to add renewable energy to Hawaiian Electric Companies’ grids. After detailed hearings to obtain input from a broad range of stakeholders, the PUC issued basic principles for such tariffs.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology Related Titles
    Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology Related titles Performance and Durability Assessment: Optical Materials for Solar Thermal Systems (ISBN 978-0-08-044401-7) Solar Energy Engineering 2e (ISBN 978-0-12-397270-5) Concentrating Solar Power Technology (ISBN 978-1-84569-769-3) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology Edited by Manuel J. Blanco Lourdes Ramirez Santigosa AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of CSP Development
    The Status of CSP Development DISH STIRLING POWER TOWER CLFR Tom Mancini CSP Program Manager Sandia National Laboratories PARABOLIC TROUGH 505.844.8643 DISH STIRLING [email protected] [email protected] 1 Presentation Content • Brief Overview of Sandia National Laboratories • Background information • Examples of CSP Technologies − Parabolic Trough Systems − Power Tower Systems − Thermal Energy Storage − Dish Stirling Systems • Status of CSP Technologies • Cost of CSP and Resource Availability • Deployments • R & D Directions [email protected] 2 Four Mission Areas Sandia’s missions meet national needs in four key areas: • Nuclear Weapons • Defense Systems and Assessments • Energy, Climate and Infrastructure Security • International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security [email protected] 3 Research Drives Capabilities High Performance Nanotechnologies Extreme Computing & Microsystems Environments Computer Materials Engineering Micro Bioscience Pulsed Power Science Sciences Electronics Research Disciplines 4 People and Budget . On-site workforce: 11,677 FY10 operating revenue . Regular employees: 8,607 $2.3 billion 13% . Over 1,500 PhDs and 2,500 MS/MA 13% 43% 31% Technical staff (4,277) by discipline: (Operating Budget) Nuclear Weapons Defense Systems & Assessments Energy, Climate, & Infrastructure Security International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security Computing 16% Math 2% Chemistry 6% Physics 6% Other science 6% Other fields 12% Electrical engineering 21% Mechanical engineering 16% Other engineering 15% 5 Sandia’s NSTTF Dish Engine Engine Test Rotating Testing Facility Platform Established in 1976, we provide ………. • CSP R&D NSTTF • Systems analysis and FMEA • System and Tower Testing Solar Furnace component testing and support NATIONAL SOLAR THERMAL TEST FACILITY [email protected] 6 Labs Support the DOE Program The CSP Programs at Sandia and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) support the DOE Solar Energy Technology Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Lsoar Value Chain Value Chain
    Solar Private companies in black Public companies in blue Followed by the founding date of companies less than 15 years old value chain (1 of 2) This value chain publication contains information gathered and summarized mainly from Lux Research and a variety of other public sources that we believe to be accurate at the time of ppggyublication. The information is for general guidance only and not intended to be a substitute for detailed research or the exercise of professional judgment. Neither EYGM Limited nor any other member of the global Ernst & Young organization nor Lux Research can accept responsibility for loss to any person relying on this publication. Materials and equipment Components and products Balance of system and installations Crystalline silicon photovoltaic GCL Silicon, China (2006); LDK Solar, China (2005); MEMC, US; Renewable Energy Corporation ASA, Norway; SolarWorld AG, Germany (1998) Bosch Solar Energy, Germany (2000); Canadian Solar, Canada/China (2001); Jinko Solar, China (2006); Kyocera, Japan; Sanyo, Japan; SCHOTT Solar, Germany (2002); Solarfun, China (2004); Tianwei New Energy Holdings Co., China; Trina Solar, China (1997); Yingli Green Energy, China (1998); BP Solar, US; Conergy, Germany (1998); Eging Photovoltaic, China SOLON, Germany (1997) Daqo Group, China; M. Setek, Japan; ReneSola, China (2003); Wacker, Germany Hyundai Heavy Industries,,; Korea; Isofoton,,p Spain ; JA Solar, China (();2005); LG Solar Power,,; Korea; Mitsubishi Electric, Japan; Moser Baer Photo Voltaic, India (2005); Motech, Taiwan; Samsung
    [Show full text]
  • Design, Construction and Operation of CSP Solar Thermal Power Plants in Florida
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA Design, Construction and Operation of CSP Solar Thermal Power Plants in Florida PI: D. Yogi Goswami Co-PIs: Elias Stefanakos, Muhammad M. Rahman, Sunol Aydin, Robert Reedy Students: Gokmen Demirkaya (Ph.D.); Ricardo Vasquez Padilla (Ph.D.); Huijuan Chen (Ph.D.); Jamie Trahan (Ph.D.) Description: Florida utilities are mandated to achieve 20% renewable energy contribution to their generation mix by 2020. Fig. 1 Direct Normal Radiation for While technologically feasible with solar energy, the capital costs are high – presently, capital costs range from $6,000-$7,000/kW for PV and $3,500-$4,000/kW for concentrating solar thermal power. This project targets the development of solar thermal power technology for bulk power and distributed generation, which will diversify energy resources in Florida and reduce greenhouse emissions by utilizing renewable sources. Also, there will be economic impacts with the establishment of new power industry in Florida, which will help the electrical utilities of the state to meet the renewable portfolio standards. The project has three main tasks; the first one is to develop design methodologies and standards for the proven solar thermal power technologies in combination with bio or fossil fuels based on Florida conditions and resources. Secondly, the project aims to set up demonstration and test facilities for these technologies for optimization for Florida conditions, and the final task is to develop and commercialize innovative technologies based on new thermodynamic cycles. Budget: $882,000 Universities: USF, UF, UCF External Colaborators: Sopogy Corporation Progress Summary Research Objectives for Current Reporting Period: The main research objectives for the current reporting period include the development of a test facility and pilot demonstration systems based on parabolic trough technology.
    [Show full text]
  • US Solar Industry Year in Review 2009
    US Solar Industry Year in Review 2009 Thursday, April 15, 2010 575 7th Street NW Suite 400 Washington DC 20004 | www.seia.org Executive Summary U.S. Cumulative Solar Capacity Growth Despite the Great Recession of 2009, the U.S. solar energy 2,500 25,000 23,835 industry grew— both in new installations and 2,000 20,000 employment. Total U.S. solar electric capacity from 15,870 2,108 photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) 1,500 15,000 technologies climbed past 2,000 MW, enough to serve -th MW more than 350,000 homes. Total U.S. solar thermal 1,000 10,000 MW 1 capacity approached 24,000 MWth. Solar industry 494 revenues also surged despite the economy, climbing 500 5,000 36 percent in 2009. - - A doubling in size of the residential PV market and three new CSP plants helped lift the U.S. solar electric market 37 percent in annual installations over 2008 from 351 MW in 2008 to 481 MW in 2009. Solar water heating (SWH) Electricity Capacity (MW) Thermal Capacity (MW-Th) installations managed 10 percent year-over-year growth, while the solar pool heating (SPH) market suffered along Annual U.S. Solar Energy Capacity Growth with the broader construction industry, dropping 10 1,200 1,099 percent. 1,036 1,000 918 894 928 Another sign of continued optimism in solar energy: 865 -th 725 758 742 venture capitalists invested more in solar technologies than 800 542 any other clean technology in 2009. In total, $1.4 billion in 600 481 2 351 venture capital flowed to solar companies in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Thermal and Concentrated Solar Power Barometers 1 – EUROBSERV’ER –JUIN 2017 – EUROBSERV’ER BAROMETERS POWER SOLAR CONCENTRATED and THERMAL SOLAR
    1 2 - 4.6% The decrease of the solar thermal market in the European Union in 2016 Evacuated tube solar collectors, solar thermal installation in Ireland SOLAR THERMAL AND CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER BAROMETERS A study carried out by EurObserv’ER. solar solar concentrated and thermal power barometers solar solar concentrated and thermal power barometers he European solar thermal market is still losing pace. According to the Tpreliminary estimates from EurObserv’ER, the solar thermal segment dedicated to heat production (domestic hot water, heating and heating networks) contracted by a further 4.6% in 2016 down to 2.6 million m2. The sector is pinning its hopes on the development of the collective solar segment that includes industrial solar heat and solar district heating to offset the under-performing individual home segment. ince 2014 European concentrated solar power capacity for producing Selectricity has been more or less stable. New project constructions have been a long time coming, but this could change at the end of 2017 and in 2018 essentially in Italy. 51 millions m2 2 313.7 MWth The cumulated surfaces of solar thermal Total CSP capacity in operation Glenergy Solar in operation in the European Union in 2016 in the European Union in 2016 SOLAR THERMAL AND CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER BAROMETERS – EUROBSERV’ER – JUIN 2017 SOLAR THERMAL AND CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER BAROMETERS – EUROBSERV’ER – JUIN 2017 3 4 The world largest solar thermal Tabl. n° 1 district heating solution - Silkeborg, Denmark (in operation end 2016) Main solar thermal markets outside European Union Total cumulative capacity Annual Installed capacity (in MWth) in operation (in MWth) 2015 2016 2015 2016 China 30 500 27 664 309 500 337 164 United States 760 682 17 300 17 982 Turkey 1 500 1 467 13 600 15 067 India 770 894 6 300 7 194 Japan 100 50 2 400 2 450 Rest of the world 6 740 6 797 90 944 97 728 Total world 39 640 36 660 434 700 471 360 Source: EurObserv’ER 2017 new build, because of the construction is now causing great concern, where as a water production.
    [Show full text]
  • Econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Nagl, Stephan; Fürsch, Michaela; Jägemann, Cosima; Bettzüge, Marc Oliver Working Paper The economic value of storage in renewable power systems - the case of thermal energy storage in concentrating solar plants EWI Working Paper, No. 11/08 Provided in Cooperation with: Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI) Suggested Citation: Nagl, Stephan; Fürsch, Michaela; Jägemann, Cosima; Bettzüge, Marc Oliver (2011) : The economic value of storage in renewable power systems - the case of thermal energy storage in concentrating solar plants, EWI Working Paper, No. 11/08, Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI), Köln This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/74392 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Efficiency Loss of Distributed Solar Power Due To
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones August 2019 Investigation of Efficiency Loss of Distributed Solarower P Due to Soiling and Efficiency Recovery by Rainfall Amanda Mayumi Tanaka Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Repository Citation Tanaka, Amanda Mayumi, "Investigation of Efficiency Loss of Distributed Solarower P Due to Soiling and Efficiency Recovery by Rainfall" (2019). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 3750. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/16076293 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATION OF EFFICIENCY LOSS OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR POWER DUE TO SOILING AND EFFICIENCY RECOVERY BY RAINFALL By Amanda Mayumi Tanaka Bachelor of Science in Environmental Chemistry Universidade de Sao Paulo, USP 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Engineering - Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Howard R.
    [Show full text]